Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
Lecture 1 Topics
Dr. Carolyn SkurlaSpeaking
•Outline–Introduction to Course–Definition of Engineering–Engineering at Baylor University
© 2006 Baylor University
• Questions About Engineering– What is engineering?– What do engineers do in their profession?– What are the different types of engineering?– What is the difference between science and engineering?
• How?– Lectures, Hand-On Labs, Homework, Reading Assignments– Design Project!
Purpose of“Introduction to Engineering”
1
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
StaticsFluid Mechanics
Engineering Ethics
Digital Logic
Electric Circuits
Power Generation Plants
The Engineering Design Process
Materials and Manufacturing Methods
Energy and Work
Some Cool Subjects We Will Study
© 2006 Baylor University
• If you are purchasing a calculator,
the TI-89 is strongly
recommended. If you already
have another calculator, it is not
necessary to purchase a TI-89 for
EGR 1301.
Calculator Usage
2
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
Knowledge of, and interest in, mathematics and the natural sciences
Interest in computers and/or technology
Practical problem solving
Design
Creativity
Common Engineering Key Words
© 2006 Baylor University
• Interested in creating things
• Enjoy problem solving
• Good at math and science
• Want to know how things work
• Financial reasons
• Not sure yet
http://www.flickr.com/photos/bangfalse/422226927/
Why Do YOU Want To BeAn Engineer?
3
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
• Scientist seek
• Engineers apply _____________ in order to ____________
• Take time and consider why you would like to be an engineering major rather than a physics, math or biology, or chemistry major…
How Does Engineering Differ From Math & Science?
© 2006 Baylor University
“The application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical
ends such as the design, construction, and operation of efficient and
economical structures, equipment, and systems.”
American Heritage Dictionary
Defining “Engineering”
4
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
• Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET)
• “The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and
forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.”
What Is Engineering?
© 2006 Baylor University
• What is the difference between being a mechanical engineer and being a mechanic?
• How does engineering technology differ from engineering?
http://t3.pacific.edu/teams/B004205/mechanic.jpg
Mechanical Engineering (Structural Design)
http://www.vrac.iastate.edu/~jmvance/sen_opt/gifs/car_L.gif
Auto Mechanic
What Is Engineering?
5
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
• To be a professional engineer
• To be a lawyer
• To be a physician• To be a business consultant (e.g. McKinsey
Inc.)
• To be able to use my God-given gifts and talents to serve others in the best possible way
Why Study Engineering?
© 2006 Baylor University
• Latin in generare– Engine– Ingenious
• 200 AD– Roman attack on Carthaginians
using an ingenious invention (ingenium)
• 1200s the ingeniator– Battering rams, assault towers,
etc.
The Origins of Engineering
6
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
• Civil Engineering
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Systems_engineering_application_projects_collage.jpg
• Electrical and Computer Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Chemical Engineering
• Industrial Engineering
• Nuclear Engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering…
• Biomedical Engineering
The Engineering Disciplines
© 2006 Baylor University
Work (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Physical or mental effort or activity directed toward the production or accomplishment of something.
• Employment; Job.
Job (American Heritage Dictionary)
• A regular activity performed in exchange for payment; especially a trade, occupation, or profession
• A position in which one is employed.
What Is The Difference Between “Job”/”Work” and “Vocation”?
7
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
Vocation (Houghton-Miflin Dictionary)
• A regular occupation, especially one for which a person is particularly suited or qualified.
• An inclination, as if in response to a summons, to undertake a certain kind of work, especially a religious career; a calling.
What Is The Difference Between “Job”/”Work” and “Vocation”?
© 2006 Baylor University
The Mission of the engineering departments is to educate
students, within a caring Christian environment, in the
discipline of engineering, by combining a strong technical
foundation with an emphasis on professional, moral,
ethical and leadership development.
Mission Statement:
Engineering at Baylor
8
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
• Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (ABET)
• _________ are accredited, not schools
• All three engineering programs at Baylor are
accredited
Accreditation
© 2006 Baylor University
• Electrical & Computer Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
• Engineering– Biomedical Option
– Flexible Option• Biomechanics
• Biomedical Signals
• Computer Systems
• Electronics
• Fluids and Thermal Energy
• Mechanical Design
• Signal Processing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FalkirkWheelSide_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg
The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland
Programs at Baylor
9
Lecture 1 - Introduction to Engineering
© 2006 Baylor University
Humanities & Social Sciences 18-25 Sem Hrs
Math & Science 32 Sem Hrs
Engineering Topics 67 Sem Hrs
Other 19 Sem Hrs
Min Req Total 136 Sem Hrs
Curriculum Summary
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 3© 2006 Baylor University
Dr. Carolyn SkurlaSpeaking
•Outline–The Engineering Method–Team Building–Creative Problem Solving–Plagiarism
Lecture 2 Topics
Slide 4© 2006 Baylor University
• Engineers are not defined by their product
– Nano-robots– Airplanes– Embedded Computers
• Engineers are defined by their ______________
– Finding the best change using available resources in an environment of uncertainty
What is an Engineer?
11
Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 5© 2006 Baylor University
• The clergy in Iran engineered the firing of the president.
• The chessmaster engineered a perfect countermove.
• The general engineered a coup d'état without the loss of life.
http://www.teamclouds.com/staff/dawboy/images/chess_set.png
“To Engineer”
Slide 6© 2006 Baylor University
• The Scientific Method
– Well-understood, even by the layperson.
– “Science is theory corrected by experiment.”
– All variables held constant except one.
– “Answer in the back of the book.”
– Extensively analyzed by philosophers
Why is Engineering Such a Mystery?
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 7© 2006 Baylor University
• The Engineering Method– Little significant research into the philosophical foundations of engineering.
– Can you name an engineer who is wise, well-known, well-read, and scholarly
in their role as an engineer?
• Contrast with law, economics, medicine, politics, religion, and science
– Can you name a public spokesperson in any of these fields?
Why is Engineering Such a Mystery?
Slide 8© 2006 Baylor University
• Few high school students take engineering courses• Liberal arts students are not required to study technology• Technology students are required to study liberal arts
Why is Engineering Such a Mystery?
