LectureOne:IntrotoLaw121 Offtopicintroductionsandannouncementsonly
PartA:BranchesofGovernmentandHistoricalBackgroundLectureTwo:ParliamentarySupremacy&RelationshipofCommonLawandStatute
ParliamentarySupremacy CommonLaw:Derivesfromcourtdecisionsbuiltupovertheyearsby
operationofdoctrineandprecedent StatuteLaw:Passedbyparliamentmayoverridethecommonlawsetoutin
writtenforminpublishedstatutes JudgeMadeLaw
Hierarchyofcourts[Imageonpage58ofcoursebook] MOREIN131
WestminsterSystemofGovernment TheSovereign
HermajestytheQueenofNewZealand GovernorGeneralofNewZealand,SirJerryMateparae
TheExecutive Ministers
TheLegislature MakeLaws
TheJudiciary SupremeCourt
WestminsterModel Ministersareresponsibletoparliament MinistersmustgainandretaintheconfidenceoftheHouseofRepresentatives
bymajorityvotesonconfidenceandsupply Sovereignwillactontheadviceoftheministers(makingappointments,
assentingtobills,etcetera)underConventionsoftheConstitution TheQueenreignsbutthegovernmentrulessolongasithasthesupport
oftheHouseofRepresentatives RepresentativeDemocracy
BritishconstitutionwasNOTdemocraticinitsorigins(norfullyrepresentativeuntil1930)
NZHouseofRepresentativesbecamedemocraticbeforetheUK VotingRights:
1853Adultpropertyowningmales
1867AllMaorimen 1879AllEuropeanmen 1893Allmen&women
Universalsuffrage SourcesofNZconstitution
ConstitutionAct1986(statute) Prerogativepowers(commonlaw) OtherNZstatutesegBillofRightsAct1990[Class24] SomeoldEnglishorUKstatutes CourtCases(commonlaw) TreatyofWaitangiandprinciples(statute&commonlaw) Constitutionalconventions
Practiceswhichregulate,controlandinsomecasestransformtheuseoflegalpowersarisingfromtheprerogativeorconferredbystatute.Theyarenotenforceablebycourts.
Ancientrightsofdueprocess MagnaCarta1215 MagnaCarta1297(25Edw.1,c.29)
nofreemanshallbetakenorimprisonedbutbylawfuljudgementofhispeersorbythelawoftheland.
EnglishLawsAct1858ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988(NZ) ConstitutionalMonarchy
BillofRights1688[Class7] Pretendedroyalpowersofsuspending,ordispensingwithlawswithout
consentofParlyamentisillegal ParliamentarySupremacy ActofSettlement1700 IndependenceofjudgesjudgescannotbedismissedbytheSovereign
whethershe/hepleases TheSeparationofPowers
JohnLockeMontesquieu Threebranchesofgovernmentlegislative,executive,andjudicialbranches Parliamentarysupremacy Nofundamentallaws,nopowerallowingcourtstostrikedown
unconstitutionalActs Shouldtherebesuchapower? InNZ,CabinetMinisters[Executive]arealsoMembersofParliament
[Legislature]LectureThree:AnnexationofAotearoa
TheAnnexationofAotearoa Cession Discovery&Settlement
Conquest[Usurpation] BackgroundtoAnnexation
Proposalstoannexsince1771 Commerce Christianity Colonisation
Commercefirstfollowedbymissionaries 18371839:Colonialofficedecidestoannex Untidyprocessofannexation ActionsinLondon,Sydney&NZwereoftenuncoordinatedandcontradictory NZCapitals:
Sydney Russell Auckland Wellington
Commerce(from1790s) JohnWebster(Whaling,Hokianga) JamesClendon(Entrepreneur,USconsul,Trader,WitnessedTreatyof
Waitangi) Christianity(from1814)
WilliamWilliams(Methodists,1823) MateneTeWhiwhi(KapitiCoast,SouthIsland) BishopPompellier(Catholic)
Colonisation(from1840) JamesStephen(InChargeofColonialOffice) WilliamHobson
Belichs3scalesgradualaccretionofBritishSovereignty Intervention:
1883:Busby,token 1840:Hobson,minimal 18441845:Somemilitaryforce 1860:Substantial 1863:Massiveduringwars
Authority: 1835:Disclaimed 18371839:Indirectruleideas 1846:Symbolicclaimtosovereignty
Control: Gradualextensiontookmanydecades(WhyisKingCountrysocalled?) ControlnotinforceinTeUrewerauntil1917
Factorsinfluencingannexation: PushfromUK:
Economicconditions
NewMarkets Migration
PullfromNZ/Aus: Missionaries Entrepreneurs Sydneyinterests
Ideology MythsofEmpire AngloFrenchrivalry Fatalimpact&frontierchaos Intertribalwarfare Selfimageofsuperiority&civilisingmission WhiteMansBurden
Key1840AnnexationDates(Notformemorising) 15June1839:LettersPatentextendedNSWjurisdictiontoNZ 14January1840:GovernorGippsProclamationsthat:
JurisdictionofNSWGovernorextendedtoNZ OathsofofficetoHobsonasLieutenantGovernor TitletoNZlandonlyfromcrown
19January1840:GippsProclamationspublishedinSydney 30January1840:HobsonissuesproclamationsinNZthathehasassumed
officeofLieutenantGovernor 6February1840:InitialsigningofTreatyofWaitangi 21May1840:HobsonproclaimedsoveriegntyoverNorthIslandbycession,
SouthIslandbydiscovery 16June1840:LawsofNSWappliedtoNZthroughNSWAct September1840:Treatysigningcompleted 2October1840:HobsonsMayproclamationsgazettedinLondon 16November1840:RoyalCharterpromulgated 24November1840:LetterspatentCommissiontheGovernor 5December1840:RoyalinstructionstoGovernor 30March1841:HobsonnotifiedofImperialratificationofTreaty
NationalBirthday? 28thOctoberDeclarationofIndependence1835 14thJanuaryEnglishLawsAct1858&ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988 6thFebruaryWaitangiDayAct1976 24thNovemberStatuteofWestminsterAdoptionAct1947
LectureFour:DeclarationofIndependenceandTeTiritioWaitangi&TheTreatyofWaitangi
TeTiritioWaitangi1840KeyIssues
TeTiriti/theTreaty,signedin1840isnowoftendescribedasthefoundingdocumentofNZofgreatesthistoricalimportanceessentialtothefoundationofNZetc.
