Download - Kyauk Yout Chin Hma Lut Kin Yae

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(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;) a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; atmifqef;pk=unf (a&SŒrsufESmzHk;twGif; pmrsufESm) “ppfom;r[kwfayr,fh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk ajymif;=u&r,f? igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifawG jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdkifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk oabmayguf&r,f?” (atmifqef;) “atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ jrefrmESifh urBmh tajccHt,ltrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEdkifyg?” (Am;pvAf[mAJvf) “atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf. taumif;qHk; t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqxm;onfrsm;udk *±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr# jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfonf?” (EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX/ 1991) (tzGifhpmrsufESm) a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; (tzGifhpmrsufESm) atmifqef;pk=unf a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; ESifh tjcm;pmwrf;rsm; a'gufwmatmifcif wnf;jzwfonf? La Haule Books (xkwfa0olrsm;. pmrsufESm) ra=umufr±GHŒESifh vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifh&aprnfh EdkifiHa&;pepfukd awmifhwaeol jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;tm; &nf!$ef;ygonf? This collection copyright © Aung San Suu Kyi, 1993 The moral right of the author has been asserted. ISBN 0 86120 049 7

This first edition of Freedom from Fear and Other Writings in the Burmese language first published in 1993 by La Haule Books West Lodge La Haule Jersey Channel Islands United Kingdom The Buddhist symbol on the title and spine is the abhayamudra, the "gesture of fearlessness" Printed in England by Biddles Ltd., Guildford (rmwdum) rmwdum pma&;ol. trSm 1 pwnf;. trSm 2 Am;pvAf[mAJvf. pum;OD; 5 a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; 7 aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef; 43 tydkif; - u 1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif; a&;om;aom pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm; 1? atmifqef; 54 2? 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf 97 3? a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; 113 4? ‘Adkvf’. t"dy`m,ftppftrSef 120 5? &nfrSef;csufrsm; 127 6? awmfvSefa&;. tv,fA[dkwGif 132 7? ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm 138 8? jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf 141 9? EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaom rdef‹cGef; 145 10? EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ ay;pm 151 11? vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rSay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; 153 12? pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef; 155 13? ppfrSefaomvHkòcH&modk‹ 159 tydkif; - c

1988 ckESpf =o*kwfvrS 1989 ckESpf Zlvkdifvtxd ajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm; 14? a&$wd*HkapwDawmftaemufrkcfvlxkpnf;a0;yJG 172 15? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾ 182 16? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-3 187 17? wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; 198 18? 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;nDnGwfa&; 203 19? Zlvkdifckepf&ufae‹ 212 20? wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ 219 21? e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&; 227 22? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGtrSwf-6 235 23? jynfolvkdcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf 253 24? rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm; 266 pma&;ol. trSm

pma&;jcif;/ rdef‹cGef;ajymjcif;/ pum;ajymjcif; paom vkyf&yfrsm;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufwckum; vltcsif;csif; em;vnfr_wdk;yGm;ap&ef jzpfonf[k usr ,lqygonf? jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹udk urBmu ydkrdkI od&Sdem;vnfap&ef &nf&G,fI Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf?

EdkifiHwEkdifiHudk trSefwu,ftusKd;ðyEkdifrnfh pD;yGm;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ vkyfief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm oHk;oyfa0zefydkifcGifhESifh todtjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,fydkifcGifhrsm; &Sd&rnf[kvnf; usr ,Hk=unfygonf? 1988-89 ckESpfrsm;twGif; usrajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;. OD;wnfcsufonf 'Drkdua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk wnfaxmifvdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwdk‹udk trsm;jynfol a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifiHa&;yif jzpfygonf?

aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef‹cGef;rsm;/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;udk pkaygif;I pmtkyfxkwfa0vdkufjcif;jzifh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDa&;rsm;udk em;vnfoHk;oyfvdkolrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

Tpmtkyfudk xkwfa0Ekdif&ef tm;ay;ulnDcJholwdk‹tm; aus;Zl;wifvsuf&Sdygonf? rsm;jym;vSaom tvkyfwm0efrsm;=um;rS apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh t"dubmomjyefoltjzpf‚if;/ pmwnf;jzwfoltjzpf‚if; aqmif&GufcJhonfh a'gufwmatmifcif(vef'ef) udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf

pmwnf;. trSm (1)

vGefcJhaom &SpfESpfcef‹ 1985 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESif;xlxyfpGmusaeonfh xdkESpf aqmif;&moDwae‹wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh yxrqHk;t}udrf usaemf awG‹qHkcJh&onf? xkdpOfu t*FvefwGif &efukefwuUodkvfrS

vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif; orkdif;q&m-q&mrrsm; a&muf&Sdaecdkufjzpfojzifh atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfwGif wae‹ pka0;=uonf?

xdkae‹Yyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk‹ ZeD;armifESHu olwdk‹tdrfwGif vBuf&nfyJG jyifqifxm;ojzifh usaemfwdk‹ orkdif;tkyfpk oGm;=uonf? usaemfESifh usaemfhZeD;tygt0if tm;vHk; {nhfonf &Spfa,muf &Sd.? a':pkudk,fwkdif vkyfxm;aom udwfrkef‹rsm; pm;aomufI waysmfwyg; &SdvSonf? usaemfonf a':pk.cifyGef; a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhom pum;ajym&onfursm;+yD; a':pkrSmrl trsKd;orD;0kdif;wGif vufrvnfEdkifatmif {nfhcH&if; pum;vufqHk usaeonfu rsm;.?

a':pkwdk‹tdrfrSm tawmfav;us,f0ef;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; ukvm;xdkifrsm;/ pm;yJGrsm;ESifh pmtkyfpifrsm;uvJGI usaemf bmr# rawG‹rd? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk; ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyfESifh pmayvdkufpm;olrsm; jzpfonf[lIom usaemfhpdwfxJY rSwfcsufcsrdonf?

(2) xdkae‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemufydkif; usaemfESifh a':pkwdk‹ZeD;armifESH vHk;0 tquftoG,f r&Sdoavmuf

jzpfoGm;onf? 1988 ckESpfa&mufrS jrefrmjynf 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif a':pk aZmufcsI vkyfudkifaeonfrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf? vlóuHrsm;ESifh ygvmaom AGD'D,dktacGrsm;wGifvnf; a':pkudk awG‹&onf?

usaemfonf rqvacwfudk pufqkyf±GH&Sm+yD; rqv'%fudkvnf; rcHEkdifonfhtqHk; EkdifiHjcm;xGufvmcJholjzpfonf? a':pkrSmrl vGwfvyfae&mrS trdEkdifiHodk‹jyef&if; rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif; 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf wkdufyJG0if ±kef;uefaeoljzpfonf?

a':pkudk ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf odrfarG‹aom tdrf&SifrwOD;tjzpfom od&Sdxm;cJhojzifh a&&SnfwkdufyJGwGif cHEkdif&nf&Sdyghrvm;[k tpwGif usaemf oHo,jzpfrdonf? odk‹aomf a':pk OD;aqmifonfh 'Drkdua&pDwdkufyJG tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xdkoHo,pdwfwdk‹ vGifhpifuG,faysmufukefawmhonf?

(3) a':pk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;I cifyGef;onf a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0aom "Freedom From Fear" pmtkyfudk 1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif zwfvdkuf&onf? xdkpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0oifhonf[k usaemf awG;rdonf? xdkpmtkyfudk wu,fwrf; jrefrmjyef&mwGif usaemf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvm&rnf[k xdkpOfu rxifrSwfcJhyg? usaemf aemufqHk; jrefrmjyefqdk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh tawG‹tóuHrSm 1971 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcef‹ jrefrmjyefxkwfa0onfh tavhtx jywfvyfaecJhojzifh tpwGif a':pkpmtkyfudk jrefrmjyef&ef r0Hhr&J jzpfrdaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; zwf±_oifhonfhpmtkyf[k ,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk; tm;xkwfjyefqdkcJh&onf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfhtavsmuf t*FvdyfpmtkyfESifhrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aerSm trSefjzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcif[k vlwkdif;vdkvdk i,fpOfuwnf;u od&Sdxm;cJh=uaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf em;vnfoabmaygufrdol tvGefenf;yg;vdrfhrnfxifonf? xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif a':pk txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfrnfrSm ajym&efrvdk[k ,Hk=unfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;ay:wGif tajccHI rdrdudk,fydkif ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk wnfaqmufxm;aom a':pk. tawG;tac:udk jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; od&Sdem;vnf oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1962 ckESpfrS 1988 ckESpftxd jynfolvlxk ,Hk=unftm;xm;avmufonfh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsKd; ay:ayguf&ef tcGifhtvrf; r&SdcJhyg? 1988 ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk

ay:aygufvmonfhtcgwGifrS udk,fusKd;pGef‹I wkdif;jynftwGuf tepfemcHvkyf=urnfh i,f&G,faomacgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? xdktxJwGif a':pkonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. EkdifiHa&;tarGudk qufcHrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &,lEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ wyfrawmfom;wdk‹u ±dkaoav;pm;&oltjzpf‚if;/ trsm;jynfol. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ &,lxm;oltjzpf‚if;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if; ay:xGufvmygonf?

(4) uG,fvGefol orkdif;ynm&Sif Adkvfrª;b&Sif a&;om;I 1950 ckESpfu yxrqHk;t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;” pmtkyfwGif jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;ynm&Sif}uD; ygarmuQ *sD/ tdyfcsf/ vkpf u “Armr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: uG,fvGefol atmifqef; xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;rsm;udk usaemf rsm;pGmav;pm;rdyg.? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;vHk;a&;udk "m;jzifhr[kwfbJ EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyDopGm av;av;eufeuf t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd óud;yrf;&mwGif ‘usefppfom;’ vGefonfrSpI atmifqef;onf yxrqHk;aom Armjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygonf”[k ‚if;. trSmpmwGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf? a':pkonf zcifvkyfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vkdufEkdifrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHY 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;&ef a':pkwOD;wnf; tepfemcHóud;yrf;I &rnfr[kwf/ vlwkdif;u rdrdwkd‹. udk,fusKd;oufoufudkom =unfhraebJ/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹twGuf wwfEkdifoI wm0efodod ulnDrSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;I ppfrSefaom wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf? pmtkyfyg toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk ae‹pOfoHk; jrefrmpum;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;ojzifh Oyrm “u|efr-u|efawmf” [laom pmvHk;aygif;udk roHk;bJ “usr-usaemf” jzifh tpm;xdk; oHk;pJGxm;onf? rl&if; jrefrmpum;wGif rdrdudk,frdrd “ig”[lI &nf!$ef;aomfvnf; tm%m&Sifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif “u|ef” [laom a0g[m& acwfpm;vmcJhI “ig” [laom rlvtoHk;tE_ef;rSm bk&m;pmrsm;wGifom usefaeawmhrnf jzpfonf? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnD=uonfh vef'efòrd‹rS t&SifOwW&/ OD;pdefausmfv_difESifh tjcm; jrefrmjyefqkdulnDolrsm;tm; txl;v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? jrefrmjyefqdk&mY wpHkw&m c|wf,Gif;r_&Sdrnfqdkv#if usaemfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf?

a'gufwmatmifcif vef'ef

7-9-93

Am;pvAf [mAJvf. pum;OD; Am;pvAf[mAJvf (Vaclav Havel) onf txl;±dkav;pm;jcif;cH&aom jyZmwfESifh pma&;q&mjzpf+yD; ,cktcgwGif csuf (Czech) EkdifiH. orwjzpfonf? csmwm-77 [k xif&Sm;aom vl‹tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk 1977 ckESpfY pwifwnfaxmif&mwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m; (Czechoslovakia) wGif 'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;vmEkdifjcif; jzpf.? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcscH&jcif;/ aetdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfjzifh zrf;qD;cH&jcif; ponfh tawG‹tóuHrsm; &SdcJholjzpfojzifh Am;pvAf [mAJvfonf atmifqef;pk=unftay:wGif txl; pmemaxmufxm;/ ±dkaoav;pm;ol jzpfonf? olrudk 1991 ckESpfY EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkay;&ef tqkdðyolrsm;xJwGif ‚if;yg0ifonf?

* * * a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJh+yDjzpfonf? vGwfvyfr_ESifh vl‹*k%foduQmtwGuf tm%m&Sifpepftm; qef‹usifonfh olr. wkdufyJGudk ,cktcg tjynfjynfqkdif&mu todtrSwfðyvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? olronf TqkESifh tvGefyif xdkufwefolwOD;jzpfonf? olronf &Sif;vif;jywfom;cdkifrmpGm ajymqdkoljzpfonf? olrtm; E_wfqdwfoGm;ap&ef &nf±G,fI EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ t+rJwrf; oGm;a&mufaexkdifyg&ef qJGaqmifurf;vSrf;vmonfudk olru vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fxm;ygonf? tus,fcsKyf uscHae&onfhb0wGif opPmw&m;udk apmifhxdef;vsuf&Sdonf? tm%mrJholwdk‹. pGrf;tm;udk olru tvGefxif&Sm;pGm Oyrmjyaeygonf? EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf olrtm; tqdkðycJh&onfudk usaemf av;eufpGm *k%f,lrdonfhtavsmuf olrtm; a&G;cs,fvdkufonfudk aumif;csD;=obmay;=uolrsm;wGif usaemftygt0if jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfY 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef OD;wnfaom wkdufyJGwGif b0udk ðryfESHxm;jcif;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf olr. wkdif;jynfY w&m;r#wr_&Sd&eftwGufomru rdrdwdk‹. yef;wkdifudk rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fvdkol tm;vHk;twGufyg &J&ifhpGm ajymqkdaejcif;jzpfygonf? urBmwcGifvHk;wGif vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef vdktyfaeor# umvywfvHk; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xkwfazmfajymqdkcsufuJhodk‹aom ajymqdkr_rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;udkyg v_H‹aqmfodrf;oGif;vmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&; awmifhwonfh [pfaºuG;oHonf Oa&mytv,fydkif;rS xGufay:vmonfjzpfap/ ±k&Sm;rSjzpfap/ tmz&durSjzpfap/ odk‹r[kwf tm&SrSjzpfap woHwnf;xGufaeygonf? ‚if;rSm vlom;tm;vHk;udk vl‹*k%foduQmESifhtnD qufqHyg&efESifh vlom;tm;vHk;wGif ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sd&ef vdktyfonf[laom [pfaºuG;oHyifjzpfygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ olr. pum;rsm;onf jrefrmESifh urBmhtajccHt,ltqudk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEkdifyg? “vlom;. oaE<yg *k%foduQm/ vlom;ESifh cJGcGGmIr&aom nDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk todtrSwfðyonfh t,ltq/ vlwkdif;wGif trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;Ekdifaom todOm%fESifh qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdonfudk vufcHxm;aom t,ltq/ vlvlcsif; nDtudkarmifESrozG,f arwWmxm;&ef t}uHðyaom t,ltq ponfh tawG;tac:t,ltqwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹ qef‹usifbufjzpfEdkifrnfudk jrefrmEdkifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;taeESifh em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpf&ayonf”[k a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwkdif a&;om;xm;ygonf? &J&ifhowWd&Sdaom TtrsKd;orD;tm; EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhjcif;onf w&m;r#wr_udk óud;pm;&SmazGae=uol usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;twGuf olru ajymqdkaeonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; a':oef;at; ynmawmfoiftjzpf t*FvefEkdifiHY a&muf&SdaepOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh awG‹qHkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf olronf a':cif=unf. rdwfaqGjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;pk=unfESifh b0wavsmufvHk;wGif cspfcif&if;ESD;oljzpfonf? a':oef;at;udk xdkacwfu tqdkawmf ‘bdvyfjyefoef;’ [k vlodrsm;cJh.? q&mrtjzpf‚if;/ wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aomtcgwGif urBmhukvor*~Y yxrqHk; tr_xrf;aom jrefrmtrsKd;orD; jzpfvmonf? ukvor*~wGif ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf=um tr_xrf;+yD;aemuff t+idrf;pm;,lum ,cktcg =op}wD;,m;EkdifiHY aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf?

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p=wmpfabmufòrd‹ (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹wGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_twGuf 1991 ckESpf qmcga&mh (Sakharov) qkudk csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk (Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek) wdk‹tm; tvm;wl *k%fðycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bm±Gifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u cef‹nm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh ¹rGuf=um;vdkufaom a=unmcsufudk usrwdk‹ em;=uyfrsm;xJrS bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm ‘usaemfwdk‹onf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm; csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? TtrsKd;orD;. trnfonf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf t=urf;rzufaomenf;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;wdk‹ESifh xyfwlxyfr#yif jzpfygonf’? rdef‹cGef;t+yD;Y OuUX}uD;onf tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;) tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u ‘pk’ [lI ac:avh&Sdaom olronfum; Tqkudk ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefòrd‹Y txdef;odrf;cHb0 ‘oHk;’ ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf? Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fðycsD;jr‡if;jcif;wdk‹udk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf) ("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;) tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 10 &ufae‹wGif vufcH&,lpOf atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf +Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; vef'efòrd‹aetdrfwGif 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DY awG‹qHkpOf (0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDref‹twWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh (a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf) ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfaerdygonf? ‘'gawG[m b,fvdkub,fvdk jzpfay:cJhwmygvdrfh/ 'Dvdktajctaeqdk;awG/ zdpD;csKyfcs,fr_awGudk cHEkdifpGrf;ay;wJh }uHŒcdkifwJhpdwf"mwf&JŒ t&if;tjrpf[m bmygvdrfh/ b,fursm; xGufay:vmygvdrfh/ b,favmuf =umOD;r,frodatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;cHae&OD;rSmeJ‹ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh?’ olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk‹ 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu 0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vcef‹t=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyJGY xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf? usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom oabmobm0wdk‹. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ðypkysKd;axmifr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/ rSwfwrf;wif+yD; jzpfygonf? (aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;w&yfudk ol‹orD;udk,fwkdif ðypkcJhygonf?) +Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk‹ *syefwyfrawmfESifhtwl a&SŒOD;rS csDwufrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmiftjzpf *syefwdk‹xHrS ppfynmoif=um;cJhyHk/ *syefwdk‹vufatmufcHtjzpf aecJh&aom

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b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefY bk&ifhom;orD;rsm;. pmjyq&mtjzpf‚if;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpf‚if; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; blwefY wESpfcef‹ aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJG‹wGif;odk‹ r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh ‘pk’ onf csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? ‘pk’ wdk‹ ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk‹ jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum; vef'efwuUodkvfY yg&*lbJG‹oifwef; pwif+yD;/ rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk‹'fY ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd,om; uifrfudk 1977 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; uav;rsm;tm; ðypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdk‹jzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf? rdom;pkudk =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&if; ‘pk’ pmayrsm; pIa&;om;ygonf? pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olronf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmompmtkyf tajrmuftjrm; pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf; wae‹xufwae‹ rsm;jym;vmygonf? odk‹ESifh olwdk‹. atmufpzdk‹'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf? uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? ‘pk’ onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm; wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfðypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG‹,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr. vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHk‹v}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdÏmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf? 1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoeðy&ef wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd ‘pk’ vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk awG‹qHkum/ ‚if;wdk‹rSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh *syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fðycJhygonf? awG‹qHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif; wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm; vmonf) ("gwfyHk) pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae‹/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae‹ 1972 ckESpf tay: - blwefEkdifiH awmifay:c&D; 1971 ckESpf atmuf – cifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhtwl/ armfvòrdifòrd‹wGif 1973 ckESpf om;OD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) ESifhtwl 1973 (aqmif;yg;tquf) rsm;vnf; us,fjyef‹vmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;òrd‹&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaeygonf? om;}uD;u atmufpzdk‹'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu ‘pk’ ESifh wdkusKdòrd‹odk‹ ygvmygonf? 1986

ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdk‹ESifhtwl vmae&ef ‘pk’ u zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcef‹oGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifh‚if;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef *syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh‚if; ‘pk’ cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf? *syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k ‘pk’ ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk‹ ‘pk’/ om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY ‘pk’ vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdk‹wkdufcef;Y wvcef‹ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf? Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹. ±Hk;tzJG‹rsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf? xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹a&mufvmygonf? cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? ‘pk’ onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk ðypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef‹ tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk ae‹wkdif;vdkvdkyif awG‹jzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif; ajymvdkuf=uESifh &$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,fjzpfygonf? a':cif=unf wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef qkawmif;ydk‹oaom u'frsm;ESifh jynfhaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf tdrfaxmifrðyrDu‚if;/ tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aomtcgY‚if; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsufaphrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;. &Sifðyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd‹ &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf) tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk‹ tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf atmuf – om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifðypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yO…if;/ a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yO…if;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm) (aqmif;yg;tquf) ‚if;wdk‹ESifh awG‹qHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf? odk‹aomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ 1987 pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm; ðypk&ef &efukefodk‹ vdkufoGm;ygonf? 1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jy\emrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm; &SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? ‘8-8-88’ ae‹onf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae‹ jzpfygonf? TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef tpdk;&wyfrsm;u ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhI usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;òrd‹ wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh

w±kwfjynfolOD;a&xuf rsm;pGmydkrdkygonf? ‘pk’ acgif;a&SmifaeI rjzpfawmhyg? Tvufopf t=urf;zuftm%m&Sifpepfudk wkdufzsuf&ef jynfolvlxkudk acgif;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh olr.zcifum; r&Sdawmh+yD? tazhorD;yDopGm olr yg0ifv_yf&Sm;&ayawmhrnf? ‘pk’ onf wnfaxmif+yD;p trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHw0Srf; pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;ygonf? Tpnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;rsm;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;rsm; zGifhvSpf&efomru OD;ae0if;. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ppftm%m&Sifpepf (aemufykdif;wGifawmh t&yfom;ta&òcH ppftpdk;&) vufatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJh&I pJGuyfaeaom a=umuf&GHŒpdwfrsm;rS jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; ±kef;xGufvGwfajrmufEkdifapjcif;iSm vrf;jyE_d;aqmf&efjzpfygonf? ‘pk’ u t*Fvdyfa&m/ jrefrmyg bmompum;ESpfrsKd;vHk;wGif Ekdifeif;u|rf;usifygonf? jrefrmbmompum;udk toHk;ðyum olr.zcifuJhodk‹yif jrefrmjynfolvlxk. &ifxJtawG;xJodk‹a&mufatmif pGrf;aqmifygonf? olr. tawG;tjrifrsm;ESifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk urBmodk‹wifjy&eftwGuf t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk oHk;ygonf? xdkif;r_dif;zG,f&mb0Y ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm epfðryfaecJh+yD; r=umcifurS qENjy&ef Edk;=um;vmcJh=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;ay;&ef jrefrmbmompum;onf ta&;tygqHk;jzpfygonf? Todk‹ jynfolvlxkudk v_H‹aqmfpnf;±Hk;&eftwGuf ‘pk’ onf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;vHk; tvGefyifyef;pGm tm;xkwf&onfhtjyif ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif tEW&m,frsKd;pHkESifh pGef‹pm;r_rsm;udkvnf; óuHawG‹&ygonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;aom trdef‹t& vl av;OD;xufydkI pka0;jcif;onf Oya'ESifhqef‹usif+yD; ppfwyfu tiftm;oHk;um vlpkcJGcGifh&Sdygonf? wcgwGif ppftpdk;&. trdef‹xkwfjyefxm;csufESifhtnD[k xifygonf? =unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;u ‘pk’ ESifh olr. pnf;±Hk;a&;tzJG‹0ifwdk‹udk a&SŒqufoGm;v#if ypfcwfrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmuf+yD; aoewfrsm;jzifhcsdefum vrf;c&D;udk ydwfqdk‹ygonf? ‘pk’ u tvGefwnf+idrfpGmjzifh olr.tazmfrsm;udk ab;odk‹z,fI apmifhae&efrSm+yD; olru vrf;udk wOD;wnf;om qufIoGm;ygonf? olru vdktyfv#if toufwacsmif;udkompGef‹&efESifh ,if;rSmvnf; olr. toufomjzpfap&rnf[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Tvkyf&yfonf tvGef&J&ifh+yD; atmifjrifr_vnf; &cJhygonf? ta=umif;rSm xdkaemufqHk;tcsdefydkif;uav;rSmyif ab;rS Adkvfrª;wa,mufu =um;0ifI ypfcwfrnfudk wm;qD;cJhygonf? wcgw&H ‘pk’ u olrrdcif a':cif=unf. pnf;urf;pepfuspGm oGefoifxdef;a=umif; vrf;n$efr_atmufwGif olr }uD;jyif;vmcJh&yHkrsm;udk ajymjywwf+yD; Todk‹aom yJhjyifoGefoifr_rsm;a=umifhyifv#if b0wGifawG‹óuH&aom rxifrSwfonfh tcuftcJ/ 'kuQrsm;udk ausmfv$m;atmifjrifEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf? qdkcJh+yD;aom tjzpftysufrsm;rSmvnf; TuJhodk‹aom tcuftcJ t=uyftwnf;rsm;pGmxJrS wckomjzpfygonf? Ttjzpftysufta=umif;udk =um;&/ zwf&onfhtcg usrtaeESifh a':cif=unfudk wzefjyefvnf owd&apygonf? tcgaygif;rsm;pGm olrvnf; vuf±Hk;&nf/ jzwfxdk;Om%fESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf/ xdk;xGif;Om%f/ rdrdtvdkodk‹ygatmif qJGaqmifpnf;±Hk;wwfr_ESifh vltrsm;ESifh ajyjypfatmif qufqHwwfr_wdk‹udk toHk;csum tusOf;t=uyfxJrS vGwfatmif qdk;0g;aom ab;tEW&m,frS z,f&Sm;Ekdifatmif }uHaqmifEkdifcJhygonf? a':cif=unfu usrwdk‹udk olr awG‹óuHcJh&aom tjzpftysufrsm;pGmudk ajymjywwf+yD; ‘pk’ vnf; Ttjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk odxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? a':cif=unfonf tvkyfwm0efrS t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;aemufrSmyif trsm;ESifhqufqH&mY tvGefodkodyfjcif;/ rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfjcif;wdk‹ &SdcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSmrl trsm;od+yD;jzpfonfhtwkdif; vuf±Hk;&nfa&m/ ESvHk;&nfyg jynfh0&atmif woufwmvHk; óud;yrf;cJhygonf? ‘pk’ . oabmobm0ESifh }uHŒcdkifaompdwf"mwfwdk‹. Zpfjrpfudk avhvmpl;prf;&mwGif usr. &nf&G,fcsufrSm Oyrmtm;jzifh ajr}uD;udk trSDðyum tvGefxl;qef;&Sm;yg;aom tzl;tyGifhuav;wck jzpfay:vm&ouJhodk‹yif rdbESpfOD;udk t&if;cH+yD; Txl;jcm;ajymifajrmufaom &ifaoG;wOD;jzpfxGef;vm&yHkudk qufoG,f=unfh&efjzpfygonf?