13
Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 9© 2006 Baylor University
• Change: the situation requires a change.
• Best: the best change is desired...
• Resources: using the ________________ resources
• Uncertainty: knowledge about the situation is ____________
and sometimes inconsistent
Four Key Elements of Engineering Problems
Slide 10© 2006 Baylor University
Time
Mea
sure
of C
hang
e
A
B
Change
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 11© 2006 Baylor University
• Four practical difficulties in getting from A to B:
– Engineer lacks complete knowledge of the world at A
– The exact final state, B, is unknown and cannot be anticipated
– There is no _______________ from A to B
– Engineering goals can change during the process
• The location of B ______________
Change
Slide 12© 2006 Baylor University
• Is all change caused by engineers good?
– What about unintended consequences?
• Aswan High Dam in Egypt
– Can you think of any engineering disasters?
• Tacoma Narrows Bridge
• Kansas City Hyatt Regency
• Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in U.S.S.R.
Change
15
Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 13© 2006 Baylor University http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/eg.html
Unintended Consequences
Slide 14© 2006 Baylor Universityhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/nl/thumb/f/fa/280px-AswanHighDam_Egypt.jpg
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 15© 2006 Baylor University
• Increased salinity of the Nile by 10%
– Led to collapse of sardine industry
• Caused coastal erosion
• Displaced 100,000 Nubians
– Drastically altering their way of life
Unintended Consequences
Slide 16© 2006 Baylor University
• Tangible Resources– Money available for project
– Time to complete project– Raw materials (e.g., steel, concrete,
silicon)
– _______________________
– Number of engineers
• Intangible Resources– Engineering staff’s past experience
with similar projects
– Engineering staff’s _____________
http://newportbeachattorneys.org/gen02_clock.jpg
http://fullcircle.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/free_money.jpg
Available Resources
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 17© 2006 Baylor University
• Problem : Estimate the number of ping-pong balls that can fill a room– 60 seconds– 2 days– Unlimited time
• Each time limit defines _______________________because the time resource is different
• Each solution would be correct from an engineering point of view.
Time As a Resource
Slide 18© 2006 Baylor University
• Best for whom?– Westerners are conditioned to accept Plato’s notion of the
ideal– A new concept of “best”
• Optimization theory– The Optimum __________________– Apollo Program
• Leapfrog learning• Political vs. Economic tradeoffs
Best
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 19© 2006 Baylor University
Consider a television with only one knob:Increased knob setting results in sharper picture,Increased knob setting also results in worse sound.
Best: Television Example
Slide 20© 2006 Baylor University
Assuming picture and sound are equally weighted
Best: Television Example
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 21© 2006 Baylor University
Picture is half as important as sound (for a person with hearing problems)
Best: Television Example
Slide 22© 2006 Baylor University
• Engineers are asked to find a solution to a problem while lacking complete information
• In Change: both the starting and ending points (A & B) are not fully known
• Resources: intangible resources cannot be quantified, yet they affect the outcome
• Best: the best design is not always clear, best for whom?
Uncertainty
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 23© 2006 Baylor University
• Your future employer requires __________________• Student-centered learning is encouraged
– Active learning– Collaborative learning– Cooperative learning
• Positive interdependence• Individual accountability• Face-to-face interaction• Appropriate use of interpersonal skills• Regular self-assessment of group functioning
Why Work in Teams?
Slide 24© 2006 Baylor University
• Improved– Student-faculty interaction– Student-student interaction– Grades & information retention– Teamwork & interpersonal skills– Communication skills– Training for the professional work environment
Benefits of Cooperative Learning
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 25© 2006 Baylor University
• Thinking Aloud Pairs Problem-Solving (TAPPS)– Students form pairs
• Problem-Solver (PS)– Talks through solution to the problem
• Listener (L)– Questions– Prompts PS to keep talking– Gives clues when necessary
– Short training exercise
Creative Problem Solving
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
THINKING ALOUD PAIRS PROBLEM SOLVING (TAPPS) The Problem Solver: 1. Adjust the chairs so that you and your partner are comfortably seated at a worktable. 2. Make sure that you have paper, pencil, a calculator, and anything else you may need to solve
the problem. 3. There may be hints or suggestions given about how to approach a particular problem.
Discuss these with your partner before you start. 4. Read the problem aloud. 5. Start to solve the problem on your own. You are solving the problem; your partner is only
listening to your and reacting to what you say, not collaborating in the solution. 6. Thinking aloud isn’t easy. At first you may have trouble finding the right words; don’t
search for them, say whatever comes to your mind. You and your partner are trying to help each other, and no one is evaluating you.
7. Go back over any part of a problem you wish. Use such words as, “I’m stuck. I’d better start over.” “No, that won’t work…let’s see…hmmm.”
8. Try to solve the problem even if you think it trivial, or if you don’t think you’re learning anything. Most people don’t realize the fantastic improvement that occurs when they engage in this process. When you complete a problem, record what you think you learned about the process so you can see your progress. Then have your partner add his/her ideas.
The Listener:
1. Establish as quickly as possible that you will be a questioner and not a critic, and that you are not criticizing when you ask questions like, “Please elaborate.” “What are you thinking now?” “Can you check that?”
2. Your role is to: a. Demand that PS keep talking, but don’t keep interrupting when PS is thinking. b. Make sure that PS follows the strategy and doesn’t skip any of the steps. c. Help PS improve his/her accuracy. d. Help reflect the mental process PS is following. e. Make sure that you understand each step that PS takes.
3. Do not turn away from PS and start to work the problem on your own. It may be better if you don’t even pick up a pencil. Track PS’ procedure actively.
4. Do not let PS continue if: a. You don’t understand what he/she is doing. Say “I don’t understand,” or “I can’t
follow that.” b. You think a mistake has been made. Ask him/her “to check that,” or “Does that
sound right?” 5. Do not give PS hints. If he/she continues to make an error in thinking or in computation,
then point out the error, but do not correct it. Source: J.E. Stice, National Effective Teaching Institute, 2003.
