Lecture 1-
Air Transport I
Section 1 Aircraft Types
Section 2 Cargo Handling
Section 3 Cargo Types
Section 4 Payload & Operations
AIR TRANSPORT ILECTURE STRUCTURE
First commercial flights ~ 1910Development of mail services rapidly followedRapid technical innovation over past 80 yearsDriven by development of jet engineThe most expensive of all the transport modesBut the fastest
AIRCRAFT TYPESINTRODUCTION
Cargo area under the passengers - the "belly“
AIRCRAFT TYPESBELLY HOLD FREIGHTERS
Freight carried on the main-deck behind passengersSide loading
Freight also carried in the belly
AIRCRAFT TYPESCOMBI FREIGHTERS
AIRCRAFT TYPESCOMBI FREIGHTERS
Freight carried on the main-deck and / or in the bellyBy nose-loading or via large cargo door
AIRCRAFT TYPESDEDICATED FREIGHTER
BellyCargo area under the passengers - the "belly“
CombiOn the main-deck behind passengers with side loading Also in the belly
Dedicated freighterOn the main-deckIn the bellyBy nose-loading or via large cargo door
AIRCRAFT TYPESBELLY VS DEDICATED FREIGHTER
BellyMakes use of excess payload capacity in passenger aircraftAccess to a large network of airports / routes
Dedicated freighterAccommodates large volumes of freightAccommodates project / oversized cargoAccommodate specialist cargo requirements – temperatureConverted passenger aircraft may be over specified for freightCost of dedicated freighters
AIRCRAFT TYPESBELLY VS DEDICATED FREIGHTER
Passenger designPassenger & belly hold cargoPassenger design – 100% cargo
Passenger variant for freight100% freightLonger bodyLonger range
Dedicated freighter100% freightBespoke freight design - Antnov
AIRCRAFT TYPESAIRCRAFT DESIGN
MD-80
BAe 146
DC-9
737
727
Tu-204
707
DC-8
757-200
A320
AIRCRAFT TYPESSTANDARD BODY < 45T PAYLOAD
767
A300
DC-9
L 1011IL-76 TD
A310
DC 10
787
777
A330
AIRCRAFT TYPESMEDIUM WIDEBODY < 40-80T PAYLOAD
777
MD-11
AN 124
A380F
IL-96T
747
IL 96T
AIRCRAFT TYPESLARGE > 80T PAYLOAD
AIRCRAFT TYPESCOMPARED TO TYPICAL TRUCK
AIRCRAFT TYPESTYPICAL AIRCRAFT PAYLOAD
Aircraft Type Maximum Payload(Tonnes)
Maximum Load Volume(Cubic Metres)
Boeing B767-300F 54 438Lockheed L1011 Tristar 55 420
Douglas DC10 65 451
Boeing MD11 85 600
Ilyushin IL-96 92 580Boeing B747-100 96 585
Boeing B777-300F 103 633
Boeing B747-200 111.5 605Boeing B747-400 120 605
Antonov An-124 120 800
Antonov An-225 250 1100
Source: Handbook of Logistics & Physical Distribution Management
(7 TEU)
(4 TEU)
(18 TEU)
AIRCRAFT TYPESTYPICAL AIRCRAFT COSTS (US$M)
Source: Airbus Price List, January 2011
AIRCRAFT TYPESCONVERSION PASSENGER TO FREIGHTER
Source: Boeing Current Market Outlook 2012 - 2031
Next 20 yearsFleet will double in size
2011 freighter fleet1,740 aircraft
2031 freighter fleet3,200 aircraft
2,760 new freighter aircraft 940 new build1,820 passenger conversions
AIRCRAFT TYPESDEDICATED FREIGHTER
Not yet in service150 tonne payload5,600 nautical milesULD containers & pallets on 3 levels
AIRCRAFT TYPESA380 VARIANT
Section 1 Aircraft Types
Section 2 Cargo Handling
Section 3 Cargo Types
Section 4 Payload & Operations
AIR TRANSPORT ILECTURE STRUCTURE
Unit loads specifically designed for air transportLightweight - aluminiumProfile shape of aircraft hold
Reduces the number of items to be loadedSpeeds up turnaround of aircraft
Based on international standardsDeveloped by IATA (International Air Transport Association)
CARGO HANDLINGDESCRIPTION
Characterised by TypeBase dimensionsPhysical details
ShapeLoad restraintHandling requirements
Two formsPallets
Sheets of aluminiumInclude rims designed to lock onto cargo net
ContainersAlso known as cans and podsUsually made of aluminiumMay have built-in refrigeration units
CARGO HANDLINGFORMS
ULD Pallet
ULD Container
Specialist handling systemsPowered fixed conveying systems of tracks fitted with rollers transport the ULD onto the aircraft and within itCapable of rotating a ULD through 90o to position correctly within the plane
CARGO HANDLINGHANDLING
PoweredRollers
Door
DoorwayLateralGuide
CenterlineConveyorroller
DoorwayPoweredRollers
Lift and position ULD / cargo at hold door
CARGO HANDLINGHANDLING – HI-LOADERS
Larger heavy-lift aircraft may be accessed by front or rear doors that lower to ground level allowing certain cargo to be loaded by fork lift truck
CARGO HANDLINGHANDLING – REAR DOORS
Limited transferability between transport modesLimited ability to stack when on the groundSpecific to aircraft typeEasily damaged with improper handling
CARGO HANDLINGULD CHALLENGES
Airline direct spend on ULD repair is estimated at US$ 150-200 million a year
Section 1 Aircraft
Section 2 Cargo Handling
Section 3 Cargo Types
Section 4 Payload & Operations
AIR TRANSPORT ILECTURE STRUCTURE
Regular mail and parcelsCourier packages
CARGO TYPESMAIL
Door to door movesTime-definite servicesMultimodal networks (air & surface transport)Logistics services and expertise
Shipment tracking Inventory control and JIT supportNext day delivery require night time operation
Modern low noise aircraftLow day time usage (As low as 2 hours)All-cargo operators (scheduled or non-scheduled)