After1840Maori&theCrownappeartohavehaddifferentunderstandingsandexpectations
Thesedifferencesrunthroughhistorytoday ResponsibledebatesaboutNewZealandsconstitutionnow,andinthefuture,
needtobeinformedbyanunderstandingofthesedifferences TheDeclarationofIndependence1835[Transcriptonpg4143]
DeclaredIndependence(rangatiratanga)ofNewZealandasanIndependentState
Allsovereignpowerrestsinhereditarychiefs(TinoRangatira) Nolegislativeauthorityorgovernmentunlessbypeopletheyappointedacting
undertheirlaws AgreedtomeetregularlyinCongress ThankedKingWilliamIVforacknowledging1834flag AskedKingtobecomeProtectorofinfantstateagainstallattemptsonits
independence Firstsigned:Waitangi28thOctober1835 TeWherowhero(Waikato)later1stMaoriKing(Potatau)signedJuly1839
TiritioWaitangi:Maoritext[Transcriptionpg48] Act1:ChiefsgrantQueenrightsofkawanatanga(governorship) Act2:Queenreaffirmsrightsofrangatira(chiefs)toexercisetino
rangatiratanga(absoluteauthority)overwenua(lands),kainga(villages),toangakatoa(allthingstreasured)
Act3:Queenwillrespecttikanga(rights,ways)ofMaoriasshedoesthoseoftheEnglish
OralAct4/protocol:GovernoragreestorespectallfaithsandthelawsandcustomsofMaori
TreatyofWaitangi:Englishtext[Transcriptionpg49] Act1:TribescedesovereigntyabsolutelytotheQueenofEngland Act2:Queenguaranteesfull,exclusive&undisturbedpossessionoflands,
fisheries,forests&otherproperties Act3:MaoritobecomeBritishsubjects ComparetosummaryofMaoritext
WaitangiTribunal CreatedbytheTreatyofWaitangiAct1975 ApermanentcommissionofinquiryappointedbytheGovernmenttoinquire
intoandadvisetheGovernmentonclaimsbyMaoriagainsttheCrown Presidedoverbyajudge TribunalmemberswithadiverserangeofexpertiserelevanttoTribunal
inquiries TeTiritioWaitangi:plausibleMaoriunderstandings
Maoritextistheprimarytext,thoughactuallyachiefsword&manaismoreimportantthananywrittentext
Oraldebateisimportant(butonlyrecordedinEnglish) ExpectationsthatMaoriwouldsuffernodiminutionofmana,ofrangatira
authority QueentoactaskaitakiforMaoriandMaoritoprotectQueensGovernor GovernortomediatedisputesbetweenMaoriandEuropean
WaitangiTribunalMuriwhenuaLandReport(Wai45,1997) Maori&Queeninpartnership/alliance MaoriwouldbenefitfromPakehapresence Maori&Governorwouldbeequal Governorwouldinquireintolandtransactions GovernorwouldrespectMaorisocialstructure&dealthroughleaders British(unspoken)assumptionsincludedtheradicaltitleoftheCrownand(as
timewentby)theapplicationofEnglishlawtoallBritishsubjects WaitangiTribunalhearings20102011
WaitangiTribunalconvenedhearingsatWaitangiforthefirsttimeeverin2010=claimsofNgapuhitribe
FourweeksofhearingsdevotedexclusivelytoevidenceconcerningtheconstitutionalstatusoftheDeclarationandtheTreaty
ManyNgapuhiandexpertsassertedthattheindependence/rangatiratangaof1835wasaffirmedbyrangatiratangaguaranteesinthetreaty
Crownevidenceandsubmissionswerethattheindependence(suchasitwas)from1835wascededtotheBritishCrownin1840infavourofBritishsovereignty
WaitangiTribunalTePaparahioTeRaki(Wai1040,2014) TherangatiradidnotcedetheirsovereigntyinFebruary1840 Thatis,theydidnotcedetheirauthoritytomakeandenforcelawovertheir
peopleandwithintheirterritories Rather,theyagreedtosharepowerandauthoritywiththeGovernor.Thedetail
ofhowthisrelationshipwouldworkinpractice,especiallywheretheMaoriandEuropeanpopulationsintermingled,remainedtobenegotiatedovertimeonacasebycasebasis
ButtherangatiradidnotsurrendertotheBritishthesolerighttomakeandenforcelawoverMaori
ResponsestoReportMinisterofTreatyNegotiations ThereisnoquestionthattheCrownhassovereigntyinNewZealand.This
reportdoesntchangethatfact. Nothingwillchange.NewZealanderscanresteasyintheirbedstonightand
wakeupinthemorninghappyintheknowledgethattheQueenstillreignsoverusandthatthegovernmentstillrulesus.
ResponsestotheReportPrimeMinister
InmyviewNewZealandwasoneoftheveryfewcountriesintheworldthatweresettledpeacefully,
Maoriprobablyacknowledgethatsettlershadaplacetoplayandbroughtwiththemalotofskillsandcapital.
LectureFive:ParliamentandtheEnactmentofLaws
Constitution Executive Legislative Judicial
Wheredoesthepowerlie? MostinExecutive(publicservice/governmentdepartments)
Cabinetdirectsgovernmentpolicyanddecidesonthelegislativeprogramme
TechnicallydescribedasaninformalcommitteecreatedbyconstitutionalconventionandnotbyanystatuteBagehot(1867)pg52ofcoursebook
MinistersmustalwaysbeMembersofParliament,soseparationofpowersisnotcomplete
SystemsofParliament(Legislative) FirstPastthePost(Pre1996)
Partywithmostseatshadunbridledpowerregardlessofwhetherornotitwonasmanyvotesastheoppositionparty(asinboth1978and1981)andevenifitwonsubstantiallylessthan50%ofallvotes
Cabinethadneartotalpowerbycontrolofthegoverningcaucusandthusofparliament
Anelectedonepartystatefor3years Governmentswerenotboundbytheirpartyselectionmanifesto Parliamentcouldpasswhateverlawsitliked
ReformtoVotingSystem RoyalCommissionontheElectoralSystem1986inquiredandreported BothLabourin1987andNationalin1990brokepromisesmadeduring
theelectioncampaign Nonbindingreferendum1992onelectoralreformsvotedforchange Bindingreferendum1993choseMMP 1996firstMMPParliament
MixedMemberProportional(1996Onwards) Nopartyhasobtainedamajorityinparliamentsince1996 LessdominanceofParliamentbyCabinet,increaseddistinction
betweenExecutiveandLegislativefunctionsofgovernment CabinetManualnolongerrequiresCabinettobeunanimous(butnotall
ministersareinthesameParty) MorePowertotheHouseofRepresentatives?
Cabinetcannowincludemembersofpartiesnotinaformalcoalitionwithelectoratewinningmajorparties
MorepublicdebatewithintheHouse,insteadofbehindcloseddoorsofCabinetandcaucus
SomeuncertaintyoverwhatParliamentwillpass LegislativeProcess
UnicameralParliamentonechambernoUpperHouse(Since1951inNZ)
MostParliamentsarebicameraltwohouses AlmostallActsareintroducedasGovernmentBillsintheHouseof
Representatives ImportanceoftheCabinetLegislationCommitteeandtheCabinet
Manual PrivateMembersbillsfewareeverpassed Crimes(SubstitutedSection59)AmendmentAct2007[bashingor
smackingchildren]LectureSix:Courts&Juries
CommonLawSystem NZscourtandlawsystemsarederivedfromEnglandscommonlaw
Commonbeinginreferencetolawcommontothewholerealmasopposedtolocalorcustomlaw
MostcommonwealthnationsandtheUSAhaveacommonlawlegalsystemastheirpracticesaresimilarlyderivedfromEngland
DissimilartoCivilLawsystemsderivedfromtheRomanlawwhichapplyinalmostallothercountries(andQuebec,ScotlandandLouisiana)
HierarchyofCourts(seepage58incoursebookfordiagram) SuperiorCourts(mostLLBcoursesfocusonthese)
SupremeCourt CourtofAppeal HighCourt
InferiorCourts(mostcasestakeplaceherebutwithverylittlecontroversy) TribunalsandAuthorities(holdspecialisedjurisdictions)
SupremeCourtJurisdictionfinalappellatecourt:SupremeCourtAct2003 Purpose:
(1)ToestablishwithinNewZealandanewcourtoffinalappealcomprisingNewZealandjudges
(i)torecognisethatNewZealandisanindependentnationwithitsownhistoryandtraditionsand
(ii)toenableimportantlegalmatters,includinglegalmattersrelatingtotheTreatyofWaitangi,toberesolvedwithanunderstandingofNewZealandconditions,history,andtraditionsand
(iii)toimproveaccesstojustice.
(2)NothinginthisActaffectsNewZealandscontinuingcommitmenttotheruleoflawandthesovereigntyofParliament.
JurisdictionofCourts Authorityofcourtstomakedecisionsconferredbystatute
InherentJurisdiction(HighCourtonlyderivedfromallEnglishcourtjurisdictions)
Originalfirstinstance Appellateonappealtoahighercourt CriminalprosecutionsbyState Civildecisiononprivatedisputes
Modesoftrialorinquiry Adversarial
Partiesargue,courtdecides.Thenormincommonlawcourts. Inquisitorial
Tribunals,commissionsmayseekoutinformation Conciliationormediation
EspeciallyintheFamilyCourt AlsoRangatahiCourts(NgaKootiRangatahi)
AnalternativetotheYouthCourt LawDeclaredorMade
Declaratorytheoryofcommonlaw Judgesdeclarewhatthelawus[historical]
StareDecisis Rulesofbindingprecedent Casesformthepastbindlaterjudges
Roleofjudgestodevelopthelawisnowrecognised forgedandreforgedbythejudges[ThomasJ] dutyofthecourtistomakelaw[CookeP] judgesownconceptsofjusticeandfairness[GaultJ]
TrialbyJudgealone,orbyJudgeandJury Civiltrials
Nojury(exceptrarelyindefamationcases) Summarycriminaltrials
Judgealone Trialsonindictment(themoreseriouscrimes)inDistrictCourtandHighCourt
JudgeandJury Juryfindsverdictonevidence,followingdirectionsastolawfromthejudge
Jury Apeculiarfeatureofcommonlawjurisdictions,traced(somewhatdubiously)
backtotheMagnaCarta1215 Righttotrialbyonespeers
12Peopleselectedatrandomfromtheelectoralrollsofeligiblevoterslivingintheregionofthecourthearing
Ordinarypeoplewithoutexpertise,representativesofthecommunity JuryVerdicts
Judgesaskforunanimousverdict,but Civilcasesallowforamajorityafter4hours
Section29CJuriesAct (1)Inthissection,majorityverdictmeans,inrelationtoajurythat,atthe
timeofitsverdict,consistsofacertainnumberofjurors,averdictagreedtobyallbutoneofthem.
