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Lightning, Surge Protection and Earthing of Electrical and Electronic Systems in Industrial Networks
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES– Surge and its effects– Lightning and its dangers– Basics of Lightning protection– Codes relating to Lightning protection– Lightning Protection of a structure
– Worldwide Lightning activity
– Lightning detection and warning
– Role of grounding
– What is Bonding?
– Basics of surge protection Lightning protection system maintenance
– Worldwide Lightning activity
– Lightning detection and warning
– Role of grounding
– What is Bonding?
– Basics of surge protection Lightning protection system maintenance
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WHAT IS A SURGE?
• A steep transient rise of voltage of very short duration (mS or even S) in an electrical system
• External Reason - Lightning
• Internal Reason - Switching of Reactors or Capacitors
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EFFECTS OF SURGE• Voltage Stress on electrical insulation
• May lead to insulation failure
• May generate excessive heat due to high currents of lightning discharge
• May cause failure of sensitive components due to high currents or high induced/transferred potential
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LIGHTNING DANGERS
Lightning is the sudden discharge of built up charge in a cloud system.
• Effects of surges are limited to electrical circuits
BUT
• Lightning can affect electrical circuits, living beings and structures.
• It can cause high potential differences in soil and between different parts of a building
• It can cause death due to high currents
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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
• Lightning Protection systems as per relevant codes
• Quality Grounding / Earthing grid / Bonding
• Surge arrestors in Power circuits
• Multi-Level graded protection of signal paths using Surge Protective Devices (SPD)
• Periodic Maintenance of Systems to ensure integrity of conducting paths.
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LIGHTNING PROTECTION CODES
• AS 1768 (INT) 2003: Australian Standard on Lightning protection
• ANSI/NFPA 780: National Lightning protection code
• IEC 61024: Protection of structures against lightning
• IEC 61662: Assessment of risk due to lightning
• IEEE 142-1991: IEEE Green Book (Chapter-3)
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PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
• Decided based on perceived Risk
• Related to thunderstorm activity in the area concerned
• Isokeraunic maps for different regions
• Other features such as type, use, location, terrain etc.
• Protection by Franklin Rod (lightning mast)
• Protection by Faraday Cage (Mesh protection)
• Assessment of protection-By Cone of protection, RSM and CVM techniques
• Non-conventional protection methods
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WORLDWIDE LIGHTNING ACTIVITY
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DETECTION AND WARNING
Objectives:– Detection to measure lightning activity
– Detection to warn of imminent thunderstorms
Methods:– Detection by using a network of sensors for a large geographic area
– Detection by using standalone sensors for a specific area
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ROLE OF GROUNDING
• Provides a low impedance path to the flow of lightning discharge currents
• Limits the ground potential rise
• Limits ground resistance to be as low as possible (< 10 Ohms)
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ROLE OF BONDING
– Potential differences between simultaneously accessible metal surfaces to be limited
– Bonding both above and below ground
– All metallic piping below the ground to be bonded to Lightning protection system.
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SURGE PROTECTION
– Surge can be transmitted into circuits through:• Galvanic (Direct Electrical Contact) contact• Electrostatic coupling• Electromagnetic Induction• Radio Frequency interference (RFI)
– Severity reduces along path of power flow
– Graded protection depending on the location of circuit.
– Use of TVSS and SPD
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MAINTENANCE
• Lightning protection system components are exposed to weather for extended periods
• They require periodic inspection and maintenance just like any other electrical system
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