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
THINKING ALOUD PAIRS PROBLEM SOLVING (TAPPS) EXERCISE 1: TRAVELS OF A BOOKWORM A set of four volumes sits on a shelf in the library. Each of the covers of each book is 1/6-inch thick, and the text in each volume is 2 inches thick. A bookworm approaches the set of books and finds the work to his taste. He eats from page 1 of Volume I to the last page of Volume IV. How far did the bookworm’s lunch take him, in inches? Source: J.E. Stice, National Effective Teaching Institute, 2003.
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
THINKING ALOUD PAIRS PROBLEM SOLVING (TAPPS) EXERCISE 2: Boronoff, Carlisle, O’Brien, and Revitsky are four talented, creative artists. One is a singer, one is a dancer, one is a painter, and one is a writer, although not necessarily in the order named. Clues:
1. Boronoff and Revitsky were in the audience the night the singer made his debut.
2. Both Carlisle and the writer have sat for portraits by the painter.
3. The writer, whose biography of O’Brien was a best-seller, is planning to write a biography of Boronoff.
4. Boronoff has never seen Revitsky.
NOTE: In Clue 2, neither of the portraits was a self-portrait. In Clue 3, neither of the biographies was an autobiography. Adapted from C.R. Wylie, Jr., 101 Puzzles in Thought and Logic. New York: Dover Publishers, 1957.
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Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 28© 2006 Baylor University
• “Plagiarism is using others' ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information.”1
1Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN <http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html>
Plagiarism
Slide 29© 2006 Baylor University
• “To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit whenever you use– another person's idea, opinion, or theory; – any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings--any pieces of
information--that are not common knowledge; – quotations of another person's actual spoken or written
words; or – paraphrase of another person's spoken or written words.”1
1Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN <http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/wts/plagiarism.html>
How Students Can Avoid Plagiarism
26
Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Slide 30© 2006 Baylor University
• Go to the Indiana University’s website on plagiarism.– http://education.indiana.edu/%7Efrick/plagiarism/– Explore the links, examples, and quizzes until you
are ready to attempt the test.– Print the confirmation certificate, fill it out, sign it,
and:• Fax a copy to your instructor OR• Scan it and e-mail a copy to your instructor
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Slide 34© 2006 Baylor University
References
• Koen, Billy Vaughn, Discussion of The Method, Oxford University Press, 2003
• Egypt map from CIA website: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/eg.html
• Aswan Dam photo: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/nl/thumb/f/fa/280px-AswanHighDam_Egypt.jpg
27
Lecture 2 - Engineering Method, Team Building, Problem Solving, Plagiarism
Plagiarism Exercise Original Source Material:
The British Institution’s definition of structural engineering crowds into the same box the ideas of economy and elegance, for responsible engineering wastes neither physical nor mental resources. Economic constraints are often imposed by the demands of the marketplace, but the requirement for elegance is often self-imposed by the best in the profession in much the same way that artists and scientists alike see elegance in the sparest canvases and the most compact theories – or in the axiom of the minimalist aesthetics and design, “less is more.”
Quoted directly from pp. 40-41 of: Petroski, Henry. To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design. Vintage Books, New York (1992). Sample #1: ___________________________________________________________________________
Responsible engineering wastes neither physical nor mental resources. Economic constraints are often imposed by the demands of the marketplace.
Sample #2: ___________________________________________________________________________
According to Petroski, “Responsible engineering wastes neither physical nor mental resources [1].” Marketplace demands often impose economic constraints. Bibliography: 1. Petroski, Henry. To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design. Vintage Books,
New York (1992). Sample #3: ___________________________________________________________________________
According to Petroski, responsible engineering wastes neither physical nor mental resources [1]. Bibliography: 1. Petroski, Henry. To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design. Vintage Books,
New York (1992). Sample #4: ___________________________________________________________________________
According to Petroski, “Responsible engineering wastes neither physical nor mental resources [1].” He also states that marketplace realities may necessitate fiscal limitations. Bibliography: 1. Petroski, Henry. To Engineer is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design. Vintage Books,
New York (1992).
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Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 3© 2006 Baylor University
•Outline– Understand the definition of Mechanics– Learn the difference between static and
dynamic analysis– Understand the importance of
engineering analysis in structural design– Apply these concepts to a foot bridge
and discuss the design tradeoffs– Understand the concept of force as a
vector– Separate vector into x and y components.– Apply this concept to analyzing sums of
forces (ΣF=0 in statics).Prof. Dick CampbellSpeaking
Lecture 3 Topics
Slide 4© 2006 Baylor University
• Mechanics - the study of objects at rest or in motion, the effects of forces on a body, and the prediction motion.
• The fundamentals of Mechanics were formulated by Isaac Newton, using his three Laws:1. A body at rest or in constant
motion remains in that state until acted upon by an external unopposed force.
2. An unopposed force causes a mass to _____________.
3. Every force action has an __________________ reaction.
Mechanics
29
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 5© 2006 Baylor University
• Mechanics is divided into the study of Statics and Dynamics.
• Newton’s 2nd Law is expressed as:
Mechanics
∑ = maF
Slide 6© 2006 Baylor University
Static analysis
• Therefore...a = 0 • In Statics, nothing is accelerating!
•Newton’s 1st Law• Statics is the study of forces acting on a non-accelerating body,
and the reaction of that body
Dynamic Analysis• If an unopposed force acts:
• Acceleration is proportional to the mass of the body• Dynamics is the study of the motion of a body, both in translation and
rotation.
Statics vs. Dynamics
30
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 7© 2006 Baylor University
• Baylor Engineers in Africa, May 2005– 3 professors, 6 students– Kenya, Africa– Engineering services to Kenya’s
poor population• Foot Bridge Project
– 130 ft. wide river– Analyze for safety and possible
design improvements
An Example of Engineering Analysis
Slide 8© 2006 Baylor University
• Village was divided, far side had trouble:– Taking their farm produce
to market– Attending school– Getting medical care
• Situation– 5 miles to nearest bridge
(20 mile round trip)– Several drownings per year
Need For Bridge
31
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 9© 2006 Baylor University
• Estimates of approximately 400 crossings per day– Saving 1,460,000 miles of
walking per year• Approximate cost: $5000
– 1/3 ¢ per mile per year– Great impact at minimal
cost
Need For Bridge
Slide 10© 2006 Baylor University
• Cable used is rated to withstand a maximum load in tension of 16,000 lbs.– How much can the bridge support?– How is cable failure considered in the design?– If six people (est. 1000 lbs.) stand in the center, what is the cable
tension?– What is the “safety factor” (SF)?