(2)Thecourtmayacceptamajorityverdictinacriminalcaseif (a)thejury,havingretiredtoconsideritsverdict,hasdeliberated
foratleast4hoursand (b)thejurorshavenotreachedaunanimousverdictand (c)theforepersonofthejuryhasstatedinopenCourt
(i)thatthereisnoprobabilityofthejuryreachingaunanimousverdictand
(ii)thatthejuryhasreachedamajorityverdictand (d)theCourtconsidersthatthejuryhashadaperiodoftimefor
deliberationthattheCourtthinksisreasonable,havingregardtothenatureandcomplexityofthetrial.
LectureSeven:SeparationofPowersChecksandBalances WhatisthebalanceofpowerasbetweentheCourts&theExecutive? DoesanyonebranchofgovernmentinNZhavesoleultimateauthority? Roleofcourtsinprotectingindividualrightsandtheruleoflaw
JudicialCheckonexecutivePower EntickvCarrington(1765)
Kingsmessengersusewarranttobreakintohomeofcitizenhoweveritisfoundthatthewarrantwasnotobtainedinaccordancewiththelaw
Executivemustactinaccordancewithlaw SearchandseizureunderwarrantissuedbySecretaryofState
mustbeauthorisedbyexistinglaw Argumentbasedonwhatisnecessaryfortheendsof
governmentwasrejectedbyLordCamdenCJ LordCamden,ChiefJustice
Ifitislaw,itwillbefoundinourbooks.Ifitisnottobefoundthere,itisnotlaw.
ProfessorAVDicey(18351922) TwinpillarsoftheEnglishconstitution ParliamentarySovereigntyan RuleofLaw LawoftheConstitution(1885)
SupremeCourtAct2003 S3(2)
NothinginthisActaffectsNewZealandscontinuingcommitmenttotheruleoflawandthesovereigntyofParliament
RobertDavidMuldoon(19211992) ProminentmemberoftheNationalpartyMPfortheTamakielectorate1960
1991 31stPrimeMinisterofNewZealandfrom1975to1984
NZSuperannuationAct1974 PassedbyLabourGovernment PromotedbyRogerDouglas(nowACT,thenLabour) Compulsoryleviesonworkers&employersinvestedintopensions(future
proofingforbabyboomersretirement) NationalPartyopposedthescheme(roleofgovernmenttosupportitspeople,
Muldoonhimselfgrowingupingovernmenthousing) MajorissueinNovember1975election PopularMandatetoabrogatethelawimmediately?
3daysafterbeingsworninasPrimeMinisterMuldoonissuesapressstatement:
Allsuperannuationleviestoceaseimmediately anewlawwouldretrospectivelyremoverequirementon
workersandemployerstopaylevy ExcusefrompunishmentanyonewhoreliedonPrimeMinisters
pressreleasenottopaylevy BoardofSuperCorpdecidednottoenforcepaymentoflevies,though
stillrequiredtodosobytheSuperannuationAct1974 Governmentsaidschemeendedon15December
ithadbeenadvisedthatnocourtactionwouldsucceed evenifincorrectaretrospectivelawwouldreimburseanylevies
MuldoonrefusedtoadviseGovernorGeneraltocallParliamentintosessionearly
TradeUnionsprosecutionsofemployersforbreachingActwerestayedbyAttorneyGeneralastheLawOfficeroftheCrown
FirzgeraldvMuldoon[1976]NZLR615 Fitzgerald,employeeinEducationDepartmentconductedaonemanprotest Triedtolevyeachpayday,IRDsaidno Claimedlossof$14.56&askedCourtfor:
DeclarationthatPrimeMinistersactionswereillegal InjunctionsorderingPrimeMinistertowithdrawhisannouncement&
reversehisinstructiontonotcollectleviesandnotenforcethelaw Motionforafixture
Plaintiffsoughturgenthearing Crownvigorouslyopposed:amatterconcerning$14.56wasnoturgent
Parliamentwouldmeetsoonandpassaretrospectivelaw
BeattieJorderedfixtureforimmediatehearingbeforeparliamentarysessionbeganinJune
Proceduralrightsadjectivallawcanbeasimportantassubstantiverights
Mainsubstantiveissue DidPrimeMinistersactionsbreachArticle1,BillofRights1688:
thepretendedpowerofsuspendingoflawsbyregalauthoritywithoutconsentofParliamentisillegal
JudgementofWildCJ ThiswasadecisionofwhatisnowtheHighCourtbutatthetimewas
calledtheSupremeCourt(nothingtodowithcurrentsupremecourt) TwolimbsinCourtjudgement:
BillofRights1688 ContextofBillofRights1688
JamesII(Catholic)soughtreligioustolerationbysuspendingantipapistlawsanddispensingcertaincatholicsfromcomplyingwithActofUniformity
GloriousRevolution1688overthrowsJamesII William&MaryofOrange(Protestants)accepted
DeclarationcontainingBillofRights Kingmustnowgovernonlythroughhisministers
inParliament DiceyonTheLawoftheConstitution
Courtsfindings Wasthe1974ActsuspendedbythePrimeMinisterorjustnot
enforced? PrimeMinisterdidnotinstructSuperannuationBoardor
tellStateServicesCommissiontostopdeductionsbothhadchoices
Buttheydidactbecauseofhispublicannouncement
Ifnoannouncementtheywouldhavekeptonapplying&enforcingthe1974Act
Remedies AdeclarationwasissuedthatthePrimeMinisterspress
statementwasillegal However,thecourtrefusedtograntaninjunctionthatwould
haveorderedtheSuperannuationSchemesAct1976waspassedbyParliamentandretrospectivelychangedthelaw
NZremainsaconstitutionalmonarchygovernedbytheBillofRights1688TheGovernorGeneralrepresentstheQueenofNewZealand
EnglishBillofRIghts1688isastatutethatisstillinforcetoday
EnglishLawsAct1858(from1840) ImperialLawsApplicationAct1988 SeveralrecentNewZealandcasesinterpretingtheBillofRights1688on
Parliamentaryprivilege&thelawofdefamation [1688BillhasnoconnectionwiththeNZBillofRightsAct1990.The1990Act
dealswithquitedifferentmatters] Timeline:
1974LabourgovernmentenactedSuperannuationAct1974 12December1975Muldoonswornin 15December1975Muldoonmakesstatement LateMarch1976Proceedingsfiled LateMay1976FixtureaccededbyBeattieJ 31May3June1976Hearing 11June1976WildCJjudgement LateJune1976Parliamentreconvened
LectureEight:AnotherCourtIntervention PrivateBodies&PublicInterest
FinniganvNZRugbyUnion(1985) Backgroundto1985CourtCase
ApartheidandSport NationalPartygovernmentofSouthAfricaformalisedracially
segregativeApartheidLawsafter1948,althoughracialsegregationhadexistedlongprior.
LongstandingNZRFUdecisionwastorespectthesensitivitiesoftheirhostsbynotselectinganyMaoriplayersforSouthAfricantours
NewZealandgovernmentcannotstopNewZealandersfromleavingNewZealandandsoonlydiscouragedthe1985tour.
