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L E C T U R E
1 INTRODUCTIONTO COMPUTER
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What is Computer?
A computer is a programmable machine that receives
input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output
in a useful format.
It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a
program).
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What is Computer?
A device that computes, especially a programmable
electronic machine that performs high-speed
mathematical or logical operations or that assembles,
stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.
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The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits
-- is called hardware;
the instructions and data are called software.
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Basic Computer Model
All computers perform four basic operations
Input Data
Process Data
Store Data
Output Data
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Basic Operations
Input data is to feed information which can be supplied by any
person, environment or other computer.
Processing data is manipulating data by performing
calculations, sorting lists of words or numbers, drawing
pictures.
Storing data is for future retrieval and processing. Memory
holds data that is waiting to be processed, and storage areas
hold data permanently until the data is deleted.
Output data is the result produced by a computer, which
includes reports, documents, music, graphs and pictures.
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Hardware Components
All general-purpose computers require the following
hardware components:
memory : Enables a computer to store, at least
temporarily, data and programs.
mass storage device :Allows a computer to
permanently retain large amounts of data. Common
mass storage devices include disk drives and tape
drives.
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input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse, the
input device is the conduit(pipe or channel) throughwhich data and instructions enter a computer.
output device :A display screen, printer, or other
device that lets you see what the computer hasaccomplished.
central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the
computer, this is the component that actually executesinstructions.
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Classification of Computers
personal computer : A small, single-user computer
based on a microprocessor.
In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer
has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for
displaying information, and a storage device for saving
data.
w
orkstation : A powerful, single-user computer.
A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a
more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality
monitor.
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minicomputer : A multi-user computer capable of
supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
mainframe : A powerful multi-user computer capableof supporting many hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.
supercomputer : An extremely fast computer that can
perform hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.
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Applications of Computer Systems
In Education
Multimedia-Facilitated Learning
Simulation-Based Education
Intelligent Machine-Based Training
Interactive Learning
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In Business
Supply Chain Management
Project Management
Customer Relationship Management
Sales and Marketing UsingE
lectronic Commerce
Manufacturing Research
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In Entertainment
Movies
Video Games
Music
Digital Photography
Travel
Wearable Computer Systems
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Why Use Computers?
S
peed Accuracy
Consistency
Reliability
Communications
Memory
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Components ofComputer Systems
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Components of Computer Systems
Input
Output
Storage
Processor
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Input Systems
Keyboard
Most common input device
QWERTY
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Mouse
Cursor manipulation device
Trackball
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Touch Screens
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Pens
Stylus
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Magnetic InkCharacter Recognition (MICR)
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Bar Code Readers
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Optical Character Recognition systems
Book readers for the blind
Automated input of text
Can do typewritten text and
handwritten block capital
Problems with cursive handwriting recognition
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Sensors
Digital thermometers
Accelerometers
Strain gauges (weighing scales)
....
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Camera Systems
Surveillance and monitoring
Visual inspection
Robot guidance
Video conferencing
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Voice
Voice recognition
Hands-free car-phones
Assistance for the disabled
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Output Systems
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Soft Copy
Voice synthesis
Music
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
LC
D (LiquidC
rystal Display)
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Modems
Modulator-Demodulator
Allows computers to communicate over telephone lines
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Disks
Magnetic
Floppy
Hard disk
Optical
Storage Device
M h d Sh h d AliL 1 I d i C
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Hard Copy
Plotters
M h d Sh h d AliL t 1 I t d ti t C t
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Hard Copy
Microfilm
M h d Sh h d AliL t 1 I t d ti t C t
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Non-Impact Printers
Laser
Magnetic
Thermal transfer
Thermal and Electrostatic
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Storage Systems
Muhammad Shahzad AliLecture 1: Introduction to Computer
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Primary Memory Types
CacheCache
RAMRAM
ROMROM
PROMPROM
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Memory
Stores the bits and bytes (instructions and data)
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ROM - Read Only Memory
Permanent; user cannot change
Loads Operating System during boot process
PROM, EPROM, EEPROM
Non-volatile
Wont disappear when power is off
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RAM - Random Access Memory
Solid-state electronic circuitry
Holds current data and programs at a RAM address
Temporary or volatile storage
Read/Write Memory
Volatile
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Cache Memory
Faster and more costly than RAM
Much smaller capacity than RAM
Holds next likely instructions
Increases system throughput
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Storage Capacity
Byte - one character
Kilobyte (KB) - 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB) - about 1 million bytes
Gigabyte (GB) - about 1 billion bytes
Terabyte (TB) - about 1 trillion bytes
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Mass Storage and Files
Programs and information (text, image, audio, video)
are stored:
Temporarily in RAM
Permanently in Mass Storage (disk and tape)
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p
Optical Disks
15,000 tracks per inch
Digital code read by laser
650 Mbytes in a 4.75 plastic platter
CD ROM; WORM;
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Write-One Read_Mostly - CDs (WORMS)
Powerful laser burns in the digital code
Not erasable
Lower power laser reads the digital pattern
Eraseable CD
Lasers read and write inofrmation
Also use a magnetic material
To write: a laser beam heats a tiny spot and a magnetic field
is applied to reverse the magnetic polarity
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p
Magnetic Disk
A circular platter coated with magnetic material
Floppy Disk
3.5; 360kbyte to 2.88Mbytes (1.44 is common)
Hard Disk
1.3, 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, 5.25;
120Mbytes to over 6 Gigabyte (6 Gbyte)
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Software
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What is Software?
Software is a set of computer instructions or data.
Software receives input from the user and processes
this input through the computer to produce output.
Software directs how the computer interacts with the
user.
Software specifies how to process the user's data
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Operating Systems
Operating System is the software that manages the overall
operation of the computer system
Main purpose is to support application programs
Hide details of devices from application programs
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Operating Systems
User interfaces
Software which is responsible for passing information to and from
the person using the program (the user)
Communicates with and controls the computer
Three types of user interface:
Graphic user interfaces
Menu driven interfaces
Command driven interfaces
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Operating Systems
Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs)
Pictures, graphic symbols (icons), to represent commands
Windows: a way of looking in on several applications at once
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Operating Systems
Windows
GUI
Can run DOS programs
Has network services
Has multimedia extensions
Requires large amounts of memory, disk space, powerful processor
Designed for the Intel 80X86 processors
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Operating Systems
Menu-driven interfaces
Menu bar
Pull-down menu for choices
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Command-driven interfaces
A (system) prompt
User types in single letter, word, line which is translated into
an instruction for the computer
For example: cp source destination
Need to be very familiar with the syntax (grammar) of thecommand language
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Operating Systems
DOS (Disk Operating System)
Single-tasking
Command-driven
Huge number of applications written for DOS
Does not require powerful computer
No network services
No multimedia extensions Designed for the Intel 80x86 processor
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Application Software
Special Purpose
Payroll
Accounting
Book-Keeping
Entertainment
Statistical Analysis
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General Purpose
Word Processing (e.g. MS Word)
Desktop Publishing (e.g. Quark Xpress)
Spreadsheets (e.g. MS Excel)
Databases (e.g. MS Access)
Graphics (e.g. MS Powerpoint)
E-mail (e.g. MS Mail)
Internet Browsers (e.g. Firefox, Explorer)
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Computer Viruses
Via Internet when downloading files
Via e-mail as attachments
Via diskette
Via computer networks
Use anti-viral program for your hard disks and
UPDATE IT often!
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