How Does Engineering Analysis Help?
32
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 11© 2006 Baylor University
• The wood decking was built using 3-1”x 6” planks laid side by side.– The bridge span is 130 feet. – The wood’s density is 30 lbs/ft3.– The weight of the cable and
hangers is approx. 112 lbs. – Can you calculate the weight of
the decking? • What does this do to our safety
factor?
What About the Weight of the Bridge?
130 ft
Slide 12© 2006 Baylor University
• If we allow the bridge to have larger sag, what will happen to the tension in the cables?
• What will happen to the required anchors for the cables at the two ends of the bridge?
• What is the disadvantage of having larger sag in the bridge?• We will use the Principles of Statics Analysis to answer all of these
questions.
Engineering is an Exercisein Trade-Offs!
33
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 13© 2006 Baylor University
• How does a suspension bridge like the Golden Gate provide a way to achieve the goals of lower cost and convenience of use?
• What are the disadvantages in the suspension bridge design?
Suspension Bridges
Slide 14© 2006 Baylor University
Engineering Disasters:Tacoma Narrows Bridge
34
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 15© 2006 Baylor University
The importance of proper engineering analysis.
Engineering Disasters:Kansas City Hyatt Regency Hotel
Slide 16© 2006 Baylor University
• Scalar– Has magnitude only
• Vector – Has magnitude and direction– In an x-y coordinate system, force may be broken down into
“components”• X-component parallel to x-axis• Y-component parallel to y-axis
Θ
Force as a Vector
35
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 17© 2006 Baylor University
• Magnitude of the force vector– Can be calculated from the magnitude of its components using the
Pythagorean theorem
)cos(Θ∗= FFx
22yx FFF +=
v
)sin(Θ∗= FFy
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=Θ −
x
y
FF1tan
Force as a Vector
Slide 18© 2006 Baylor University
• î and ĵ indicate direction of vector components– î has magnitude of 1 unit in the x-direction– ĵ has magnitude of 1 unit in the y-direction
• When a vector component is multiplied by î or ĵ– Magnitude of the vector component remains unchanged– The direction of the vector component is defined as parallel to
the x- or y-axis
Unit Vectors
36
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 19© 2006 Baylor University
• Draw a sketch of the forces as vectors• Write each force vector in terms of i and j components
– Components perpendicular to each other can be treated separately• Invoke Newton’s 1st Law
– Sum of i components=zero – Sum of j components = zero
• Solve the two equations with two unknowns
Setting Up the Analysis
Slide 20© 2006 Baylor University
• Simplifying assumptions– Loaded with six persons (approx. 1000 lbs) at the center – Cables are straight– Neglect the weight of the bridge
i
j
Force Vectors & Static Analysis ofFoot Bridge
lbs F 10003 =v
?1 =Fv ?2 =F
v
ft 130
ft 5
37
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 21© 2006 Baylor University
• Resolve the three forces into î, ĵ components• Identify our unknowns (i.e., F1 and F2)
• Set up summation equations in î, ĵ directions– Solve these two equations for the unknowns
i
j
Static Analysis of the Foot Bridge’s Cable
lbs F 10003 =v
?1 =Fv ?2 =F
v
ft 130
ft 5
Slide 22© 2006 Baylor University
i
j
?2 =Fv
lbs F 10003 =v
?1 =Fv
ft 130
ft 54.4˚4.4˚
jFiFF ˆsinˆcos 111 θθ +−=v jFiFF ˆsinˆcos 222 θθ +=
v
jlbsilbsF ˆ1000ˆ03 ⋅⋅−⋅⋅=v
Static Analysis of the Foot Bridge’s Cable
38
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 23© 2006 Baylor University
Substituting in angles:
2121 ),4.4cos()4.4cos( FFFF ==lbsFF ⋅=+ 1000)4.4sin()4.4sin( 21
Safety Factor (Cable Strength = 16,000 lbs):
Static Analysis of the Foot Bridge’s Cable
0ˆ0ˆcosˆcosˆ21 =⋅⋅++−=Σ ilbsiFiFiF θθ
0ˆ1000ˆsinˆsinˆ21 =⋅⋅−+=Σ jlbsjFjFjF θθ
Slide 24© 2006 Baylor University
Then: lbsF 1000)10sin(2 1 =
What happens to the Safety Factor if we increase thesag? Let : o10=θ
Static Analysis of the Foot Bridge’s Cable
39
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 25© 2006 Baylor University
What happens to the Safety Factor if we include the weight of the bridge? Let:
Then:
Static Analysis of the Foot Bridge’s Cable
Slide 26© 2006 Baylor University
What is the best way to hang a 40 lb mirror on a wall? How much tension is in the hanger wire in each case?
Picture Frame Sample Problem
Option 1: One Hanger in Wall Option 2: Two Hangers in Wall
48 in
12 in 12 in
12 in
40
Lecture 3 - Statics - Part 1
Slide 27© 2006 Baylor University
Picture Frame Sample Problem
Option 1: One Hanger in Wall
48 in
12 in i
j
3Fv
2Fv
1Fv
3Fv
ββ
Slide 28© 2006 Baylor University
Picture Frame Sample Problem
i
j
2Fv
1Fv
3Fvβ
Option 2: Two Hangers in Wall
12 in
12 in
β
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Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 3© 2006 Baylor University
•Outline– Understand why structures are built with triangles– Understand truss bridges as an example of a structure built with triangles– Apply static analysis to truss bridges– Understand the simplifying assumptions for the truss analysis– Determine load in each member of truss bridge that is supporting a load using static
analysis
Prof. Dick CampbellSpeaking
Lecture 4 Topics
Slide 4© 2006 Baylor University
• Pinned triangles are naturally rigid• Joint strength becomes less critical• High stiffness can be achieved for small amount of material
used• Ease of construction
ForceForce
Why Structures Are Built With Triangles
42
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 5© 2006 Baylor University
The truss is a simple skeletal structure. In design theory, the individual members of a simple truss are only subject to tension (pulling) and compression (pushing) forces and not bending forces.