HoweverthegovernmentcanrefusevisastothoseenteringNewZealandwhichtheLabourgovernmentdecidedtodoin1973formoralreasonsandfearofjeopardisingtheChristchurchCommonwealthgamesin1974
RisingTideofProtest MaoriplayersareexcludedfromAllBlacktourstoSouthAfricain1928,
1949,1960and1976 1960NoMaorisNoTourcampaignbuttheNZRFUcontinuedpolicy 1960sonUnitedNationssanctionsagainstSouthAfrica 1973GovernmentcalledofSouthAfricatourtoNewZealand(contrary
toLabourelectionpromisein1972) 1976AllBlacktourtoSouthAfricaduringSowetouprising28African
nationsboycottedOlympicGamesinMontrealspecificallyinprotesttoNewZealandspolicies
1977CommonwealthGleneaglesAgreement:GovernmentsrequiredtodiscouragesportingcontactswithSouthAfrica
MassProtests:1981SouthAfricaTourofNewZealand 1981NZRFUinvitedSouthAfricatoNewZealand PrimeMinisterMuldoonformallydiscouragedtour,butemphasised
thattheRugbyUnionhadtherighttodecideforthemselves LegalchallengebyBishopAshbytostopvisasforSouthAfricateam
failed Country&familiesdivided Massdisobedience,riots,arrestseverymatchday:300,000protesters
onstreets InvitationforAllBlackstoTourSouthAfricain1985
LabourgovernmentaskedNZRFUtosayno UnanimousParliamentaryresolutionaskingNZRFUtosayno,butno
lawtostopthetourwasproposed Churchesandothersspokeoutinopposition Threatsbyantiapartheidmovementtorepeatmassprotests1981style
inNewZealandoneverymatchdayduringthe1985tour JudgementsinThisCase,FirstProcedural:ThenaTrial
1.DavidsonCJ(HighCourt)plaintiffshadnostandingtobringacaseagainsttheNZRFU
CourtofAppealreversedChiefJusticeplaintiffsdidhavestandingtosue 2.CaseJ(HighCourt)Agreedtoissueaninteriminjunctiontopreventtourof
SouthAfricaproceedinguntilRNZFUhadconsideredALLoftheobjectivesofitsconstitution.
[Nofinalhearingonaninjunctionevertookplace.AppealonstandingissuetoPrivyCouncilrefused]
LegalStandingIssue Onlypeoplewithspecialinterestaffectedbyadecisioncanbringcourt
proceedings Plaintiffswere
ActivemembersofAucklandrugbyclubs Notmerebusybodiesormischiefmakers HadnocontractwithNZRFUbutlinkedtoUnionbychainofcontracts HadgenuineinterestinwhetherNZRFUactedagainstitsownobjectsof
promoting,fostering&developinggameofrugby. WhatElseCourtofAppealConsidered
NZRFUtechnicallyaprivatesportsbodybutitsdecisionshaveanalogieswithpubliclaw
JudgestooljudicialnoticethatsignificantnumberofNewZealanderswerestronglyfor&stronglyagainsttour
DecisionaffectsNewZealand'sinternationalstanding In1981thecourtsappliedlawimpartiallyagainstprotesters
CourtsmustnowimpartiallyassessNZRFUdecisionmakingprocedures PublicLawAnalogy
HigherobligationonNZRFUthanordinaryprivatebodies DecisionimportanttorugbyandtoNewZealand CookePsuggestsspecialareaboundarybetweenpublicandprivateisnot
realistic UnionmustspecificallyconsiderinterestsofNewZealandrugbyasawhole,
notjustthepromotionofAllBlacktours RobinBruskillCooke,BaronCookeofThorndon,ONZ,KBE,QC,PC(9May1926
30August2006) NewZealandjudge PresidentofCourtofAppeal LordofAppealoftheBritishHouseofLords MemberofJudicialCommitteeofthePrivyCouncil
InterimInjunctionHighCourt(CaseyJ) Interiminjunctionsareurgentorderstopreservestatusquountilfullhearingfor
injunctioncanbeheard Balanceofconvenienceandhardshipasbetweenthepartiesaremattersfor
thejudgesdiscretion ItwasfortheNZRFU(notthecourt)tomakethefinaldecision,butithadtobe
alawfuldecisioninaccordwithitsownconstitution WhyMighttheTourBreachNZRFUObjects?
NZRFUsaidobjecttopromotegamewasseparatefromobjecttoarrangetours Courtdisagreed NZRFUhadexplicitlydisregardedrecenthistoryandappealsfromgovernment 1981tourwasdisasterforcountry 1985tourtoSouthAfricamaybenefitrugbyinNewZealand NZFRUshouldreconsideritsdecisioninthelightofallitsobjectstomakea
lawfuldecision NZRFUApologyin2010
TheUnionaplogisedformallyforitspolicytorespectSouthAfricansensitivitesanddisallowMaoriplayersfromSouthAfricantoursfrom1920stothe1980sinMay2010
RoleofCourtsinControversialCases DifferentJudgesreacheddifferentdecisionsoverthestandingofthe
complainantsafterhearingthesamelegalarguments Lawmaybeuncertain ShouldcourtshaveintervenedwhenGovernmentandParliamentrefused? Notethatproceduralmattersstandingandbalanceofconveniencein
injunctionsdecidedtheactualoutcomeofthetourbeingcancelled AretheCourtsthereforeusefulasapartofthechecksandbalancesinour
constitution?
LectureNine:ImpactofColonialLegislationonMaori PassiveresistanceprophetsatParihakainTaranaki WestCoast(NorthIsland)ActsofParliament
topreservepeaceintheColony ParliamentarySovereigntyagain
ColonialWars18451872 ResistancebysomeMaoritoEuropeanexpansion
SomeMaorifoughtbesidetheCrown 1860sWaikatoWar,2ndTaranakiWar,18,000Imperialtroops Britishlostsomebattles,butwonthewars Furtherguerrillawars(TeKootivcolonialmilitias)until1872 Landlossbyconfiscationinafewdistricts NativeLandCourtalienationsinwholecountry
NewZealandSettlementsAct1863 S.2GovernorinCouncilcandeclareDistrictwhereNativesengagedin
rebellion DelegationofpowerfromLegislativetoExecutive
S.3Setaparteligiblesitesforsettlement S.4AlldistrictisCrownlandMaorititleextinguished
Raupatu S.5Compensationgrants,butonlytoindividualswhoprovetheyareloyal
natives GoingagainstthecommunalownershipandtribalbeliefsofMaori
S.19Proceedsoflandsalestomeetwarandsettlementcosts Parihaka
1870sthrivingTaranakicommunity PropheticleadersTeWhiti&Tohu Passiveresistance&isolationism Monthlymeetings,supportfromotheriwi Demandgovernmentinquireintolandgrievances Settlersdemandopeningupofland Maoriliftsurveypegs&ploughlandmorethan200arrested,butnotbrought
tocourttrespassingisnotacrimethen SomesettlersurgeforexterminationofMaori
MaoriPrisoners MaoriPrisonersActs
Deferredtrialsindefinitely SentprisonerstoSouthIslandgaols Writofhabeascorpussuspended
Oneofavarietyofwritsthatmaybeissuedtobringapartybeforeacourtorjudge,havingasitsfunctionthereleaseofthepartyfromunlawfulrestraint.Therightofacitizentoobtainsuchawrit.OlderthanMagnaCarta1215
WestCoastSettlement(NorthIsland)Act1880 Introducednewoffences(onlyinthenewlyconfiscatedterritory)
Toploughfields Toremovepegs Toerectfences Todiguproads Toassembleingroups PrisonersheldnowdeemeddetainedunderthisAct,though
withoutpriortrialorconviction SackingofParihaka,November1881
NativeMinisterBryceandtroopsattackParihaka Receivedwithflowersbydancingchildren Readriotact ArrestTeWhiti&Tohu ImprisonTeWhiti&Tohu SendTeWhiti&TohutoChristchurch Rape,looting,destructionofcrops Villagerazed MaorisupportersforcedtoleaveWestCoast&arebannedfromholding
meetings WestCoastPeacePreservationAct1882
TeWhiti&Tohuareheldonseditionchargesbutnevertried Noneedtopunish,butpreventativedetentionifreleased,prisonerswould
resumemeetings&causeapprehensionforpeaceableinhabitants.NoreleaseexceptbyorderofGovernor
MeetingsatParihakawerestopped.GroupsofMaoricannotassemblepublicly,canbearrested,fined,imprisonediftheydo.
