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3. 1. 150 , 1970, 1982 (International Council forCorrespondence
Education), (International Council for DistanceEducation) , ,
(International Council for Open andDistance Education) (, 2006). ,
, . , , , , (, 2006). , , , , 3
4. - . (, 1998, Holmperg, 1995). , Holmerg (1977) , , , , , , ,
. , . . , , (, 2006). 1998 : 4
5. , ) ) . . ( , , ..) . , , . , (Lionarakis, 1998). , , (,
2003). ) ,) ) / . (Keegan, 2000, , 1999) : 5
6. , , - - - - , . . / / , / , . , (1998, 2000) : 6
7. , . (, , , , ..) , . (- ) . / / ( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , .
7
8. , : , , , , , , , .., , . , , , , , 1 (: , 2006) , , , .
8
9. 2. , . Alan Rogers (2002, . 112), , . , . (Lewin, Kolb,
Freire, Mezirow,Jarvis, Boud ..) , ( ), , . Jarvis (2004): , ,, , .
, , 9
10. .(, 2005) , , , , . . , , , , . , . Jarvis (1993 . .
Holmberg, 1995) , , , , ., Holmberg (1995) , , . (2003) , , ,
10
11. . , . . . , ,, , , , , , ,, , . Holmberg (1995) . , ,
(Loser and Terhartm 1977 Holmberg 1995). . . , , , , . (Moore, 1977
. . Keegan, 2001). 11
12. . , , . , , . , . (, 2001). Holmberg (1978, 1983 . .
Keegan, 2001, . 122-123), . . , () , . , 12
13. , , , . , , Perraton (1988 , 2007- ). , (Rowntree,1998) ,
(Wedemeyer,1973, . . Keegan,2001). , , (, 2001). ( 2) (2001) , (, ,
) 2 13
14. , . . , . (, 2007, - ) , , / . / , . Wedemeyer (1981, 1973
. . Keegan, 2000) , , . : . 14
15. . , , Moore (1977), . . : . . - . . . Moore(1977 2007) .
15
16. -- , -+ ++ +- : : : Moore, (1997 . . . Keegan, 2000)
16
17. : Moore, 2007 ore, (1977, 2007) . . , . : . . 17
18. . .. , ; . . , . . . Autonomy and transactional distance re
the level of autonomy mo n l es s the level of autonomy tio
required of the learner iz a required of the learner ual c turendiv
id ist a nce increases as transactional increases as transactional
truy f or i S it n al d distance increases. distance increases. s
ac ct io les re Cap ns a Tr a mo Tra AUTONOMY ns a c mo t ion al d
re D is t an ce ia l og l es s: Moore, 2007 18
19. 3. , , , , ( ) , (Dance, . . , 2001). (1990), , . , , .(,
2006) . Holmberg(1995) . . Holmberg (1995) . / . . , 19
20. / , , , , forum (Moore, 1975) : , , , .(, 2003). Sewart
(1978, . . Keegan, 2001, . 125-127) , , . 20
21. (, 2003). (Keegan, 2001). . , . Race (2001) : . . .. . , .
21
22. . , , . , , (,2001). 22
23. 4. "" . , , (Liaw & Huang, 2000, Trentin, 2000,Yacci,
2000 . . , 2003). (Thurmond, Wambach, 2004) , , , , , (, 2001). ,
.. - (, 2001). , (Resta, 1998, Ryan &Woodward, 1998, Seffah
& Bouchard, 1998, Carvin, 1997, Goetter &Kazamek, 1990 . .
, 2001). 23
24. (Thurmond, Wambach, 2004). : . , , . . . . , . . . . .
Moore & Kearsley (1996 . . Soo, & Bonk,1998).) , . .
24
25. 5. .. Abrahamson (1998), Ching, Murphy & Jekings(2002),
Aune (2002) Tait (2004), - . Ching, Murphy & Jekings (2002)
Aune (2002), . , Ching, Murphy& Jenkins (2002), - . , , .. , ,
. , , . . (, 2007). , , e-learning, 25
26. (Tait, 2003,Thatch &Murphy, 1995). . (tutor), o (mentor
/counselor). , , :) .) ) (, 2001). , . . . 26
27. , , . , , . Holmberg(1995) . , (). , . . . , . , . ( 2007).