‘pk’ ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfjcif;/ wnfhrwfaom &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif&Sdjcif;/ ravsmhaom ZJGvHk‹vESifh pl;pl;pdkufpkduf &nfrSef;csufukda&mufatmif }uHaqmifwwfjcif; paom t&nftaoG;rsm;onf tcuftcJESifh &ifqkdif&aomtcgrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfusavhr&Sdjcif;/ b,ft&mudkrqdk taumif;bufrS =unfhwwfjcif;/ olwyg;. qkdvdk&if;udk em;vnfwwfjcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_ESifh &efrlr_rsm;ESifh awG‹óuH&aomtcg Áa¹ENrysufjcif;/ oEdMXmefcdkifjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifhvnf; twlwJGvsuf&Sdaeygonf? olr atmufpzdk‹'fwGif ynmoif=um;cJhaomESpfrsm;/ tdrfaxmif&Sifrb0ESifh olr. om;ESpfa,mufudk ðypkysKd;axmif&r_/ tiftm;csdeJ‹olrsm;ESifh ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;tay: *±kpdkufapmifha&Smufwwfr_/ olr. us,fjyef‹aom oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGtodkif;t0dkif;/ ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom olr. pdwf0ifpm;r_rsm;/ olr. tqdkt& olrcifyGef;onfudk pHerlemðyI tm;ustwk,l+yD; ynmxl;c|efatmif avhvmvdkufpm;r_/ aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif &&SdcJhaom tawG‹tóuHrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹udk pkaygif;vdkufaomtcgwGif &v'frSm &ifhusufr_/ vdkufavsmnDaxGqufqHwwfr_/ tvGefta&;ygaom pdefac:r_rsm;udk vdkvm;pGm udkifwG,fEkdifpGrf;&Sdvmr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? twdkajym&v#if ‘pk’ onf tzdESdyfcHae&aom jynfolw&yfvHk;. ar#mfvifh&m/ tm;xm;&m jzpfvmygonf? ,ckvuf&SdtajctaewGif olrtwGuf tcsdefonf &yfwef‹vsuf &SdaeouJhodk‹ xif&aomfvnf; olr. t&nftaoG;rsm; ydkrdkpl;&Sawmufajymifvmr_udkrl rwm;qD;Edkifyg? olrudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&aom vlwpkudk,fwkdifuyif olrudk txifr}uD;bJ raeEdkif=u[k ,lqygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;tay: v$rf;òcHvsuf&Sdonfh “a=umuf±GHŒjcif; qdkaom r_dif;xk}uD;” udk òzdcJGypf&ef olr. óud;yrf;csufrsm;rSm tvGefrGefjrwfvSaom &nfrSef;csufw&yfjzpf+yD;/ T&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifatmif wkdufyJG0if&eftwGuf olrwGif um,pGrf;&nf/ Om%pGrf;tm;/ jzLpifaom udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹ESifhvnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf? ta&;awmfyHkatmifygap?

* * * pkESifh olr. rdom;pkwdk‹ta=umif;udk txufygtwdkif; usra&;cJhonfrSm

tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? TtcsdeftwGif; usrwdk‹. jrefrmjynfolrsm; rnfodk‹aomtajctaersm; óuHawG‹ae=u&ygovJ?

‘pk’ wa,mufa&m b,frSmvJ? jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeonf[k toHaumif;v$ifhaeaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ (e0w) u olwdk‹tajymESifhnDatmif bmawGrsm; vkyfae=uygovJ?

0rf;enf;p&maumif;avmufatmifyif usrwdk‹ jrefrmjynfolvlxk. b0rsm;rSm yifyef;qif;&Jr_ESifh emusifr_rsm; jynfhESufvsuf&SdaeqJjzpfygonf? omrefvlwa,muftwGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef;rSmvnf; edrfhus+rJomjzpfygonf? e0w u aps;uGufwGif vloHk;ukefrsm; ydkI aygrsm;vmygonf[k qdkaomfvnf; ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;rSm wuf+rJwufvsufom jzpfaeygawmhonf? jrefrmwjynfvHk;udk a=umuf&GHŒjcif;u v$rf;rdk;xm;qJjzpfygonf? wyfrawmf axmufvSrf;tzJG‹0ifrsm;uvnf; xHk;pHtwkdif; ae&mtESH‹&Sdaeygonf? rnfolr# wOD;tay:wOD; r,Hk=unf&J=uyg? Oya'ESifhrnDaom wzufowftrdef‹pD&ifcsrSwfjcif;rsm;/ w&m;r#wr_r&Sdjcif;ESifh wyfrawmfuom }uD;pdk;cs,fvS,fjcif;wdk‹vnf; qufIjzpfyGm;aeygonf? tm%mcsKyfudkifxm;aom wyfrawmftwGif; t*wdvdkufpm;r_rsm;ta=umif;udkvnf; vlwkdif;todyifjzpfygonf? rnfonfha0zefr_udkrS cGifhrðy/ vufcH=uyg? vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifhqdkonfrSmvnf; vHk;0r&Sdyg?

e0w u ‚if;wdk‹. uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fr_aygif;rsm;pGmxJrS tenf;i,fudk tav#mhay;oa,mif [efjyaomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif vlxku ,Hk=unfvmatmif rvkyfEkdifyg? xkdif;/ w±kwfESifh jrefrmwdk‹ arSmifcdkul;jcif;vkyfief;ukd w&m;0ifcGifhðy+yD; vrf;rsm; zGifhay;vdkufjcif;onfvnf; qif;&Jom;rsm;. b0rsm;udk rnfodk‹r# racsmifvnfapyg? ppftpdk;&u w±kwf/ xdkif;EkdifiHwdk‹ESifh ydkrdkcifrif;&if;ESD;pGm qufqHjcif;jzifh

ppfvufeufrsm; 0,f,lEkdif&efESifh zufpyfpDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifEkdif&ef }uHaqmifcsufrsm;rSmvnf; jrefrmjynfoljynfom;taygif;wdk‹. tem*wftwGuf &ifav;zG,fjzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf qif;&JwGif; ydkIeufapygonf? EkdifiHtwGif;rS obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk rwefwq aps;rsm;avsmhIa&mif;+yD; &onfhaiGjzifh vlenf;pkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeaom rqHk;Ekdifonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGrsm;wGif toHk;ðy&eftwGuf vufeufrsm; 0,f,l=uygonf?

e0w u olwdk‹ajymor#udk acgif;ndwfrnfholrsm;[k ,lq&aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒudk a&G;cs,fac:,l+yD; trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yf usif;yaeygonf? olwdk‹u “ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk t&if;cHaom tajccHOya'w&yfudk a&;qJG&ef” óud;yrf;aeonf[k ajymygonf? olwdk‹a&G;cs,fac:,lxm;aom “[kwfuJh” [kom ajzrnf[k ,lq&onfh ygwDudk,fpm;vS,frsm;xJrSyif tcsKdŒu aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; ppfwyfu ,ckvdkyif EdkifiHa&;wGif OD;pD;OD;aqmifðyaom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifEdkif&ef tqdkðyonfudk uef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? pl;prf;avhvmolrsm;u TtrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk vuf&Sdtm%m&Sifrsm;taeESifh tm%mudk tcsdeftuef‹towfr&Sd qkyfudkifxm;Ekdifatmif tuGufqifxm;aom vkyf&yfwckomjzpfonf[k owfrSwf=uygonf?

e0w tpdk;&onf ‚if;wdk‹. vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefaom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsr_ trsKd;rsKd;cH&ygonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu 1991 ESifh 1992 ckESpfrsm;wGif xkdodk‹aom a0zefuef‹uGufonfh qHk;jzwfcsufpmwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefcJhygonf? 1992 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefaom a=unmcsufwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu owfowfrSwfrSwf trnfESifhwuG xkwfazmfum a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtwl tjcm;xdef;odrf;cHae&onfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhygonf?

ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&SiftzJG‹u *sDeDAmòrd‹Yusif;yaom aqG;aEG;yJGwGif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tm; v$wfay;&ef t}udrf}udrfawmif;qdkcJh+yD; twdkuftcHtzJG‹. txif&Sm;qHk;acgif;aqmifjzpfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk e0w u qufIzrf;qD;xm;jcif;udkvnf; ±_wfcscJhygonf? Taumfr&Sifu jrefrmjynftwGif;Y qufvufjzpfyGm;aeaom ydkIqdk;0g;vmonfh vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufusL;vGefr_rsm;/ Oyrm &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wf t"rRajymif;a&$Œapjcif;/ jynfolrsm;udk twif;t=uyf ppfwyftwGuf ay:wmrsm;tjzpf ckdif;apum tpmrau|;bJxm;jcif;/ ppfa=umif;ta&SŒrS rdkif;&Sif;&mwGif vlrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;/ ppfyJGrsm;rS zrf;qD;aom ppfoHk‹yef;rsm;udka&m/ EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udkyg vlrqefpGm n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom vl‹tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk oGm;a&mufavhvm+yD; jyefvnfwifjytpD&ifcH&eftwGuf txl;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹rsm;tm; ESpf}udrfapv$wfcJhygonf?

e0w tpdk;&onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. wav;wpm;qufqHr_udk qHk;±_H;cJh+yD; ,ckrSom ðyjyifxm;aom toGifwrsKd;tm; urBmhEkdifiHrsm;udk wifjy&ef óud;pm;aeygonf? tcsnf;ESD;ygwnf;? a,muFsm;/ rdef;r/ uav;rsm;ygrusef bkef;awmf}uD;rsm; tm;vHk;wdk‹rSm +idrf;csrf;pGm 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfcGifhESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdkcJh=uolrsm;jzpf+yD; xdkjrefrmjynfolvlxktaygif;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfjcif;ukd rnfonfhtcgrS arhEkdif=urnfr[kwfyg? ,ckwkdif jyif;xef=urf;wrf;&ufpufaom enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh twdkuftcHrSefor#udk ESdrfeif;acsr_ef;ae&mwGif txl;ojzifh vlrqefaom n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr_rsm; toHk;ðyae=uonfudk vl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;u pHkprf;od&SdcJh=u+yD; ±_wfcsuef‹uGufcJh=uygonf? e0w . todomtxif&Sm;qHk;aom tjypfwckrSm 1990 jynfhESpf arvwGif usif;ycJhaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif tjywftowftEdkif&cJhonfh ‘pk’ wnfaxmifcJh+yD; EkdifiHa&;ajryHkay:udk wifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfxHodk‹ tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;udpPudk ra&&ma0;uGmvSonfh tem*wfqDodk‹ a&$Œqdkif;xm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?

urBmhEkdifiHrsm;tv,fwGif e0w ppftpdk;&. *k%foduQmrSm usqif;cJh&oI ‘pk’ rSmrl ol. EdkifiHwGif;Yomru wurBmvHk;.tjrifwGif *k%f&SdefjrifhwufausmfaZmvsuf&Sdaeygawmhonf? olrudk tus,fcsKyfESifhzrf;qD;xm;+yD; vljrifuGif;rS z,f&Sm;xm;onfh=um;uyif olr. trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu 1990 arva&G;aumufyJGwGif v$wfawmfae&mtrsm;qHk; tEkdif&cJhygonf? urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;u olrudk *k%fxl;rsm;/ qkrsm; tajrmuftjrm; tyfESif;cJhygonf? xkdtxJrS tjrifhrm;qHk; qkwckrSm olr. t=urf;rzufaom 'Drkdua&pD/ +idrf;csrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh olr. jynfaxmifpkom;rsm;twGuf vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sdatmif &yfwnfcsuf/ óud;yrf;csufrsm;twGuf 1991 ckESpfwGif *k%fðycsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&aom EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkyif jzpfygonf? EdkbJvfaumfrwD. obmywdu qkay;yJGwGif rdef‹=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;wGif “olronf ,cktcgY jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru useftm&SwcGifESifh tjcm;aom urBmhae&mtESH‹tjym;wkd‹wGif ay:aygufaeaom t=urf;zufr_wdk‹udk qef‹usifwdkufzsufa&;ESifh vGwfvyfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf; jzpfay:vma&;wdk‹twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;. txdef;trSwfoauFwwckyifjzpfygonf” [k ajymoGm;ygonf?

1993 ck ESpfOD;ydkif;u awmiftmz&durS c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; bda&Smhwl;wl;ESifh wdbufbkef;awmf}uD; 'vdkifvm;rm;wdk‹tygt0if tjcm;EdkbJvfqk&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfh tzJG‹wzJG‹u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk v$wfay;&ef txl;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? odk‹aomf t&mrxifcJhygay? xdktzJG‹u owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGwck ðyvkyfcJhygonf? e0w ESifh urBmw0Srf;odk‹ toHv$ifhcJhygonf? olwdk‹u “a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf urBmw0Srf;wGif vGwfvyfjcif;. txdrf;trSwfoauFwjzpf+yD; jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udkvnf; pdwf"mwfwufºuGatmif v_H‹aqmfEdkifqJyifjzpfygonf? olrudk vGwfvyfcGifh jyefay;&ef oifhygonf” [k ajymcJhygonf?

tif;vsm;uefab;rS olr. aetdrftwGif; wOD;wnf; tcsdef=um&SnfpGm csKyfaESmifr_cHae&onfrSm ,ckqdkv#if ig;ESpfwmumvtwGif; 0ifa&mufvm+yDjzpfaom ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk usr awG;aerdygonf? Todk‹aom qdk;0g;vSonfh tajctaersKd;udk &ifqdkifEkdifatmif b,ft&mursm; olrudk pGrf;aqmifay;aeygvdrfh?

olr taumiftxnfazmf }uHaqmifvsuf&Sdonfh &nfrSef;csufrSm txl;rGefjrwfvS+yD; rvJGraoG rkcsatmifjrif&vdrfhrnf[laom rnfodk‹r# ,kdifESJ‹zsufqD;ypfI r&Edkifonfh ckdifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwck olrwGif &Sdygvdrfhrnf?

'Drkdua&pDESifh jrefrmjynfoltaygif;twGuf vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&&Sdatmif óud;yrf;csufrsm;tay:wGifvnf; ‘pk’ u olr. rdom;pkxHrS tqHk;pGefaom ,Hk=unfr_/ em;vnfr_ESifh axmufcHtm;ay;r_rsm;udk &xm;ygonf? ‘pk’ xHwGif yifudk,fpGrf;&nfowWdrsm; &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? pl;&Sxufjrufaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ESifh todOm%f/ tvdrRmrsm;vnf; jynfhpHk+yD;jzpfygonf? pnf;pepfvnf;us+yD; olr.b0udk ynmA[kokw&SmazGjcif;ESifh Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;udk avhvmusifh}uHjcif;tm;jzifh jznfhqnf;wwfygonf?

olr.zcif AdkvfcsKyf. pGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;/ jrefrmjynfolvlxktay:xm;aom AdkvfcsKyf. arwWmapwemESifh vlxkw&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfudk av;pm;cspfcifpGm owd&vsuf&Sdaea=umif;rsm;udk ‘pk’ t+rJpOf;pm;aevdrfhrnf[k usr xifygonf?

olru trsKd;om;jyefvnfpnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ &&Sda&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG yl;aygif;+yD; oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf t"dy`m,f&Sdaom aphpyfaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifatmif e0w tpdk;&ukd ,cifuvnf; zdwfac:cJh+yD; ,ckxdvnf; zdwfac:aeqJjzpfygonf?

‘pk’ onf usrwdk‹. jrifuGif;rsm;rS aysmufaeaomfvnf; usrwdk‹. tawG;rsm;xJrS rnfonfhtcgrS uG,faysmufoGm;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;a&m/ jynfywGifa&mufaeol jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm;yg tm;vHk;u ‘pk’ udk owd&ae+yD;/ ‘pk’ ta=umif;udk awG;awmvsuf&Sdae=uygonf? urBmuvnf; ‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkvnf; apmifhar#mfvsuf/ jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rS

vGwfajrmufatmif vrf;jyac:aqmif&rnfh olr. uH=urRmudk olr jznfhqnf;cGifh&awmhrnfh xdktcsdeftcgudk apmifh=unfhae=uygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkESifhtwl &Sdaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf jynfolvlxkbufrSom &yfwnfygonf? jrefrmjynfolvlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;udk ‘pk’ u jznfhpGrf;ay;rnfqdkonfudk pdk;pOf;r#yif oHo,rjzpfrdyg?

‘pk’ vGwfajrmufvmrnfhae‹udkom usrwdk‹tm;vHk; ar#mfvifhw}uD; apmifhpm;aerd=uygawmhonf?

roef;{ 1993 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv

aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX rdef‹cGef;

1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae‹Y atmfpvdkòrd‹awmfwGif usif;yaom 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhyJGtcrf;tem;Y aemfa0;EkdifiH EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX ygarmuQ z&efppfpD*smpwuf (Francis Sejersted) ajym=um;aomrdef‹cGef;

* * * bk&ifrif;jrwf/ zdbk&m;}uD;/ tpdk;&tzJG‹0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm; cifAsm;/ ,ae‹ Tae&mwGif usaemfwdk‹ pka0;=uonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. xif&Sm;aom

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tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudk‚if;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudk‚if; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&; pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf? olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGef‹qdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf? TonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. atmifyJGyifjzpfonf[k vlwkdif;u oabmwl=uygonf? e0w onf rnfonfhtwGuf vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyJGudk usif;ycGifhðyygoenf;? ‚if;wdk‹u qef‹usifzuf&v'fwrsKd; xGufvmrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;yHk&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹ tm%mqufvuf&,l&eftwGuf w&m;Oya't& vkyfydkifcGifhay;rnfh a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ar#mfvifh=u[efwlygonf? Todk‹aom tpdk;&rsKd;. t=uyftwnf;rSm rdrd.vdrfvnfajymqdkcsufwGif rdrdyg jyefydwfrdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap e0w onf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk vufcH&efjiif;qefvdkufygonf? a&G;aumufyJGudk zsufodrf;vdkuf&onfh oabmyifjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf e0w url w&m;0ifonfhoabm ydkrdkenf;yg;aomfvnf; qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeygonf? w&m;0ifr_r&Sdjcif;a=umifhyif ydkI&ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm vkyfaqmifae=u&ygonf? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f qufvufazmufzsufaeonfudk tifrepfwD (Amnesty) urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹u tpD&ifcHxm;ygonf? e0w tpdk;&onf ,ae‹urBmwGif tzdESdyftcsKyfcs,fqHk;aom tpdk;&tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh aemfa0; EdkbJvfaumfrwDonf +idrf;csrff;a&;qktcsKdŒudk csD;jr‡ifhcJhygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;. tajccHvdktyfcsufonf vlom;tm;vHk;. b0&Sifoefr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;cH&r_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;wdk‹ukd todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh csD;jr‡ifhcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? Todk‹csD;jr‡ifh&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufw&yfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh vl‹tcGifhta&;t,ltqonf taemufwkdif;t,ltqom r[kwfbJ ,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk;wGifvnf; &Sdonfudkjyovdkaom &nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tta=umif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I atmifqef;pk=unf. “'Drkdua&pD&SmyHkawmf”pmwrf;rS pmydk'fwydk'fudk udk;um;wifjyygrnf?

w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom ae&ma'owGif pdwfcs&aom+idrf;csrf;r_vnf; r&SdEkdifyg? +idrf;csrf;a&;[lonfrSm twdkuftcHtm;vHk; E_wfqdwfaejcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if;/ vHkòcHa&;[lonfrSm rdrdwdk‹tm%mwnf+rJa&;udk aocsmatmifðyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if; t"dy`m,faumuf,l=uaom oabmxm;usOf;ajrmif;olwdk‹uomv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹. tajccHjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk jiif;qdk=urnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmwdk‹onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;oabmudk at;jraomt&dyfESifh wJGzufxm;=uygonf?

“opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydkI at;jr. xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr. xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf? odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;. t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?”

xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;"rR apmifhpnf;jcif;ESifh *±k%mxm;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom tpdk;&udk &&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdkua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf?

jynfwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;tzdESdyfcHae&ojzifh EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwdkif rvma&mufEkdifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf yxrt}udrf r[kwfyg? [pfwvm. wckaom tusOf;pcef;wGif zsm;emaeol umvf;AGef atmfpDtufpuD (Carl Von Ossietzky) onfvnf; 1936 ckESpfu rvma&mufEkdifcJhyg? tif'a&qmcga&mAfh (Andrei Sakharov) ESifh vufbdk0ifpm (Lech Walesa) wdk‹onfvnf; xdkenf;wlyifjzpfcJh&ygonf? atmfpDtufpuDonf emZDtpdk;&rðywfusrD aoqHk;oGm;&+yD; qmcga&mhAfESifh bdk0ifpmwdk‹rSmrl ‚if;wdk‹. óud;yrf;r_rsm; atmifyJGcHonfudk awG‹jrif=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf; olr. óud;yrf;r_atmifyJGcHonfudk jrif&rnf[k usaemfwdk‹ ar#mfvifhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif a&mufrvmEkdifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf aemufqHk;jzpfcsifrS jzpfrnf[laom tvm;tvmudkvnf; usaemfwdk‹ od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹aexdkif&m urBmrsKd;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk wcgwnf;ESifh r&Edkifonfudkvnf; owdðy=u&rnf jzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹. pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; edrfhusoGm;atmif ðyvkyfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? xdkodk‹rvkyfbJ ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomavmuudk vdktyfygu usaemfwdk‹ ydkI Edk;=um;zswfvwf&ef a=umuf&GHŒr_rS ydkI uif;&Sif;&ef ,ckESpfqk&SifajymouJhodk‹ “euf±_dif;aom ±dk;om;r_” &Sd=u&ef usaemfwdk‹ óud;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? TonfrSm usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; wOD;pDðyvkyf&rnfh udpPjzpfaomfvnf; tm%m&mxl;tqifh&Sdolrsm; usifhoHk;&ef txl;vdktyfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfuJhodk‹yif ±dk;om;ESdrfhcsr_ESifh a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;r_udk jy=uyg? ydkI aecsifzG,faumif;aom urBmavmu ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfygonf? (wrsufESmpm a':pk"gwfyHkvmonf) (wrsufESmvHk;wGif wyf&rnfhacgif;pOf}uD;) tydkif;-u 1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif; a&;om;aom pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm; (aemufxyfwrsufESm aqmif;yg;) atmifqef; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 3-37 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

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udkausmf+idrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdk‹om or*~tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onf? odk‹aomf aemufydkif;wGif xufoefaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh ZGJvHk‹vwkd‹. tusKd;tjrwfrsm; xGef;um;vm.? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;. pdwfaepdwfxm;vnf; ajymif;vm.? v_yf&Sm;wufºuGaom jynfcspfpdwfv$rf;rdk;vm.? 1935-36 pmoifESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJGwGif t"duae&mtm;vHk; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf xufoefaomvli,frsm;u &&SdoGm;=u.? udkatmifqef;onf tr_aqmiftzJG‹0ifwOD;tjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmygonf? or*~ r*~Zif; “tdk;a0” wGif “i&JacG;}uD; vGwfae+yD” [laom aqmif;yg;udk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;onf us,fjyef‹pGm xda&mufr_&SdcJhonfh 1936 ckESpf wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh v_H‹aqmfay;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? Taqmif;yg;onf wuUodkvft&m&SdwOD;tm; ykyfcwfwdkufcdkuf a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ,lqum aqmif;yg;&Siftrnfudk azmfxkwf&ef t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; awmif;qdkvmawmh.? udkatmifqef;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk‹ azmfxkwfjcif;onf owif;pmq&musifh0wfESifh udkufnDrnfr[kwf[kqdkum jiif;qefvdkuf.? tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckuJhodk‹ jiif;qefr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,fvdkufawmh.? r=umao;rDuyif udkEkonfvnf; ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm; ypfypfcgcg a0zefr_jzifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aoma=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rauseyfr_/ a'goxGufr_ ydkIrsm;jym;vmavonf? odk‹jzifh oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwf=uygawmhonf? wuUodkvfpmar;yJGrsm;ppfcsdef jzpfav&m TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm txl;av;eufonfh udpPw&yfjzpfygonf? oydwfowif;rSm csufcsif;yif [dkav;wausmfjzpfoGm;avonf? owif;pmrsm;ESifhwuG wEdkifiHvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk =uifempGm axmufcH=uygonf? TuJhodk‹ trsm;axmufcHr_ukd &,lEkdifjcif;/ av;pm;avmufatmif pDrHuGyfuJEkdifjcif;/ pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;. vkyf&nfudkif&nfESifh ausmif;om;tiftm;. wefcdk;tmedoifudk vl}uD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; todtrSwfðyvm=u&onf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; oydwfarSmufolrsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;eufpGm rpOf;pm;I rjzpfawmhyg? aemufqHk;Y Edkifvlrif;xufðywwfaom ausmif;tkyf}uD;rSm t+idrf;pm;,lvkduf&.? wuUodkvftufOya'wGif ausmif;om;rsm;xnfhoGif;vdkaom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef aumfrwDw&yfudkvnf; zJG‹pnf;vdkuf&+yD; ta&;rygvSaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl vdkufavsmvdkufavonf? vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. EdkifiHa&;zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_wGif ta&;}uD;onfh rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom 1936 ckESpfoydwfa=umifh udkatmifqef;onfvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? ol‹*k%foduQmvnf; t&SdefrSefrSefjrifhrm;vm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ESifh oydwfarSmuf+yD;aemuf wnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~wdk‹. tr_aqmiftzJG‹rsm;wGifvnf; wqifhxufwqifh ydkrdkta&;ygaom tr_aqmifae&mrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&.? 1938 ckESpfwGif or*~ESpf&yfpvHk;. OuUXjzpfvmygonf? xdktcsdefY udkatmifqef; wuUodkvfrS 0dZ…mbJG‹&+yD;I Oya'0dZ…mwef;wGif wufa&mufae.? xdkuJhodk‹ Oya'wef;qufwufaejcif;rSm wuUodkvfwGif qufvufaexdkif v_yf&Sm;EkdifcGifh&&Sd&ef[laom ta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfjcif;/ ZJGvHk‹v}uD;jcif;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef;taejzifh av;pm;jcif;cH&aomfvnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk‹ ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹I qufqHa&;ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaom vl‹*GpmwOD;yif jzpfygonf? okefokefr_efr_efaewwfjcif;/ royf&yfjcif;/ pdwfrygv#if olwyg; tae&=uyfavmufatmif wHk%Sdbma0aewwfjcif;/ pdwfygjyefawmhvnf; olwyg; rcHEkdifavmufatmif pum;azmifzJG‹jcif;ESifh tjcm; axmifhrusKd;aom trltusifhwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef; r=umc%ta0zefcH&ygonf? oludk,fwkdifvnf; “&Hzef&Hcg vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufaphaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf? xdktcg vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh ig vl±dkif;[k ZmwdcJGypfcsifonfh ("gwfyHkvmonf) ("gwfyHk)

atmifqef; jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~OuUX 1937 (aqmif;yg;tquf) pdwfrsm;&Sdvmonf” [k a&;om;cJhzl;.? odk‹aomf vl±dkif;rsm;udk atmifqef;jrifyHkrSm pdwful;,Ofqef.? ±dk;ajzmifhwnf=unf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD;/ vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmaexkdifolrsm;[k olu tr$ef;wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? 1938 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf 1930 ckESpf ukvm;-Armt"du±k%f;rSjrpfzsm;cHaom 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;xJodk‹ 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&ef wuUodkvfrS xGufvdkufygonf? xdktpnf;t±Hk;onf trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyI EkysKdwufºuGonfh tajccHvuQ%m&Sd+yD; tpnf;t±Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ouf}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;=uygonf? rsKd;cspfta&;awmfyHkY b0udkjr‡KyfESH&ef tmoDojyif;xefaeaom acwfopfynmwwfvli,frsm;u xdkouf}uD;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf &Joifhonfavmufr&J/ jrefrmqefoifhonfavmufrqef/ tajccHrS ajymif;vJGr_rsm;vkyf&ef qEN&Sdoifhonfavmufr&Sd/ i,f&G,foifhoavmufvnf; ri,f&G,f[k ,lq=uygonf? 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk vlwkdif;u óuduf=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tcsKd‹u olwdk‹udk uavuacs jy\em&Smaeaom vlrdkufvlqdk;av;rsm;[lI txifao;+yD;/ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘ocif’ wyfI ac:a0:jcif;udk }uD;us,fonf/ rvkyfoifhrvkyfxdkuf[k a0zef=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk vufatmufcHjzpfaeaom Armwdk‹u ‘ocif’ [k ac:avhac:x&Sd&m/ Armrsm;onf u|efrsKd;r[kwf udk,fhudkudk,f tkyfpdk;Edkifonfh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &J&Jwif;wif; az:jyonfhtaeESifh tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;u ‘ocif’ bJG‹udk oHk;pJGjcif; jzpfygonf? twGif;oabmxm; rwdkufqkdifr_rsm;a=umifh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;ygonf? ociftrsm;pkyg0ifonfhtydkif;udk acgif;aqmifolrSm jrefrmhpmayESifh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif txifu&yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpf+yD; rlvu tpnf;t±Hk;. em,ujzpfaom q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfygonf? udkatmifqef;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifonfh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf? ‘r_dif;ocif’ rsm;teuf udkEk/ udkvSazESifh udkodef;azwdk‹tjyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwfcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygvmrnfh ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifygonf? r=umrD ocifatmifqef;onf 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf tpnf;t±Hk;. a=unmpmwrf;udk pD&ifa&;om;cJhygonf? 1938-1939 ckESpfrsm;wGif ‘1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk’ [k trnfwGifrnfh ta&;tcif;rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; csDwufyJG/ awmifolv,form;rsm; csDwufyJG/ &J. eHygwfwkwf'%fjzifh Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG/ xdkjzpf&yfa=umifh ay:ayguf&aom EkdifiHt0Srf; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;/ Armwdk‹ESifh tdENd,tEG,f rlqvifrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"du±k%f;/ tvkyform;rsm;oydwf/ &J. vufcsufjzifh tmZmenf (17) OD; usqHk;cJhaom rEWav;qENjyyJG/ a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;jcif; ponfwdk‹ woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:cJhygonf? Tta&;tcif;rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHtwGif; róuHpzl; r+idrfrouf qlqlyGufyGufjzpfvm+yD; trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;xefvmonf? odk‹aomf Tr#pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm; t=um;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. uyf}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfaom *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh remvdkrkef;wD;a&;0g'wdk‹. qdk;0g;aom t&Sdef=oZmrsm; v$rf;rdk;vm.? tkyfpkwtkyfpk/ vlwOD;csif;wdk‹taeESifh rdrdwdk‹omv#if txda&mufqHk;/ rsKd;cspfpdwftxufoefqHk;/ tawmfqHk;[lI *k%fwk/ *k%fòydifvkyfvdkaom pdwf±l;rsm;0ifum/ tjyeftvSef pGyfpJGykwfcwfr_rsm;/ cg;oD;r_rsm; ysHŒESH‹vmavonf?

*dk%f;*%pdwfESifh remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;rS uif;&Sif;onf[ktrsm;u owfrSwfxm;aom vlenf;pkav;wGif ocifatmifqef; yg0if.? olonf vuf0J0g'rsm;zufodk‹,drf;I 1939 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmaom tcsKdŒu rmhufqf0g' avhvma&;tkyfpk[lI‚if;/ tcsKdŒu yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmuGefjrLepfuvyfpnf;[lIvnf;‚if;/ ac:a0:onfh tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD;/ xdktkyfpk. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh.? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf uGefjrLepf0g'udkaomf‚if;/ tjcm;wif;=uyfaom 0g'rsm;udkaomf‚if;/ rqifrjcif tpGef;a&muftjrifjzifh ,Hk=unfvufcHjcif; r&SdcJhyg? us,f0ef;axGjym;aom qdk&S,fvpfoDtkd&D t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;teuf ol‹tm; qJGaqmifEkdifaom oabmw&m;rsm; tawmftwef&SdcJhygonf? odk‹aomf ol. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm ol‹wkdif;jynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tawG;tac:rsm;/ enf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;pJG&efomjzpfygonf? 1939 ckESpf Oa&mywkdufwGif 'kwd,urBmppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;+yD; rsm;r=umrD ‘udkvdkeD0g'tcuf/ vGwfvyfa&;tcsuf’ [kjrifum ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ wnfaxmifEkdif&ef ocifatmifqef; ulnDay;cJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom;ygwD/ 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; pkaygif;zJG‹pnf;vdkufaom xdk ‘xGuf&yf*k%f;}uD;’ onf ocifatmifqef;. wDxGifr_jzpfonf[k ocifEku owfrSwfcJh.? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ . jynfolvlxkudk wdkufwGef;aqmf=ocsufrSm ppf+yD;onfESifh vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlaom uwd&rSomv#if +Adwdo#ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;&rnf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh xdkuJhodk‹ uwda=unmcsufrðyygu ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf qef‹usif&rnf? wHk‹jyefonfhtaeESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeol trsm;tjym;udk zrf;qD;vdkufygonf? 1940 ckESpf ukefqHk;csdefY ocifacgif;aqmif tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹rSm axmifxJa&mufae=uay+yD? ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;&ef 0&ef;trdef‹xkwfcJhaomfvnf; tcsdefrDowday;csuf&ojzifh olonf ajc&mazsmufum wdrf;a&SmifoGm;EkdifcJhonf? *syefESifh r[mrdwfzJG‹jcif; ocifatmifqef;onf vufeufudkifwdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfrnf[k ,lqcJhonfrSm umvtwef=umuyif jzpfygonf? uav;b0u wdkufcdkufawmfvSef&ef pdwful;,OftdyfrufcJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;udk tajccHOya'abmiftwGif;rS EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifh &,lEkdifrnfh tvm;tvmudk tpOfwpdkuf y,fxm;cJholr[kwfyg? wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0u tpdk;&0efxrf; (xdkpOfu tkdifpDtuf/ bDpDtuf) pmar;yJGajzqdkum ‚if;wdk‹. ynm&SifyDopGm EkdifiHa&;vkyfudkifr_ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfxufoefr_wdk‹a=umifh oludk,fwkdifav;pm;aom tdENd,EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsKdŒ. erlemtwdkif; vkyfudkif&efudkvnf; ocifatmifqef; pOf;pm;cJhzl;.? trsm;od ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvm+yD;aemufydkif;Y &efukefwuUodkvf t*FvdyfpmygarmuQtm; ay;ydk‹aom pmwapmifwGif olonf ‘+idrf;csrf;aom awmfvSefa&;orm;’ om jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJha=umif; =um;od&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;. 'Da&v_dif;onf ol‹tm; oabmxm;ajymif;vJapcJhonf? 1940 ckESpfu ol. awG;ac:yHkudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ygonf? “usaemfwOD;csif;taeESifhum; usaemfwdk‹. ta&;awmfyHktwGuf urBmh0g'jzef‹r_ESifh urBmhtultnDvdkonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; t"duvkyfief;rSm jynfwGif;wGifom&Sdonf? t"duvkyfief;rSm trsKd;om;a&;wkdufyJGtwGuf jynfolvlxkudk pnf;±Hk;&efjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonf? usaemfhrSmvnf; t=urf;rsOf;tpDtpOfwck&SdcJhonf? ‚if;tpDtpOfrSm +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒpepfudk wjynfvHk;wGif qef‹usif&ef/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk urBmhtajctae ArmhtajctaeESifhtnD wqwqwdk;csJŒ&ef/ òrd‹aetvkyform;

awmaetvkyform;wdk‹. a'otvdkufoydwfrsm;rSpI taxGaxGoydwfrsm;/ tcGeftcay;a&;oydwfrsm;txd wdk;csJŒqifEJ$&ef/ wufºuGvmaom 0g'jzef‹csdr_rsm;jzpfonfh vlxkqENjyyJGrsm; csDwufyJGrsm;rSpI jynfolwdk‹. tm%mzDqefa&;wdkufyJGtxd qufvufqifEJ$&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;t&wGifvnf; +Adwdo#ukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&mrSpI vlxkESifhcsDI tcGefray;a&;wdkufyJGtxd qifEJ$&ef ppfzuftkyfcsKyfa&;zufESifh ykvdyfzufuif;pcef;rsm; qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ajymufusm;enf;ESifh 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufI ArmjynftwGif; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk vHk;0oGufcsmyg'vdkufonftxd wdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef/ xdktcg urBmjzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh wòydifeuf aemufqHk;ydwf tm%modrf;yJGudk qifEJ$&ef tpDtpOfyifjzpfonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh +Adwdo#vlrsKd;r[kwfaom wyfrsm;onf usaemfwdk‹zufodk‹ ul;ajymif;vm=uvdrfhrnf[kvnf; usaemfwGufcJhonf? TtpDtpOfwGif *syefrsm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr_udkvnf; rSef;qcJhonf? odk‹aomf Tae&mwGif usaemfrSm &Sif;vif;aomtjrif r&SdcJhay? xdktcgu usaemfwdk‹txJrS rnfolr# &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r&SdcJh? odk‹aomf ,ckjzpfysuf+yD;oGm;onfhtcgwGifum; vltcsKdŒtaeESifh usefvlrsm;xufydkI odjrifcJh[ef [efaqmifaumif; aqmif=urnf?)” txufygt}uHtpnfrsm;rSm ol. “}uD;rm;aomtpDtpOf” omjzpfa=umif; ocifatmifqef; 0efcHcJhygonf? ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;wGif xdkpDrHudef;udk axmufcHol rrsm;vSyg? xdkuJhodk‹raxmufcHjcif;rSm ocifatmifqef;tjrift& “usaemfwdk‹rSm "e&Sifaygufp Zmwd&Sdolrsm;jzpf&m pOf;pm;p&m ajymqdk&mwGif &J&ifhoavmuf/ jywfom;aom aqmif&Gufcsufudkvkyf&mY wGef‹qkwfavh&Sd=uavonf? jynfolvlxkudk E_d;qG&rnfhvkyfief; =um&SnfcufcJrnfudkvnf; pdwfr&Snf=uay? usaemfwdk‹trsm;pkrSm vlxkwdkufyJGta=umif; ajyma[m=uaomfvnf; vlxkwdkufyJG tusKd;tmedoifukd oabmrayguf=u” ponfwdk‹a=umifhyif jzpfygonf? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; ajymufusm;wkdufyJG qifEJ$Ekdif&ef vufeufrsm;&Sd&efvdkonf [laom xifjrifcsufudk tcdkiftrmqufvufqkyfudkifxm;ygonf? aemufqHk;wGif ‚if;wdk‹teufrS wOD;OD; jrefrmjynfjyifyodk‹oGm;+yD; tultnD/ taxmuftyHhESifh vufeufrsm;&Sm&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? “xdktcgu usaemfwOD;wnf;om ajratmufY aeae&aoma=umifh xdkodk‹oGm;&ef usaemfhudka&G;cs,fcJh=uavonf” [k ocifatmifqef; rSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf? 1940 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifvSòrdif (aemiftcg Adkvf&efatmif[kxif&Sm;ol) wdk‹ jrefrmjynfrS [kdifvDtrnf&Sd oabFmESifhxGufcGmcJh&m w±kwfEkdifiH trGdKifòrd‹&Sd ‘tjynfjynfqkdif&ma'o’ jzpfaom ulvefpkodk‹ a&mufoGm;=uygonf? xdkae&mY olwdk‹ESpfOD; vtenf;i,fr# aomifwifae+yD; w±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufoG,f&ef óud;pm;csufrsm;vnf; atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? w±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,frvkyfEkdifcJhaomfvnf; *syefudk,fpm;vS,fwOD; olwdk‹tm; csOf;uyf+yD; *syefwyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluDautD*sDESifhawG‹&ef wdkusKdokd‹ av,mOfESifh ydk‹vdkufygonf? xdkAdkvfrª;}uD;onf aemiftcgY ‘jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;udk ulnD&efESifh w±kwfjrefrmvrf;r}uD;udk ydwfqdk‹&ef’ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh wnfaxmifaom rDemrDuDuef v#KdŒ0Suftoif;. acgif;aqmiftjzpf xif&Sm;rnfholjzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh *syefwdk‹t=um; tquftoG,f&Sdjcif;rSm topftqef;r[kwfacs? a'gufwmbarmfae&mY 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf *syefaxmufyHhr_a=umifh csrf;omºuG,f0vmol[lI emrnfxGufcJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmfudk,fwkdifvnf; ‘xGuf&yf*kd%f;’ twGuf *syefwdk‹xHrS tultnD&SmcJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmf. tpdk;&twGif; 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfcJhaom 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD; a'gufwmodrf;armifurl *syefodk‹ tvnftywfoGm;a&mufcJh+yD; *syef-Arm cspf=unfa&;toif;udk a&SŒaqmifwnfaxmifcJhygonf? 1940 ckESpfv,fwGif Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluD; jrefrmjynfokd‹ tvnfa&mufpOfu a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh awG‹cJh.? TawG‹qHkqufoG,fr_rSwqifh *syefrsm;u trdGKifa&muf ocifESpfOD;tm; &SmazGawG‹&SdEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;’0ifrsm;teuf

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rdrdwkd‹uwdopPm wnf=unfEkdif&ef jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;oifhonf[k ,Hk=unfaom rDemrDuDuef tzJG‹0ifrsm;onf jzpfay:vmaomtajctaersm;a=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒ[efwlygonf? 1942 ckESpf/ &efukefòrd‹udk *syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;onfESifh Adkvfrdk;óud;onf A[dktpdk;&wnfaxmifum ocifxGef;tkyfudk OD;pD;OD;aqmifcef‹vdkufygonf? xdktpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? *syefwyfrsm; wdkif;jynfudk qufvufodrf;ydkufonfESifhtr# *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹v$rf;rdk;vmum jrefrmEkdifiHudk ppf±_H;e,fajrwckuJhodk‹ udkifwG,fvmavonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. taetxm;onfvnf; ra&r&mESifh tm;uszG,f&mvHk;0r&Sday? wyfrawmfonf csDwufvm&mvrf;wav#muf pdwftm;xufoefpGm 0ifvmolrsm;ESifh azmif;yGae.? xdkppfom;opfrsm;udk xda&mufonfh wdkuf&nfckduf&nf&Sdaom wyfrsm;jzpfvmap&ef pepfwus/ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd avhusifhay;&ayOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rdrdwyfrsm;udk trdef‹ay;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? olonf Adkvfrdk;óud;. vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;r#omjzpf.? Adkvfrdk;óud;udk,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmjynf. tem*wfta&;rsm;wGif olESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdk‹ rnfonfhtcef;u¾u yg0if&rnf[laom udpPESifhywfoufI ppftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;ESifh jy\emwufaeyHk&.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;url ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;vufatmufwGifom &Sdoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdkudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfvuFsmu ol/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdŒ Adkvfrdk;óud;ESifh&ifqkdifcJhpOfu Zmwfqefqef tjzpftysufta=umif;udk a&;om;cJhzl;.? &ifqkdifr_. &v'fum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. aoemywdcsKyftjzpf‚if;/ AdkvfvuFsmudk ppfOD;pD;tjzpf‚if; cef‹tyfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? ("mwfyHkvmonf) ("gwfyHk) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpf

(aqmif;yg;tquf)

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol.taetxm;ESifhywfoufI‚if;/ jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeESifh ywfoufI‚if;/ pdwful;,Of+yD; xifa,mifxifrSm;rjzpfcJhyg? vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr_um; qHk;cef;wkdif&ef rsm;pGmvdkao;onfukd olodem;vnfonfhtavsmuf wyfrawmf awmifhwif;ckdifrm&efESifh pnf;urf;&Sd&efudk tm±HkpdkufcJh.? Armhwyfrawmfudk ygwDEkdifiHa&;rS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ae&efESifh t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zufwGif

0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rðy&efudkvnf; olóud;yrf;cJh.? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk A[dkr¾dKifðyum zJG‹pnf;cJhaom wyfrawmftaeESifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeEdkifzdk‹&efrSm tcsdefrsm;pGmrS aESmif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ol {uefod&SdcJhrnfjzpfonf?

1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif Adkvfrdk;óud; jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzJG‹pnf;vdkuf+yD; atmifqef;onf Adkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;ESifh ppfaoemywdjzpfvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; topfzJG‹pnf;vdkufaom wyfrawmf. tqifhqifhY *syef‘t}uHay;t&m&Sd’rsm; wJGcef‹tyfxm;+yD; jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;. vufawG‹tm%mrsm;udk wif;usyfpGm uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fxm;ygonf? =o*kwfvwGif *syefwyfrsm;. aoemywdcsKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tD'gonf jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk w&m;0iftwnfðyvdkufum a'gufwmbarmftm; EkdifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? tay:,Htm;jzifh jrefrmtpdk;&tm%monf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹vufodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k jrifEkdifaomfvnf; pifppfrSmawmh *syeftkyfcsKyfa&; ajcukyf&oGm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfESifh

csDwufvm&mwGif yifyef;qif;&J'%f tawmf}uD;yif cHcJh&.? trsm;tjym;onf iSufzsm;a&m*gpJGuyfI‚if;/ ajcukefvufyef;jzpfI‚if; aq;±Hkwuf&=u.? AdkvfcsKyfESifhtaygif;azmftcsKdŒvnf; &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ a&mufvmavonf? xdkaq;±Hkudk rdrdwdk‹tvkyfwm0eftay: txl;opPmxm;aom q&m0ef/ q&mrwpku tcuftcJrsm;pGm=um;rS pDrHzGifhvSpfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rsufESmxm; wnfvGef;wif;vGef;+yD; ta&mw0if raewwfol[lI trsm;u odae=uygonf? xdk‹tjyif ol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpf wae‹wjcm; emrnfxGufvmae&m olemðyq&mri,frsm;onf ol‹tem;uyf&rnfudkyif a=umuf±GHŒae=uygonf? odk‹aomf q&mr}uD;jzpfol rcif=unfudk,fwkdif AdkvfcsKyftm; ðypk&ygonf? rcif=unfonf pJGrufzG,f&m±kyf&nfESifh cspfpzG,ftrlt,m&Sd+yD; rdrd. olemðyvkyfief;udk apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh txl;wm0efodod aqmif&Gufjcif;a=umifh vlemrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;u av;pm;cspfcif=uygonf? q&mr rcif=unfonf AdkvfcsKyfudk ðypk&mY wif;oifhonfhae&mwGif wif;aomfvnf;/ ,k,=unfompGm pdwf&SnfpGm qufqHygonf? tvGefa=umufrufzG,faumif;ygonf[laom ppfaoemywd}uD;vnf; tpJG}uD;pJGoGm;ygawmhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &SufwwfI‚if;/ ol. b0&nfrSef;csuftay: wm0efodpdwfjyif;xefI‚if; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh cyfcGmcGmaecJh.? tusifhoDvESifhywfoufI wif;wif;=uyf=uyf awG;ac:olwOD;jzpf&um; wdkusKdòrd‹Y plZluD;u trsKd;orD; tvdk&Sdygu pDpOfay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;ygonf? plZluD;taeESifh *syef,Ofaus;r_t& {nfh0wfausap&ef ajymcJhyHk&ygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfuawmh ol‹tm; ‘tusifhpm&dwW ysufjym;,kwfnHhoGm;atmif óud;pm;aeava&mhvm;’ [k oHo,pdwf0ifcJh.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol‹pdwfudkol aumif;pGmodonfhtjyif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm vkyfwwfolvnf; jzpfygonf? odk‹jzifh &Snf&Snfa0;a0; vlysKdvSnfhjcif;rsKd; rvkyfaebJ/ 1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &ufae‹wGif q&mr rcif=unfESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkufygonf?