THISLAWAPPLIEDONLYTOMAORILectureTen:TheTreatyandtheCourts
Oldorthodoxypriorto1980s Neworthodoxysince1987 Howsignificantarethechangesintheapproachestakenbyjudgessince
1987? OldOrthodoxy
3PivotalCases R[TheQueen]vSymonds(1847)
Colonisationisguidedandcontrolledbythegovernment.ItdecidesontherightsthatMaorihave.
WiParatavBishopofWellington(1877) Governmentactsofstatearenotexaminablebythecourts
Treatywasasimplenullity TeHeuHeuTukinovAoteaDistrictMaoriLandBoard(1941)
Treatywasacessionofsovereignty,butisnotenforceablelawunlessincorporatedintodomesticlaw
ParamountcyofstatutesinNewZealandlaw CourtsrefusedtogobehindCrowngrantstolandissuedbytheGovernor[ie
theExecutive] AllcasesaffirmedlegitimacyofCrownsovereignty,buttookdifferent
approachestothestatusoftheTreatyofWaitangi RvSymonds(1847)
Crownhasexclusiverighttoacquirenewterritory&radicaltitletoallland Priorcustomary/aboriginaluserightscontinueuntilextinguishedbyCrown Treaty[Englishtext]confirmsthis CrownpreemptionCrownhassolerighttoextinguishnativetitle.Settlers
cannotpurchasefromMaori Contrastingperspectives
MorrissviewthattheSupremeCourtin1847tookafavourableviewofthetreatyofWaitangi
HickfordsinformationthatthecourtexplicitlyrejectedargumentsbasedonthewordingofbothtextsoftheTreaty
ParataDecision OnlyCrowncanextinguishnativetitle CourthasnopowertovoidaCrowngrantactsofstatecannotbequestioned
byjudges NewZealandacquiredbydiscoveryandoccupation,notacededcolony
Treatywasasimplenullity Treatyisapolitical/moralobligationonlyand,indealingwithprimitive
semibarbarians,governmentmustbearbiterofitsownjustice ParatavBishopofWellington(1877)infamousquotations
Maoritribeslackedcapacitytoenterintotreaty:theMaoritribeswereincapableofperformingthedutiesandthereforeassumingtherightsofacivilisedcommunity
Maorihadnolaw:hadanybodyoflaworcustom,capableofbeingunderstoodandadministeredbythecourtsofacivilisedcountry,beenknowntoexist,theBritishgovernmentwouldsurelyhaveprovidedforitsrecognition
TreatyofWaitangi:sofarindeedasthatinstrumentpurportedtocedethesovereigntyitmustberegardedasasimplenullity
TeHeuHeuvAoteaDMLBoard(1941)(PrivyCouncil) BoardempoweredbyGovernmenttoactinwaysthatmeantNgatiTuwharetoa
lostlandasaresultoffailedbusinessesinDepression NgatiTuwharetoainvokedTreatyarticle2thatTreatyboundthegovernment
toprotecttheirland PrivyCouncil
Treatywasavalidtreatyofcession,BUTrightsconferredbytreatyofcessioncanbeenforcedonlyifincorporatedintodomesticlawbyanAct
ofParliament.TreatydidnothelpandsoNgatiTuwharetoalostthiscase,
1980s:Thetimestheyareachanging OldprecedentslikeWiParatanowseentobeproblematic Maoriactivismconfrontedcourtsin1970s&1980s Challengesfromlawyers&academics Maorichallenges,especiallyonenvironmentmattersMaoricultural&spiritual
valuesshouldberecognisedinlaw StateOwnedEnterprisesAct1986
GovernmenttotransferCrownownedassetstoStateOwnedEnterprises MaoriclaimsinWaitangiTribunalcouldonlybeagainstCrownassetsunder
newpowerstoinquireintohistoricalclaims(1985) LastminuteinclusionofTreatyrelatedsectionsin1986Act Section9:NothinginthisActshallpermittheCrowntoactinamanner
inconsistentwiththeprinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangi NZMaoriCouncilvAG(1987)[SOElandscase]
Maorisaidtransferofassetswouldbreachsection9 CA:Broadlanguageofs9prevailsoverallelseinSOEActitmustbeheldto
meanwhatitsaysCourthadtodefinewhatprinciplesoftheTreatyactuallyare
IssueddeclarationsagainstCrownnoassettransfersuntilsystemofsafeguardsforMaori
[SomenegotiatedsafeguardswereagreedtobetweenCrownandMaoriputintoa1988Act]
ImpactofSOEcase? AgenuinevictoryforMaori Noretreatnowfrompostcolonialera Inspiredstrokeofajudicialpen Subtleculturalrepositioning Agenuineseachangeinlegaldiscourse InanycaseWiParatanowrejectedbyNewZealandcourts
PrinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangisince1987 PartnershipbetweenCrownandMaoribasedonreasonablenessandgood
faith Fiduciarydutyoncrown,activelyprotectMaoriintereststofullestextent
practicable RightofredressforTreatybreaches
redressisnotcompensation Maoridutyofloyaltyandcooperation RightofCrowntogovern 100ActsofParliamentcontainthephraseprinciplesoftheTreatyofWaitangi
NZMaoriCouncilvAttorneyGeneral[BroadcastingAssetscase] TreatyisofthegreatestconstitutionalimportancetoNewZealandbut
TeHeuHeustillremainsacorrectstatementoflaw Treatyisenforceableonlyifincorporatedintodomesticlawnoconstitutional
constraintonParliamentarysupremacyLectureEleven:Courts,Executive,Parliament&TeTiritioWaitangi
TeRunangaoWharekauriRekohuvAttorneyGeneral(Sealordcase1992)[1993]2NZLR301
RoleofCourts Holdexecutiveaccountable,ensuringthatthePrimeMinisteractslawfullybut
willleaveittoParliamenttorepeallawsasinFitzgeraldvMuldoon Holdprivatebodiesaccountable,ensuringtheyactlawfullyintermsoftheir
ownconstitutionbutwillleavefinaldecisionmakingtothemasinFinniganvRNZFU
ShouldthecourtsinterfereinproposalsfromtheExecutivetoParliamenttoconsider,orleavethattoParliamenttodecideupon
Maoriclaimstofisheries Maoricosmology&tikanga:Tangaroa,atuaofthesea,isoneoftheoriginal
mythicancestors MaoritextofTiritioWaitangi:sayaHapuretaintotalauthorityoveralltaonga EnglishtextofTreaty:saysMaoriretainundisturbedexclusivepossessionof
fisheries Coloniallaw,aboriginaltitle:priorMaorirightstofisheriesapplyuntil
extinguishedbystatute ColoniallawonTreaties:Maorirightsareenforceableifrecognisedindomestic
law,and Legislation,s88(2)FisheriesAct1983:nothinginthisActshallaffectanyMaori
fishingrights 1980sMaorifisheriesclaims
QuotaManagementSystem[QMS]1986creatednewexclusiveprivatepropertyrightstocatchfishforcommercialpurposes
MaoriopposedQMSbecause ManysmallscaleMaorifisherswereexcluded Quotasbreachedtheirexistinglegallyguaranteedpropertyrights
19881992:WaitangiTribunalreports,HighCourt,andCourtofAppealcasesallaffirmedcontinuingMaorifishingrightsandpreventedfurtherextensionofQMSunlesstheseMaorilegalrightshadbeendealtwith
PreludetoSealordsDeed MaoriFisheriesAct1989interimsettlementfollowingMuriwhenuaFishing
ClaimReport1988 Transfer10%ofquotatoMaoriFisheriesCommissionover4years CrownappointsMFCCommissioners Litigationsuspendedfor4yearsuntil1993
1992WaitangiTribunalNgaiTahuSeaFisheriesReportagainupheldextensiveMaoriclaimstoseafisheries
1992SharesinSealordLtdaprivatefishingcompanyputupforsale(itheld26%ofNewZealandfishingquota),entirelycoincidentally
TermsofSealordDeed Crown/Maori/BrierleysInvestmentsLtdjointventuretoacquireSealordLtd CrowntopayMaori$150milliontodevelopfisheries,includingSealord Crowntopasslawstoensure20%ofquotasinnewquotaspeciestogoto
Maori Newlawswillregulatenoncommercialfishingtorecognisetraditionalfishing
practices CrownwillreconstituteFisheriesCommission
ObjectionsfromsomeMaori ToacceptquotaassettlementafterchallengingtheQuotaManagement
Systemisseenasacontradiction MaoriNegotiatorschosenarbitrarilybasedonwhowereplaintiffsin1980s
courtcases Consultations&huimanipulatedforaquickresultinfavourofMaorinegotiators Manyiwi/hapudidnotagreetotheDeedhowevertheirrightswouldalsobe
extinguished,withoutconsent CourtofAppealdecision
Deedchallengedbyplaintiffsfrom13nonsigningiwi[tribes] CourtofAppeal:
Publicpolicyrequiresthatcourtsdonotinterferewithparliamentaryprocesses.WhetheraMinistershouldintroduceaBilltoParliamentwerepoliticalquestionsforpoliticaljudgement.Curialnonintervention=ThiswasnottheCourtsbusiness.
