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Lecture 4 – Vision 3 – The Retina
Raghav RajanBio 354 – Neurobiology 2
January 21st 2015
All lecture material from the following two links:1) http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/book/bcontex.htm2) http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~redneu/2013/BOOKS/Principles%20of%20Neural%20Science%20-%20Kandel/gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw2/ovidweb.cgisidnjhkoalgmeho00dbookimagebookdb_7c_2fc~32.htm
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From the last two classes ...!!
● Is there a difference in which percept is predominant? (Harini)
● What happens to percepts in split-brain patients? (Sahana)
● What happens in induced synesthesia?
● Why do you see an after-image with opposite colours much like a photo negative? (Gaurav)
● Cone opsins – how do they work?
● Why 3 pairs of extra-ocular muscles?
●
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Retinal processing
● Photoreceptors – graded potentials (no spikes)
● Photoreceptors are depolarised at rest – dark current
● Light hyperpolarizes the photoreceptors
– cGMP dependent mechanism
● Output of the retina consists of ON-center, OFF-surround RGCs and OFF-center, ON-surround RGCs
● How does this arise?
● What are the responses of other cells?
● What processing goes on in the retina?
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Receptive fields of RGCs – output of
retina● Stephen Kuffler was
the first to find these responses in the cat
● Diffuse light throughout the field did not evoke any responses! (earlier research)
● Cat was a good choice because of no motion-selective cells, no color complications
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Receptive fields
● Useful for predicting responses of neurons to stimulus
● Not obvious from the wiring diagram
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Wiring diagram of retina
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Receptive fields of neighbouring RGCs
● Neighbouring RGCs have considerable overlap in their receptive fields
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Size of receptive fields
● Size measured by either size on retina or angle
● Primate retina, near fovea – ~10um or ~0.017degrees
● Further out, size of receptive field centers increase, size of receptor population connecting to RGCs (direct pathway) increases and visual acuity falls
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Receptive fields of RGCs – output of
retina● Stephen Kuffler was
the first to find these responses in the cat
● Diffuse light throughout the field did not evoke any responses! (earlier research)
● Cat was a good choice because of no motion-selective cells, no color complications
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How do bipolar cells respond?
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Bipolar cells also have center-surround receptive fields
● Two types – ON-center and OFF-center
http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-v-phototransduction-in-rods-and-cones/bipolar-cell-pathways-in-the-vertebrate-retina/
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Direct pathway to ON and OFF center bipolar cells
● Cones/rods
– hyperpolarized by light
● ON center bipolar cell
– depolarized by light in center
– Inhibitory connection from cones/rods
● OFF center bipolar cell
– hyperpolarized by light in center
– Excitatory connection from cones/rods
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ON and OFF bipolar cells - mechanism
● Photoreceptors release only 1 neurotransmitter – glutamate
● OFF bipolars express ionotropic receptors
● ON bipolars express mGluR6, which links to TRPM1-L channels, non-selective cation channel
http://retina.anatomy.upenn.edu/~noga/noga.html
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Indirect pathway for SURROUND
● Lateral inhibition through horizontal cells
● GABA used as neurotransmitter
● Horizontal cells are thought to contribute to most of SURROUND responses
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CENTER-SURROUND interactions
● Horizontal cells mediate surround interactions
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_02/a_02_cl/a_02_cl_vis/a_02_cl_vis.html
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Human retina has 4 major types of RGCs
● Midget (M) cells – 80% - project to parvocellular pathways
– small cells
– slow responses
– colour, details
● Parasol (P) cells – 10% - project to magnocellular pathways
– big cells
– fast responses
– movement
● Bistratified cells
● Light sensitive RGCshttp://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-ii-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-retina/morphology-and-circuitry-of-ganglion-cells/
BIO 354 - Neurobiology 2 17
Dorsal and ventral streams – M cell and P cell pathways
http://www.ib.cnea.gov.ar/~redneu/2013/BOOKS/Principles%20of%20Neural%20Science%20-%20Kandel/gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw2/ovidweb.cgisidnjhkoalgmeho00dbookimagebookdb_7c_2fc~31.htm
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Actually lots more cell types in retina
● Don't know what most of these cells are doing
http://wws.weizmann.ac.il/neurobiology/labs/ulanovsky/sites/neurobiology.labs.ulanovsky/files/uploads/schneidman_compulsory_reading_mastland_2001_gollisch_meister_2010.pdf
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More complicated processing too
● Retina has direction selective ganglion cells (rabbit, frogs)
● Color comparisons are done by RGCs
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Starburst amacrine cells are direction selective – input to direction selective
RGCs
● Selective for outward motion
● Timing of excitation and inhibition determines motion selectivity
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220602611X
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Distribution of S, M and L cones in the human retina
● Diagram of distribution based on data
http://www.cis.rit.edu/people/faculty/montag/vandplite/pages/chap_9/ch9p1.html
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Colour comparison computations start in the retina
● a – Foveal Midget cell that does M–L
● b – Foveal Midget cell that only connects to L cones
● c – Peripheral midget cell Some bias in the connections of this cell
● d – Small bistratified ganglion cell does S – (M+L)
http://neurosurgery.stanford.edu/research/chichilnisky/PDFs/Field2010-NV.pdf
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Retinal processing and output
● Center-surround organisation of receptive fields
– Basically codes for CONTRAST – compares illumination of center with surround
● Two different pathways for responding to light increases and light decreases
– ON-center and OFF-center RGCs
● M and P cell pathways
● Lateral inhibition, convergence, etc.
● Direct pathway – photoreceptor --> Bipolar cell --> RGC
● Indirect pathway – through horizontal and amacrine cells – SURROUND
● More complex responses – motion sensitivity, colour comparisons, etc. in retina itself
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