Started as small parcel / document service providers
CARGO TYPESCOURIER
SeafoodFruits and vegetablesCut flowers
CARGO TYPESPERISHABLE CARGOES
520% more expensive to ship by air
CARGO TYPESCASE STUDY – ICE CREAM
Shipment method from Australia Quantity Total freight cost ($)
20’ FCL (Reefer) to Shanghai, China
2340 x 5 litre tubs780 cartons (3 x 5 litre tubs)
Via sea: $3,423.83($1.46 per tub)
RKN to Shanghai, China
288 x 5 litre tubs96 cartons (3 x 5 litre tubs)
Via air: $2,180.00 ($7.57 per tub)
UKAir freight represents 40% of non EU trade by value
Example: Aquarium live fish trade50% of final sales price = transport costRetail value of US$2m per tonne
CARGO TYPESCASE STUDY - UK
Manufactured goods54%
Food & livestock13%
Raw materials8%
Metals4%
Chemicals2%
Pharmaceuticals & healthcare
products2%
Other17%
Gold, jewellery, currency, artworksElectronic componentsFashion garments, footwearPharmaceuticalsLuxury vehicles
CARGO TYPESHIGH VALUE, LOW DENSITY SHIPMENTS
GarmentsInputs for JIT manufacturing
CARGO TYPESRAPID REPLENDISHMENT ITEMS
Large loadsOil & gas equipmentMining equipment
Unusual loadsAnimals
CARGO TYPESPROJECT CARGO
Spare partsMedicinesCourier shipments of documents and samplesHumanitarian aid
CARGO TYPESEMERGENCY CARGOES
CARGO TYPESHUMANITARIAN AID
Wide variety of cargosTime sensitiveHigh value
Transport cargo over long distancesRapidReliableLow risk of damageVery expensive
Freight rate by kg rather than tonCan accommodate unexpected peaks in demand quickly
CARGO TYPESGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Section 1 Aircraft Types
Section 2 Cargo Handling
Section 3 Cargo Types
Section 4 Payload & Operations
AIR TRANSPORT IUNIT STRUCTURE
Cruising altitudeAltitude where an aeroplane spends most of its flight
Most economic altitudeInfluenced by
Aircraft weightSize of planeWeather
WindOutside temperature
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSTYPICAL FLIGHT PROFILE
Take-off
Cruising Altitude
Landing
Climb (Ascent)
Descent (Approach)
Maximum gross weight allowed at the start of the take-offTheoretical design maximum per aircraft type
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSMAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT (MTOW)
Cruising Altitude
MTOW
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSOPERATIONAL TAKE-OFF WEIGHT
Operational Take-off Weight will be less than MTOW for a number of
reasons
Long runway
Take-off clearance
Short runway
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSMAXIMUM LANDING WEIGHT
Runway length, type
Local geographical conditions
Weight of the empty aircraft plus standard itemsManufacturer’s Empty Weight (MEW)
Airframe, systemsStandard Items
Emergency oxygen, oil and water in closed systems
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSBASIC EMPTY WEIGHT
Source: www.boeing.com
Manufacturers Empty Weight
Standard ItemsBasic Empty Weight
Wei
ght
Weight of the empty aircraft plus emergency, standard and operational items (crew, manuals, life saving equipment)
Manufacturer’s Empty Weight (MEW)Standard ItemsOperational Items
Cabin crew & equipmentManuals and navigation equipmentLife rafts, emergency transmitters
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSOPERATIONAL EMPTY WEIGHT
Manufacturers Empty Weight
Operational ItemsStandard Items
Wei
ght
Operational Empty Weight
Basic Empty Weight
Source: www.boeing.com
Maximum weight allowed at the start of the take-offOperational Empty WeightPayloadFuel
Actual weight influenced byLocal conditionsAircraft structurePayload weightDistance to travel
Fuel required
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSMAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT (MTOW)
Source: www.boeing.com
Flight fuelFuel requirements for the flight
Reserve (contingency) fuelFuel required for additional flying time
Airport delaysMissed approachDiversion to alternative airport
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSCATEGORIES OF FUEL
Flight Reserv es
Flight range (distance) variablesPayloadFuel
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSCASE STUDY
Source: www.boeing.com
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSAIRBUS BELUGA
Reduced manoeuvrabilityTake-off
Higher take-off speedsLonger take-off runReduced rate and angle of climb
Cruising altitudeLower maximum altitudeReduced cruising speed
RangeShorter rangeMore fuel required
LandingHigher landing speedExcessive weight on nose wheel
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSIMPACT OF WEIGHT
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSWEIGHT SAVINGS …
Washing engines - reduces engine fuel burn (consumption) by up to 1.2%
New paints weigh 10-20% less – save 136kg paint per
aircraft
New economy seats 4kg lighter than average
economy seats
Korean Air - ULD Containers made of advanced composite panels and approximately 40% lighter than normal ones
PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSWEIGHT SAVINGS …
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