Maoricanchallengelawonlyafterenactment Manydidsoandthereweremanycourtchallenges.Itwasnotuntilthe
MaoriFisheriesAct2004thatthe1992settlementwasfinallyimplemented
WaitangiTribunalhearing DeedchallengedasbreachofTreatyofWaitangi TribunalcriticisedpovertyofspiritofDeedandlackofproperprovisionfor
noncommercialMaorifisheries,butoverallaccepteditasfairinthecircumstances:TheCrownhasdonewellinourtime
RejectedviewthatMaoriwereentitledto100%offisheries[exclusiverightsasinTreaty]andthatMaoriseeking50%wasareasonablecompromise
TreatyofWaitangi(FisheriesClaims)SettlementAct1992 Full&finalsettlementofallMaoriclaimstocommercialfisheries Section9:allcommercialfisheriesclaimsbyMaori,current&future,however
sourced,havebeenacknowledgedandfinallysettled FisheriesActsection88(2)isrepealed CourtsnolongerhavejurisdictiontoconsidervalidityofMaorifisheriesclaims,
orvalidityoftheSealordDeedofSettlementitself
Crown,notCourts,decidesonCrownsdutiestoMaori Anationcannotcastitselfadriftfromitsownfoundations.TheTreatystands.
BUT Fiduciary[trustlike]dutyofCrowntoMaoriBUT ManyMaoriwerehappywiththedealwhilemanywerenot.TheGovernment
decidedthatenoughMaorisupportedthedeal Fortheplaintiffs,theSealordsCaseoutcomewasnotallthatdifferenttothe
ParatacasetheTreatyisanunenforceablenullity CourtsdonotassesstheCrownscompliancewiththeTreatyParliament
doesthat
PartB:ConceptsofLawLectureTwelve:NaturalLawTheories
Whatmakeslawlaw? Morality?
Whosemorality? Isimmorallawtrulylaw?
Isthelawdifferentfromvaluesorconventionsetc? Shouldlawbejudgedbyexternalcriteria?
NaturalLawTheorists Aristotle
384322BC Athens,Greece Properlawispartofthenaturalorder
StThomasAquinas 12251274 Sicily,Naples,Paris,Rome Thatwhichisnotjustisnotlaw
JohnFinnis 1940 Adelaide,Australia&Oxford,England Lawmustcomplywithfundamentalprinciples
Conservativeand/orradical? PHarris,2007 NaturalLawisoftenusedtojustifyexistingsocialandlegalorder NaturalLawisalsooftenusedtojustifyoverthrowingoropposing
existingsocialandlegalorderLectureThirteen:LegalPositivistTheories
LegalPositivistTheorists JohnAustin
Lawcomprisesthecommandsfromanuncommandedcommander HansKelsen
Puretheoryoflawnotatallconcernedwiththelegitimacyormoralcontentoflaw
HLAHart Ruleofrecognitionacceptedbyofficialsdetermineswhichrulesare
lawandwhicharenotlaw Differencesofapproachbutcloselyaligned
LegalPositivismisaproductof19thand20thcenturylawandlegalphilosophy Theeraofthenationstate Whiledifferentlyexpressedbythetheoriststhereisagreementamongst
positivists Verydifferenttonaturallaw
AmoralLegalPositivism DespitetheoftenabhorrentnatureofsomelawsthestanceofLegalPositivism
stillacknowledgesthemaslawLectureFourteen:TikangaMaoriPerspectivesonLaw
LegalPositivismTikangaisnotlaw ColonialLawdeniedthevalidityoftikangaasreallaw WiParata(1877)
RejectsNativeCustomaslawevenifmentionedinanAct AboriginaltitleisnotTikanga
Assumptionsaboutlaw Allsocietiesandtheirlawsarereflectiveoftheirunique
Values Philosophies Worldviews
Eachsocietyseesitssystemasnormalandothersasunorthodox Butareothersystemsnotlaworjustdifferent?
NaturalLaw/HumanRightsandTikanga Westernhumanrightslookattheindividualasopposedtothecollective DoUNselfdeterminationprinciplesincludethecollectiverightsofindigenous
peoples? UNDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples2007hadonly4
dissenters,includingNewZealand,allofwhichnowagree. StartingpointsforcustomaryrightsinAotearoa(accordingtoAniMikaere)
Inherentstatusastangatawhenua AffirmedinDeclarationofIndependence,1835 GuaranteedagaininTeTiritioWaitangi,1840
TikangaMaorifirstlawoftheland NgatikangaMaori
Therightandproperways Commonlyunderstoodrulesaimingtokeepfollowingwellbeingsin
balance: Spiritual
Environmental Physical Social
Tikangaisdistinctfromture. TurearelawsoftheBible,Parliament,andCourts
AndrewEruetisCoreConceptsofTikanga Utu
Balancemustberestored Mana
Spiritualpowerandauthority Whakapapa
Ancestral,genealogicallinkagesbondsbetweenpeople,ancestorsandthewholeenvironment
Whanaungatanga Relationshipsbasedonfamilykinshiplinkages
ComparewithwesternideasofJustice,Fairness,andEqualitybeforethelawasfundamentalvalues
Whanaungatanga,Utu Anyonepersonswrongdoingreflectsontheirwhanauandisashared
responsibility Anywrongapersonissubjectedtoreflectsontheirwhanauandisashared
responsibility Remedialactionissoughttoberestorativetorestorethebalanceand
wellbeingofthewhanau GeneralisedComparisons
EnglishLaw TikangaMaori
Individual Collective
IndividualResponsibility
Whanaungatanga
ChristianSources MaoriCosmology
HumansSuperior HumansInterconnected
Abstracted Contextual
Written Oral
FormalPrecedents Whakapapa
Legislative/Judiciary Hui,Wananga
Right,WrongorDifferent?
DiscussionofTikangaincourseisnottodeterminethebestoronlylawinAotearoaNewZealand
Theimportanceistheexistenceofmultipleconceptsoflawinasingleterritoryornation
ManynationsrecogniseadiversesetoflegalsystemsegUSAandUKLectureFifteen:LegalRealism&CriticalLegalStudies
ImportantQuestions Whatcanwelearnaboutlawinactionfromgrandtheory? Dosocietieshaveagenerallyacceptedsharedmorality? Areanyvaluesuniversalorarethereagreeddefinitionsofnatural? Doeslawrepresentcommunityvaluesorisitimposedbytherulers?
ImageryofJustice Womanbalancingthescales(Themis,Iustitia/Justitia)
Oddchoiceoffemaleiconographyconsideringthehistoricalroleofwomenassomewhatrelegatedfiguresintheeyesofthelaw.