“a':cif=unfonf atmifqef;udk vufxyf&mY vlyk*~KdvfwOD;udkom vufxyfvdkufonfr[kwf/ uHta=umif;w&m;w&yfudkyg vufxyfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf” [k tajym&SdcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; ol. b0=uifazmftaeESifh &SdtyfaomowWdESifh aEG;axG;aom arwWmwdk‹udk ydkifqkdifEkdif±Hkomru oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ol. pHwifxm;r_rsm;udk *k%foa&&Sd&Sd/ }uHŒ}uHŒckdifckdif xdef;odrf;oGm;rnfh trsKd;orD;wOD;udk vufxyfvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹. tdrfaxmifa&;um; om,matmifjrifygonf?

olwdk‹av;pm;jrwfEdk;vSaom vli,fAdkvfcsKyf tdrfaxmifðyoGm;ojzifh ueOD;wGif pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfcJhaom &Jabmfrsm;vnf; vsifjrefpGmyif oabmwlauseyfvmavonf? tdrfaxmifonfjzpfvm+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. El;nHhaysmhajymif;aom toGifvuQ%mrsm; ydkrdkawmufajymifvmonf? olonf cifyGef;onfwOD;taeESifh‚if;/ zcifwOD;taeESifh‚if; =uifem,k,wwf.? ol. cufcJ/ tEW&m,frsm;aomb0udk twl&ifqkdif&ef pGrf;&nf/ em;vnfr_wdk‹ESifhjynfhpHkaom b0=uifazmf ol.tem;Y &Sdaejcif;onf ta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mY ol‹udk tm;jynfhaponf[k ,HkrSm;oHo,&SdzG,f r[kwfacs?

1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif atmifqef;tm; AdkvfcsKyftqifhodk‹ wkd;jr‡ifhcef‹tyfvdkuf+yD; *syefbk&ifrif;jrwfxHrS bJG‹wHqdyf&,l&ef *syefodk‹zdwf=um;ygonf? wdkusKdodk‹oGm;aomtzJG‹udk a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmif+yD; xdktzJG‹wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tjyif a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh ocifjrwdk‹ yg0ifygonf? ZEM0g&DvtwGif;u *syef0ef}uD;csKyfwdk*sKdonf jrefrmEkdifiH r=umrD vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[k a=unmxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? jrefrmtzJG‹ jyefvmaomtcg oabmwlnDcsufpmwrf;wapmif o,f,lvmcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. cyfjywfjywf pum;toHk;tE_ef;t& pmwrf;ygta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm “jrefrmEkdifiHonf 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif vGwfvyfa&;&rnfjzpf+yD; u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG pmcsKyftcsKdŒudk csKyfqdk&ef pojzifh” jzpfygonf? pmwrf;udk tvGeftrif; ta&;xm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg? tpDtpOftwdkif; =o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmjynfudk vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHtjzpf‚if;/ “r[mta&SŒtm&S omwlnDr# }uD;yGm;a&;e,fajr” . wef;wlnDwltzJG‹0ifEkdifiHtjzpf‚if; a=unmvdkufygonf? a'gufwmbarmftm; t"dywd[laombJG‹ESifh EkdifiHacgif;aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef‹tyfvdkuf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; ppf0ef}uD;jzpfvmygonf? jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf[k trnfopfajymif;xm;aom Armhwyfrawmf xda&mufr_r&Sdap&ef *syefwdk‹ enf;y&d,m,frsKd;pHk oHk;pJGygawmhonf? yxrwGif wyfrsm;udk EdkifiHt0Srf;jzef‹}uJxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf ae&mtcsKdŒwGif pkòyHxm;jyefonf? ppf0ef}uD;XmeESifh wyfrsm;t=um; qufoG,fa&;cufcJap&ef jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rwkefrv_yf? *syefawG t}uHay;or#udk oabmwlvdkufum ol‹xifjrifcsufrsm;udk vlodray;bJ ol‹tpDtpOfESifhol qufvkyfoGm;ygonf?

wdkusKdrS jyefa&mufvmcsdefavmufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf AdkvfvuFsm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;ESifh AdkvfausmfaZmwkd‹tygt0if ol. t&m&SdtcsKdŒudkac:I awmfvSefa&;pwif&ef tcsdefudk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;ygonf? t&m&Sdrsm;u tajctae ydkrdkpdwfcs&onftxd apmifhqkdif;&ef t}uHay;ygonf? wzef ocifoef;xGef;ESifhwkdifyif&m ‚if;uvnf; awmfvSefa&;p&ef tcsdefrwefao;[k wifjyojzifh AdkvfcsKyfvnf; pdwfygvufygr&SdvSaomfvnf; apmifhqkdif;&ef oabmwlvdkufygonf? tjcm;uGefjrLepfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ocifpdk;ESifh ocifodef;azwdk‹onf +Adwdo#wdk‹ qkwfcGmoGm;ojzifh olwdk‹ axmifrSvGwfonfh tcsdefrwdkifcifuyif *syefawmfvSefa&;w&m;a[mcJh.? *syefwyfrsm;csDwufvmonfESifh olwdk‹ESpfOD; awmcdkoGm;ygonf? ocifodef;azonf AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;ESifh Adkvfae0if;wdk‹udk a&$bdkY c%awG‹+yD; +Adwdo#wyfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f&a&; óud;yrf;&ef tdENd,odk‹ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf? 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmva&mufcsdefwGif awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm; tawmfyif c&D;a&mufae+yDjzpf&um;/ jrefrmEkdifiH awmawmifrsm;xJwGif ajymufusm;wyfrsm;zJG‹pnf;&ef óud;pm;aeaom Adkvfrª; pD*&if; ac: +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&Sdonf/ ‘ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;qdkolonf tcgtcGifhóuHvmv#if ol.wyfrsm;ESifh *syefudk jyefwdkuf&efpDpOfaeonf’ [k tdENd,odk‹ owif;ydk‹cJhygonf? avmavmq,fwGifrl awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm; +yD;pD;onftxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefwdk‹. oHo,pdwfrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;ap&ef tm;xkwf&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olonf vuf&SdvGwfvyfa&;onf twkta,mifr#omjzpfa=umif;/ ppfrSefaom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef ±kef;uef&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk ol. rdef‹cGef;rsm;wGif jynfolwdk‹tm; today;cJh.?

1942 ckESpfukefydkif;wGif u&ifrsm;ESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmftwGif;rS wm0efrJholwdk‹t=um; ay:aygufcJhaom yÉdyuQwdk‹rSpI aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t"du±k%f;rsm; jzpfyGm;vmonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um; qufqHa&;aumif;rGefr_udk txl;tav;ay;cJh.? xdkuJhodk‹ qufqHa&;aumif;rSomv#if EkdifiHpnf;vHk;nDnGwfrnfjzpfa=umif; ol aumif;pGmoabmaygufcJh.? plZluD;twGuf ocifatmifqef;a&;qJGcJhaom ‘jrefrmEkdifiH pDrHudef;’ wGif ‘,QKtcgY +Adwdo#ya,m*a=umifh vlrsm;pkjzpfaom Armwdk‹ESifh &ckdif/ &Srf; paom awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;wGif wnf&Sdaeaom uGm[csufrsm; usOf;ajrmif;oGm;ap+yD; tm;vHk;wef;wlnDr#&Sdaom EkdifiHxlaxmif&ef’ vdktyfa=umif;udk tav;teufazmfjycJhygonf? u&if-Arm t"du±k%f;onf ol‹tm; rsm;pGm a'gre\ jzpfapygonf? 1943 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh AdkvfvuFsmwdk‹onf TvlrsKd;pkESpfpkt=um; +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sdap&ef tyef;w}uD; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk‹. pkaygif;óud;yrf;r_rS oD;yGifhvmaomtusKd;um; u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm; jrefrmacgif;aqmifwdk‹tm; ,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmjcif;ESifh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; u&ifwyf&if;wck zJG‹pnf;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tapmwvsif udkifwG,f&efvdkaeaom aemufudpPw&yfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh jynfol‹ta&;awmfyHkygwDtwGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;t=um; wae‹wjcm;}uD;xGm;aeaom tmCmwrsm;yif jzpfygonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm *syefacwfwav#mufvHk; awmcdkaecJhaom ocifpdk;/ opfawmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfaeaom ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifA[def;wdk‹ jzpf=uygonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifh OD;baqGwdk‹onfum; xif&Sm;aom qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfOD; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ESpfzufacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; ajyvnfap&ef txl;óud;yrf;cJhygonf? aphpyfjzefajza&;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfaejcif;rSm EkdifiHa&;oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;onf wyfrawmfxJodk‹ pdrfh0ifaeum &Jabmfrsm;. nDnGwfa&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;. atmifjrifa&;wdk‹udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeI jzpfygonf? xdk‹tjyif ocifpdk;onf zufqpfqef‹usifa&; pnf;±Hk;aqmf=o&mwGif wyfrawmfudk xdcdkufepfemapaom 0g'jzef‹csda&;ðyvkyfaeojzifh wyftwGif; rauseyfr_rsm; jzpf±Hkomru AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; a'goxGuf&ygonf? vaygif;rsm;pGm oabmxm;csif; zvS,f+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;wdk‹ESifh 1944 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif &uftenf;i,f=um v#KdŒ0Sufpnf;a0;ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹ wnfaxmif&eftqdkukd aqG;aEG;=u+yD; tzJG‹. a=unmpmwrf;ESifh pkaygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh pDrHudef;w&yfudk oabmwltwnfðyvkyfygonf? rsm;r=umrD uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jynfol‹ta&;awmfyHkygwDacgif;aqmifrsm; twlpnf;a0;&ef pDpOfvdkuf+yD;/ xdktpnf;ta0;Y AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf “zufqpf"g;jyrsm;udk wkdufxkwf=uavmh” acgif;pOfyg a=unmpmwrf;udk zwfum awmfvSefa&;udk w&m;0if taumiftxnfazmfvdkufygonf? tzJG‹Y ocifpdk;onf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; ocifoef;xGef;onf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;wm0efESifh r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fa&; wm0efwdk‹udk ,lum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfygonf? xdktcsdefY vli,fwyfrawmft&m&SdtcsKdŒonf pwifv_yf&Sm;&ef aZm}uD;um ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdŒESifh wyfrawmf tqifhjrifht&m&SdtcsKdŒwdk‹udkom wkdifyifavh&Sdaom AdkvfcsKyf. qdwfqdwfaer_a=umifh rcsifhr&Jjzpfae=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk rdrdwdk‹zmom pwif&ef }uHpnf=uygonf? TudpPudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odoGm;aomtcg ‚if;wdk‹tm; zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹. v_yf&Sm;r_xJY wdusaom tcef;u¾rsm; pDpOfay;jcif;jzifh tajctaeudk ajyvnfapcJhygonf?

twGif;tiftm;pkrsm;. nDnGwfr_&,l+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOf t+yD;owfEkdif&ef r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹aom oabmwlnDr_rsm; &Ekdifrnfudkom od&Sd&ef vdkygawmhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;tazmfrsm;onf jynfytultnD &onfjzpfap/ r&onfjzpfap *syefudk awmfvSef&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_rsm; ydkIydkI &aeaom r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vufawG‹tusKd;tjrwfrsm; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vmygonf? trSefrSm EdkifiHt0Srf; jrefrmwyfrsm; *syefwdk‹udk pwifawmfvSefaom 1945 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufae‹a&mufonfhwkdif +Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh &Sif;vif;aomoabmwlnDcsuf r&&Sdao;ay? xdkae‹rwdkifrD (10) &uftvdku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &efukefòrd‹Y ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;w&yfwGif yg0if+yD;aemuf ol. wyfrsm;ESifhtwl ppfavhusifhcef;qif;&ef[k ta=umif;jyum òrd‹awmfrS xGufcGmcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;. wyfr (14) onf {&m0wDjrpfudk rEWav;ajrmufydkif;rS jzwful;ae+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef;onf +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;ESifhqHk&ef awmifilodk‹xGufcGmoGm;ay+yD? rsm;r=umrD awmfvSefa&;a&pD;a=umif;um; w[kefwnf;pD;qif;vmayawmhonf? arv (15) &ufae‹wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vufaxmuft&m&SdwOD;ESifhtwl pvif;ESifhawG‹qHk&ef ‚if;. XmecsKyfodk‹ a&mufoGm;.? awG‹qHk&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdudk,frdrd jrefrmEdkifiH ,m,Dtpdk;&. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf rdwfquf+yD;/ r[mrdwfppfOD;pD;wOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðy&ef &J&Jwif;wif; awmif;qdkvdkufygonf? +Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xHrS vdkufavsmr_trsm;qHk; &&SdEkdif&ef wzufuóud;pm;vsuf wzufuvnf; vufawG‹usus awG;jrifwwfa=umif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdka=umif;/ rdrdESifhqufqHolrsm; pdwfacG‹&avmufatmif ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfa=umif;wdk‹udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jyocJh&m pvif;. ESpfoufoabmusr_ESifh av;pm;r_wdk‹udk &&SdcJh.? pvif;. pum;t& “olESifhywfoufI usaemf rSwfrSwf&&}uD; owdðyr_onfuawmh/ ol. ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_jzpfygonf? olonf tmoGufv#moGuf tóudufvdkuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif;rsKd;r&Sd? vG,fvG,fESifh uwdray;? odk‹aomf wckckvkyfygrnf[k oabmwlcJhv#ifawmh pum;wnfrnfhol[k usaemf jrifygonf?”

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;wdk‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemuf/ jrefrmwyfrsm;ESifh +Adwdo#wyfrsm; yl;wJGI *syefwdk‹udk wdkufav&m *syefwyfrsm; tvsiftjref òyduJGoGm;ygonf? ZGefv (15) &ufae‹wGif &efukefòrd‹ atmifyJGppfcsDtcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y&mY +Adwdo#tifykdif,mwyfrsm;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmhwyfrawmfuvnf; yg0ifcJhygonf? *syefawmfvSefa&;um; +yD;qHk;oGm;ayonf? trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeaom jrefrmrsm;onf wlnDaom&nfrSef;csufatmifjrifap&ef 0g'a&;&m rwdkufqdkifr_rsm;ESifh yk*~Kdvfa&;qefaom oabmxm;rsm;udk ab;z,fcJhaom *k%f,lzG,ftaumif;qHk; tcsdefumvjzpfygonf? 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif us,fjyef‹aom vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;yg0ifEkdif&ef zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹udk wkd;csJŒzJG‹pnf;+yD; ‘zufqpfqef‹usifa&;/ jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG‹csKyf’ (zqyv) [lI trnfopfay;vdkufygonf?

+Adwdo#ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;?

*syefwdk‹udk r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhaygif;I wdkufcdkuf&ef zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹. urf;vSrf;csufudk

+Adwdo#wdk‹ vufcHcJhjcif;rSm/ ta&SŒawmiftm&S r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfOD;pD;csKyf avmh'farmifhbufwif. EdkifiHa&;yg;eyf tar#mftjrif&Sdr_wdk‹a=umifh jzpfygonf? 1942 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHrS +Adwdo#odk‹ qkwfcGm+yD;aemuf tdENd,wGif ta0;a&muftpdk;&±Hk;pdkufcJhygonf? xdktpdk;&udk v$rf;rdk;aeaom t&m&Sdrsm;onf trsKd;om;a&;pdwf jyif;xefaom vli,frsm;u ‚if;wdk‹. =oZmudk pdefac:jcif;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹. tkyfcsKyfa&; 0±kef;okef;um;jzpfap&ef v_yf&Sm;cJhonfudk cHcJh&olrsm; jzpfayonf? Tt&m&Sdrsm;onf zqyvESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rSefor#ukd vHk;0qef‹usifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ jrefrmEkdifiHudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;p ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; zqyvudk rw&m;oif; a=unmum/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk EkdifiHawmfopPmazmuftjzpf zrf;qD;&ef vdkvm;=uygonf? ydkrdkI t"dXmefuspGm ±_jrifEdkifaom taetxm;wGif &Sdaeaom armifhbufwifurl jrefrmEkdifiHudpPrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;Ekdif&mwGif/ jrefrmvlxk}uD;u rdrdwdk‹vGwfajrmufa&;udk aqmifusOf;ay;cJhol[lI todtrSwfðyxm;aom yk*~Kdvf. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &,l&ef vdktyfrnfudk em;vnfonf? vlxk. pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh uif;uGmaeaom

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acgif;aqmif t&yfom;t&m&Sd.ae&mwGif vsifjrefpGmyif 0g&ifhwyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyf&efpftm; cef‹tyfvdkufygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajz&Sif;&aom vwfwavmjy\emw&yfrSm ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf[k trnfajymif;xm;aom jrefrmhwyfrawmf. tem*wfta&; jzpfygonf? wyfrsm;udk au|;arG;a&;ESifh vufeufwyfqifay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf vGefpGmrS cufcJae.? r[mrdwfwdk‹ ppfatmifyJGcH+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf armifhbufwifESifh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;I ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdk‹qENtavsmuf +Adwdo#vufatmuf&Sd jrefrmhwyfrawmfxJodk‹ 0ifvdku 0ifEkdifap&ef oabmwlvdkufygonf? ToabmwlnDcsuf. tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif r[mrdwfppfOD;pD;XmeESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ AdkvfvuFsm/ ocifoef;xGef;wdk‹yg0ifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹wdk‹ uENDtpnf;ta0;Y qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? uENDodk‹toGm; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ umvuwWm;òrd‹wGif acwWc%&yfpOf ocifodef;azESifhawG‹qHk+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tem*wfta&;udk aqG;aEG;=u.? oabmxm;tjrifwckt& vmrnfhEdkifiHa&;wkdufyJGwGif AdkvfcsKyfyg0if&ef vdktyfonf? “olonfom trsKd;om;a&;tiftm;pktaygif;udk nDnGwfaom wyfOD;w&yfjzpfvmap&ef pGrf;aqmif+yD; acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifrnfh wOD;wnf;aom yk*~Kdvfjzpfonf?” ocifodef;azrSty tjcm;uGefjrLepfrsm; wifjyaom tjcm;tjrifwckt& AdkvfcsKyfonf EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;&Sdoifhaom t&nftcsif;aygif;pHkr&Sd/ vlr_qufqHa&;nHhzsif;ae+yD; EkdifiHa&;enf;y&d,m,fru|rf;usif/ xdk‹a=umifh EkdifiHa&;pGef‹v$wf+yD; wyfrawmfxJwGifom aeoifhonf? “aemufqHk;wkdufyJG}uD;” wGif tiftm;pktm;vHk;. pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;&&Sdap&ef jrefrmEkdifiH vdktyfaeaom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;omv#if jzpfa=umif;udk ckdifckdifrmrm ,Hk=unfaom AdkvfvuFsmu uGefjrLepfwdk‹ t}uHay;csufudk t"dy`m,fzGifhyHk&mY “EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fudk olwdk‹om v$rf;rdk;xm;vdkI AdkvfcsKyfudk ab;z,fxm;+yD;/ olwdk‹tvdk&SdaomtcgrS AdkvfcsKyftaeESifh oG,f0kdufaomenf;rsm;ESifh taxmuftulay;&efjzpfonf?” AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ESpfzufoabmxm;rsm;udk em;axmif+yD; udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufonf? wyfrawmfrSxGufI EkdifiHa&;a&SŒwef;rS vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGudk tpGrf;ukefqifEJ$awmhrnf?

1945 ckESpfESifh 1947 ckESpfrsm;twGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tiftm;}uD;aom acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf‚if;/ vlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh arwWmudk&&Sdaom vkyf&nfudkif&nf&Sd EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;taeESifh‚if;/ xifay:vm.? ‚if;tm; ppfwyftwGif;om aeapvdkaomolwdk‹. a0zefcsufrsm;rSm cdkifvHkr_r&Sda=umif;udk twdtvif;jyEdkifcJh.? 1945 ckESpf arvwGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf puULjzLpDrHudef;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH tem*wftay:xm;aom ‚if;wdk‹. tajccHrl0g'udk a=unmvdkufygonf? xdkpDrHudef;t& bk&ifcHonf EkdifiHudk oHk;ESpf=umwkduf±dkuftkyfcsKyf+yD; umvtm;avsmfpGm a&G;aumufyJGrsm;usif;yjcif;/ jrefrmaumifpDESifh Oya'ðytzJG‹wdk‹wnfaxmifjcif;wdk‹udk aqmif&GufoGm;rnf? Ttcsufrsm;onf 1935 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHtufOya'yg tcsuftvufrsm;xuf omvGefwdk;wufjcif;oabmudk raqmifyg? aumifpDESifh Oya'ðytzJG‹ jyefvnfwnfaxmif+yD;rS a&SŒwqifhwdk;I jrefrmEkdifiHudk 'dkrDeD,eftqifh&aprnfh tajccHzJG‹pnf;yHkOya'udk ygwDaygif;pHku a&;qJG&efjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf awmifwef;ESifh e,fpyfa'orsm;onf jynfrESifhaygif;pnf;vdka=umif; wdwdusus razmfjyv#if oD;jcm;a'orsm;udk TpDrHudef;YrxnfhbJ xm;rnfjzpfygonf?

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atmifqef;. EkdifiHa&;ynm&Sif t&nftcsif;rsm; wkd;wufºuG,f0vmjcif;onf ol. yifudk,fp±dkufum; jzpfay:vmaom tajctaersm;t& }uD;xGm;vmEkdifpGrf;&Sda=umif;udk jyoygonf? ol‹b0. aemufqHk; (10) vwGif olonf vufawG‹tm;jzifh 0ef}uD;csKyftaetxm;Y &SdcJhygonf? xdkumvtwGif;Y olonf ol‹EkdifiH rnfr#us,f0ef;I vlrsKd;aygif; rnfr#pHk+yD;/ jy\emrsm; rnfr#±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfwdk‹udk pI *Ce% oabmaygufcJhygonf? tvkyfrsm;vGef;vSojzifh ol. usef;rma&;xdcdkufvmonfhtjyif &Hzef&Hcg tvkyfrEkdifreif; jzpfcJhygonf? odk‹aomf olum; a,muFsm;aumif;yDopGm Tjzpf&yfudk 0efcHojzifh olESifh ae‹pOf xdawG‹aeaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;. av;pm;r_udk &&SdcJhygonf? ol‹tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;onf aemifjzpfxGef;vmrnfh Oya'rJhumvrsm;wGif ol‹aemufvdkufrsm;udk pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;&ef pGrf;aqmifEkdifonfh wOD;wnf;aomyk*~Kdvfudk ol‹wkdif;jynf qHk;±H_;&jcif;yifjzpfygonf? ZGefvtapmydkif;wGif OD;atmifqef;onf wdkif;jynftwGuf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; pDpOf&ef

&efukefòrd‹ jynfvrf;&Sd ‘qkd&efwdkADvm’ taqmuftOD;wGif pnf;a0;yJGrsm; qufwdkufusif;yygonf? nDvmcHtzGifhrdef‹cGef;wGif OD;atmifqef;onf tapmwvsifvdktyfaeaom vkyfief;rsm;udk rD;armif;xkd;jy+yD; vufawG‹usI/ avSeH"m;xpfr[kwfaom tpDtpOfrsm;vdktyfa=umif;udk tav;ay;ajymoGm;ygonf? avmb}uD;vGef;aom pDrHudef;rsm; rðyvkyfrd&efESifh rnfonfhudpPrsm; yxrOD;qHk; aqmif&Guf&efvdkonfudk qHk;jzwf&ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;udkvnf; ajymoGm;ygonf? xdk‹tjyif wkdif;oljynfom;wdk‹ vuftwGif;odk‹ tcsKyftjcmtm%m jyefIa&mufae&um; wkdif;jynfwGifjzpfay:or# tedXm±Hkrsm;twGuf e,fcsJŒpepfudk tjypfwifwdkufcdkufjcif;jzifh tcsdefESifhtiftm;wdk‹udk tv[\rðzef;=u&ef owday;oGm;ygonf? e,fcsJŒpepfudk wdkufzsuf&efoHk;cJhaom vufeufrsm;onf vGwfvyfaom EkdifiHwckudk wnfwHhckdif+rJI wdk;wufap&eftwGuf oifhavsmfaom ud&d,mrsm;jzpfonf[k tpOft+rJ rwGufqEkdifa=umif; ol jynfhjynfh00 em;vnfygonf? OD;atmifqef;onf jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifh EkdifiHwum rdom;pktodkif;t0dkif;wGif

rSefuefaomae&mrS yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifrnfh tem*wfumvudk ar#mfrSef;um ppfrSefaom trsKd;om;a&;onf EkdifiHwumta&;udk taxmuftulðy&rnfjzpfa=umif; ol jrifygonf?

