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To WILL is a great thing, for
ACTION & WORK usually followWILL and almost always WORK isfollowed by SUCCESS. WORK,
WILL, SUCCESS fill human
existence. WILL opens the door tosuccess, both brilliant & happy
WORK, passes these doors and atthe end of the journey, SUCCESS
comes to crown ones efforts.
by: Louis Pasteur
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INTRODUCTION AND
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Prepared by:
Michell
Ganase
-
Tugade
, R.M.T., M.D.
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INTRODUCTION
what does life really look like? - Led to the birth of new science called microbiology
Spontaneous generation advances
Principle behind fermentation in new
Causes of diseases science
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Diseases spread in the Middle Ages
plague, smallpox, leprosy, cholera
was brought to Europe
(Messina, Italy) in the 6th
century on the board of Genoa
ships from southern
Crimea
(infected rats)
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Until 14th century 25 mil. of
European inhabitants had died for
plague
The last great plague epidemic inEurope - in 1665, mostly in London
Diseases spread in the Middle Ages
plague, smallpox, leprosy, cholera
Yersinia pestis
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Diseases spread in the Middle Ages
plague, smallpox, leprosy, cholera
Alexander Yersin (1863-1943) and
S.Kitasato (1852-1931) discovered cause
of plague Yersinia pestis identified at
HongKong 1894
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Infectious diseases spread in the
Middle Ages - smallpox
Notes of epidemics in 4th cent. B.C. Endemic regions in Asia spread into
Europe and northern Africa in 6 - 8th
century
During 15th century to southern Africa
and America
The epidemics were stopped as late as in
19th century (Jenner, vaccination) Eradication of small pox WHO project
1977, last case in Somalia
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Infectious diseases spread in the
Middle Ages - smallpox
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Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages
Leprosy 12th to 13th century wholeEurope
1873 described by Armauer Hansen 9 yearsbefore Kochs discovery of bacillustuberculosis
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Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages
Syphilis most important STD inhistory
Treponema pallidum
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cholera during 19th century severalpandemics in Europe and America, lastpandemics started at Celebes and was spreadas far as southern Europe in 1961
in Central and Southern America in 1991
Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages
vibrio cholera
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Early Years of Microbiology
Fracastorius
(Girolamo Fracastoro from Verona) 1546
analysis of contagion: by physical
contact, by formites, at a distance He concluded that communicable
diseases are caused by living agents
(seminaria, seeds)
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Early Years of Microbiology
Antoni van Leeuwenhook (1632-1723) Created glass lenses of his own,
simple microscope
Father of microbiology
Description of simplemicroorganisms animalcules
- bacteria, fungi, yeasts,
microbes
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Early Years of Microbiology
what does life really look like
Antoni van Leeuwenhook
Stinger of a bee, leg of a louse,
brain of a fly, drop of of blood,flakes of his own skin, plaques of
his teeth
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Early Years of Microbiology
Passion of creating variousmicroscopes
Created a microscope for each
specimen to view them again and
again, studying and recording everydetail
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Early Years of Microbiology
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Taxonomic system
system for naming plants and
animals and grouping similarorganisms together.
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
spontaneous generation of microbial lifepossible?
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproductionAbiogenesis ( from non living matter)
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Aristotle (384-322BC)
Theory of spontaneous generation ortheory of abiogenesis widely
accepted for over 2000 years
17th centuryValidity of abiogenesis theory became
under challenge
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
Italian physician experimented on
decaying meat
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
unsealed flask: maggots covered the meat within a
few days
Sealed flask: flies were kept away and no maggots
appeared on the meatflask covered with gauze: flies were kept away and
no maggots appeared on the meat, although a few
maggots appeared
on top of the gauze.
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Chemistry : fermentation processes associated
with organisms recognizable by morphologyStarted industrial microbiology or
biotechnology
Silkworm disease investigation
Sterilization heating fluids to 120o
C underpressure, dry heat for glassware at 170oC
Idea of communicable diseases of plants,
animals and man
The Golden Age of Microbiology
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Fermentation Process
infusion is
heated
Steamescapes
from open
end flasks
Infusion sits,
no microbes
appear
Air moves
in and out
of flask
Infusion
remains
sterileindefinitely
Dust from
air settles
in bend.