Blindfoldrepresentssocialorderabstractedfromthesocialcontext Corereferencepointofthereasonableman
LawinContext:Realism Rejectionofformalismandgrandtheories Impatiencewiththeoryoverobservablefact
theviewofourfriendthebadmanOliverWendellHolmes,SupremeCourtJustice19021932
ThepropheciesofwhatthecourtswilldoinfactarewhatImeanbythelaw
KarlLlewellynrulesceptic ProfessoratColumbiaLawSchoolinNewYork,19251951principal
drafteroftheUniformCommercialCode 9headingsofarealistsmanifesto
Lawinflux(change/judgemadelaw) Lawasameanstosocialends,notanendwithinitself Societyinfluxfasterthanlaw Temporarydivorceofisandoughtforthepurposeofstudy Distrustoftraditionallegalrulesandconceptsastrueinpractice Distrustintheideathattraditionalpracticesarethemainfactorin
courtdecisions Beliefingroupingcasesandlegalsituationsintonarrower
categories(subjectivitybeingkey) Insistenceinevaluatingthelawbyitseffects Insistenceonsustainedandprogrammaticattackonthe
problemsoflaw CriticalLegalStudiesCLS
MuchmoreradicalcritiqueoflawthantheRealistsfocusonjudges&discretion
Fromthe1970s InfluentialintheUSAacademiccirclesegHarvardLawSchool RocksuccessortoRealismsJazzjurisprudence CLSoffshootsincludeFeministLegalTheoryandCriticalRaceTheory
Chambliss&Seidman Rejectionoffavouritemyths
Oursisagovernmentoflaws,notofmen equalitybeforethelaw
ThestateisNOTvalueneutral,iustitiaasasymbolisasham InfluenceofMarxism,thenpostmodernism
Controlofthestateisthepoliticalprizesoughtbythemostpowerfultoprotecttheirinterests
Conflictmodelsofsocietynoticeinequitiesanddisparitiesbasedongender,class,ethnicityetc.
ConflictorConsensus Naturallaw,Positivism,TikangaMaori(&Realism)allassumeasocial
consensuslawreflectingthis. Doesthestateequitablyrepresenttheinterestsofall?
IsCLSjustoutofdateleftistposturing? Hascapitalismtriumphed?\
LectureSixteen:CriticalPerspectivesFeministLegalTheory,ThirdWorldApproachestoInternationalLaw,&CriticalRaceTheory
FeministLegalTheory Deepseatedgenderbiasinlaw
Blindfoldedwomanbalancingthescales Assumesajustsocialorderabstractedfromsocialcontext HOWEVER,NaffinenotesthatLawsconceptionofthereasonable
personistypicallyamoniededucatedmiddleclassMALE. Naffine:Phasesoffeministjurisprudence
Phase1:Malemonopolyoverlaw Phase2:Lawprivilegesmensworldview Phase3:Lawservesasatoolofsocialreformandofrepressionfor
women Goals&Outcomes
Formalequalityofwomen&menunderthelaw? Differentrulesforwomen? Underminegenderednotionsofobjectivity/rationality?
HistoryofWomeninAngloCentricLaws Exclusionfrompublicaffairs
TheQueenvHarrald(EnglishCourtofAppeal,1872) Rightofwomentovoteinmunicipalelections
1869Statute
wordwhichimportthemasculinegendershallbeheldtoincludefemales
CourtofAppeal ThisprovisiondoesNOTincludemarried
women marriageisatcommonlawatotal
disqualificationandamarriedwoman,therefore,couldnotvote,herexistencebeingmergedinthatofherhusband.[MellorJ]
EdwardsvAttorneyGeneral(Canada,1930) A.C.124thePersonsCaseonmembershipofthe
CanadianSenate Doesthewordpersonsinsection24ofThe
BritishNorthAmericaAct,1867,includefemalepersons
In1867,No SupremeCourt(Canada):StillNoin1928
unanimousdecision PrivyCouncil:Exclusionofwomenisarelicof
daysmorebarbarousthanours.SupremeCourtreversed
DomesticViolence Genderneutrallanguageinlawdoesnotmeanthatsocialrealitiesand
lawsoperationsaregenderneutral,butchangeispossible Abolitionin2009ofprovocationasadefencetoamurdercharge
ThirdWorldApproachestoInternationalLaw(TWAIL) Acriticalapproachtointernationallawnotamethodinthestrict
senseofquestioningwhatthelawis Anapproachthatdrawsonthehistoryoftheencounterbetween
internationallawandcolonisedpeoples MakauMatua,Kenya/USA
TWAILisaconflicttheoryconflict,ratherthanconsensus,isafeatureofinternationalrelations
Decolonisationandpoliticalindependencefrom1947didnoteliminateconflictsandinequity
InternationallawreinforceWesternhegemonybothintheoryandpractice
EnforcementofWesterndominanceisessentiallyneocolonialism TWAILchallengestheassumeduniversalismofinternationallaw
WesternHegemony VetopowersonSecurityCouncilofUnitedNations
WorldBank,InternationalMonetaryFund,WorldTradeOrganization,GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade
Whyshouldfreetrade,privatepropertyvaluestrumpotherhumanvalues?
PartC:TheConceptofPropertyLectureSeventeen:PrivateProperty
LegalconceptslikepropertyareoftentakenforgrantedascommonsensebutPartCasks:
WhatisdefinedasProperty? Whohasrightstowhat? Whataresuchrights? Howdosuchrightsaffectothers? Howandwhyweretheserightscreated?
Definitionofproperty Themeaningofpropertydiffersaccordingtotime,place,culture,&who
definesit Propertyimplieslegalrightsandrelationshipsintermsofparticularthings
protectedbythelaw Tangible,observablethingsegland,house,car,gold,design Intangible,abstractthingseginventions,ideas,sounds Definitionsarenotconstantegslaveryastherighttoownpeople
Historyofslavery Oncejustifiedasanaturalright,formostofhumanhistory
ArgumentsbothforANDagainstitinvokednaturallawtheory,religiousvalues,andinherentrights
SlavetradebutnotslaverywasbannedbytheUKin1807 Abolition
BritishEmpire Emancipationin1833
TikangaMaori Slaveryceasedin18351845
UnitedNations ConventionsfortheSuppressionoftheTrafficin
Personsin1949 USA
13thAmendmenttoUSConstitutionin1865 slaveryandinvoluntaryservitudeisnot
toexistwithintheUnitedStatesoranyplacesubjecttotheirjurisdiction.unlessasapunishmentforcrimeifthepersonhasbeendulyconvicted
CivilRightsAct1866 14thAmendmenttoUSConstitutionin1868
GrantedcitizenshiptoallpersonsbornornaturalisedintheUnitedStates,includingformerslavesrecentlyfreed.
Forbidsstatesfromdenyinganypersonlife,libertyorproperty,withouttheprocessoflaw
Forbidsdenyinganyonewithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthelaws.
Moderndayoutcomesofslavery RacerelationsintheUS
PatriciaJWilliamspositsthatmanywhiteAmericans,whileabhorredbyslavery,remaintoenvisageblackAmericansascriminalsintheLockeansense(aspeoplewhowantsomethingfornothingandfailtoconsidertheresponsibilityofproperty)andunconsciouslyorsymbolicallyexcludethemfrompropertyrights.
LockeandtheNaturalLawOriginsofPrivateProperty Godgavetheworldtomenincommonfortheiruse
Nothoweverwithoutresponsibility,theywerecommandedtosubdueandcultivatetheearthnottoleaveitcommonanduncultivated
Propertyisthereforederivedfromlabourandwork Commonsenclosedandannexedasproperty Fruitsoftheearthforthebenefitofindustriousandrationalpeople
Propertyengagedtheideasofprogress Mainfocusofpropertywaslandownership
LockeanTheoryappliedinNewZealand In1846instructionsweregiventoGovernorgreytocoloniseNew
Zealandfaster,howevertheTreatyhadgrantedallownershipoflandtotheMaoriinarticle2
TotaketheMaorissocalledWasteLandswithouttheconsentoftheownerswouldleadtooutrageandpossiblywar.
