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SURVEYING AND MAPPING:
AN INTRODUCTION
GE 10: ELEMENTARY SURVEYING 1
DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Objectives
At the end of the lecture, the students should be
able to:
� Define surveying as part of the science of
Geomatics
� Identify the jobs of a surveyor
� Gain knowledge on the history of surveying
� Enumerate the surveying operations , its uses,
types, and recent technologies
� Be familiar with the different surveying terms
Outline
I. Geomatics
II. Surveying Definitions
III. The Surveyor
IV. History of Surveying
V. Surveys – uses, types, operations, recent
technologies
VI. Definition of Terms
Geomatics�the science concerned with the measurement,
representation, analysis, management, retrieval and
display of spatial information describing both the Earth's
physical features and the built environment.
� includes disciplines such as:
� Surveying
� Geodesy
� Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry
� Cartography
� Geographic Information Systems
� Global Positioning Systems
Source: Dept. of Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania.
Source: Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.
Surveying (Traditional Definition)
The art of making measurements of the
relative positions of natural and man-made
features on the earth's surface, and the
presentation of this information either
graphically or numerically.
NJDOT Survey Manual, p.3
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Surveying (Modern Definition)
The art and science of determining angular
and linear measurements to establish the
form, extent, and relative position of points,
lines, and areas on or near the surface of the
earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies
through applied mathematics and the use of
specialized equipment and techniques.
J.P. La Putt (1987)
Professional SurveyingThe application of knowledge of the:
� science of surveying measurement,
� legal principles of boundary location,
� laws related to boundaries & land use,
� applicable mathematical & computational theories and
principles,
� natural & other forces which affect positional accuracy,
� land planning & development concepts pertinent to
subdivision of land & property surveys,
� land record & land tenure concepts,
� geodetic & other earth-related sciences
to the analysis, design, & execution of surveying &
mapping projects & the design of land mapping & IS.
--Buckner (1994)
The Surveyor
A surveyor is a professional person with the
academic qualifications and technical expertise to:� practice the science of measurement;
� assemble and assess land and geographic related information;
� use that information for the purpose of planning and implementing the efficient administration of the land, the sea and structures thereon; and
� instigate the advancement and development of such practices.
--International Federation of Surveyors
Surveying
throughout
History
Federation of American Scientists
In Babylon (4000 BC) In Egypt (the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Giza- 2780 BC)
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Eratosthenes(276 BC-194 BC)
His measurements are with an error of less than 2%,
but that was 2200 years ago!
School of Surveying
150 BC
School of surveying was established by Romans to teach:
• town planning
• map making and
• building of roads and aqueducts
ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm
“If the earth was spherical then a proper representation could
be obtained by a geometrical projection of that surface”
Ptolemy produced maps.120 BC
“What can be mapped
could be ruled.”
History of Geomatics
1. Establishment of boundaries of land
2. Fixing of national and state boundaries
3. Charting of coastlines and navigable streams and lake
4. Precise location of definite reference points
throughout the country
5. Collection of valuable facts concerning the earth’s
magnetism at widely scattered stations throughout the country
USES OF SURVEYS Types of Surveys
1. Plane Surveying
– the type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in
which its spheroidal shape is neglected.
2. Geodetic Surveying
– takes into account the true shape of the earth.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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Approximations
On the earth’s surface:
� 18.5 km length of an arc
�0.007m > subtended chord
� 196km2 area of triangle
�spherical excess is 1”
True shape of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large extent!
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING1. Control Survey
– consists of establishing the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points
2. Property Survey
– performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.
3. Topographic Survey
– made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
4. Hydrographic survey
– refers to surveying of bodies of water for the purposes of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous construction.
OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
5. Mine Survey– utilizes the principles for land, geologic and
topographic surveying to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations.
OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
6. Route survey
– refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines and pipelines.
OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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7. Construction Survey
– performed to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works.
OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
8. Photogrammetric Survey
– utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrialphotogrammetry, in which measurementsmade on photographs are used to determinethe positions of photographed objects.
OPERATIONS IN SURVEYINGOPERATIONS IN SURVEYING
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
RECENT TECHNOLOGIES
� Total Station System
� Digital Photogrammetry
� Satellite Positioning System
USA – NAVSTAR GPS
Russia – GLONASS
European Union - Galileo
� Geographic and Land Information Systems
www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/
Handheld GPS
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Definition of Terms
Level surface– a curved surface every element of which is normal to aplumb line
Zenith– direction away from the center of the earth and above the observer’s head
Nadir– direction toward the center of the earth
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Definition of Terms (continued)
Horizontal plane– plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point
Horizontal line– a line tangent to a level surface. In surveying, it iscommonly understood that a horizontal line of sight is
straight.
Horizontal angle– an angle formed by the intersection of two lines in ahorizontal plane.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Definition of Terms (continued)
Vertical line– a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
–a vertical line in the direction toward the center of theearth is said to be in the direction of the nadir.
Vertical angle– angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane
Vertical plane– is a plane in which a vertical line is an element
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Definition of Terms (continued)
Zenith angle– angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it isunderstood that one of the lines is directed toward the
zenith.
Nadir angle– angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it isunderstood that one of the lines is directed toward the
nadir.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Definition of Terms (continued)
Horizontal Distances– distances measured along a level line.– plumb line-to-plumb line distance.
Contour– an imaginary line of constant elevation on the groundsurface.
– Contour line is the corresponding line on the map
Elevation of a point– vertical distance above (or below) some arbitrarilyassumed level surface, or datum.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
Definition of Terms (continued)
Leveling– operation of measuring difference in elevation
Grade/Gradient of a line– slope of the line or rate of ascent or descent
Difference in Elevation– vertical distance between two points.– distance between imaginary level surface containing
high point and a similar surface containing the low point.
Davis, R.E., et. al. (1981)
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Sources
Becker, B.J. Eratosthenes of Cyrene.
http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eratosthenes.htm
ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/ people/ptolemy.htm
Buckner (1994). http://surveying.mentabolism.org/buckner.html. Last
Accessed 16June08
Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies, University of Arkansas.
http://www.cast.uark.edu/home/research/geomatics.html
Davis, R.E., et. al (1981). Surveying: Theory and Practice. USA: McGraw-Hill,
Inc.
Federation of American Scientists. Html link lost
Great Pyramid of Khufu. http://vncafe.blogspot.com/2008/03/great-pyramid-
of-giza.html
History of Geomatics.
http://www.sli.unimelb.edu.au/planesurvey/prot/topic/topo02-01.html
www.mitrecaasd.org/ proj/satnav/
Sources (continued)
International Federation of Surveyors.
http://www.surveyor.asn.au/for-the-public/international-definition-of-
surveyor.php
La Putt, J.P. (2007). Elementary Surveying. Philippines: National Book
Store.
ManSurveying.gif. From
http://everythingaboutsurveying.blogspot.com/2008/05/geodetic-
instrumentation-methods.html
New Jersey Department of Transportation. Survey Manual. Downloaded
from http://www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/survey/
http://surveying.mentabolism.org/geomatic.htm. From the Dept. of
Surveying and Spatial Information Science, Univ. of Tasmania. Link
(broken): http://info.utas.edu.au/docs/geomatics/geomatics_exp.html
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