LEADERSHIP STYLESLeadership is the process by which a person exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals.

LEADERSHIP STYLESEffective leadership increases an organization’s ability to meet all challenges, including the need to obtain a competitive advantage, the need to foster ethical behavior, and the need to manage a diverse workforce fairly and equitably. (Moorhead & Griffin, 2004).

LEADERSHIP STYLESThe leadership styles developed by Stogdill (1962) at the Ohio State University outlined four combinations of the two dimensions – initiating structure behaviors and consideration behaviors.

LEADERSHIP STYLES

Quadrant I LeadersQuadrant II LeadersQuadrant III LeadersQuadrant IV Leaders

Quadrant I Leaders

Low on consideration and high on initiating structure. This leader is production-oriented and interested in getting the work done; often forgetting in the process that he or she is dealing with human beings.

Quadrant II Leaders

Exhibits evidences of: consideration. initiating structure behaviors.

Such a leader is efficient and effective in managing both people and tasks.

Quadrant III Leaders

High on consideration but low on initiating structure. This leader maintains a friendly relationship with the subordinates and is concerned about subordinate welfare, but is ineffective in getting things done.

Quadrant IV Leaders

Low on both consideration and initiating structure. This leader's management is accompanied by group chaos and ineffectiveness.

LEADERSHIP STYLESHouse (1971) suggested that initiating structure leadership styles are most valuable when tasks that are stressful or dissatisfying, while the consideration styles are most appropriate for tasks that are clear and routine in nature.

LEADERSHIP STYLESThe styles high in initiating structure are also related to higher productivity, but tend to generate higher employee grievance rates and turnover. The consideration styles, by contrast, have been associated with satisfied subordinates and fewer absences (Immegart, 1988).

LEADERSHIP STYLESHowever, Lunenberg and Ornstein (1991) point out principal leadership behaviors that are high both in consideration and initiating structure also result in high satisfaction and performance among school teachers.

LEADERSHIP STYLESHowever, Lunenberg and Ornstein (1991) point out principal leadership behaviors that are high both in consideration and initiating structure also result in high satisfaction and performance among school teachers.

LEADERSHIP STYLESEvidence also found by Chu and Fu’s (2004) that leadership styles are highly associated with employee PCs. That is, when leaders demonstrated quadrant II behaviors, the employees had better PC satisfaction.