OD;atmifqef;onf aoG;xGufatmif rSefojzifh tcsKdŒvlrsm; rcHomaom pum;rsKd;ukd ajym&ef rwGef‹qkwfyg? 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 13 &ufae‹wGif ajym=um;cJhaom ol. aemufqHk;rdef‹cGef;wGif jynfolwdk‹tm; rdrdwdk‹. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk ðyjyif&ef/ pnf;urf;&Sd&ef/ ZJG0d&d,}uD;&efESifh trsm;tusKd;twGuf udk,fusKd;pGef‹&ef pojzifh aqmf=ocJh+yD; vGwfvyfa&;. tusKd;t&omrsm; jynfh0pGm rcHpm;EkdifrD ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ±kef;uefóud;pm;&OD;rnfjzpfa=umif;udkvnf; owday;cJh.? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unf+yD; rdrdudk,fudk qef;ppfEkdifpGrf;&SdolyDyD OD;atmifqef;onf ol. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ðyjyif&ef vdka=umif;udkvnf; rdwfaqGrsm;tm; 0efcHcJhygonf? ausmif;om;awmfvSefa&;orm; vli,fwa,mufwGif onf;cHcGifhv$wfEkdifaom tjypftemrsm;onf EdkifiH. txifu& acgif;aqmifwGifrlum; vufcHcGifhv$wfzG,fr[kwfay? tacsmudkif&ef vdkaeaom trltusifhrsm; &Sdaeao;.? tqifrajyvSaom a'go}uD;wwfjcif;udk xdef;csKyf&ayOD;rnf? vlr_qufqHa&;wGifvnf; rnfr#yif +iD;aiG‹zG,fjzpfap avmu0wfysLiSmap&ef avhusifh&ayOD;rnf?

tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm wqifh+yD;wqifh wdk;wufI taumiftxnfazmfEkdifcJhygonf? arvwGif usif;yaom nDvmcHY zqyvtzJG‹csKyfonf rdrdwdk‹. vGwfvyfa&;ESifhywfoufaom rl0g'udk csrSwf+yD; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH[lI ac:wGifrnfh vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif orwEkdifiH. tajccHzJG‹pnf;yHk Oya'rl=urf;udk a&;qJG&ef aumfrwDudkvnf; zJG‹pnf;vdkufygonf? cufcJqif;&JpGm vHk;yrf;cJh&aom yef;wdkif vufwurf;r#om &SdawmhonfjzpfI OD;atmifqef;onf wif;rmr_rsm; avsmhum ydkrdkI aysmhajymif;csKdomvm.? ol.wyfrsm;udk *syefawmfvSefa&;wGif OD;aqmifcJhpOfu tH}uD;wcJcJESifh awG‹jrif&aom vli,fppfaoemywdcsKyf. yHkyef;o¿mefESifhum; ododomomjcm;em;vmygonf? ol. twGif;tjyifonf =unfvifwnf+idrfI aomuuif;pifouJhodk‹ jzpfaeygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; yifyef;EGrf;e,fjcif;onfvnf; euf±_dif;vSygonf? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;rS tem;,lum rdom;pkudpPrsm;/ pmaya&;om;jcif;udpPrsm;udkom tcsdefjynfhay;I vkyfaqmifvdkvm;a=umif; xkwfazmfajymcJhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; TqENum; rjynfh0cJhyg? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ tr_aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;xdkifaepOf tapmifht=uyfrsm;r&Sdaom pnf;a0;cef;xJodk‹ ,leDazmif;0wfvlwpk wGef;0ifvmI pufaoewfrsm;ESifh ypfcwf&m OD;atmifqef;/ ol. tudk}uD; OD;b0if; tygt0if aumifpD0if (6) OD;/ txufwef;tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;ESifh udk,f&Hawmfav;wOD; usqHk;cJh&ygonf?

vlowform;rsm; xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk‹tm; OD;apmaetdrfodk‹ ajc&mcHvdkufEkdifcJhygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;onf t}uH}uD;olwa,mufjzpf+yD; ‘aumifav;wa,mufygyJ’ [lI ol owfrSwfavh&Sdaom OD;atmifqef; EkdifiHhacgif;aqmiftqifhodk‹ w&Sdefxdk;wufoGm;onfudk vufrcHEdkifcJhay? jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ESifh vef'efodk‹ xGufcGmroGm;rD vtenf;i,ftvdkavmufwGif umuD0wfpHk 0wfqifxm;olrsm;u aoewfjzifh ypfcwfojzifh OD;apmrsufaphwGif '%f&m&cJhygonf? OD;apmonf TudpPwGif OD;atmifqef;. jynfol‹&JabmfwyfzJG‹0ifrsm;Y wm0ef&Sdonf[k ,lqum uvJhpm;acsjcif;jzpfonf[k tcsKdŒu cef‹rSef;=uygonf? odk‹aomf EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_ESifh ywfoufI ppfaq;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;t& tvkyftr_aqmifaumifpDwckvHk;tm; okwfoifacsr_ef;&ef n$ef=um;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? OD;atmifqef;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;okwfoifvdkufjcif;jzifh olom jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;&acgif;aqmif jzpfvmrnf[laom xl;qef;onfh ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh vkyf}uHr_}uD;udk OD;apm pDpOfcJh[efwlygonf? OD;apmtay: &mZ0wfjypfr_rsm; usL;vGef&ef tm;ay;ulnDr_twGuf tjypf&Sda=umif; pD&ifqHk;jzwf+yD; ao'%fcsrSwfvdkufygonf?

OD;atmifqef; uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufoGm;aomfvnf; ol. b0udkay;I óud;yrf;cJh&aom vGwfvyfa&;udkom jrefrmEkdifiH &&SdcJhygonf? touf&SifusefcJhaom zqyv0ifrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;jzpfaom OD;Ekonf aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rsm;udk qHk;cef;wkdif qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;+yD; 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹wGif vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk arG;zGm;cJhygonf?

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acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif; okawoDwOD;jzpfol tar&duefynm&Sif z&ifh/tif/xa&*g a&;om;cJhaom

atmufygpum;aumufEkwfcsufudk Tae&mY azmfjyu oifhawmfrnfxifygonf? r[mvlom;wOD;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;taejzifhom jzpf&yfpOfudk wifjyjcif;onf orkdif;udk vJGrSm;pGm jrifjcif;jzpfygonf? TpmtkyfwGifvnf; xdkuJhodk‹wifjyjcif;rsKd; twkdif;twmwcktxd yg0ifcJhygv#if xdktwdkif;twmtxd vJGrSm;aomtjrif &SdcJhonf[k qdkEkdifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkpOfu jrefrmjynftajctaet& ocifrsm; EkdifiHa&;&mxl;ae&m &&SdcJhcsdefrSpI vGwfvyfa&;t±k%fwufcsdefjzpfaom 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvwdkif (12) ESpfumvtwGif; pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_rsm;udk jzpf&yfpOftvHk;pHktay: v$rf;òcHcJhaom atmifqef;. acgif;aqmifr_±_axmifhrS pDppfjcif;um; rSefuefoifhavsmfonf[k xifrdygonf? tjcm;wzufrS=unfhv#ifvnf; txufazmfjyyg oabmw&m;um; rSefuefygonf?

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ aemufcHum;udk tajcðyIom OD;atmifqef;. b0udk avhvmEdkifrnfjzpfygonf? xdkuJhodk‹ csOf;uyfenf;onf ol. udk,fa&;udk,fwmtydkif;udk vspfv#L±_&m a&mufEkdifygonf? odk‹aomf ol‹touf (20) ausmfausmf ausmif;om;EkdifiHa&;avmuxJ 0ifcJhpOfupI ol.b0ESifh vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_onf cJGjcm;I r&avmufatmif a&maxG;qufEG,faeonfhtjyif OD;atmifqef;um; ol. tZÆwWoEWefESifh uGmjcm;aom A[d'<toGifudk vlxka&SŒarSmuf bef;jyolrsKd; r[kwfcJhyg? ol. ±kyfyHkv$mwckvHk;udk òcHI=unfhygu jrifhrm;aom&nfrSef;csuf/ ckdifrmjywfom;aom pdwf"mwfwdk‹jzifh ol.EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&ap&ef acgif;aqmifr_ay;cJhaom oduQmorm"d}uD;rm;onfh vli,fwOD;udk jrif&ayrnf? ol. EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh ol. EkdifiHudk tkyfcsKyfaeaom EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJhojzifh ol‹tm; opPmazmuf[k jrifcJholwdk‹u OD;atmifqef;onf xifay:ausmf=um;r_vdkvm;ojzifh t=uifemuif;onf/ qifjcifwHkw&m;acgif;yg;onf/ ESpfzufc|efvkyfwwfonf[k pGyfpJGcJh=u.? xdkuJhodk‹aom pGyfpJGcsufrsm;udk ol. vkyfaqmifcsufrSwfwrf;tay: tajcðyI tuJjzwfEkdifygonf? tjcm;olrsm; ydkrdkIaumif;rGefaom acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifonf[k ol ,Hk=unfoI aemufvdkufae&mrS wm0efudk apwemjynfh0pGm xrf;aqmifcJhygonf? olwOD;wnf;om wkdif;jynfudk nDnGwfr_ay;um vGwfvyfa&;yef;wdkifodk‹a&muf&ef acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifrnfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vmaomtcgrS olonf A[dkr¾dKifae&mudk ,lcJhygonf? ausmif;om;b0uyif ol. &if;ESD;aom EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfudkifzufjzpfcJhol OD;ausmf+idrf;u rnfolurS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; acgif;aqmifae&mudk ay;cJhonfr[kwfbJ/ ol. vkyf&nfudkif&nf ºuG,f0r_a=umifh acgif;aqmifae&mudk &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfa=umif; ajymqdkcJhygonf? OD;atmifqef;onf okefr_efjcif;ESifh pdwfv_yf&Sm;ojzifh aygufuJGjcif;rsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tusKd;iSm pkaygif;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; cs&mwGif ol. yk*~Kdvfa&;&mcHpm;csufrsm;ESifh tvdkqENwdk‹udk rnfaomtcgr# tom;ray;cJhacs? vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGtqifhqifhY olonf &if;ESD;aom EkdifiHa&;vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;ESifh wkdifyifaqmif&GufI w&m;rSefa0zefcsufrsm;udk vufcHum

toifhawmfqHk;jzpfrnfxifygu wm0efrsm;udk vJ$ajymif;cJGa0ay;ygonf? odk‹aomf udk,fusKd;&Smorm;rsm;/ wm0efrJhvkyf&yfrsm;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_udk xdyg;Ekdifrnfh tvkyfysufuGufr_rsm;udk onf;rcHyg? olonf w&m;r#wr_ESifh 'Drkdua&pD0g'wdk‹udk ,Hk=unfvufcHum ol. ukd,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsuft&vkyfygu ydkrdkI aumif;rGefrnfjzpfaom tcsdeftcgrsm;Yyif vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;. tvdkus aqmif&GufcJhonfvnf; &SdcJh.? tr_aqmifaumifpDacgif;aqmiftaeESifh ol.tjrifudk tjcm;olrsm; vufcHap&ef tay:pD;ESifh aqmif&GufcJhjcif; r&SdcJhyg? tm;vHk;u vGwfvyf/ yGifhvif;/ jynfhpHkpGm aqG;aEG;+yD;rS qHk;jzwfcsufcs=uygonf? oludk,fwkdif yGifhvif;pGm 0efcHcJhonfhtwkdif; olonf trSm;t,Gif;uif;olr[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol. pdwf&nfOm%f&nfum; tpOfojzifh }uD;xGm;wkd;wufEkdifpGrf;&SdcJhygonf?

OD;atmifqef;onf tpGef;a&muf w,loeform;rsm;ukd pJGaqmifEkdifpGrf;xuf rdrdwdk‹ ,Hk=unfav;pm;aom acgif;aqmifatmufwGif pdwf+idrf;at; udk,fcsrf;ompGmjzifh rdrdwdk‹b0udk ESifvdkaom omrefjynfolwdk‹udk pJGaqmifEkdifpGrf;&SdcJhygonf? jynfolwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹ar#mfrSef;xm;aom acgif;aqmifaumif; t&nftaoG;rsm; OD;atmifqef;Y &Sdonf[k jrifcJh.? olum; udk,fusKd;xuf EkdifiHhtusKd;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf? ol. tm%mtxGwftxdyfa&mufaeonfh tcsdefwGifyif qif;qif;&J&J [efyefr&Sd aexdkifcJhonf? acgif;aqmifwdk‹. txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rrufarmbJ acgif;aqmifr_wm0efrsm;udk vufcHcJhonf? xdk‹tjyif olonf EkdifiHa&;yg;eyfvdrRmr_ESifh EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; u|rf;usifr_pGrf;tm;}uD;aomfvnf; ol. twGif;oabmxm;. euf±_dif;vSaom ±dk;om;r_um; rnfaomtcgr# wdrfaumoGm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg? jrefrmEkdifiH jynfolvlxktwGuf OD;atmifqef;onf rdrdwdk‹ vdkvm;awmifhwaecsdefwGif EdkifiH. *k%foduQmudk qnf&ef ay:aygufvmcJholjzpfygonf? ol. b0onf jynfolwdk‹ pdwftm;wufºuG twk,lzG,f&mjzpfouJhodk‹ ol‹tm; owd&vGrf;qGwfjcif;onf jynfolwdk‹. EkdifiHa&;todpdwfudk vrf;rvJGap&ef xdef;uGyfr_tjzpf wnf&Sdvsufaeygonf?

(atmufazmfjyyg aqmif;yg;udk aemufpmrsufESmtopfwGif xnfh&ygrnf?)

2 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmf 1991 ckESpf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 167-179 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * * 1

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“,HkrSm;oifhonfudk ,HkrSm;&m. æ xyfcgwvJajymoH=um;±HkESifh æ [kwf+yDrSef+yD[k r,HkavESifh/ tpOftqufu =um;zl;±HkESifh/ owif;pum; =um;zl;±HkESifh r,HkavESifh/ rdrdudk,fwkdif raumif;aomt&mjzpfonf/ rSm;,Gif;onf[k od&Sdaomtcg pGef‹v$wfI/ rdrdudk,fwkdif aumif;aomt&mudk od&SdvmaomtcgwGifrS vufcHygav” (t*FkwW& edum,f okwWefydÉuwfawmfvm/ auorkwWdokwf)

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“+idrf0yfydjym;a&;” [laom pum;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&mwGif qifajcay;onfhtaejzifh r=umc% tvJGoHk;pm;vkyf=uojzifh tm%m&Sifpepf}uD;pdk;aom EkdifiHrsm;wGif Tpum;vHk;toHk;tE_ef;udk r,HkouFmjzpfvm=uygonf? xif&Sm;aom jrefrmpma&;q&m}uD;wOD;onf vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,fcef‹u “+idrf0yfydjym;a&;” ESifhywfoufaom aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;om;cJhygonf? pum;wvHk;csif; cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfhaomtcgwGif +idrfae&rnf/ 0yfwGm;ae&rnf/ ydap&rnf/ jym;ap&rnf[k t"dy`m,f&ojzifh Edk;=um;wufºuGwdk;wufaom EkdifiHom;wdk‹ ay:aygufvmjcif;udk [ef‹wm;onfh rvdkvm;tyfaom tajctaejzpfvmaprnf[k rSwfcsufcscJhygonf? “Oya'” [lonf w&m;r#wr_ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpf+yD;/ w&m;r#wr_&Sdjcif;a=umifh jynfoljynfom;rsm; ausauseyfeyfESifh +idrfoufae=uaom “+idrf0yfydjym;r_” rsKd;omv#if rGefjrwfygonf? Oya'udk tpdk;&. zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom ud&d,mtjzpf toHk;ðyjcif;onf tm%m&Sifpepf. trsm;od =ueftifvuQ%mw&yfyif jzpfygonf? Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twkdif; jzpfap&ef tmrcHay;rnfh trsm;oabmwl a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;onfh Oya'ðyv$wfawmfESifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKif r&Sdygu tm%mydkifwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹xifovdk xkwfjyefxm;I vufcHEkdifavmufaom w&m;r#wr_ pHowfrSwfcsuftm;vHk;ESifh ajymifajymif}uD; qef‹usifonfh trdef‹rsm;udk “Oya'” oabmjzifh usifhoHk;Edkifygonf? wkdif;EkdifiH wEkdifiHwGif tm%m&Sdolrsm; tqifajyap&ef Oya'opfrsm;udk jyXmef;Ekdifygu‚if;/ Oya'a[mif;rsm;udk ajymif;vJEdkifygu‚if;/ EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm; vHkòcHr_&&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? Ttcsufudk a&S;xHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& todtrSwfðyxm;jcif;jzpfa=umif;udk ty&d[med, w&m;rsm;u xif&Sm;apygonf? ‚if;w&m;wyg;t& tnDtnGwf ynwfxm;aom Oya'rsm;udk tvG,fwuly,fzsufjcif;/ tnDtnGwf ynwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom Oya'rsm;udk tvG,fwul jyXmef;jcif;wdk‹rS a&SmifusOf&rnf jzpfygonf? Ak'<bmomt,ltqwGif Oya'onf w&m;"rRtay:wGif tajccHygonf? tumtuG,fuif;rJhaom/ jynfolvlxktay:wGif =urf;wrf;cufxefwif;rmaom pnf;rsOf;rsm; jyXmef;Ekdifaom tm%mtay:wGif tajccHjcif;r[kwfyg? pepfwck. w&m;r#wr_udk rSefuefpGmwkdif;wm&mwGif tiftm;tenf;qHk;jzpfolwdk‹tm; umuG,f&ef rnfr#tmrcHxm;onfudk =unfhI wkdif;wm&rnfjzpfygonf?

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xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom

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a=umuf±HGŒpdwfr&Sdjcif;onf yg&rDjzpfzG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; xdkxufydkI tzdk;wefzG,f&m&Sdaom owWdrsm; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh &&Sdvmaom owWd/ a=umufpdwfudk vdkufavsm&onfhtjzpfudk ra&mufatmif ðypkysKd;axmifavhusifhI &&Sdvmaom owWd/ t=uyfudkifzdESdyfaeonfh=um;rS wnf=unfodrfarG‹pGm &nfwnfEkdifjcif;/ =urf;wrf;cufxefpGm tqufrjywf zdESdyfaeonfh=um;xJrSm xyfcgwvJ wnf=unfodrfarG‹r_udk xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh &&SdaomowWd ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf?

tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd[k jiif;y,fxm;aompepfatmufwGif a=umuf±HGŒpdwfom ae‹pOfESifhtr# v$rf;rdk;aeygonf? axmifusrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ao&rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ rdwfaqGrdom;pk/ OpPmypPnf; odk‹r[kwf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; qHk;±H_;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ qif;&Jrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ txD;usefjzpfrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;/ ysufpD;qHk;±_H;rnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif; ponfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf? arG;&myg vl‹*k%foduQmESifh rdrdudk,frdrd av;pm;r_wdk‹udk rqHk;±_H;&avatmif xdef;odrf;umuG,f&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapaom owWdjyonfh ae‹pOfvkyf&yfuav;rsm;udk tcsnf;ESD;yifjzpfonf/ odk‹r[kwf t&mra&mufaom vkyf&yfjzpfonf/ t&rf;uma&mvkyfonf/ rdkufrJjcif;jzpfonf ponfjzifh jypfwif±_wfcsum rdrduyif b0ay;todOm%f odk‹r[kwf ynmOm%f&SdouJhodk‹ [efaqmifjcif;onf wdwfwcdk;tEW&m,fay;onfh tqkd;0g;qHk;aom a=umuf±HGŒr_rsKd;yif jzpfygonf? tiftm;onf trSefw&m;jzpfonf[laom rljzifh zdESdyftkyfcsKyfaom pepfatmuf. yHkoGif;jcif;udk cH&olrsm;tzdk‹ tiftm;ukefcrf;apaom a=umuf±HGŒr_tqdyfaiG‹rS vGwfu|wfatmif ±kef;xGuf&efrSm rvG,fulvSyg? odk‹aomfvnf; a=umuf±HGŒr_onf ,Ofaus;aomvlom;. obm0r[kwfaoma=umifh tzdESdyfqHk;aom tpdk;&,EW&m;atmufYyif owWdonf xyfcgwvJvJ xºuGvmygonf?

txdef;tcsKyfr&Sdaom tm%mudk &ifqkdif&mwGif owWd&Sdr_ESifh cHEkdif&nf&Sdr_wdk‹tm; t+rJwrf; &Sifoefaeapaom a&aomufjrpfrSm udk,fusifhw&m;qkdif&m oabmw&m;rsm;udk txGwftjrwfxm;onfhtay:wGif ckdifrmpGm,Hk=unfjcif;jzpf+yD; rnfr#yif ±_H;edrfhr_/ qkwf,kwfr_rsm; &Sdapumrl vlom;onf aemufqHk;wGif ±kyfydkif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qkdif&m wkd;wufr_ESpfckpvHk;udk &&Sd&rnf[laom orkdif;oabmudk ,Hk=unfjcif;yifjzpfygonf? rdrdudk,frdrd wkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif óud;pm;jcif;/ rdrdukd,frdrd

raumif;r_rS vGwfajrmufatmif óud;yrf;jcif; paom pGrf;&nfwdk‹onf vlom;wdk‹udk wd&p>mef±dkif;rsm;ESifh txift&Sm;uJGjym;apaom t"dutcsufyifjzpfygonf? vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;. rlvt&if;tjrpfrSm vHk;0tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI tjypfuif;pifvdkaompdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef enf;vrf;&SmEkdifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;twkdif; vkdufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk tqHk;wkdif rvdkufemEkdifonfhwkdifatmif udk,fydkifc|wf,Gif;csuftuef‹towfESifh ywf0ef;usiftwm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmfvGef&efvdktyfaom twkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdI ,Ofaus;aomvlom;wdk‹ESifh avsmfuefoifhjrwfaom vl‹avmuudk vlom;wdk‹ pdwful;ar#mfjrif=uonfhtwGuf a=umuf±HGŒr_ESifh csKdŒwJhr_rS uif;vGwfaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm; wnfaxmif&ef ra=umufr±HGŒ/ tepfemcHvkyf0Hh=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? opPmw&m;/ *±k%mw&m;ESifh w&m;r#wr_wdk‹udk +iD;aiG‹zG,f&m tawG;tac:a[mif;}uD;rsm;[kqdkum ypfy,fI r&yg? &ufpufaom tm%mpufukd wGef;vSef&mwGif Tw&m;rsm;onfomv#if tumtuG,fay;aevsuf &Sdwwfygonf? 4

“Adkvf” . t"dy`m,ftppftrSef t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfY xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 186-191 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * * Adkvf[laom a0g[m&rSm tpdk;&±Hk;toHk;tE_ef;wGif =unf;wyfrS Adkvf odk‹r[kwf “vufzfwifheifh” udk

qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; trsm;oHk;pum;wGif ppft&m&Sdrsm;/ trdef‹ay;olrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;udk “Adkvf” [k ac:avh&Sdygonf? wdkif;jynf vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh wufºuGaeaom xGef;opfp ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhajray:ajccsvmonfESifh ‚if;wyfrSt&m&Sdrsm;udk &mxl;ra&G; “Adkvf” [k ac:a0:cJh=uygonf? vltrsm; pdwf"mwft&Sdefjrifhrm;I ab;tEW&m,fxlajymaom ppfwGif;umvwGif vlpGrf;aumif;rsm; aps;aumif;av&m “Adkvf” wkdif;udk pJGrufzG,f&m pdwful;,OfyHkjyifqefqef roJuGJaom tawG;jzifh ±_jrif=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf a&SŒqHk;rS xifay:aeolrSm atmifqef;jzpfygonf? touf (27) ESpfyif rjynfhao;bJ pdwf"mwftvGefjyif;xef+yD; ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfojzifh rsKd;cspfvli,f ppfaoemywdtoGifaqmifae&m ‚if;ESifhywfoufI oDcsif;/ uAsmrsm; a&pyf&mY pdwful;uGef‹jrL;vm=uygonf?

igwdk‹jrefrmjynfr,f rdbwdkif;uuG,f

Adkvfatmifqef;vdk tmZmenftppfawG arG;=u&r,f –

&mZ0iftwˆKywWdvnf; &Sd&r,f armfuGef;vnf; xdk;avmufwJh jrifhjrwfwJh Adkvfatmifqef;&,f

TuJhodk‹ csD;ajr‡mufjcif;a=umifh ydkI touftm;jzifh‚if;/ tawG‹tóuHtm;jzifh‚if; ydkrdkolrsm;yifv#if

,pfrl;oGm;Ekdifaomfvnf; atmifqef;rSmrl rdrd. udk,fydkifpHowfrSwfcsufrsm;a=umifh wnf=unfckdif+rJ tjrif("gwfyHkvmonf)