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Louis PasteurInvestigations in immunity:
Attenuation of pathogen by
prolonged cultivation and suboptimal
conditions vaccines againstPasteurella of chicken cholera,
against anthrax in animals
1886 live attenuated vaccine
against rabies (dried suspension of
infected rabitt spinal cord) success in
men infected by rabid dog and wolf
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur in his laboratory
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Vaccination
against rabies
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Use of Petri dishes to hold solid
growth media Elucidation of bacteria as distinct
species
Discovery of Mycobacterium anthracis
& Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolation of etiologic agents of:
typhoid fever, cholera, pneumoniae,
tetanus, diphtheria, Staphylococci
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Result of Gram Staining
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Prevention of diseases
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 1865)
Austrian obstetrician Handwashing , infection control
high maternal mortality during delivery
transmission of infection by doctors
by contaminated hands during the
delivery hand washing in chlorine
compound solution the basis of
disinfection
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Prevention of diseases
Joseph Lister
Antisepsis
Started using carbolic acid(phenol) in
surgical incisions/dressings
Father of antiseptic surgery
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Prevention of diseases
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Prevention of diseases
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Prevention of diseases
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Prevention of diseases
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Prevention of diseases
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Prevention of diseases
O h N bl S i i f h G ld A f
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Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of
Microbiology
PETRI 1887 Petri dish (plate
Roux,
Yersin
1888 evidence of humoral immunity,
production of diphtheria toxin
Albert
Neisser
1879 Gonorrhea - Neisseria gonorrheae
Charles
Laveran
1880 Malaria -Plasmodium species (protozoa)
Carl Eberth 1880 Typhoid fever - Salmonella enterica
serotype Typhi
Oth N t bl S i ti t f th G ld A f
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Edwin Klebs 1883 Diphtheria - Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Albert
Fraenkel
1884
Pneumonia - Streptococcus pneumoniae
David Bruce 1887 Undulant fever (brucellosis) - Brucella melitensisAnton
Weichselbau
m
1887 Meningococcal meningitis - Neisseria
meningitidis
A. A. Gartner 1888 Salmonellosis (form of food poisoning)
Salmonella species
Shibasaburo
Kitasato
1889 Tetanus Clostridium tetani (bacterium)
-
Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of
Microbiology
Oth N t bl S i ti t f th G ld A f
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Dmitri Ivanowskiand Martinus
Beijerinck
18921898
Tobacco mosaic disease -Tobamovirus tobacco mosaic virus
William Welch and
George Nuttall
1892 Gas gangrene - Clostridium
perfringens
Alexandre Yersin
and Shibasaburo
Kitasato
1894 Bubonic plague - Yersinia pestis
Kiyoshi Shiga 1898 Shigellosis (a type of severe diarrhea)
- Shigella dysenteriae
Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of
Microbiology
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Emil vonBehring
1889-1890
diphtheria antitoxin neutralizes toxinin vivo, antitoxin to tetanus
Ilja
Metchnikoff
1891 phagocytosis, cellular defence
mechanisms
Bordet 1895 complement
Wassermann complement fixation test
Walter Reed 1900 Yellow fever - Flavivirus- yellow fever
virus
Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of
Microbiology
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Robert
Forde and
Joseph
Dutton
1902 African sleeping sickness - Trypanosoma
brucei, gambiense
Wright 1903 antibodies
Schaudin,
Hoffmann
1906 Treponema pallidum
Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of
Microbiology
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Carl Woese (1928)
discovered that significant differences in
nucleic acid sequences among organismsclearly reveal that cells belong to one of
three major groupsbacteria, archaea, or
eukaryotes
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Martinus Beijerinck
bacteria capable of converting nitrogengas (N2) from the air into nitrate (NO3),
the form of nitrogen used by plants,
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Sergei Winogradsky (18561953)
Elucidated the role of
microorganisms in the recycling ofsulfur.
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Alexander Fleming (18811955)
discovered penicillin
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
Gerhard Domagk
(1895-1964)
German pathologist and
bacteriologist
In 1935 - Chemotherapy
of bacterial infections
Prontosil first anti-
bacterialchemotherapeutic
agent, sulfonamides
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
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end
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