BothMaoriandmissionariesrejectedLockeantheory GovernorGreydecidedin1857tousethepreemptionclauseto
purchasethelandatludicrouslylowrates. CriticalTheoristsrejectionofLockeanideology
Chambliss&SeidmanUSscholarsofcriticallegalstudies Propertyrulesreflectandcreatepower Corporatepowerhasrisenundercapitalism
Moderncapitalismpreventsfruitsoflabourfromgoingtolabourers(asLockestheorywouldassume)buttoshareholderswhoriskmoneybutdonotprovidelabour
Lockesjustificationisnolongervalidyetstillcontinuestobeprotectedbylaw
LectureEighteen:MaoriApproachestoProperty PartialIncorporationofTikangaMaoriintotheStateLegalSystem
TikangaMaoriPerceptions ManaWhenuaisadifferentconcepttolandasproperty Nokuteneiwhenua(peopleoftheland)NOTNakuteneiwhenua(landofthe
people) Maoriaremembersoftheenvironmentasopposedtoitsmasters Whenuatranslatestobothlandandplacenta,whichisburiedinthelandto
signifythespiritualbond MythandLegend
Nottobeseenashistoricallyaccurate MataurangaMaoriasacorpusoffundamentalknowledge Holisticviewoftheuniverse Tangaroa,asanexampe,requiresrespectfortheseaanditscreaturesand
thusrequiredprotocolforusingit QuestionsonIncorporatingTikangainLaw
CanMaoriconceptsbefittinglyrelevantinEnglishlanguagelaws? HowtobalanceMaoriconceptsinNewZealandlaws?
eg,kaitiakitangaisverymuchunlikepropertyright Doestrueequalitybeforethelawrequirereformlaws?
Rangatira/PartnershipAndreaTunks TinoRangatirasitsuponcrowntitle LesserpowerthanCrownsovereignty CourtsandCrownpreferthe(fiduciary)principlesofthetreaty
Partnership ActiveProtection GoodFaith
Consultationrightsonlyshallhaveregardto NovetopowerforMaori
ResourceManagementAct1991 ExplicitrecognitionofMaorivaluesinNewZealandkaw Mattersofnationalimportancesection6(e) IncorporationofKaitiakitangasection7 DefinitionofKaitiakitangasourcedinspiritualinterconnectedbondsofhuman
&naturalworld Howdoesthiscomparetothenotionsofstewardshipor
guardianship?
Newsection2definitionnowmentionstangatawhenuaandtikangaMaori,butremainstobedefinedandappliedbyEnvironmentCourtjudges
Tribunalrecommendations TheCrownmustactivelyprotectthecontinuingobligationsofkaitiakitanga
Balancethesewithotherlegitimateinterests InsomeinstancesallowcontrolbyMaoriofimportanttaonga
Orpartnershipindecisionmaking Oreffectiveinfluenceinenvironmentalinfluence
EnhancedIwimanagementplansgreateruseofnationalpolicystatementsLectureNineteen:PrivateProperty,Power&theCriminalLaw
Capitalpunishmentastheprimaryinstrumentofthecriminallawtoprotectprivateproperty
ProtectingPropertybytheCriminalLawtheBloodyCode Between1688(followingtheGloriousRevolutionandsubsequentBillof
Rights)to1820thenumberofcapitalstatutesincreasedfrom50to200 FollowingtherevolutiononlypropertiedmencouldvotefororsitinParliament
andgenerallyonlylookedoutfortheirowninterests Governmenthasnootherendbutthepreservationofproperty.
JohnLocke Nopoliceforceuntil1829duetoWhigfearsofitasastandingarmy,
rememberingthethedevastationofEnglandintheEnglishCivilWar,1640s IntheUSAconstitutionthereferencetotherighttobeararmsisdueto
exactlythis,thenotionofdefendingoneselfandonesproperty Whigs&Tories
Tories Dominanteliteinthe17thcentury(1600s)whosupportedtheStuart
KingsroyalistsWhigswonin1688 King&HouseofLordslostpowertotheHouseofCommons Constitutionalmonarchy Protectionofpropertyforlandedgentryandforemergingindustries
HouseofCommons England&Waleshad272constituencies In1700itwasestimatedthat70,000to200,000peoplewereeligibletovotefor
theHouseofCommons TotalpopulationoftheBritishIslesin1700wasestimatedtobe8.2million EvenaftertheReformAct1832,only1in6malesnowomenhadtherightto
vote CapitalCrimestoProtectPropertyInterests
PublicHangingsbeforelargecrowds Deathpenaltyforforgery,foodrioting,stealingshipwreckedgoods,stealing
linen,damagingWestminsterbridgeetc
AlmostallexecutionswereforpropertyoffencesegLondon1785:95executions,1formurder,74forburglary/housebreaking
18outof20hangedwereunder21 Legitimiation
Criminallawbasedondeterrence&fear Threatofhanging&gibbeting(butnotalwayscarriedout) Threemainfocuses:
Majesty Pomp&ceremonytoexaltjustice
Justice Someideaofrelationorcauseforpunishment
Mercy Togivehumanitytothejusticesystem
PropertyCrimesActtoday CrimesAct1961containsalonglistofpropertyoffences Vastmajorityofcrimescommittedarestillpropertyoffencesbutfinesand
imprisonmentaretheusualpunishmentsnow Propertyrightsoftherichandcriminalityofthepoorremaintopicalpolitical
issues SensibleSentencing
DoubleStandardsondeviancy Taxavoidancevtaxevasion
LectureTwenty:WomenasProperty
JohnStuartMill,TheSubjectionofWomen(1869) thelegalpositionofwomenwasonalevelwithslavery
Keyideas
HowhaswomensplaceinEnglishsocietybeenshapedbytheirhistoricalplaceinEnglishlaw?
WhatimpactdidEnglishlawstreatmentofwomenhaveonMaoriwomen? SirWilliamBlackstone
17231780 FirstProfessorofEnglishLaw,OxfordUniversity,1758 CommentariesontheLawsofEngland(Published17651769) Criticised,notablybyJeremyBentham,forhiscomplacencyinEnglishLaw
beingbeyondimprovement Womeninhiswritings:
MarriedWomen(FemmeCovert) Inmarriageorcovertureawomansindividuallegalexistenceis
halted,herhusbandbecomingherlord Shecannotsueorbesued,herhusbandactsonher
behalfinlegalproceedings
Shecannotgiveevidenceagainstherhusband
ModerateCorrection Husbandisentitledtorestrainawifeofherlibertyand
administermoderatecorrection Asgoeswithchildrenorapprentices NomentionofthereverseinBlackstoneswritings
PersonCases Demonstrateslawinflux Redefiningmeaningsofwordsinlaw
Personoriginallyexcludedwomenandisnowgenderinclusive HistoryofPersoncases
QueenvCrosthwaite Exclusionofwomenfromlawduetothedelicacyandmodesty
oftheirgender Refusalofapplicationsbywomentobeadmittedaslawyers
Illinois(USA)1872 NewBrunswick(Canada)1905
EthelBenjamin(18751943) NewZealandsfirstfemalelawyer GraduatedfromtheUniversityofOtagoin1897achieving
outstandingmarks AdmittedasabarristerandsolicitoroftheSupremeCourtof
NewZealandinMay1897followingthepassingoftheFemaleLawPractitionersActin1896
SecondwomanintheBritishEmpiretobeadmittedasabarristerandsolicitor,twomonthsafterClaraBrettMartinofCanada
EdwardsvAttorneyGeneralforCanada CanadasSupremeCourtdeclaredin1928thatwomendidnot
fillthecriteriaofqualifiedpersonstobeappointedasSenatorsafteragroupof5womenbroughtacaseforit
ThisdecisionwasthenreversedbythePrivyCouncilofEnglandactingasahighercourt
Thisshowsusthatevenaconstitutionisorganicandmustbereadinabroadandliberalmannersoastoadaptittochangingtimes
TortofEnticement1980 DukevSymonds
Genderneutrallanguagein1975ActallowedDuketosueSymondsfordamagescausedbyDukeslossofservices,lossofconsortium,andinjurytofeelingsandhonourafterDukeswifelefthimforSymonds
JuryawardedDuke$26,000indamages
Previouscaseshadonlybeen$750to$3000 RoperJ,thejudgeinthecase,foundthisamounttobe
excessiveandorderedanewtrialbutdamagesstillavailableforDuke
ActionabolishedbyDomesticProceedingsAct1980 CameintoforceJanuary1981
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