There are both simple and continuous trusses. The small size of individual parts of a truss make it the ideal bridge for places where large parts or sections cannot be shipped. Because the truss is a hollow skeletal structure, the roadway may pass over or even through the structure allowing for clearance below the bridge often not possible with other bridge types.
Slide 6© 2006 Baylor University
Trusses are constructed using triangles and are also classified by the basic design used.
The Warren truss is perhaps the most common truss for both simple and continuous trusses. For smaller spans, no vertical members are used lending the structure a simple look. For longer spans vertical members are added providing extra strength.
Warren trusses are typically used in spans of between 50-100m.
Truss Bridges
43
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 7© 2006 Baylor University
• Pratt - The Pratt truss is identified by its diagonal members which, except for the very end ones, all slant down and in toward the center of the span. Except for those diagonal members near the center, all the diagonal members are subject to tension forces only while the shorter vertical members handle the compressive forces. This allows for thinner diagonal members resulting in a more economic design.
• Howe - The Howe truss is the opposite of the Pratt truss. The diagonal members face in the opposite direction and handle compressive forces (requiring thicker elements. This makes it very uneconomic design for steel bridges and its use is rarely seen.
Truss Bridges
Slide 8© 2006 Baylor University
• This bridge was designated as an international historical monument by the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering and the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Pont de Québec is formed by a 549 m (1702’) suspended span located between two main pillars, which makes this bridge the longest cantilever bridge in the world. While the bridge was under construction, the suspended span collapsed on two occasions (in 1907 and 1916), killing many workers. Trains began using the bridge in 1917 while automobiles were only allowed on it in 1929.
World’s Longest Truss BridgePont de Quebec
44
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 9© 2006 Baylor University
• Sum of forces at each joint, or node, must equal zero• Each element is a “two-force” member (i.e., the direction of the force is along the
axis)– If an element is in tension, it will pull on both joints– If an element is in compression, it will push on both joints
• Joints are pinned and frictionless (i.e., pins will not support a moment)• A moment is a force that causes rotation and is explained in the next few slides • No deformation occurs to change dimensions• The external reactions are statically determinant, and the supports are frictionless:
R1R3
R2
Concepts & Assumptions for Static Analysis of Truss Bridges
Slide 10© 2006 Baylor University
• Moments occur at a given point and are caused by a force that causes rotation about a point or an axis.
• A moment is equal to the Force times the perpendicular distance from the force to the point that is being evaluated.
• Force F causes a clockwise rotation if unopposed about point A in the picture below.
• 4in is the perpendicular distance and 100lb is the force in the picture, so the Moment M caused by this force is: M=-(100lb x 4in) = -400 lb-in
• The moment is negative because it is clockwise.• Be careful with units, Moments can be measured in lb-in, lb- ft, N-m, or other units.
Moments
45
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 11© 2006 Baylor University
Summing Moments & External Forces in Truss Analysis
• Moments are summed to determine missing external forces in truss analysis.• There is no rotation in the truss (i.e., static equilibrium)• The sum of the moments about any joint in the truss equals 0
– Forces through a joint do not create a moment at that joint.– Moments are negative if the force applied would cause a clockwise motion if the truss
member could rotate.– Moments are positive if the force applied would cause a counter-clockwise motion if the
truss member could rotate.• The Sum of the Forces also equals 0• Three equations - Three unknowns
Slide 12© 2006 Baylor University
• Sum moments about Joint B
• Sum forces in the y-direction
• Sum forces in the x-direction
Summing Moments & External Forces in Truss Analysis
46
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 13© 2006 Baylor University
• Determine External Reactions using Newton’s 1st Law:
i
j
• The truss has three external reactions, and we can write three equations of static equilibrium.
A
BC
D
E
1R
3R
2R
lbs 500=P
ft 10ft 10
ft 10
ft 10 ft 66.8=h
θ
o60=θ
∑ =⋅+⋅−= 0)20()5500( 1 ftRftlbM D
∑ == 03RFx
∑ =−+= 050021 lbRRFy
Truss Analysis
+
Slide 14© 2006 Baylor University
x
y +
•Determine the forces at node D, by drawing a “free body” diagram:
•We assume that all unknown forces are in tension by drawing the arrow pulling on the node. Our sign convention will indicate if an element is in compression by a negative sign.
A
BC
E
lbs125
lbsR 03 =
lbs 500=P
ft 10ft 10
ft 10
ft 10 ft 66.8=h
lbs375
D
Truss Analysis
47
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 15© 2006 Baylor University
•Just as we used the equations of static equilibrium to determine the external reactions, we can apply the same method to each node:
x
y +
A
BC
Elbs125
lbsR 03 =
lbs 500=P
ft 10ft 10
ft 10
ft 10 ft 66.8=h
lbs375
D
D
375
DCF
DEF θ
NODE D Free Body Diagram
FCD at points C and D
Truss Analysis
Slide 16© 2006 Baylor University
D
375
DCF
DEF θ
NODE D Free Body Diagram
•FDC is in the opposite direction that is shown in the free body diagram.