("gwfyHk) ykodrfY pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf (aqmif;yg;tquf vmonf) &Sif;vif;jyefom;pGmjzifh vHk;0pdwfxm;rSefatmif xdef;odrf;cJhygonf? xkdpOfu usif;yavh&Sdaom tcrf;tem;wckwGif atmifqef;tm; urBmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;rnf[k csD;rGrf;aom=obmpmudk zwf=um;aomtcg urBmhorkdif;wGifrqdkESifh/ Armhorkdif;Yyif ae&mr&ao;yg[k atmifqef;u ºuGwfqyfqyf rSwfcsufcsoGm;cJhygonf? awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wav#mufwGif ppfwyfudk OD;aqmifcJhonfhaemufydkif;wGif jyefvnfwnfaxmifvdkufaom +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJh+yD; bk&ifcH. tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDwGif 'kOuUXtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&aomtcgYyif atmifqef;u “usKyfwdk‹ tck rp&ao;/ rvkyf&ao;bl;? 'ga=umifh csD;rGrf;p&m&Sdvnf; tckcsD;rGrf;rcHcsifao;bl;” [k ajymaewkef;yif jzpfygonf? xdkpOftcsdefu ‚if;onf trsKd;om;vlpGrf;aumif;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpf+yD; EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;wGif “AdkvfcsKyf” [k od&Sd=uum jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹. acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfðycHae&olyif jzpfygonf? “AdkvfcsKyf” [lonfrSm 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmufwGif&Sdaom tqifhyifjzpfaomfvnf; atmifqef;u &,lvdkufaomtcg ,if;&mxl;tqifhonfvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif twkr&Sd/ xl;jcm;ta&;ygaom t"dy`m,foufa&mufr_&Sdvmygonf? AdkvfcsKyf[lonfrSm wyfrawmf. zcif/ tiftm;}uD;aom udk,fusKd;r=unfhaom acgif;aqmifr_/ a0g[m&t"dy`m,ft& “Adkvfrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfol” [k oabm&ygonf? “Adkvf” ygVdpmvHk; “Av” (cGeftm;) rS vmjcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; csD;usL;xdkufaom cGeftm;ESifh rvdkvm;tyfaomtiftm;udk cJGjcm;&onfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? “um,” ðyvkyfjcif;ESifh “Av” wdk‹ aygif;pyfvdkufygu AvuUm, t=urf;zufjcif;jzpfvmygonf? wenf;qdk&aomf vufcHEkdifavmufaom tuef‹towf twkdif;twmxufausmfvGefI cGeftm;udk toHk;ðyaomtcg zsufqD;jcif;tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmygonf? TtEW&m,fudk udk,fusifhw&m;jzifh xdef;csKyfjcif; rðyygu EdkifiHa&; odk‹r[kwf vlr_a&;tajymif;tvJrsm;a=umifh 0±kef;okef;um; jzpfaeaom tcsdeftcgY t}uD;rm;qHk;aom tEW&m,fjzpfvmEkdifrnfrSm txl;ajymp&mrvdkyg? Todk‹aom tcsdefumvwGif atmifqef;onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wdkufyJGudk OD;pD;OD;udkifvkyfcJh&onf? Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;xGufjzpfojzifh ‚if;onf pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfwdk‹. pGrf;tm;ESifhqkdifaom oabmw&m;ukd i,fpOfuyif od&SdrnfjzpfI Avig;yg; (Áa¹ENig;yg; odk‹r[kwf pdwfudk xdef;odrf;Ekdifaomw&m;rsm;) udkvnf; avhvmqnf;yl;cJhrnfjzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk‹rSm o'<g/ 0d&d,/ owd/ orm"dESifh ynmwdk‹jzpfygonf? avmuDtvdkt& Avig;wefjzpfaom um,/ Om%/ abm*/ rdwW/ pm&dwWAvwdk‹onf avmukwW&mtusKd;aqmifAvrsm;xuf edrfhus+yD; *k%foduQm&SdpGm tusKd;ay;rnfhtiftm;rsm;jzpfvmEdkif&ef ‚if;wdk‹udk pdwfESifh pdwf"mwfðypkysKd;axmifjcif;jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; cGeftm;. aumif;usKd;/ qdk;usKd;udk todOm%fynmt& em;vnfoabmaygufonfhtcsufonf atmifqef;udk rv$rf;rdk;yg? wm0ef&Sdaom ppftzJG‹tpnf;wckESifh aygif;pyf&rnfh ay:xGef;p ppfwyf. ppfaoemywdtjzpf‚if;/ rwnf+idrfaom yk*~dKvfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifaeonfh trsKd;om;v_yf&Sm;r_. acgif;aqmiftjzpf‚if; pnf;urf;jzifh rxdef;xm;aom tiftm;. vufawG‹tEW&m,frsm;udk ‚if;u aumif;pGmod&Sdxm;olyifjzpfygonf? atmifqef;onf ‚if;wnfaxmifxm;aom wyfrawmfudk pnf;urf;}uD;I *k%fusufoa&&Sdaom tzJG‹tpnf;tjzpf &nfrSef;xm;ygonf? tepfemcHjcif;/ udk,fhpnf;udk,fxdef;jcif;/ azmufjyefr_uif;jcif; paom ausmufom;yuwdcdkifrmonfh jrifhjrwfaom*k%ft*Fgrsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aomwyfrawmf/ udk,fydkiftusKd;tjrwfrar#mfudk;bJ wkdif;jynfwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef rdrd.cGeftm;udk vHk;0ay;vªxm;aom wyfrawmfomjzpf&rnf[k atmifqef;u ,lqygonf? vufeuftiftm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f&m

ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xifrSwfaprnfh oabmxm;rsm;/ &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk a&SmifusOfyg&ef ppfonfawmfrsm;tm; atmifqef;u wdkufwGef;qHk;rcJhygonf? tm;}uD;olu tm;enf;oludk tEdkifusifhvdkaom vl‹obm0udkaxmufjyI rw&m;ðyusifhaom tm;}uD;olwdk‹tm; ra=umufr±HGŒqef‹usif&efESifh tm;enf;olwdk‹tay:wGif ajzmifhrSefw&m;r#wpGm ðyusifh&ef atmifqef;u wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? “'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEkdifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG&JŒ udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh taersKd;jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ 'Dwyfrawmf[m EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuf[m tvum;yJjzpfr,f” [kvnf; owday;cJh. (31-1-44)? wkdif;jynfu udk;uG,fqnf;uyfxdkufaom xl;c|efonfhwyfrawmfjzpfvmap&ef tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfae&rnfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf xl;c|efojzifh acgif;aqmifr_ay;&ef txl;tcGifhta&;&Sdaom vufa&G;pifvlwpkjzpfvm&rnf r[kwfyg? jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf/ wzJG‹/ vlwpk/ wygwDtwGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ wjynfvHk;twGuf wnfaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k atmifqef;u &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm ajymqdkxm;ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹Yomv#if jynfcspfpdwf&SdEkdifonf[laom t,ltqudk cH,lxm;=uonfh ppfr_xrf;rsm;. ao;odrfarS;rSdefaom tjrifudkvnf; atmifqef;u y,fcsygonf? “wjcm; ppfom;r[kwfayrJh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyfwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfoabmxm;udk ajymif;=u&r,f” (13-3-44)? atmifqef;u ppfom;rsm;udk wif;rmjyif;xefpGm owday;qHk;rae&onfhtcsufrSm wyfrawmfudk ESdrfvdkaoma=umifhr[kwfbJ “igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifvlawGjzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EkdifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;oabmaygufatmif ajymjyjcif;yJ” [k udk,fwdkifrdef‹=um;cJhygonf (13-3-44)? wkdif;jynf. *k%foduQm[lonfrSm jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmjzpfonf/ jynfolwdk‹. *k%foduQmonf ‚if;ESifh ‚if;ppfom;rsm;. *k%foduQmESifh cJGjcm;Ir&[k atmifqef;u ,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? olvdkvm;aom pHjyvufeufukdifwyfzJG‹qdkonfrSm ppfr_xrf;wkdif;. tðytrltusifhwdk‹onf 18 &mpk eef;wGif;pmqdkawmf vuf0JokEN& (1723-99) a&;om;zJG‹qdkxm;aom eENdaoeysKdŒyg oabmw&m;jzifh jynfh0aernfjzpfaom wyfzJG‹yifjzpf&ayrnf? ppfenf;AsL[m/ b,fvdkomvnf; pJGudkifvufeuf/ b,fvdkxufvnf;

jynfol‹ESvHk;/ rodrf;óuH;v#if jynfol‹cGeftm;/ rudk;pm;v#if "g;oGm;vnfaºuG/ vSHvnf;acGtHh?

(vuf0JokEN&/ eENdaoeysKdŒrS) vGwfvyfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tjrifhrm;qHk;tqifhodk‹ a&muf&SdvmonfESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf

jynfol‹pdwfESvHk;udk odrf;óuH;I/ jynfol‹tiftm;udk udk;pm;a=umif; ydkI odomxif&Sm;vmygonf? “vlwOD;wa,mufonf rnfr#avmuf pGrf;yum;&Sdapumrl vlxk. tm;ay;,kdif;yif;r_r&SdbJvsuf &mZ0ifwGifavmufaom vkyfief;rsKd;udk jzpfajrmufatmif raqmif&GufEkdif” [k ,Hk=unfonfhtavsmuf vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif jynfolwdk‹udk ‚if;aemufrS +rJ+rHpGm }uHŒ}uHŒckdifckdif &yfwnf=uyg&ef yef=um;cJhygonf? ppfrSefaom tm;ay;axmufcHr_udk twif;t"rRenf;jzifh r&,lEkdifa=umif; ‚if;u od&Sdxm;ygonf? r[kwfrrSefaom uwdrsm;ay;I‚if;/ ajr‡mufyifhajymqdkI‚if;/ axmufcHr_&,laomenf;udk ‚if;u roHk;yg? ppfa=umifh t}uD;tus,fysufpD;ae&onfh ajray:wGif vGwfvyfaom udk,fxludk,fx wdkif;EkdifiHudk wnDwnGwfwnf; 0dkif;0ef;wnfaxmif&ef ‚if;ESifh jynfolvlxkt=um; tjyeftvSef,Hk=unfr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;r_wdk‹. wckwnf;aomtajccHrSm ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfyGifhvif;r_yif jzpfonf[k AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;u ,lqygonf? EdkifiHa&;wGif vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r_/ aumufuspfpOf;vJr_wdk‹udk

OD;pm;ay;usifhoHk;aejcif;onf jynfolvlxkudk apmfum;&ma&mufonfhtjyif rdrd. oduQmorm"dudkvnf; azmufzsuf&ma&mufygonf?

jrefrmjynfoljynfom;trsm;pkonf todw&m;jzifh trSm;xuf trSefudkom wefzdk;xm;+yD; trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf[k ,lqI atmifqef;u vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfygonf? ,if;,lqcsufonf rSm;,Gif;jcif;r&Sdyg? ‚if;. óud;yrf;r_rsm;udk jynfolvlxku tjynfht0 em;vnfoabmayguf=u+yD; pnf;vHk;nDnmpGm axmufcHtm;ay;I wHk‹jyef=uojzifh 1947 ckESpf {+yDvY usif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&; (zqyv) tzJG‹rS 0ifa&muf,SOfòydifoltrsm;pk tEkdif&cJhygonf? atmifqef;onf tpdk;&tm%m. tqift,if/ taqmifta,mifrsm;udk *±kpdkufvSolr[kwfaomfvnf; jynfolwdk‹u a&G;cs,fxm;aom acgif;aqmifqdkonfh*k%fudkrl ±dk;om;pGmjrwfEdk;olyifjzpfygonf? acgif;aqmifr_wm0efrsm;udk atmifqef; av;av;eufeuf cH,lxm;ygonf? acgif;aqmifr_[lonfrSm ao&rnf odk‹r[kwf uJh&JŒ±_wfcsrnfudk a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ rdrdrSefonf[k ,lqaomudpPukd owWd&Sd&Sdjzifh vkyfudkif&Jojzifh vlxku ,Hk=unfpGmay;tyfxm;aom t&mjzpfonf[k atmifqef;u jrifygonf? wkdif;jynftay:wGif xm;&Sd&rnfh ‚if;. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ysufuGufygu ay;xm;aom acgif;aqmifr_udk jynfolu jyefvnfodrf;,l&rnf[kvnf; vufcHygonf? ‚if;ESifh ‚if;. tpdk;&tzJG‹udk wkdif;jynfu ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;r&SdawmhaomtcgwGif ‚if;wdk‹ &mxl;rS E_wfxGufrnf[k atmifqef;u ajymaomtcg tajymoufoufomr[kwfbJ zsufrnfr[kwfaom uwdudk ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k jynfolwdk‹u od&Sd=uygonf? tiftm;qdkonfrSm w&m;r#wrSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuftwGuf toHk;ðyrSomv#if wefzdk;&Sdonf[k ,Hk=unfaom EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif ppfonfwOD;tzdk‹ *k%foduQmr&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf ESpfvdkzG,f&mr[kwfyg?

jynfol‹vlpGrf;aumif;[lonf jynfol. ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufudk udk,fpm;ðyygonf? vufawG‹b0&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;rSmrl jynfolwdk‹. ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfay;Ekdifrnfh twkdif;twmudkom a&mifjyef[yfae=uygonf? óuHcJvSaom orkdif;tcsdeftcgrsm;wGif ar#mfrSef;awmifhwcsufESifh wu,fhvufawG‹b0wdk‹ wxyfwnf; wkdufqdkifoGm;aomtcgY jynfolvlxkonf udk,fa&mpdwfyg tifwdkuftm;wdkuf tpGrf;ukefvkyfaqmif=u+yD; tcsif;csif; nDnGwf=uygonf? ,if;tcsdeftcgudk owd&aejcif;jzifh oduQmrJhI atmifjrifr_ajcmufcrf;aom umvrsm;wGif tm;arG;/ *k%f,lEkdifygonf? atmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom wdkawmif;vSonfh umvtwGif;Y jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹udk,f‚if;wdk‹ xdkufxdkufwefwef ,Hk=unftm;udk;cGifh&=uolrsm;wGif&Sdaom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;/ vkyfcsifudkifcsifaom tiftm;rsm;jzifh jynfhòzd;ae=uygonf? ‚if;wkd‹. AdkvfcsKyfu ‚if;wdk‹udk pnf;urf;ESifh vHk‹v0d&d,r&Sd[lI ol‹0oDtwdkif; wHk;wHk;wdwd jypfwif}udrf;armif; qlylonfhtcgYyif ‚if;wdk‹onf pdwfysufjcif;r&Sd=ubJ AdkvfcsKyfonf rdrd. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif jyifqif&ef qEN&SdouJhodk‹ ‚if;wdk‹udkvnf; ‚if;wdk‹. csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyifapvdkonf[k taotcsmod&Sdxm;=uojzifh ydkIyif óud;pm;csifpdwf aygufvm=uygonf?

“b0[lonfrSm trSefw&m;ESifh tjypfuif;pifr_udk &SmazGaom rGefjrwfonfh c&D;pOf” [k atmifqef;u ,lqxm;ygonf? Todk‹ &SmyHkawmfzGifh&mwGif olESifhtwl wkdif;jynfudkyg o,faqmifoGm;&ef óud;pm;cJhygonf? vufawG‹rusavmufatmif jrifhrm;onf[k qdk&avmufaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mY tHh=ozG,f&matmifjrifr_rsm;onf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. t&nftcsif;udk‚if;/ ajymonfhtwkdif; vkyfI oduQmorm"dESifh ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_onf vufawG‹EdkifiHa&;. xda&mufaomtajccHjzpfEkdifa=umif; jyocJhaom atmifqef;. pGrf;&nfudk‚if; *k%fðy&ma&mufygonf? atmifqef;onf ppfonfawmfwOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf wdkufcdkuf&rnfqdkv#if taotcsmwdkufoljzpfygonf? odk‹aomf wdkufyJG+yD;aomtcgwGif a=umuf±HGŒjcif;r&SdbJ vufeufudk

ab;z,fum +idrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udk vdkufcJholjzpfygonf? ‚if;. vufxJodk‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%m a&muf&SdvmaomtcgwGifvnf; “usKyfu arwWmESifh opPmudk a&SŒxm;+yD; tkyfcsKyfr,f” [k [efrvkyfbJ ±dk;om;pGmajymEkdifolyifjzpfygonf? ‚if;tm; axmufcHolrsm;u ‚if;onf rdrdwdk‹. touf/ rdrdwdk‹. csrf;omr_ESifh rdrdwdk‹. ,Hk=unfr_wdk‹udk rqifrjcif tusKd;rJhatmif vkyfrnfr[kwf[k pdwfcsEkdif=uygonf? ol. pum;twkdif; qdk&v#if atmifqef;onf wkdif;jynfudk “t&rf;rJh ajAmif;qefatmif” vkyfrnfh “EkdifiHa&;pwef‹rif;om;” r[kwfyg? jynfolvlxku ‚if;. acgif;aqmifr_udk ,Hk=unfrnfqdkygu wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;udk twwfEkdifqHk; +idrf;csrf;pGm&,lrnf[k &J&J}uD; tmrcHcJhygonf? “usKyf[m usKyfuwdudk rzsufcJhbl;qdkwm cifAsm;wdk‹ odw,fr[kwfvm;”? Tpum;udk 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&D (4) &ufae‹wGif jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtm; vGwfvyfaom orwEkdifiH[k ra=unmrD (11) vwdwdtvdku ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&aomtcgwGif atmifqef; uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? olwyg;tm; qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vufcHI pdwfaumif;apwemaumif; tppftrSefudk wHk‹jyefwwfaom todOm%f&Sdonf[k ,lqonfh tajccHoabmxm;&Sdol atmifqef;onf tm%m&&Sda&;udk udk,fusifhw&m;xufydkI *±kðy=uaom EkdifiHa&;òydifzufwdk‹. opPmw&m;uif;rJhjcif;. '%fudk cHoGm;&ygonf? jrefrmjynftwGuf ‚if;xm;&Sdaom &nfrSef;csuffrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif *±kwpdkufpOf;pm;awG;ac: t}uHOm%frsm;xkwfouJhodk‹ ‚if;. udk,fa&;udk,fwmvHkòcHr_twGuf *±kwpdkuf&SdcJhygu atmifqef;onf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&rnfr[kwf[k ajymolrsm;&Sd=uygonf? odk‹aomf olom xdkuJhodk‹ udk,fusKd;iJholjzpfcJhygu “acgif;aqmifonf EkdifiH.tiftm;jzpfonf” [laomxHk;udk toufoGif;ay;vdkufaom AdkvfwumhAdkvf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;u ‘igwdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf’ [k owfrSwfxm;aom Adkvfatmifqef;jzpfawmhrnf r[kwfyg?

5

&nfrSef;csufrsm; “jynfol‹ ol&Jaumif;trsKd;orD; &nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif;jyjcif;” [laom acgif;pOfjzifh atmifqef;pk=unfESifh c&ifomyg (Karan Thapar) wdk‹. awG‹qHkar;jref;cef;udk atmufygtwdkif; 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 19 &ufae‹xkwf “onfwdkif;rfpf” (The Times) owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

* * *

ar;? &efukefeJ‹ jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ vuf&SdtajctaeawGu tawmfuav; ±_wfaxG;aeygw,f? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tajctaeudk b,fvdk&Sdw,fvdk‹ qdkEdkifrvJ?

ajz? tajctaeuawmh cef‹rSef;EkdifwJhtwdkif; awmfawmf}uD;udk wif;rmaeygw,f? tpdk;&,EW&m;[m wkdif;jynfae&mtrsm;tjym;rSm &yfwef‹oGm;oavmufjzpfaeyg+yD? 'gayrJh 'DtcuftcJudk ausmfv$m;bdk‹ jynfolawGu vkyfp&m&SdwmawG vkyfae=uygw,f? qENjyyJGawGudk pepfwus usif;yaeygw,f? &yfuGufvHkòcHa&;udkvnf; t&yfom;uif;apmifhtzJG‹awGu wm0ef,laeygw,f? pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=ubdk‹twGufvnf; jynfolawGu a&SŒwef;u v_yf&Sm;ae=uygw,f?

ar;? r=umcif &ufydkif;awGrSm cifAsm;[m tckjzpfaewJh jynfol‹v_yf&Sm;r_rSm t"duacgif;aqmiftjzpfeJ‹

ay:xGufvmygw,f? bmtwGuf wdkufaewmygvJ? cifAsm;&JΠ&nfrSef;csufawGudk b,fvdkazmfjyrvJ?

ajz? 'Drdkua&pD&bdk‹ jrefrmjynfrSm óud;yrf;ae=uwJh jynfoltrsm;xJrSm usrwa,mufvnf; ygygw,f? aemufxyf taotaysmuf t=urf;zufr_awG r&SdawmhbJ jynfolawG 'Drkdua&pD&atmif usr ulnDbdk‹ &nf&G,fygw,f?

ar;? “'kwd,ajrmuf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_” vkyfzdk‹vdka=umif; r=umcifuyJ

cifAsm;ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'g wdwdusus bmudkqdkvdkwmygvJ? ajz? jynfolvlxkudk vl‹tcGifhta&;tjynfht0 cHpm;cGifhray;wJh EkdifiHa&;pepf[m jynfh0wJhvGwfvyfa&;&JŒ

tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufeJ‹ qef‹usifaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tckvdk jrefrmjynfolvlxku 'Drkdua&pDawmif;qdkaewm[m olwdk‹&JŒ 'kwd,t}udrfvGwfvyfa&; óud;yrf;r_jzpfw,fvdk‹ usrajymwm jzpfygw,f?

ar;? ygwDpHka&G;aumufyJGudpPeJ‹ywfouf+yD; vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGvkyfr,f/ rvkyfzl;qdkwm qHk;jzwfzdk‹

pufwifbmv 12 &ufae‹ 1988 rSm txl;ygwDnDvmcHusif;yr,fvdk‹ orwarmifarmifu urf;vSrf;xm;wmudk cifAsm; b,fvdkjyef=um;rvJ?

ajz? vGefcJhwJhvu yxrqHk; p+yD; tqdkðypOfwkef;u tm%m&ygwDuom vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGvkyfzdk‹ oabmwlcJh&if jynfolvlxku aus;Zl;wifpGmeJ‹ vufcHvdkufrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tckawmh tJ'DudpP[m ta&;rygawmhygbl;? “odyfaemufus+yD; odyfeJaew,f” qdkwJh pum;vdkjzpfaeyg+yD? jynfolawGu qENjy+yD;awmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD vdkcsifw,fqdkwmudk eJeJav;rS oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkatmif jyo+yD;yg+yD? tJ'Dawmh vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGqdkwm vHk;0 tydkjzpfaerSmygyJ/ rvdkawmhygbl;?

ar;? tJ'Dvdkqdk&if jynfolvlxkudk vuf&Sdtpdk;& ðywfusoGm;wJhtxd qufvufawmif;qdkzdk‹u cifAsm;u

qdkvdkygovm;? ajz? 'DudpPu tpdk;&udk ðzwfcszdk‹yJ r[kwfygbl;? usr&JŒ vdkvm;csufeJ‹vnf; rqkdifygbl;? jynfolvlxk[m

olwdk‹vdkvm;wJh EdkifiHa&;pepfudk r&rjcif; qufvufawmif;qdkae=urSmygyJ? ar;? vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_awG[m a,bk,stm;jzifh tvdktavsmuf rpnf;±Hk;&bJ jzpfay:aewmrdk‹

jrefrmjynfrSm Oya'pnf;urf;r&Sd/ xdef;csKyfr,fhtm%mydkifvnf; r&SdbJeJ‹ rif;rJhtajctae a&mufoGm;rSmudk cifAsm; pdwfrylbl;vm;?

ajz? [kwfygw,f/ 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_[m jynfolvlxku pdwfysufvGef;vdk‹ tvdktavsmufqENjy=uwmu pwifcJhayrJh tckawmh wae‹xufwae‹ pepfwus pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; jzpfvmyg+yD? jynfolvlxk[m tck &yfuGufvHkòcHa&;tpDtpOfawG vkyfaeygw,f? pepfwus oydwfawGarSmufzdk‹/ qENjy=uzdk‹vnf; pDpOfaeygw,f? 'Dawmh pdk;&drfr_awG ydkaep&m rvdkygbl;?

ar;? ppfwyfqDu b,fvdktultnD&r,fvdk‹ ar#mfvifhxm;ygovJ? ajz? ppfwyfqDu tultnD&zdk‹ usr rar#mfvifhygbl;? =o*kwfv 25 &ufae‹u usr ajymoGm;wmu

wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolt=um;rSm oabmuJGvJGr_ r&Sdoifhbl;qdkwmygyJ? wyfrawmf[m jynfolvlxku av;pm;+yD; ,Hk=unf&wJhtiftm;wpk jzpfoifhygw,f? wyfrawmf[m ol‹oduQmol xdef;odrf;zdk‹twGufeJ‹ wdkif;jynfaumif;zdk‹twGuf EdkifiHa&;rSm rygoifhygbl;vdk‹ usr tckdiftrm ,Hk=unfygw,f?

ar;? tu,fI 'Dtpdk;&usqif;oGm;&if ol‹ae&mrSm b,folu ,lrSmvJ? b,fvdktul;tajymif; tpDtpOfrsKd;awG jzpfEkdifygovJ?

ajz? jynfolu ,Hk=unfwJh =um;jzwf,m,Dtpdk;&[m wkdif;jynfudk wnf+idrfatmif jyefvkyfEkdifrSmjzpf+yD; vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGusif;yzdk‹ tajctaeawGu zefwD;ay;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?

ar;? tJ'Dtul;tajymif;umvrSm cifAsm; b,fae&mu yg0ifzdk‹ &SdygovJ? ajz? usrtaeeJ‹ txl;oD;oef‹ae&mu yg0ifzdk‹ r&Sdygbl;? b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJqdkwmudk

apmifh=unfh+yD;awmh +idrf;csrf;pGm tul;tajymif; vkyfEkdifatmif usr b,fvdktwwfEkdifqHk; tultnDay;&r,fqdkwmyJ &Sdygw,f?

ar;? uJ tem*wfudk =unfh&atmif/ tif;/ wu,fawmh tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; odyfa0;awmhr,f

r[kwfygbl;? ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDjzpfay:vmr,fqdk&if jrefrmjynfrSmuvnf; bmygwDrS &Sdwmr[kwfygbl;? b,fvdkygwDrsKd;awG ay:aygufvmwmudk jrifcsifygovJ?

ajz? taumif;qHk;uawmh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk xdef;odrf;zdk‹twGuf &nfpl;t"dXmefðyxm;wJh/ pGrf;&nf&Sd+yD; ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfwJhyk*~KdvfawG OD;aqmifwJhygwDawGudk jrifcsifygw,f?

ar;? cifAsm;ua&m ygwDxlaxmifrSmvm;? ajz? a&Smif&Sm;vdk‹ &r,fqkd&ifawmh rxlaxmifcsifygbl;? ar;? EdkifiHa&;avmurSm aZmufcs+yD;vkyfzdk‹ pdwful;ygovm;? vkyfr,fqdk&if EkdifiHa&;orm;wOD;tjzpfeJ‹

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ar;? tJ'Dvdkqdk&if cifAsm; b,fol‹udk tem*wfacgif;aqmiftjzpf axmufcHrSmvJ?

tajymif;tvJumvrSm OD;aqmifzdk‹ayghav? ajz? 'Dar;cGef;udk ajz&r,fqdk&if usr twwfEkdifqHk; a&SmifusOfaewJh EkdifiHa&;rsKd;rSm yg0ifvmwJhoabm

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jyefvm&atmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJ? 'grSr[kwf b,fvdkajymjyrvJ? ajz? jynfolawGudk olwdk‹&JŒ u|rf;usifr_pGrf;&nfawGudk toHk;cscGifh tvHktavmufay;wJh

'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&[m jrefrmawGtrsm;}uD; wkdif;jynfudk jyefvmatmif qJGaqmifrSm aocsmygw,f? 'gayrJh jynfwGif;rSm&SdaewJh twwfynmeJ‹ u|rf;usifr_rsm;udk av#mhwGufwm[m rrSefuefygbl;? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fwJh EkdifiHa&;eJ‹ pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk z,f&Sm;vdkufr,fqdk&if rdrdwdk‹t&nftcsif;udk tckxufxd jyocGifhr&ao;wJh vkyfEkdifudkifEkdifwJh vlawG trsm;}uD;ay:vmrSmyg?

ar;? 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmEdkifiHtaeeJ‹ jyifyurBmeJ‹ b,fvdkqufoG,fa&;rsKd;udk usifhoHk;rSmygvJ?

