GOOD MORNINGGOOD MORNINGGOOD MORNINGGOOD MORNING
DR IMRAN JAVED,
MBBS, FCPS Surgery.
INTERNATIONAL FELLOW
DR IMRAN JAVED,
MBBS, FCPS Surgery.
INTERNATIONAL FELLOW
HEMODYNAMICS & ATHEROSCLEROSISHEMODYNAMICS & ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in the developed world
and nearly the leading cause in the developing world, is associated
with systemic risk factors including hypertension, smoking,
hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, among others.
Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in the developed world
and nearly the leading cause in the developing world, is associated
with systemic risk factors including hypertension, smoking,
hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, among others.
MECHANISMMECHANISMHemodynamic shear stress is an
important determinant of endothelial function and phenotype. Arterial-level shear stress (>15 dyne/cm2) induces endothelial quiescence and an atheroprotective gene expression profile, while low shear stress (<4 dyne/cm2), which is prevalent at atherosclerosis-prone sites, stimulates an atherogenic phenotype.
Hemodynamic shear stress is an important determinant of endothelial function and phenotype. Arterial-level shear stress (>15 dyne/cm2) induces endothelial quiescence and an atheroprotective gene expression profile, while low shear stress (<4 dyne/cm2), which is prevalent at atherosclerosis-prone sites, stimulates an atherogenic phenotype.
IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCEThe functional regulation of the
endothelium by local hemodynamic shear stress provides a model for understanding the focal propensity of atherosclerosis in the setting of systemic factors and may help guide future therapeutic strategies.
The functional regulation of the endothelium by local hemodynamic shear stress provides a model for understanding the focal propensity of atherosclerosis in the setting of systemic factors and may help guide future therapeutic strategies.
THE VESSEL WALL AND HEMODYNAMIC FORCES THE VESSEL WALL AND HEMODYNAMIC FORCES
Poiseuille's law which states that shear stress is proportional to blood flow viscosity, and inversely proportional to the third power of the internal radius.
Shear stress–stabilizing process is dependent on intact endothelial function and is abolished by prior selective destruction of the endothelial monolayer.
The net effect of endothelial-mediated compensatory responses is the maintenance of mean arterial hemodynamic shear stress magnitude at approximately 15 to 20 dyne/cm2.
Poiseuille's law which states that shear stress is proportional to blood flow viscosity, and inversely proportional to the third power of the internal radius.
Shear stress–stabilizing process is dependent on intact endothelial function and is abolished by prior selective destruction of the endothelial monolayer.
The net effect of endothelial-mediated compensatory responses is the maintenance of mean arterial hemodynamic shear stress magnitude at approximately 15 to 20 dyne/cm2.
SHEAR STRESS AND THE LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES
SHEAR STRESS AND THE LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES
Atherosclerotic lesions long have been known to occur near vascular branching points.
1- High shear stress (400 dyne/cm2) via direct endothelial injury and denudation.
2-Low-shear hypothesis of atherosclerosis.
Physiological or elevated levels of shear stress might shield against atherosclerosis via
effects on the endothelium, a hypothesis since confirmed in cholesterol-fed miniature
swine.
Atherosclerotic lesions long have been known to occur near vascular branching points.
1- High shear stress (400 dyne/cm2) via direct endothelial injury and denudation.
2-Low-shear hypothesis of atherosclerosis.
Physiological or elevated levels of shear stress might shield against atherosclerosis via
effects on the endothelium, a hypothesis since confirmed in cholesterol-fed miniature
swine.
High-speed cinematography and microparticle flow analysis in postmortem coronary arterial
trees have correlated subintimal thickening with the low wall shear stress of bifurcations; in
contrast, pathologic lesions were absent from the flow-dividers and inner wall where shear is
higher.
High-speed cinematography and microparticle flow analysis in postmortem coronary arterial
trees have correlated subintimal thickening with the low wall shear stress of bifurcations; in
contrast, pathologic lesions were absent from the flow-dividers and inner wall where shear is
higher.Flow analysis and corresponding carotid endarterectomy pathological sections showed greatest plaque thickness in the outer wall of the carotid sinus where flow shows stasis and
shear is low in magnitude and exhibits direction reversal.
Flow analysis and corresponding carotid endarterectomy pathological sections showed greatest plaque thickness in the outer wall of the carotid sinus where flow shows stasis and
shear is low in magnitude and exhibits direction reversal.
HEMODYNAMIC SHEAR STRESS RESULTING FROM SECOND-TO-MINUTE TIME-SCALE VARIATION IN FLOW INCREASES SECRETION OF PROSTACYCLIN AND NITRIC OXIDE,
BOTH OF WHICH HINDER PLATELET ACTIVATION, ATTENUATE SMOOTH MUSCLE PROLIFERATION, AND INHIBIT NEOINTIMA FORMATION.