•FDE is in the same direction that is shown in the free body diagram
tension
compression
DCF
DEF
375
NODE D with Corrected Arrow
Directions
Free Body Diagram
48
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 17© 2006 Baylor University
x
y +
A
BC
D
E
lbs 500=P
ft 10ft 10
ft 10
ft 10 ft 66.8=h
θo60=θ
ncompressio lbs 433=DCF
lbs 217=DEF
03 =R
3752 =R1251 =R
Truss Analysis Continued
C433=DCF
CEF θ
NODE C Free Body Diagram
4 Forces, but only two unknowns
BCF500=P
Slide 18© 2006 Baylor University
x
y +
A
BC
D
E
lbs 500=P
ft 10ft 10
ft 10
ft 10 ft 66.8=h
θo60=θ
ncompressio lbs 433=DCF
lbs 217=DEF
03 =R
3752 =R1251 =R
Truss Analysis Continued
B 144=BCF
ABFθ
NODE B Free Body Diagram
3 Forces, but only two unknowns
BEF
49
Lecture 4 - Statics - Part 2
Slide 19© 2006 Baylor University
x
y +
A
BC
D
E
lbs 500=P
ft 10ft 10
ft 10
ft 10 ft 66.8=h
θo60=θ
ncompressio lbs 433=DCF
lbs 217=DEF
03 =R
3752 =R1251 =R
Truss Analysis Completed
A144=ABF
AEFθNODE A Free Body
Diagram
3 Forces, but only one unknown 1251 =R
Double check your work by analyzing Node E to see if you get the same results.
50
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Slide 3© 2006 Baylor University
Dr. Carolyn SkurlaSpeaking
•Outline–Materials Science–Materials Selection in Engineering
Lecture 5 Topics
Slide 4© 2006 Baylor University
• Pace of technology– Space exploration– Aviation– Defense– Sports
http://www.centennialofflight.gov
http://www.wilson.com
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/trebuchet/race.html
http://www.educationplanet.com
Why Study Materials Science?
51
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Slide 5© 2006 Baylor University
• Selection of materials appropriate for design• Analysis of ________________
– Shuttle disasters
http://www.nasa.gov, http://www.noaa.gov
Columbia - Feb. 1, 2003
Challenger - Jan. 28, 1986
Why Study Materials Science?
Slide 6© 2006 Baylor University
Coffee Cup Examples
52
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Slide 7© 2006 Baylor University
• Metals• Ceramics• Polymers (plastics)• Semi-conductors• Composites
Fig. C.1, Callister 7e.;
http://www.wilson.com
Classes of Materials
Slide 8© 2006 Baylor University
Function
•Transmit loads, heat•Contain pressure•Etc.
Material
•Material properties: general, mechanical, electrical, etc.
Shape
•Shape factors: characteristic values for bending and twisting, etc.
Process•Process Attributes: material, shape & size, tolerance, batch size, cost, etc.
Adapted from Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Ashby.
So, How Do We Select a Material?
53
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Slide 9© 2006 Baylor University
• Seek a specific combination of standard attributes, or material properties– General
• Price• Density
– Mechanical• Strength• Toughness• Fatigue endurance limit
– Wear resistance– Magnetic
– Thermal• Melting point• Thermal conductivity• Thermal expansion
– Electrical• Electrical conductivity
– Optical– Environmental resistance– Environmental impact
• Production energy• Recyclability
Materials Properties
Slide 10© 2006 Baylor University
• Atomic bonding, crystal structure, and microstructure dictates _____________
• ________________ can change microstructure structures and properties
Fig. 1.9, Askeland 3e.
Materials Properties
54
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Slide 11© 2006 Baylor University
70,00010% Sn10,000Cu
60,0004% Cu5,000Al
60,0000.5% C6,000Fe
Strength (psi)
Alloying Element
Strength (psi)
Pure Metal
Mechanical Properties
Slide 12© 2006 Baylor University
• Space Shuttle Tiles:– Silica fiber insulation
• Low _________________• Low density• Low coefficient of thermal expansion
Fig. 19.0, Callister 7e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.)
Thermal Properties
55
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Slide 13© 2006 Baylor University
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,Callister 7e.(Specimen preparation,P.A. Lessing; photo by J. Telford.)
• Transmittance:– Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the ____________________.
Optical Properties
Slide 14© 2006 Baylor University
Adapted from Fig. 17.0, Callister 6e.(Fig. 17.0 is from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
• Stress & Saltwater– Causes __________
Environmental Resistance
56
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Slide 16© 2006 Baylor University
Materials Selection Tools
57
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering
Materials Selection Sample Problems: Instructions: A table of candidate materials has been provided at the end of sample problem 2. The table lists some of the material properties that you will need to know in order to solve the following problems. Problem A will be solved by your instructor, and you will then be asked to solve problems 1 & 2. A. You have been asked to select a material that will be forged into a crescent wrench.
a. Which of the materials in the table meet this requirement?
b. The component needs to be strong and inexpensive. Which material would you select from the candidate materials in part (a)?
1. Congratulations! You graduated with an engineering degree, and you have landed a job at
General Motors. You first task is to select the material from which the new headlight and taillight covers will be made. The candidate materials are listed in the table at the end of this exam. Since the estimated output of the car model that you are working on is more than 500,000, management has decided that the headlight and taillight covers will be injection molded.
a. List the candidate materials.
b. Since headlights can be damaged by rocks and other road debris, you will want to select a material that is strong and tough. List your material selection.
c. Name another property of the selected material that is critically important for a headlight cover.
58
2. You decided that you didn’t like the automotive industry, and you now have a job with at a power plant. You have been asked to select the material for a heat exchanger that will be designed to cool superheated steam back to water. The steam temperature will be superheated to 300ºC. The heat exchanger’s design is quite complex with multiple vanes sticking out to assist in cooling the steam to water. You only need 5 of these components; so, management has chosen sand casting as the manufacturing method.
a. List the candidate materials.
b. Your power plant is operating with a very strict budget to minimize costs due in part to the increased cost of natural gas used to power the generators. You want to keep costs below $10,000 per m3. List the remaining candidate materials.
c. Since you are seeking a material that is good for heat exchanging, what material property is critically important for your heat exchanger.
d. What is your final material choice?
