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The Development of Latin America Unit IV: 1750-1914

Wars of Independence – By 1825 Most of Latin America was free from colonial rule.

A) Inspired by Enlightenment ideals, American Revolution and French RevolutionB) Led by Creoles who resented Peninsulares – Bolivar, San Martin, HidalgoC) Many grievances of slaves, Indians, mestizos, and mulattoes intensified desire for greater freedom from Spanish rule

II. Period of Consolidation 1825-1850A) Political Instability –

1. Debates over central government and federalists2. Clashes between liberals and conservatives3. _________________________and lack of democratic traditions

B) Liberals dominated most governments – Supported free trade and Federal government but too idealistic and led to challenges.

1. ____________ – Parliamentary institutions, religious freedom 1820s-1830s 2. ____________ – Protect church and upper class 1830s-1870s 3. __________________– very influential due to strong power base, organizational skills and support from landlords who wanted protection from peasant unrest. However, they did suffer from factional fighting, coups and revolts. Bolivia had 60, Venezuela 52.

The Roman Catholic Church has powerful influence throughout

Latin America

1. Mexico: Santa Anna 1833-1855 – Liberal turned Authoritarian

A. Liberal Constitution of 1836B. Strong ties to militaryC. Santa Anna was Emperor of one of the largest empire in history, stretching from southern Mexico through Texas, all of what is now the US southwest, California and some of Oregon, a rather large parcel of territory.D. Lost Texas during Texas Revolution, Lost Mexican-American War to U.S.E. Used influence to keep power and do good for himself

2. Argentina: Juan Manuel de Rosas 1829-1852 – Conservative Authoritarian

A. Protected and supported _________________________B. Created Mazorca – police forceC. Used power for personal well-beingD. United Argentina and brought them into world marketE. Used power for own personal well-being – ousted in 1852

Santa Anna Video Clip

Fun Fact!

III. Latin American Progress: 1850 A. Established Key Institutions

1. Legal codes written – based on Spanish precedent2. Developed infrastructure: Schools opened, public works developed3. Abolition of slavery and wider voting rights

 B. Stability in Foreign Affairs:1. Free from major strife between nations- Military leaders internal control distracted foreign exploits.2. _________________ influence: Mexico lost territory with Texas independence and Mexican-American War, Semi-independent Cuba created after Spanish American War, Independent Panama created due to U.S. interest in controlling canal.3. Britain created Uruguay in 1820s to buffer Argentina and Brazil

1. Mexico: Benito Juarez 1855-1872 – LiberalA. Inspired by England, France, and United States- liberal reformsB. Confiscated land from the church, and developed a secular system of education and economy. C. Established private property to spur modern independent farming- Failed due to purchase of land by rich, leading to increased landlessness.

 

2. Argentina: Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 1865-1874 – Liberal

A. Tried to establish close ties to Britain

B. Increased immigration of Europeans into Argentina

C. Stressed education, urged urbanization, and

built infrastructure

IV. Caudillo Rule (Strong Man): 1870s-1900sA._______________________ were developed: Liberal yet Authoritarian

1. Wanted economic development and less constrained trade – limited government intervention in the economy

2. Held elections but restricted voting rights and instilled strict _____________________

3. Supported by small urban middle class and large landowners, miners, and export merchants.

During the rule of the Caudillo dictators, the Latin American people became forced into hard

conditions, peasants became tied to the land and forced to work long hours, and middle class people

virtually had no rights over their land. The ruling class consisted of the Caudillos, landowners and

other social elites who controlled political life. They put down social uprisings and took away power from

the Catholic Church. 

“Oligarchic Democracies”

Law and order

B) Commercial Expansion and Development:1. Latin American economies led by _________: Central America had

Bananas and coffee, Cuba had tobacco and sugar, Brazil had rubber and coffee, copper and silver from Mexico, wool, wheat, and beef from Argentina and copper from Chile.2. Strong demand for _________ and ________ led to imports of large

quantities of foreign manufactures – risky due to unsteady world market prices3. Foreign investors increased: U.S, British, French invested in mining,

railroads, utilities, and banking- influenced nations

exports

cash crops minerals

1. Mexico: Porfirio Diaz 1876-1911: Liberal PositivistA. Created a strong centralized government- political

rivals were arrested B. Built infrastructure and _____________________

nationC. Promoted foreign investments in mining, transportation,

and other sectors – mostly United States

industrialized

immigration

2. Argentina: Julio Roca 1880-1916: Liberal PositivistA. Stabilized nation and economy – used harsh methods and limited oppositionB. Built infrastructure and defeated Indians in the south to open up land for ranchingC. Allowed mass __________ of Europeans (Italians, Germans, Russians, Jews) made up 1/3 of population