HEMODYNAMIC SHEAR STRESS RESULTING FROM SECOND-TO-MINUTE TIME-SCALE VARIATION IN FLOW INCREASES SECRETION OF PROSTACYCLIN AND NITRIC OXIDE,
BOTH OF WHICH HINDER PLATELET ACTIVATION, ATTENUATE SMOOTH MUSCLE PROLIFERATION, AND INHIBIT NEOINTIMA FORMATION.
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE ENDOTHELIUM TO SHEAR STRESSBIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE ENDOTHELIUM TO SHEAR STRESS
Control of Endothelial Gene Expression and Phenotype Switching by Shear Stress
Control of Endothelial Gene Expression and Phenotype Switching by Shear Stress
Fluid shear stress transforms polygonal, cobblestone-shaped
endothelial cells of random orientation into fusiform endothelial cells aligned in the direction of flow.
Fluid shear stress transforms polygonal, cobblestone-shaped
endothelial cells of random orientation into fusiform endothelial cells aligned in the direction of flow.
Short-term Effects of Shear Stress on Endothelial Function
Short-term Effects of Shear Stress on Endothelial Function
Physiological shear stress (>15 dyne/cm2) decreases in vitro endothelial cell turnover by
decreasing both the basal rate of proliferation and the rate of
apoptosis from growth factor depletion, tumor necrosis factor or hydrogen peroxide exposure.
Physiological shear stress (>15 dyne/cm2) decreases in vitro endothelial cell turnover by
decreasing both the basal rate of proliferation and the rate of
apoptosis from growth factor depletion, tumor necrosis factor or hydrogen peroxide exposure.
Control of Endothelial Gene Expression and Phenotype Switching by Shear Stress
Control of Endothelial Gene Expression and Phenotype Switching by Shear StressFunctional switching of endothelial
phenotype by shear stress from a quiescent atheroprotective phenotype under
physiological and elevated levels of shear stress (>15 dyne/cm2) to an atherogenic
phenotype at low shear stress (0-4 dyne/cm2) with high endothelial turnover.
Functional switching of endothelial phenotype by shear stress from a quiescent
atheroprotective phenotype under physiological and elevated levels of shear stress (>15 dyne/cm2) to an atherogenic
phenotype at low shear stress (0-4 dyne/cm2) with high endothelial turnover.
Detrimental Effects of Oscillatory and Turbulent
Shear Stress
Detrimental Effects of Oscillatory and Turbulent
Shear StressOscillatory shear stress, unlike steady shear stress,
can fail to induce [Ca2+] transients or suppress endothelin 1 mRNA.
Oscillatory shear stress is a weaker inducer of eNOS than steady shear stress,and creates greater
endothelial cell proliferation.
Turbulent shear stress, in contrast to steady laminar shear stress, induces in vitro endothelial cell
turnover.
Oscillatory shear stress, unlike steady shear stress, can fail to induce [Ca2+] transients or suppress
endothelin 1 mRNA.
Oscillatory shear stress is a weaker inducer of eNOS than steady shear stress,and creates greater
endothelial cell proliferation.
Turbulent shear stress, in contrast to steady laminar shear stress, induces in vitro endothelial cell
turnover.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONShear stress studies have altered our concept of
the endothelium from that of a passive, nonthrombogenic surface to that of a
dynamically responsive vascular element producing autocrine and paracrine factors under the functional regulation of local hemodynamic
forces. These findings have underlined the importance of studying endothelial cell function under flow conditions and have renewed efforts to identify novel and known gene products that
may be regulated by shear stress.
Shear stress studies have altered our concept of the endothelium from that of a passive, nonthrombogenic surface to that of a
dynamically responsive vascular element producing autocrine and paracrine factors under the functional regulation of local hemodynamic
forces. These findings have underlined the importance of studying endothelial cell function under flow conditions and have renewed efforts to identify novel and known gene products that
may be regulated by shear stress.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONThe molecular phenotypic switching of
endothelium by shear stress offers an integrated model to explain the focal nature of
atherosclerosis. Future work will address therapeutic approaches to thwart the local
atherogenic phenotype of the endothelial cell in lesion-prone low-shear regions, without
interfering with its ability to maintain global vascular homeostasis, and should include studies of interactions of this regulation by
clinically established cardiovascular risk factors.
The molecular phenotypic switching of endothelium by shear stress offers an integrated
model to explain the focal nature of atherosclerosis. Future work will address therapeutic approaches to thwart the local
atherogenic phenotype of the endothelial cell in lesion-prone low-shear regions, without
interfering with its ability to maintain global vascular homeostasis, and should include studies of interactions of this regulation by
clinically established cardiovascular risk factors.
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