59
Lecture 5 - Materials Selection in Engineering Table of Material Properties
Material Class
Candidate Material
Price ($/kg)
Density (kg/m3)
Thermal Properties
Electrical Properties
Optical Properties
Fracture Toughness (Pa/m2)
Tensile Strength (Pa)
Max Service Temp (ºC)
Melting Temp (ºC)
Available Processes
Ceramic Alumina 4.92 3,980 Poor conductor
Good insulator
Opaque 4.80E+06 6.65E+08 1,841 2,096 Powder methods
Ceramic Borosilicate Glass
4.92 2,300 Poor insulator
Good insulator
Transparent 7.00E+05 3.20E+07 460 N/A Powder methods
Metal Aluminum 2.01 2,900 Good conductor
Good conductor
Opaque 3.50E+07 5.50E+08 207 677 Rolling, forging, die casting, sand casting, extrusion, powder methods
Metal Cast Iron 0.66 7,250 Poor conductor
Good conductor
Opaque 5.40E+07 1.00E+09 450 1,250 Die casting, sand casting
Metal Copper 4.92 8,940 Good conductor
Good conductor
Opaque 9.00E+07 5.50E+08 347 1,082 Rolling, forging, die casting, sand casting, extrusion, powder methods
Metal Low Alloy Steel
1.07 7,900 Good conductor
Good conductor
Opaque 2.00E+08 1.20E+09 665 1,529 Rolling, forging, die casting, sand casting, extrusion, powder methods
Metal Titanium 65.60 4,800 Poor conductor
Good conductor
Opaque 1.20E+08 1.63E+09 697 1,682 Rolling, forging, die casting, sand casting, extrusion, powder methods
Thermoplastic Acrylic 2.71 1,220 Good insulator
Good insulator
Transparent 1.60E+06 7.96E+07 57 N/A Blow molding, compression molding, injection molding
Thermoplastic Polycarbonate 4.92 1,210 Good insulator
Good insulator
Optical quality
4.60E+06 7.24E+07 144 N/A Blow molding, compression molding, injection molding
Thermoplastic Polyethylene 1.26 960 Good insulator
Good insulator
Translucent 1.72E+06 4.48E+07 127 N/A Blow molding, compression molding, injection molding
Thermoset Phenolics 2.21 1,320 Good insulator
Good insulator
Opaque 1.21E+06 6.21E+07 157 N/A Compression molding
Thermoset Polyester 1.72 1,400 Good insulator
Good insulator
Transparent 1.70E+06 8.96E+07 128 N/A Compression molding
60
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 3© 2006 Baylor University
Dr. Carolyn SkurlaSpeaking
•Outline–Manufacturing Process Selection–Manufacturing & Processing Methods
Lecture 6 Topics
Slide 4© 2006 Baylor University
• Choice depends on:– The material from which the component is to be
made.– The size, shape, and dimension tolerances for the
component.– The number of components to be manufactured.
Process Selection
61
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 5© 2006 Baylor University
• Each process is characterized by:– The materials it can handle.– The shapes it can make and the dimension
tolerances it can achieve.– The complexity and size of the shape it can make.– The effect the process has on the material’s
properties.
Process Selection
Slide 6© 2006 Baylor University
• Finding the ______________ between design requirements and process attributes– Iterative procedure– Interaction between function, material, shape, and
process are taken into account.
Process Selection
62
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 7© 2006 Baylor University
Raw Material
Casting Methods
Gravity,Pressure,
Die Casting
PressureMolding
PolymerMolding,
GlassMolding
DeformationProcessing
Roll,Forge,
Draw, Press
PowderMethods
Sinter, Slipcast,Hot Isostatic
Pressure
SpecialMethods
Lay-UpCVD,
Electroform
MachiningCut, Turn, Plane,
Drill, Grind
Heat TreatQuench, Temper Steels,
Age-Harden Al-Alloys
JoiningBolt, Rivet, Weld,Braze, Adhesive
FinishPolish, Plate,
Anodize, Paint
Class of Manufacturing Processes
63
Manufacturing Process
Relative Tooling Costs
Relative Equipment Costs
Relative Labor Costs Materials Shapes
Surface Finish
Economic Batch Sizes Examples Additional Comments
Sand Casting
Die Casting
Compression molding
Transfer molding
Blow molding
Injection molding
Rolling
Forging
Extrusion
Powder sintering
Machining
Joining
Fastening
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
64
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 8© 2006 Baylor University
• Sand casting
Sources: http://www.imp.mtu.edu/index.html
http://www.dansworkshop.com/Sand%20castings%20and%20patterns.shtml
Materials Science: A Multimedia Approach, John C. Russ
Casting Methods
Slide 9© 2006 Baylor University
• Die casting
Source: Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Casting Methods
65
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 10© 2006 Baylor University
• So, which one do we choose?– It depends
Source:Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Casting Methods
Slide 11© 2006 Baylor University
• Compression molding• Transfer molding
Source:Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Pressure Molding
66
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 12© 2006 Baylor University
• Blow molding
Source: Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Materials Science: A Multimedia Approach, John C. Russ
Pressure Molding
Slide 13© 2006 Baylor University
• Injection molding– > 50% of polymer components
are manufactured by this method
Source: http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/process_encyc/default.html
Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Pressure Molding
67
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 14© 2006 Baylor University
• Rolling– Cold rolling– Warm rolling– Hot rolling
Sources: Materials Science: A Multimedia Approach, John C. Russ
Deformation Processing
Slide 15© 2006 Baylor University
• Forging– Example Closed-die
forging• A heated blank is placed
between 2 halves of a die• A single compressive
stroke squeezes the blank into the die to form the part.
Sources: http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/process_encyc/default.html
Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Deformation Processing
68
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 16© 2006 Baylor University
– Closed-die forging (cont)• Once the die halves have
separated, the part can be ejected immediately using an ejector pin.
• The waste material, called flash, is removed later.
Source: http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/process_encyc/default.html
Deformation Processing
Slide 17© 2006 Baylor University
• Extrusion
Source: http://www.aec.org/cyberg/process.html#a1
Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Deformation Processing
69
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 18© 2006 Baylor University
• Powder sintering• Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing)
Source:Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Powder Methods
Slide 19© 2006 Baylor University
• Cutting• Turning• Drilling• Milling• Grinding
Source:Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
Machining
70
Lecture 6 - Manufacturing in Engineering
Slide 20© 2006 Baylor University
Source: http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/process_encyc/default.html
Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Michael F Ashby
• Welding• Mechanical joining
Joining & Fastening
71
Lecture 6 – Manufacturing in Engineering
Manufacturing Method Sample Problem Based on your notes from lecture on manufacturing processes, match the following items to be manufactured with the appropriate manufacturing process. Note some methods may be used more than once and some possibly not at all!!