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ukvor*~vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sifodk‹ tdwfzGifhay;pm t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 222-224 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

* * * 1? urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyyg&Sdaom vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk Oya't& tumtuG,fay;rnfh +idrf;csrf;wnf+idrf wdk;wufaom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;jzpfay:&ef tmrcHrnfh vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk ay:aygufap&efrSm jrefrmjynfY 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&wnfaxmif&ef vkyfaqmifaeaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (NLD) ESifh tjcm;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;. t"duOD;wnfcsufyif jzpfygonf? 2? vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;+yD;aemuf w&m;Oya't& a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom v$wfawmfrS jyXmef;xm;aom Oya'pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk w&m;r#wajzmifhrwfpGm taumiftxnfazmfjcif;[k t"dy`m,f&aom “w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;” ESifh jynfolvlxk. axmufcHr_udk r&&Sdaom tpdk;&u xifovdk pdwfóudufxkwfjyefxm;onfh a=unmcsufrsm;udkom taumiftxnfazmfjcif;jzpfaom “+idrf0yfydjym;a&;” [lonfwdk‹udk jrefrmEkdifiH 'Drkdua&pDta&;wGif vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeolrsm;u uJGjym;jcm;em;pGm odomapvdkygonf? 3? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ,Hk=unfjrwfEkd;olrsm;onf +idrf0yfydjym;a&;oabmudk y,fcsonfr[kwfyg? odk‹aomf Oya'qdkonfrSm “}uD;rm;aomtkyfpk. vdktifqEN” om jzpfraeap&ef‚if;/ pnf;urf;&Sdr_qdkonfrSmvnf; “ae&mwumY a=umuf&GHŒae&onfudk a&mifjyef[yfjcif;” r[kwfonfudk‚if; taotcsmtmrcH&ef vdkvm;=uygonf? jrefrmjynfoljynfom;trsm;pkonf "rRESifh tb, ac: udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefr_ESifh a=umuf&GHŒjcif; uif;rJhr_wdk‹udk xdef;odrf;rnfhtpdk;&udk jrefrmjynfwGif vdkvm;=uygonf? 4? w&m;r#wr_udk xda&mufpGm usifhoHk;Ekdif&eftwGufESifh ,if;odk‹usifhoHk;onfh jzpfpOfw&yfvHk;wdk‹udk vlwkdif;u qef;ppfavhvm&ef tvdk‹iSm Oya't& tmrcHcsufay;EkdifrSomv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;vdkvm;csufrsm;udk Oya'av;pm;r_ESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmif ðyvkyf&rnf[laomtqdkonfvnf; w&m;0ifrnfjzpfygonf? vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;wdk‹. tajccHtjzpf vdktyfa=umif; ukvor*~ todtrSwfðyxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;±_H;ysufpD;&onfudk wGef;vSefaeolrsm;tm; jrefqefpGm ta&;,lESdrfeif;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fI jyXmef;xm;aom trdef‹a=unmcsufrsm;onf tpdk;&trdef‹r#omjzpf+yD; w&m;aom Oya'tqifhodk‹ jr‡ifhwif&efvdktyfaom oDv/ pGrf;tm;ESifh Oya'qkdif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;. axmufcHr_r&Sd[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf? 5? w&m;aomOya'tm;vHk;udk axmufcH&efESifh ±dkaoav;pm;&efrSm trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu tpOfwpdkufvdkufemcJhaom vrf;pOfjzpfygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ckdifrmaom/ +idrf;csrf;aom/ wkdif;jynfwnfaxmifvdkolrsm;onf vl‹*k%foduQmESifh trSefw&m;. tajccHrsm;udk wkdufckdufonfh ta&;,lvkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk wGef;vSef&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k jynfoltrsm;pkESifhtwl trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu od&Sdem;vnfxm;ygonf? 6? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ,ae‹zrf;qD;cHxm;&onfh rsm;jym;vSaom EkdifiHa&;tusOf;orm;rsm;onf &mZ0wfr_rsm; usL;vGefonfqdkI pJGcsufwifxm;ygonf? trSefpifppfrSm ‚if;wdk‹onf

urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;tydk'f 19/ 20 ESifh 21 wdk‹udk axmufcHumuG,f&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=ujcif;a=umifh ta&;,lcHae&jcif;jzpfygonf? xdk‹tjyif tydk'f 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11 ESifh 12 wdk‹ESifh qef‹usifI ‚if;wdk‹tm; udkifwG,fqufqHaeygonf? 7? EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh twd'kuQa&mufae=u&onfh jynfoljynfom;wdk‹tm; xyfrHIom 'kuQay;Ekdifaom yÉdyuQrsKd; &ifqkdifawG‹r_rsKd;ukd trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfESifh ‚if;tm; axmufcHa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmjyaeaom jynfolwdk‹u rvdkvm;=uyg? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfonf 1988 ckESpfwGif pwifay:aygufvmonfrSpI aqG;aEG;aphpyfn‡dE_dif;jcif;jzifh em;vnfr_&,laom 'Drkdua&pDtpOftvm rl oabmw&m;udk ckdif+rJpGm vufcHusifhoHk;cJhygonf? 8? “vlom;wdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹. tcGifhta&;udk ray;bJ jiif;qdkaejcif;onf vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; rjidrfoufr_jzpfay:ap&ef vrf;cif;ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf” [laom azmfjycsuf cdkifvHkonfudk 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&pepfodk‹ apmapmpD;pD; +idrf;csrf;pGm ul;ajymif;vdkolrsm;u vufcHtodtrSwfðy=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifhvnf; vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;r+idrfroufr_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;rnfh tajctaersm; ay:aygufvm&ef OD;wnfI ‚if;wdk‹u óud;yrf;ae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlrsm;pk. pdwfqENudk ±dkaoav;pm;&ef tm%mydkifwdk‹u jiif;qefaeojzifh ,if;odk‹ óudf;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;onf [ef‹wm;jcif; cHae&ygonf? 9? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl‹tcGifhta&;jr‡ifhwifvdkolrsm; (txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;) taejzifh ‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif‚if;/ ‚if;wdk‹.rdom;pk odk‹r[kwf taygif;toif;tay:Y‚if; &efwHk‹jyefr_rsm; ðyvkyfvmrnfh ab;tEW&m,fudk ra=umufr&GHŒ&bJ ‚if;wkd‹. t,ltqrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGm xkwfazmfEkdifaprnfh tajctaersm;udk ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Siftaejzifh awmif;qdk&ef jzpfEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf? 10? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHrnfh EkdifiHa&;pepf&&Sd&ef óud;yrf;±kef;uef&mY atmifjrifr_&&ef ‚if;wdk‹. udk,fydkifowWd/ ZJG/ vHk‹vESifh cHEkdif&nfpGrf;tm;rsm;udkom tm;udk;&rnfudk em;vnfoabmayguf=uaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. w&m;r#waom OD;wnfcsufudk ukvor*~aumfr&Sifu axmufcHrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf? 8 jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf atmifqef;pk=unfonf ‚if;.aetdrfY txdef;odrf;rcH&rD 19 &uftvdkjzpfaom Zlvkdifv 1 &ufae‹ 1989 ckESpfY at;&Sm;0dcf (AsiaWeek) rS a'grepfazgvf'g (Dominic Faulder) ESifh atmufygtwdkif; tar;tajz vkyfxm;ygonf?

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atmifqef;pk=unf

11 tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl‹tcGifhta&; Oya'tzJG‹rS ay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rS csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk vufcH&mwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;I olrudk,fpm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u 1992 arv 14 &ufae‹wGif 0g&Sifwefòrd‹awmfY zwf=um;aom rdef‹cGef;jzpfygonf?

* * * tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rS ESpfpOfcsD;jr‡ifhaom vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk orw yufx&D±_d-tvf0if (Patricio Aylwin) ESifhtwl wcsdefwcgxJ vufcH&,l&onfudk rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf? Tqkonf ,cktcgY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tvGefta&;}uD;vSaom udpP&yfrsm;udk tm±Hkpl;pdkufvmap&ef rD;armif;xdk;ouJhodk‹ jzpf&ygonf? csDvDEkdifiH orw}uD;onf trSefw&m;ESifh jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;w&m;wdk‹t=um; ckdif+rJaom qufpyfr_&SdaeyHkudk wae‹wjcm; vltrsm; ydkrdkod&Sdoabmaygufvmap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif us,fjyef‹pGm ±dkaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jcm;vSonfh acgif;aqmifwOD;yifjzpfygonf? vSnfhjzm;r_/ rw&m;r_/ vl‹*k%foduQmudk rav;pm;r_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom a=umuf&HGŒr_ESifh oHo,jzpfr_wdk‹onf vl‹tcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_a=umifh uJGtufae&aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;tay:Y avmif;&dyfxdk;vsuf&Sdygonf? Todk‹aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;csuf'%f&mrsm;udk aysmufuif;atmif uko&mwGif jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? Todk‹ðyvkyfEkdif&ef wjynfvHk;. csrf;ajrŒom,ma&;udk yk*~vduESifh tkyfpkwdk‹. usOf;ajrmif;aom tusKd;pD;yGm;wdk‹xuf a&SŒwef;rS xm;vdkaom jzLpifaomapwem &Sd&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESifhwOD; ydkI tjyeftvSef ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aom tajctaevnf; &Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? cg;oD;vSaom &efòid;zJG‹r_rsm; tcsdef=umjrifhpGm jzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wOD;ESifhwOD; jyefvnf,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmEkdifatmif jyefvnfðyvkyf&mwGif pdwfoabmuJGvJGr_ESifh aomu'kuQtaygif;udk ay:aygufapaom tðytrlrsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;udk "rR"dXmefusus trSefudk trSeftwdkif; oHk;oyfqifjcif&ygvdrfhrnf? trSefw&m;udk &ifqkdif&aomtvkyfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? owWd&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf? oef‹pifaomapwemESifh ±dk;ajzmifhaompdwfxm;rsm; arG;jrLjcif;tm;jzifh aemufqHk;wGif rvdkrkef;wD;r_ESifh vdrfvnfr_wdk‹rS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusKd;qufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Ekdifrnf[k ,Hk=unfaom o'<gpdwfudkvnf; arG;&efvdkygonf? trSefw&m;udk OD;wnfIvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfa=umif; vufcHvdkufjcif;onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom tay:,Ha=umoufouf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ausmfvGefI udk,fpdwfESvHk;yg nDnGwfpGmjzifh bHkjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifaprnfh ppfrSefaom jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vrf;udk yGifhapEkdifygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf&yfwGif jynfh0pGm yg0ifqifEJ$ydkifcGifh &Sd r&Sd/ vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJGrSwqifh jyocJhaom vlxkqENudk wu,fav;pm;r_ &Sd/ r&Sd? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk jr‡ifhwifjcif;jzifh‚if;/ vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; r¾Kdifwnfaxmifjcif;jzifh‚if;/ vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk xda&mufpGm tumtuG,fay;jcif; &Sd/ r&Sd ponfwdk‹udk urBmu ,ae‹ apmifh=unfhavhvmaeygonf? trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwf aygif;pnf;nDnGwfoGm;aomtcgY jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;wdk‹onf vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k usr tpOft+rJ

,Hk=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&SnfpGm cHpm;cJh=u&aom udk,fydkiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk cdkif+rJatmif umuG,f&ef enf;y&d,m,frsm;xufydkI trSefw&m;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sda&;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif;jzifh vdkvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usr ar#mfvifhygonf? vl‹tcGifhta&; odk‹r[kwf 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh oufqkdifaom qkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf[k od&Sd&onfhtcgwdkif;Y csufcsif;qdkovdkyif usr. tawG;rsm;onf rdrdwdk‹,Hk=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd; tepfemcH=u/ pGef‹v$wfcJhaom &J&ifhwnf=unfvSonfh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;xHodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;wwfygonf? rdrdwdk‹EdkifiH. uH=urRmudk rdrdwdk‹ qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkudkvnf; tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf&Sdygonf? ,ae‹ csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf? usr. wkdif;jynfESifh usrudk TuJhodk‹ *k%fðyvkdufaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm av;pm;csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;&if; ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf &efukef 12 arv 1992

12 pydeftdkvHypfrdef‹cGef; atmufwGifazmfjyygpmpkonf 1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufae‹wGif pydefEkdifiHY tdkvHypfrD;±_; a&mufvmonfudk óudqdkaomrdef‹cGef;jzpfygonf? ,Hk=unfcsufa=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif txdef;odrf;cHae&ol 1991 ckESpf urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; EdkbJvfqk&Sif atmifqef;pk=unfu a&;om;I olrudk,fpm; om;}uD;jzpfol armifjrifhqef;atmif (tvufZENm;tJ&pf) u tifyl&dtmpfY zwf=um;ygonf?

* * * bmpDvdkemodk‹ ukef;wwef a&wwef ,laqmifvmcJh&aom tdkvHyD,mrS TrD;awmufrD;v#Honf ppf&yfqkdif;aom tvHozG,fjzpfygonf? urBmt&yf&yfrS trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;rsm;pk±Hk;um +idrf;csrf;cspf=unfpGmjzifh wlnDaom0goemudk vdkufpm;avhusifhEkdif=uap&ef wdkufcdkufr_/ &efðyr_tzHkzHk &yfqkdif;vdkufjcif;udk &nfn$ef;ygonf? tdkvHypftm;upm;yJGonf vlom;wdk‹ xl;c|efajymifajrmufa&;twGuf óud;yrf;±kef;uefaom toGiftjyifw&yfudk azmfjyygonf? Todk‹aom óud;yrf;r_onf csrf;omokcESifh qufEG,faeonf[k a&S;a[mif; *&dvlrsKd;rsm;u ±_jrifcJhonfhtav#muf ,ae‹tcrf;tem;onf acwfaygif;rsm;pGmrSpI ,Ofaus;aom vlom;rsm; qGwfcl;&ef &SmazGcJhaom qk}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh +idrf;csrf;ESifh csrf;omokcudk &nfpl;I usif;yonf[k qdkEdkifygonf? um,pGrf;tm;udk Om%ESifh pdwWpGrf;tm;rsm;enf;wl vdrRmpGmynmOm%fjzifh ysKd;axmifjcif;udk tav;ay;aom a&S;*&dwkdif;&if;om;wdk‹. trGefjrwfqHk; pHowfrSwfcsufonf tdkvHypfxHk;pH"avh. ZpfjrpfY wnf&Sdygonf? um,/ Om%ESifh pdwWAvoHk;oG,f oifhjrwfnDnmpGm v_yf&Sm;ygu vlom;. pGrf;aqmifEkdifr_ abmife,ferdwfrsm; csJŒxGifEdkifa=umif;udk pHcsdefa[mif;rsm; tzefwvJvJusKd;I pHcsdefopfrsm; wifEkdifjcif;jzifh oufaojyEkdifygonf? ydkrdkoefpGrf;+yD; pGrf;&nfomaom tm;upm;orm;rsm; arG;xkwf&mwGif acwfopfody`HynmudkrDS;aom ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh avhusifhenf;rsm;ESifh usef;rma&;xdef;odrf;enf;rsm;.

tcef;u¾ t"duusonfrSm rSefygonf? odk‹aomf aemufqHk;Y tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfonfom tdkvHypfol&Jaumif;udk atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;ay;Ekdifygonf? yef;wkdifodk‹a&mufcgeD;wGif tpGrf;ukef tm;oGefI t}udwfte,f vHk;yrf;&I emusifvmonfudk avsmhyg;oGm;atmif rnfuJhodk‹ avhusifhygoenf;[k a&$wHqdyf& tajy;orm;wOD; tar;cH&zl;ygonf? ‚if;. tajzum;- emusifr_onf rnfonfhtcgwGifrS ravsmhoGm;cJhyg? emusifvsuf qufvuftm;pdkufoGm;Ekdif&efudkom avhusifhxm;&ygonf? b0ZmwfcHkay:rSmuJhodk‹yif tm;upm;uGif;Yvnf; vlom;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_pHcsdefudk wdk;jr‡ifhvdkygu cHEdkif&nfarG;um rdrd. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk ausmfvGef&ef rdrdudk,fwkdif jyefvnfvHk;yrf;&ygonf? tusKd;tjrwfESifh ausmfv$m;r_udk ar#mfrSef;um vlom;onf tqrwef}uD;rm;aom tcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;udk tHwk&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=u&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tusKd;tjrwfudk rpOf;pm;bJ pdefac:r_udk twwfEkdifqHk;/ taumif;qHk; &ifqkdifrnf[laom pdwf"mwfuomv#if yuwdjynfhpHkaom atmifjrifr_udk &apEkdifygonf? ppfrSefaom tm;upm;pdwf"mwfudk uav;wOD;u jyocJhygonf? rdrdxuf rsm;pGm}uD;olrsm;ESifh twlajy;yJG0ifcJh+yD; pdwfrav#mhbJ ,SOfòydifcJh&m tm;vHk;.aemufrS yef;wkdifodk‹ a&mufaomtcgY atmifyJGcHaomavoHjzifh “usaemf aemufqHk;uEkdifw,f” [k a=unmvdkufygonf? pdwftm;xufoefpGm ajy;cJhaom òydifyJGY ±_H;edrfhjcif; r&SdEkdifyg? ppfjzpfyGm;cJhaomEkdifiHrsm; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf acwfopftdkvHypfudk wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfygonf? urBmhtxl;c|efqHk; tm;upm;orm;rsm; t}udwfte,f òydifqkdif=uaomfvnf; oduQm&SdI rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf pdwf"mwfv$rf;rdk;aom òydifyJGwGif yg0ifqifEJ$=uaomtcgY e,ferdwfowfrSwfcsuf/ ta&SŒ/ taemuf/ vlrsKd;ESifh Zmwdqkdif&m jcm;em;r_rsm; r&Sdawmha=umif; jyojcif;jzifh +idrf;csrf;aom EkdifiHwum o[Zmw&&Sda&;udk tm;ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsuf qufvuf&Sifoefaernfjzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; usrwdk‹ urBmonf ,ckwkdif b,m/ avmb/ a'go/ arm[ wnf;[laom wHwkdif;}uD;rsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif; cHae&ygonf? vlom;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹udk xdcdkufysufpD;apI rdrdwdk‹ qufvuf&Sifoefa&;twGufyif tEW&m,fðyrnfh tiftm;rsm;udk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkufjcif;r&SdbJ tcsif;csif; òydifqkdifwdkufcdkufaeaoma=umifh urBmay:wGif 'kuQyifv,fa0aeygonf? usOf;ajrmif;I t&mra&mufaom pdwf"mwfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;I +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wdk‹udk toufoGif;ay;rnfh pdwf"mwfrsm; TurBmY ay:aygufvm&efrSm vGefpGmvdktyfaeygonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf) tdkvHypfrD;±_; pydefEdkifiHodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmonfudk óudqdkaom atmifqef;pk=unf. rdef‹cGef;tm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u 1992 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &ufae‹Y zwf=um;aepOf (aqmif;yg;tqufjyefvmonf) arG;&myg t&nftaoG;rsm;udk txl;c|efqHk;tqifhwkdif zHG‹òzd;apEdkifrnfh b0rsKd;twGuf pdwftcs&qHk;aom tajccHtkwfjrpfrSm +idrf;csrf;a&;yif jzpfygonf? zdESdyfr_a=umifh ydjym;pdwf+idrfaejcif;/ wzufowf w,loeftawG;tac:rsm; ydkufzufxm;onfh acgif;aqmifydkif;Y ya,m*a=umifh rv_yfr&Sm; +idrfoufaeonfh pdwftajctae[lonfh o±kyfysuftwkta,mif +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonfr[kwfyg? w&m;r#wr_/ *±k%mpdwf/ nDnmoifhjrwfr_/ yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_/ trsm;jynfol xdef;odrf;tyfaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;twdkif; &Sdoifh&Sdxdkufaom nDr#r_/ rdrdEkdifiHtay: xm;tyfaom wm0efodpdwfESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m todtjrifem;vnfr_rsm;udk r#watmifjrifatmif ðyvkyfr_ ponfwdk‹tay:wGif tajccHaom +idrf;csrf;a&;rsKd;udk qdkvdkygonf?

tdkvHypfrD;±_;wdkifonf trGefjrwfqHk;aom pHxm;csufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfqef;opfr_ESifh pdwf"mwfjyefvnfoef‹pifjrifhrm;apr_wdk‹. oauFwjzpfygonf? aemufwv=umaomtcgwGif ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifausmfu vlom;wdk‹. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk *k%fðyonfhtaejzifh pwifusif;ycJhaom tm;upm;yJGawmf}uD;udk Tae&mY acwfopftoGifjzifh usif;yygawmhrnf? 1992 ckESpf tdkvHypfyJGawmf}uD;Y EkdifiHwumtm;upm;pdwf"mwfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m em;vnfr_pdwf"mwfrsm; tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk‹ a&mufEkdifygap[k qkrGefaumif;ydk‹ovdkufygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh csrf;omokc&&Sda&;[laom ydkrdkus,fjyef‹onfh ±kef;uefr_}uD;Yvnf; urBmolurBmom;tm;vHk; atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;Ekdif=uygap[lonfh tvGefwefzdk;xm;&ygaom ar#mfvifhcsufudk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf &efukef

8-6-1992 13 ppfrSefaom vHkòcH&modk‹ tXrajrmuf ‘*|dKufpf yDtmpf’ txdrf;trSwfa[majymyJGwGif atmifqef;pk=unf udk,fpm; a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfu 1993 ckESpf ar 19 &ufae‹ atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfY zwf=um;aompmwrf;?

