Skeletal System
Functions of the Skeleton
• Movement: muscles act on the bones
• Supports and protects vital organs
• Storage centers for vital minerals– Calcium
• Produce red blood cells– Bone marrow
Structure of the Skeleton
• Axial Skeleton – 80 bones– Skull, Spine, Ribs and sternum
Axial Skeleton in blue
Structure of the Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton – 126 bones– Shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet
Types of Bones
• Long bones: Arms and Legs (femur & humerus)– Shaft – diaphyses – End – epiphyses
• Form joints • Produce red blood cells, most of the white blood
cells, and platelets
Types of Bones
• Short Bones: wrist and hands (Metacarpals and Phalanges)– Mostly in the hands and feet
Types of Bones
• Flat Bones: Ribs and Skull– Thin and flat shape– Protect vital organs such as heart, lungs and
brain
Types of Bones
• Irregular Bones: Shaped irregularly (vertebrae)
Types of Vertebrae C1: Atlas
Holds the Head up
C2: Axis
Allows for rotation of the head
Kevin Everett Injury
• Dislocation between c3 and c4
• Cold therapy was used to reduce swelling
On the ride to the hospital, Cappuccino began cold therapy treatment. He had the ambulance air-conditioning set at the lowest temperature, as Everett received two liters (about two quarts) of ice-cold saline solution intravenously, and called the hospital to prepare a cooling blanket.
“There is no specific written protocol” for cold therapy, Cappuccino said. But he said the goal was to lower a patient’s body temperature to reduce inflammation and the destruction of cells in the spinal cord, which can lead to further damage.
NY TIMES
Cartilage
• Strong flexible connective tissue
– Where is cartilage found???• Ribs• Nose • Ears• Between vertebra • Knees• Basically any joints
Cartilage
• Functions:– Line surfaces of joints– Allow joints to move smoothly– Prevent bone on bone– Cushion joints especially vertebra
• New born skeleton is mostly cartilage– Ossification: Process by which bone is
formed, renewed and repaired
Ligaments
• Tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that connect one bone to another.
• Prevent excessive movement of the joint
• Example: Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) attaches femur to the tibia
Tendons
• Fibrous cords that attach muscle to bone or muscle to muscle
• Allow the muscles to act on bones
• Example: Achilles tendon attaches the calcaneous
Joints
• Ball-and-socket: allows movement backward, forward, sideways, and in a circle.– Shoulder and hip
• Joint with the largest range of motion
Joints
• Pivot: Allows for rotation– Between the first two vertebrae – Allows for rotation of the neck and head
Joints
• Hinge: Bending and straightening in one direction– Knees– Fingers– Elbow
• Allow for some degree of rotation
Injuries of the Joints
• Dislocation:– Bone slips out of the joint– Usually accompanied by ligament or cartilage
damage – Needs to be fixed by a Doctor – Joint needs to be immobilized so tissue can
heal
Injuries of the Joints
• Torn Cartilage:– Sharp blow or severe twisting – Can be repaired with arthroscopic surgery
Injuries of the Joints
• Bunion: – Swelling of the bursa in the joint of a big toe– Caused by wearing shoes that are to tight – Might require surgery
Injuries of the Joints
• Arthritis: – Inflammation– Stiffness– Pain– Deformity of the joint
Rheumatoid arthritis
Problems of Skeletal system
Fractures
• Hairline:– Incomplete – Parts of the bone do not separate
Fractures
• Transverse: – Completely across the bone– Sharp or direct blow– Prolonged use of a damaged bone
Fractures
• Comminuted fracture:– Bone shatters– Usually more than two pieces
Osteoporosis
• Loss of bone mass
• Bone density decreases
• Bones break easily
• Women are more vulnerable to this after menopause – Stop producing estrogen
Scoliosis
• Lateral curvature of the spine
• Treatment: – Exercise– Brace – Surgery
Repetitive Motion Injury
• Damaged tissue caused by prolonged, repeated movements. – often job related– Carpal tunnel (weakness, tingling, burning)
Bones you need to know:
1. Clavicle
2. Scapula
3. Humerus
4. Pelvis
5. Femur
6. Radius
7. Ulna
8. Petella
9. Tibia
10. Fibula
11. Mandible
12. Phalanges