______ 500 items of steel; complex shape; rough surface finish acceptable
A. Die casting
______ Aluminum for window frames
B. Blow molding
______ 50,000 large gears of steel; simple shape; good surface finish required
C. Rolling
______ 25,000 items of aluminum; simple shape; good surface finish required
D. Sand casting
______ Structural I-beams of steel
E. Forging
______ 10,000 ceramic components
F. Injection molding
______ 100,000 plastic bottles
G. Extrusion
______ Copper pipes for household plumbing
H. Powder sintering
______ 100,000 small, plastic gears for a toy; good surface finish required, simple shape
72
Slide 3© 2006 Baylor University
Dr. Carolyn SkurlaSpeaking
•Outline–Biomedical Engineering Defined–Examples of Topical Areas in BME
Lecture 7 Topics
Slide 4© 2006 Baylor University
• “…the application of engineering science and technology to problems arising in medicine and biology. In principle, the intersection of each engineering discipline with each discipline in medicine or biology is a potential area of biomedical engineering application.”(Plonsey)
Definition of Biomedical Engineering
73
Slide 5© 2006 Baylor University
Biologic Effects of Electromagnetic
Fields
Clinical Engineering
Biotechnology
Medical Imaging
Medical Informatics
Prosthetic Devices & Artificial Organs
Rehabilitation Engineering
Medical & Biologic Analysis
Biomedical Instrumentation
Physiologic Modeling,
Simulation, & Control
Biosensors
Biomaterials
Biomechanics
Biomedical Engineering
Slide 6© 2006 Baylor University
•• Osteoporosis researchOsteoporosis research–– Collaborations with Biochemist, Radiologist, & Collaborations with Biochemist, Radiologist, & NephrologistNephrologist at UT at UT
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX •• Mouse or rat animal modelMouse or rat animal model•• Mechanical testing of femoraMechanical testing of femora
Biomechanics & Biomaterials at Baylor
74
Slide 7© 2006 Baylor University
•• Total Knee Replacement ResearchTotal Knee Replacement Research–– CCollaboration with orthopaedic surgeons at Scott & White ollaboration with orthopaedic surgeons at Scott & White
Hospital, Temple, TXHospital, Temple, TX•• Artificial human tibiaArtificial human tibia•• Mechanical testing for initial stability of tibial componentMechanical testing for initial stability of tibial component
Biomechanics & Biomaterials at Baylor
Slide 8© 2006 Baylor University
•• Tissue welding of torn meniscusTissue welding of torn meniscus–– Collaboration with Dr. Kane, Dept of Chemistry & Collaboration with Dr. Kane, Dept of Chemistry &
BiochemistryBiochemistry•• Model in bovine meniscusModel in bovine meniscus
AF
=σ
Biomechanics & Biomaterials at Baylor
75
Slide 9© 2006 Baylor University
• Dr. Brian Garner– Visible Human Male
Dataset• Musculoskeletal model
of the upper limb
Physiologic Modeling, Simulation, & Control at Baylor
Slide 10© 2006 Baylor University
• Lower limb prosthetics– Flex-Foot
• Returns 95% of the energy stored making it the highest energy storage and release prosthetic foot in the industry
– Real need worldwide is for low cost lower limb prosthetics for third world countries
• Land mines
http://www.ossur.com/template1.asp?PageID=1
Rehabilitation Engineering
76
Slide 11© 2006 Baylor University
Biologic Effects of Electromagnetic
Fields
Clinical Engineering
Biotechnology
Medical Imaging
Medical Informatics
Prosthetic Devices & Artificial Organs
Rehabilitation Engineering
Medical & Biologic Analysis
Biomedical Instrumentation
Physiologic Modeling,
Simulation, & Control
Biosensors
Biomaterials
Biomechanics
Biomedical Engineering
Slide 12© 2006 Baylor University
• Noninvasive Pulse Oximeter– A source of light originates from the
probe at two wavelengths (650nm and 805nm).
– The light is partly absorbed by hemoglobin, by amounts which differ depending on whether it is saturated or desaturated with oxygen.
– By calculating the absorption at the two wavelengths the processor can compute the proportion of hemoglobin which is oxygenated. http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u05/u05_003.htm
http://www.dolphinmedical.com/products/pulse_oximeters/oximeters.html
Biosensors
77
Slide 13© 2006 Baylor University
• Implantable Cardiac Pacemakers – Medtronic
• 80% of the world market for pacemakers• Based in Minneapolis, MN
http://www.medtronic.com/
Biomedical Instrumentation
Slide 14© 2006 Baylor University
• Ultrasound– Obstetrics
• Diagnosis and assessment of early pregnancy
– Cardiology• Depicts blood flow• Visualizes heart structures
– Urology• Visualize kidney stones• Measure blood flow through kidneys
http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/
http://www.howstuffworks.com/ultrasound4.htm
Medical Imaging
78
Slide 15© 2006 Baylor University
• Prevention of electromagnetic interference (EMI) with medical telemetry systems.– Most wireless medical telemetry devices.
• Secondary users (must accept interference from and not interfere with primary users)
• Primary users are:– Commercial broadcast TV bands– Private land mobile radio service (PLMRS) bands.
– In 1998, Baylor Medical Center in Dallas and local digital TV (DTV).
– In 2000, FCC established wireless medical telemetry service (WMTS).
Clinical Engineering
Slide 16© 2006 Baylor University
Biologic Effects of Electromagnetic
Fields
Clinical Engineering
Biotechnology
Medical Imaging
Medical Informatics
Prosthetic Devices & Artificial Organs
Rehabilitation Engineering
Medical & Biologic Analysis
Biomedical Instrumentation
Physiologic Modeling,
Simulation, & Control
Biosensors
Biomaterials
Biomechanics
Biomedical Engineering
79
Slide 17© 2006 Baylor University
• Vaccine Production – Finding and developing the vaccine is just the beginning!
• Engineers are necessary for mass production of vaccines (i.e., chemical engineers)
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/globalhealth/infectiousdiseases/vaccines/default1.htm
Biotechnology
80
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