, . , 27
28. (, 1998). . (, 1998): . . , . . 28
29. , , . Rogers (, 1998). . , , . , , . ) ) . , . . . , . , ,
. 29
30. , , , .. . . . , , . , , . ( - , 2001) . (,1998). ( ) . ,
30
31. . . (, 1998). . , , , ,, , (chat), (forums). (d-learning) -
( ). (Keegan,2001). 1980 (e-learning), , (, , ). (m-learning). , .
31
32. ( , , , , , , , - Chat), , . . , ( 2001). , . Tait (1999),
32
33. , . . , . 33
34. 6. , (, 2001). , , , . , , (-2002, 2001). , , , . Rowntree
(1994) , (Evans, 1994,Rowntree, 1994, , 1998). (Rowntree, 1992,
Mena, 1993,Holmberg, 1995, Keegan, 1996, , 1999, 2001, Laurilland
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35. (, 2003). Holmberg (1995) / , , . :. , , , , . 35
36. , . . , . . , , (ena, 1993). , : ;(Rowntree 1994). , . (,
2004). .. -, , , , , , . 36
37. - (, 1999): o o (readers) o o o , (assignments) o - (,
2001): . - , . - , , , , , , , , (, 2003). , , 37
38. , , , ,(, 2001, Race, 1999). . . , , , (,1998). Race (1999)
- - . / . , , , (Lionarakis, 2001): ( 3) (, 2004): 38
39. , . , , . 3 3 , . , / . 39
40. (, 2004): , , , ( 4). 4 40
41. Marc Prensky (2000, . . , 2004) . : , (feedback) , , , ,
(feedback) , , (feedback) , ( ) , , (feedback), 41
42. , , Prensky (2000 . . 2004) . , . : ) ) : , ; (, 2004) , ,
- . :(, 2005, , 2005) , , Holmberg, . 42
43. , - , . , . . , , , , . , , - , , , . . , , , . , ( ,
43
44. -, - , Bandura, Piaget, Vygotsky, . ( ), . , , , , . . , .
44
45. 7. - - . (Keegan, 2000) . (2006) , Saba(2005) . 1991
Rowntree 1995 (Bates,1995). (Rowntree,1994, 1999) (Ally 2004,
2006). Clark (1983) Schramm (1977) (. , 2003) , (course delivery).
Kozma (2001, . . , 2006) 45
46. , . (Race 1999). . (Ely, 2003, , 1998, Rowntree, 1994) - ,
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47. - , , , - , project, , - ( , , CD - slides ( dvd) - / , ..
, . , 47
48. . .1. . , 1930 ( BBC) 1939 ( , : CNED) . .. .. mini-disc,
cd, .. (, 1998): . . , . . , . 48
49. , . . . , . , . . / . / . / . : (, , / ..,) ( ;) , . , .
49
50. . , . , .2. , . , (,1998). , , , , , . ,.. . , .. 50
51. , . :. / . / . . . / . / .. . . : (target group) H . , .
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52. ( ), , , , . , , - , , , , . , .3. - . . - , , , , , ,
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54. , . . / . . ( ) , , , . , , . , (, , ,2003) (, , , , , ..)
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55. . . () . . - . : - (drill and practice) (tutorial) (problem
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56. - . , , , ..4. : , , -, ) ( ), ) ( ) ) , .. (.. Topclass,
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57. 1. : , , (forum), (virtual classrooms) .2. : . , . . : ( ),
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58. , ..; ; .. , ; / / ; ; ; .. , . : (e-learning), (online
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59. . . , , , , . : . : , , . 59
60. 8. . . . , , . , Rhine Westphalia 1974. , . . , Bachelor
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61. . , , . , 15 14.000 (Cerveira, 2003). . , . , (U.N.E.D.)
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