* * * 1993 ckESpf ‘*|Kdufpf yDtmpf’ txdrf;trSwfa[majymyJGY a[majym&ef ta=umif;=um;vmaomtcg usr rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf? ‘rpPfyDtmpf’ . vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;ta=umif;udk =um;odcJh&onfh twdwfumvrsm;/ txl;ojzifh usrtm; =uifemr_/ ulnDapmifha&Smufr_ ponfwdk‹udk oGefoifjyoay;cJhonfh cspfcif&if;ESD;&aom ‘av'Dyufx&pf&Sm *dk;bGwfof’ ESifh ‚if;.cifyGef; uG,fvGefol ‘aygvf’ wdk‹xHrS =um;od&onfh twdwfumvrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&rdojzifh aEG;axG;aom arwWm"gwfudk cHpm;rdygonf? Ta[majymyJGudk ‘tJvDZbuf bk&ifraqmif’ u urux ðyvkyfI usif;yrnf[k od&ojzifhvnf; usrtaeESifh txl;ESpfouf =unfEl;rdygonf? Tae&mYyif usronf ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGrsm;/ a[majymyJGrsm;udk wufa&mufI tusKd;jzpfxGef;aom tcsdefumvrsm;udk jzwfoef;cJh&+yD;/ urBmt&yf&yfrS yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifhvnf; awG‹qHkcJh&ygonf? atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvf. aygif;oif;qufqHr_/ wnf+idrfat;jrr_ESifh awG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_wdk‹udk awG‹óuHcJh&onfh ,if;tcsdefumvrsm;udk usr jyefvnfowd&rdygonf? xkd‹a=umifh ‘'kuQonfavhvma&;tpDtpOf’ ESifh ‘*|KdufpfyDtmpf txdrf;trSwf ESpfvnfa[majymyJGaumfrwD’ wdk‹tm; usrudk zdwfac:onfhtwGufwifomrubJ/ ‚if;wdk‹. zdwf=um;r_a=umifh ESpfouf=unfEl;zG,f&m twdwfumvrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&rdonfhtwGufyg aus;Zl;wifrdygonf? ‘*|KdufpfyDtmpf’ onf tcsdef&Sdor#/ pGrf;&nf&Sdor# 'kuQonfrsm;twGuf aqmif&GufcJhojzifh Ta[majymyJGY/ 'kuQonfrsm;ESifhoufqkdifaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ajym&ef rvdkawmh[k usr awG;rdygonf? 'kuQonfjy\emESifhywfoufI y&dowfrsm;taeESifh aumif;pGmod&Sd+yD; jzpfaernf[k xifygonf? usrtaeESifh Tta=umif;t&mESifhoufqkdifaom aemufqHk;wdk;wufjzpfxGef;r_rsm;udk tenf;i,fr#xuf ydkI od&SdEkdifaom tajctaewGif r&Sdojzifh Tta=umif;t&mudk udkifwG,f&ef wGef‹qkwfrdygonf?

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* * *

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arwWmw&m;/ qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh w&m;r#wr_}uD;pdk;aom vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;udk pdwful;,Ofar#mfrSef;cJh=uonfrSm vl‹,Ofaus;r_oufwrf;wav#mufvHk;yif jzpfygonf? Tar#mfvifhcsufonf pdwful;,Oftdyfruf jzpf&rnfavm/ 'kuQrsm;ajrmif Tvl‹abmifudk t+rJwrf; taumif;bufrSjrifaom ‘umvfayghyg;’ u tarSmifonf ,cifuwnf;u &SdaecJhaomfvnf; tvif;a&mif ay:aygufvmonfrSm r=umao;[k qdkygonf? ay:xGef;pjzpfaom tvif;a&mifudk w,kw, =unfh±_apmifha&Smuf&rnf jzpfygonf? tao;i,fqHk;aom tvif;a&mifudkyif urBmwcGifvHk;&Sd tarSmifxku uG,faysmufatmif rvkyfEkdifyg? tarSmif[lonfrSm vHk;0uif;rJhjcif;oabmudk aqmifygonf? tarSmif[lonfrSm tvif;a&mifr&Sdjcif;om jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ao;i,faom tvif;a&mifonf us,fjyef‹pGm 0dkif;&Hxm;aom tarSmifxkudk ròzdcGif;Ekdifyg? Ttvif;a&mifav; ydkrdk xGef;vif;awmufyvmEkdif&eftwGuf tm;aumif;&ef vdktyfygonf? Ttvif;a&mifudk cspfjrwfEdk;vmEkdif&eftwGuf 'kuQa0'em[k oabmrxm;bJ aumif;r_r*Fvmtjzpf ESvHk;oGif;I usifhom;&atmif=unfhzdk‹ vdktyfygonf? urBmay:wGif rSDwif;aexkdifol tm;vHk;tm; vHkòcHr_ tvHktavmufay;Ekdifaom ydkrdkxGef;vif;onfh urBmavmuudk usrwdk‹ tvGefyif vdktyfvsuf&Sdygonf?

(a':atmifqef;pk=unf "gwfyHkvmygonf?)

(pmrsufESmwckvHk; wif&rnfacgif;pOf)

tydkif;-c 1988 =o*kwfvrS 1989 Zlvkdifvtxd

ajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;

14 a&$wd*kHapwDawmf taemufrkcf vlxkpnf;a0;yJG &efukefòrd‹Y =o*kwfv 26 &uf 1988 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

* * *

&[ef;&Sifvl jynfolvlxktaygif;wdk‹/ tck vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ qENudk

wurBmvHk;uodap&ef xkwfazmfjyovdkufwmygyJ? tJh'Dawmh 'Dvlxk tpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;rSm jynfolvlxk[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ nDnDnGwfnGwf quf+yD; vkyfoGm;=uyg&ap? tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; wem&DeD;yg; aemufuswmudkvnf; usr awmif;yefygw,f? 'DudkvmwJhtcgrSm vrf; tifrwef ydwfaewma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ ra&mufvmEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f?

'Duae‹ usif;ywJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;uawmh jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk &csifaewJhqEN jyif;jyaewma=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usif;y&wJh tpnf;ta0;}uD;jzpfygw,f? tck tpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; jzpfEkdifwJhtajctaeudk b,folawGup+yD; OD;aqmifwmvJqdkawmh Armjynfu ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;taygif; jzpfygw,f? 'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;&JŒ OD;aqmifr_a=umifh 'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;[m touftaocH+yD; OD;aqmifay;wma=umifhrdk‹ usrwdk‹ 'Dvdktpnf;ta0;}uD;vkyfEkdifwJh tajctaea&mufcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ toufaysmufoGm;wJh ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk wrdepfcef‹ *k%fðy+yD;aemuf tr#a0wJhtaeeJ‹ tm;vHk; wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf +idrf+idrf wrdepfcef‹ aeapcsifygw,f?

tcrf;tem;rª;. toH (usqHk;oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tav;ðyaomtm;jzifh wrdepf +idrfoufyg&ef arwWm&yfcHygonf cifAsm;)

tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tm;vHk; 'DrSma&mufaewJh vlxky&dowf}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ar#mfrSef;+yD;awmh 'DrSma&mufaew,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufzdk‹&mrSm vlxktm;vHk;u pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;/ nDnDnGwfnGwf/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ csDwufrSyJ a&mufEdkifrSmyg?

("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf) tay: - armifaomfu (OD;baomf-uG,fvGef)/ atmifqef;pk=unfESifh cifoDwmxGef; =o*kwffv 24 &uf 1988 ckESpfY &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;a&SŒwGif rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf atmuf - 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &uf a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf (rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf)

'DudpPrSm usr tcef;u¾udkvnf; eJeJ&Sif;jyyg&ap? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh vltaygif;u usrta=umif; odyf+yD;awmh rod=uygbl;? rod=uwJhtcgusawmh odcsifwJhqENawGvnf; &Sdygw,f? 'guvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? odawmhvnf; odxdkufygw,f? tJh'Dawmh wcsKdŒuvnf; ajym=uw,f? usr[m EdkifiHjcm;rSm aew,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusaew,f? ArmjynfEkdifiHa&;ta=umif; bmodovJvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? yxr usr 'Duaep+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'gav;twGufa=umifheJ‹ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkeJ‹rS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?

aemufwck ajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ta=umif; bmrS em;rvnfbl;wJh? wu,fawmh em;vnfvGef;vdk‹ cufaewmyJ? ArmEdkifiHa&; b,favmuf±_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D±_yfaxG;r_'%fudk azaz b,favmufcHcJh&w,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rdom;pk todqHk;ygyJ? azaz[m pdwfyef;udk,fyef;eJ‹ 'DEkdifiHa&;udk vkyfaqmifvmwm[m bmtusKd;pnf;pdrfrS rcHpm;cJh&ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹vnf; vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if xyf+yD;awmh tm%mvkwJh EdkifiHa&;rsKd;udk qufrvkyfbl;qdkwm azaz twdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?

'Dvdk ajymoGm;wmrsKd;a=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrvnf; EkdifiHa&;avmueJ‹ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifygw,f? tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ‹ tckrS 'Dta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvdk‹ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f? tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ‹qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf; azazh&JŒorD;vkyf+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdk‹rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk‹ ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDvGwfvyfa&;udk wrsKd;om;vHk; vdkcsifwJhqEN jyif;jyvGef;vdk‹ jzpfay:vmwJh wdkufyJG}uD; jzpfygw,f?

'Drdkua&pDeJ‹ywfouf&if azazajymcJhwJh tcsufuav;wckudk usr zwfjycsifygw,f? 'Dtcsufuawmh “usaemfwdk‹[m 'Drdkua&pD0g'udkom acwfpm;atmifvkyf&r,f? tJh'D 0g'rsKd;t&om vGwfvyfwJh ArmEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifatmif óud;pm;&r,f? 'grsKd;rvkyfEkdif&if usaemfwdk‹jrefrmjynfu vlawGvnf; epfemr,f? usaemfwdk‹jynfudkvnf; urBmu =unfhaevdk‹ r&wJhwae‹ *syefeJ‹ *smr%D 0dkif;+yD; tESdrfcH&ovdk tESdrfcH&r,fqdkwmudk owd&Sd=u&r,f? 'Drdkua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ‹ qDavsmfw,f? 'D 0g'om +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f” tJh'g[m azazajymcJhwJh pum;awGyg?

("gwfyHkvmygonf)

1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 26 &ufae‹ a&$wd*HkapwDawmfY rdef‹cGef;ajym=um;pOf

(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf) 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr[m usr&JŒtaz tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pD vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJGudk

0ifvdk‹EJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if bmrqdk jzpfEkdifygw,f? rnDnGwf&if bmrS rwwfEkdifbl;?

jynfolvlxk[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ r&SdEkdifvkd‹&Sd&if b,f0g'yJjzpfjzpf wkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ray;Ekdifbl;? tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;pJGrSwfxm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? pnf;urf;r&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; b,f0g'rS ratmifEkdifygbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ wkdif;oljynfom;awG[m nDnGwfzdk‹/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ t+rJvdkygw,f?

'DnDnGwfzdk‹ta=umif;awG ajymaewkef;rSm usrwdk‹ wckyJajymcsifygw,f? ,ck usrajymoGm;wJhpum;awGxJrSm wcsKdŒuvnf; oabmusr,fhpum;vnf; ygr,f/ rusr,fh pum;awGvnf; ygr,f? 'gayr,fh usrtaeeJ‹uawmh jynfolvlxkudk rSefrSefuefuefajymoifhw,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfw,f? usrpdwfxJrSm&Sdovdk rSefrSefuefuef ajymoGm;rSmyJ? óuduf&ifvnf; axmufcH=uyg/ róuduf&ifvnf; usrpdwfxJrSm rSefwJhtwdkif;vkyfwmyJ? róudufwmawmh b,fvdkrS rwwfEkdifbl;? usr wckajymcsifwm[m tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxkt=um;xJrSm pdwf0rf;uJGae=uygw,f? 'Dpdwf0rf;uJGr_}uD;[m aemifwkdif;jynftwGuf tEW&m,ftrsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkifygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfqdkwm usrtaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfyg?

azaz ðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfqdkwm pum;t&om r[kwfygbl;? tppftrSefygyJ? azazudk,fwkdif ca&aphwGif;us atmufajcuaep+yD;awmh 'Dwyfrawmfudk b,fvdkxlaxmif&r,fqdkwm ol‹vufa&;eJ‹ a&;xm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;awGvnf; &Sdygw,f? azazu wyfrawmftwGuf bm&nfrSef;csufawG &SdcJhovJ? tJh'D &nfrSef;csufwckavmuf usr zwfjyyg&ap?

“'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEdkifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awG udk;uG,f&m/ vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqdkwJh taersKd; jzpf&r,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfbJ wyfrawmfu EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdk&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufawG[m tvum; jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ?”

usr rSefrSefyJ ajymyg&ap? usr[m wyfrawmftay:rSm tifrwef oHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f? azazwnfaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfvnf;jzpfw,f? usrwdk‹qdkwmvnf; i,fi,fuwnf;u &JabmfawGvufxJrSm }uD;vmwmygyJ? jynfolvlxk}uD;uvnf; azazhtay:rSm tifrwef arwWm&Sdw,fqdkwm usr odygw,f? 'DarwWmawGtwGufvnf; usr tifrwef aus;Zl;wifygw,f? azazðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfeJ‹ azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&SdwJh vlxk}uD;xJrSm yÉdyuQ rjzpfapcsifygbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; usr 'DuaeyJ arwWm&yfcHyg&ap? vlxktm;udk;EkdifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? wkdif;jynf&JŒ *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;EdkifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? jynfolvlxkuvnf; jzpf+yD;cJhwJh[mawGudk óud;pm;cGifhv$wf+yD;awmh wyfrawmftay:rSm arwWmrysufygapeJ‹vdk‹ awmif;yefyg&ap? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ qufvufoGm;rSom wnfwHhckdif+rJwJh jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif}uD;udk a&mufEdkifrSmyg? tck ra&mufao;ygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudkawmif ra&mufao;ygbl;? ra&mufcifu uJGuJGjym;jym; r&SdygeJ‹? tm;vHk; wnDwnGwfwnf; 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk OD;wnf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uyg? tJh'Dvdk csDwufoGm;wJhae&mrSm +idrf;csrf;wJhenf;vrf;udk oHk;apcsifygw,f? vlrsKd;wrsKd;[m EdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;taygif;wdk‹[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹/ +idrf;csrf;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ udk,fvdkwJhqENawGudk jznfhpGrf;Ekdifw,fqdkwm tifrwef*k%foduQmeJ‹jynfhpHkwJh tðytrljzpfygw,f?

'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk‹&JŒ vuf±Hk;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD/ tckvnf; quf+yD;awmh olwdk‹&JŒ ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?

'Dausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; tcsif;csif; nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ quf+yD; vufwJGoGm;zdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? tckqdk&if ausmif;om;awGxJrSmvnf; tzJG‹tpnf;awG &Sd=uygw,f? 'DtzJG‹tpnf;awG[m tm;vHk;pk±Hk;+yD;awmh wnDwnGwfwnf; jzpfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'D[mtwGufvnf;

ausmif;om;nDvmcHwck ac:r,fvdk‹ usr =um;aeygw,f? 'DnDvmcH}uD; jzpfay:wJhtcgus&if ausmif;om;awGtm;vHk; wpkwpnf;wnf;jzpfoGm;ygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;vdkufygw,f?

ausmif;om;av;awGu usrudk ar;=uw,f? usr&JŒaemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; &SdaeovJ/ 'DEkdifiHa&;orm;awG[m usrudk óud;qJG+yD;awmh olwdk‹udk eif;oGm;rSm pdk;&drfw,fvdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymwm usr tifrwef0rf;omw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tifrwef yGifhvif;w,f? oG,f0dkufwJh pum;awG rajymwwfbl;? usruvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ jyef+yD;awmh ajymvdkufygw,f? usraemufrSm b,fEkdifiHa&;orm;rS r&Sdygbl;? usr tckvkyfaewJh vkyfief;[mawmh jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDjzpfajrmufa&; vkyfief;ygyJ? 'Drdkua&pD jzpfajrmufa&;twGufudk 0dkif;+yD;awmh ulnDcsifygw,fqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awG &Sdygw,f? tJh'D EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;}uD;awGudk usruawmh &Sif;&Sif;yJ ajymxm;ygw,f? 'DvdkulnDvdk‹ aemif EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfr,fqdk&if usr vHk;vHk;raxmufcHbl;qdkwm tckuwnf;u usr ajymxm;ygw,f?

jynfolvlxka&SŒrSm usr jyef+yD;awmh ajymygr,f? 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnDwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awG[m aemifEdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfzdk‹ óud;yrf;&if usrudk,fwkdif wuf+yD;awmh 'Dvl}uD;awGudk ±_wfcsay;yghr,f?

aemufwckuawmh usrwdk‹wdkif;jynfrSm vl}uD;eJ‹vli,f =um;xJrSm uGJuGmr_awG &Sdygw,f? tJh'DuJGuGmr_awGudkvnf; ajz&Sif;zdk‹vdkygw,f? vli,fawGu vli,fawG/ vl}uD;awGu vl}uD;awG qdkwJh pdwfxm;awG jzpfaeygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ tiftm;[m wae‹xufwae‹ }uD;vmyg+yD? 'Dvdk}uD;vmvdk‹vnf; ydk+yD;awmh pnf;eJ‹urf;eJ‹ xdef;zdk‹vdkygw,f? pnf;r&SdwJh tiftm;/ trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh tiftm;qdkwm b,fawmhrS aumif;usKd; ray;Ekdifygbl;?

trsm;twGufyg tEW&m,fjzpfEkdifygw,f? tJh'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ trSefw&m;eJ‹ udkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udkyJ quf+yD;awmh oHk;=uyg? trSefw&m;eJ‹ rudkufnDwJh pGrf;tm;udk roHk;ygeJ‹? tckvlxkbufuae tm;}uD;aewJhtcsdefrSm tm;i,fwJh tpkt0dkif;udkvnf; EdkifhxufpD;eif; rvkyf=uygeJ‹? 'Dvdk EkdifhxufpD;eif;vkyfwm[m tusifhraumif;ygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ *k%foduQmudkvnf; usqif;apygvdrfhr,f? jynfolvlxkbufuae+yD;awmh cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh oabmxm;&Sdw,fqdkwmudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifay:ygap? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[m tm;vHk; jynfolvlxktaygif;u bmudk vdkvm;aeovJqdkwm pOf;pm;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if t"dutcsufuawmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vdkvm;ae=uygw,f? wygwDpepfudk ðzwfcscsif=uygw,f?

aemuf tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if orw a'gufwmarmifarmif[m vlxkqENcH,lyJGusif;yzdk‹/ rusif;yzdk‹ nDvmcHac:r,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f? usrtaeeJ‹ ajym&&ifawmh 'DvlxkqENcH,lyJG[m rvdkawmhygbl;? wwdkif;jynfvHk;&JŒ qEN[m uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:aeyg+yD? tm;vHk;[m ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepfudkyJ vdkvm;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS ay:vGifaeyg+yD? 'Dpepfudk tjrefqHk;jzpfay:vmEkdifzdk‹ vkyfay;zdk‹[m ,ck tm%mydkiftpdk;&awG&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?

yef;wdkifudk ra&mufao;bl;qdkwm rarh=uygeJ‹? 'Drkdua&pD&wJh tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if b,fvdkjynfaxmifpk}uD;udk wnfwHhckdif+rJatmif b,fvdkvkyf&r,fqdkwmudk pOf;pm;xm;=uygOD;? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk a&SŒ±_=uyg? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfudk rawG;vdk‹&Sd&if tckvufiif; jzpfay:vmwJh ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awGuvnf; udk,fhwkdif;jynfudk tusKd;ay;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh azazajymcJhovdk usrwdk‹ EdkifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m pnf;urf;±dkaozdk‹/ nDnGwfzdk‹qdkwmudk b,fESpfcgyJajymajym ajymvdk‹udk rukefEdkifatmif ajym&r,fhudpP}uD;wck jzpfaeygw,f?

tck usrwdk‹[m vlxkqENcH,lyJG}udD; rvdkawmhygbl;? ygwDpHk 'Drkdua&pDpepfudkyJ vdkvm;ygw,f? 'D[mudk jrefjrefjzpfatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D[m jzpfay:vmatmifvdk‹ w&m;r#wwJh/ oef‹&Sif;wJh a&G;aumufyJGudkvnf; jrefjrefqefqef jzpfEkdifatmif vkyfay;=uyg? 'D oef‹&Sif;wJh/ w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfEkdifzdk‹ tajctaeudkvnf; zefwD;ay;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if

jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&tay:rSm t,Hkt=unf tifrwefrS ysufaew,f? tJh'Dawmh[m oef‹&Sif;pif=u,fwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJG jzpfay:vmzdk‹ta&;udk tu,fIrsm; b,fvdkjzpfatmif vkyf&rvJ/ vkyfay;zdk‹&m aumif;ygw,f?

t"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh 'Dtpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/ =um;jzwftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;/ aemuftpdk;&vnf; r[kwfbl;? jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJ om,m0ajyma&;twGuf vkyfay;EkdifwJh tpdk;&ygyJ? 'Dt"duudpPtay:rSm rsufajcrjywfygapeJ‹? wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;udk rarhygeJ‹? arhoGm;vdk‹&Sd&if tck&&SdwJh atmifjrifr_[m aemifus qHk;±_H;r_ jzpfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? tck usrwdk‹ b,ftajctaerSm a&mufae+yDvJ/ yef;wdkifudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jrifaeyg+yD? jrifaewJh yef;wdkifudk tm;vHk; vufwJG+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uygpdk‹/ pdwf0rf;ruJG=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awGbufu txl; pdwf0rf;ruJGzdk‹ vdkygw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGudk pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvnf; xdk;qGray;=uygeJ‹? ausmif;om;av;awG[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ tem*wf acgif;aqmifay;r,fh vli,fav;awG jzpf=uygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG&JŒ pdwf"mwf usatmifvkyfvdkufr,fqdk&if aemif wkdif;jynf nDnGwfa&;twGufvnf; xdyg;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f?

nDnGwfa&;ta=umif; ajymaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkta=umif; c%avmuf ajymvdkufyg&ap? vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vHk;[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tck vlrsm;pk/ vlrsm;pkuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awG jzpfygw,f? vlrsm;pk jrefrmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh wkdif;&if;om;awGeJ‹ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;jzpfzdk‹ tvGefóud;pm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? ukd,fu tm;&SdaewJhvl/ udk,fu tm;rsm;aewJhvlrdk‹vdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tm;rsm;aewJhvlqdkwm tm;enf;aewJhvludk tpOft+rJav#mh+yD;awmh n‡may;zdk‹vdkygw,f? tJh'Dae&mrSm 'DwygwDpepfudk axmufcHaewJhvlawGeJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usr wckajymyg&ap? ygwD0ifaygif; tajrmuftjrm; 'DygwDtay:rSm t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhbl;qdkwm usr odygw,f? t,Hkt=unfr&Sdawmhvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; 'DygwDu xGufvdkuf=uyg? ygwD0ifu'fjym;awGvnf; jyeftyfvdkuf=uyg?

'gayr,hfvnf; olwdk‹&JŒ t,Hkt=unft& ygwD0iftaeeJ‹ quf+yD; xrf;aqmifaewJh vlawGudkvnf; tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm rm;rm;rwfrwf udk,fh,Hk=unfcsufudk,f&SdEkdifwJh pepfrsKd; jzpfygw,f? olwdk‹u quf+yD;,Hk=unfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tEW&m,frðy=uygeJ‹? udk,fhbmom udk,fvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudkom nDnDnGwfnGwfwufyg? udk,fu tm;}uD;aevdk‹ tm;enf;wJhvludk jyef+yD; uvJhpm;acswJhudpPrsKd; rjzpfay:ygapeJ‹? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹rSef;xm;wJh tcsdefxuf trsm;}uD; tcsdefvGefoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh usr pOf;pm;xm;wmxuf eJeJ ydk+yD;awmh twdkcsKH;+yD;awmh ajym&r,fh tajctaersKd; jzpfaeyg+yD? 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJGudk aemufqHk; usr ajymcsifwmuawmh usrwdk‹vlxk[m nDnGwfzdk‹ vdkygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f? trSefw&m;eJ‹ udkufnDwJhpGrf;tm;udk quf+yD;oHk;oGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? tJh'Dvdk oHk;oGm;rSom usrwdk‹vdkwJh yef;wdkifudk a&mufEdkifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usr tEl;tnGwf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk awmif;yefyg&ap?

jynfolvlxktm;vHk; nDnGwf=uygap? pnf;urf;&Sdygap? trSefw&m;eJ‹udkufnDwJh vlrsKd;w&yfjzpfygap? jynfolvlxktm;vHk; ab;b,mtjzmjzmrS a0;uGm=uygap? aemufqHk;taeeJ‹ usrwdk‹&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHuawmh

* qENcH,lyJG rvdkr&Sd * wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf * ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmuf=u * w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay; qdkwJh aºuG;a=umfoHygyJ?

tcrf;tem;rª; jynfolvlxk}uD;cifAsm;/ tck a':atmifqef;pk=unf tqdkðycsuftay:rSm usaemfwdk‹

vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; tqHk;tjzwfudk cH,lzdk‹ jzpfygw,f? tqdkðycsuf (1)

jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG vlxkvlwef;pm;aygif;pHkyg0ifI tzrf;cH aoG;ajruscH+yD; wygwDpepf zsufodrf;a&;eJ‹ ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufa&;wdk‹udk wcJeuf qENðycJh=u+yDjzpfI xdkudpPtwGuf vlxkqENcH,lyJG usif;yðyvkyfay;&ef rvdktyfawmh+yDjzpfa=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ tqdkðycsufudk vlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?

(axmufcHygw,f) 3

tqdkðycsuf (2) jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESifhwuG &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;rS wcJeuf

qENjycJh=u+yD;jzpfaoma=umifh wygwDpepfudk zsufodrf;+yD;awmh ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepfjzifh tpm;xkd;wnfaqmuf=u&efom&Sda=umif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðycJhygw,f? 'Dtqdkudk axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?

(axmufcHygw,f) 3

tqdkðycsuf (3) jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;tm; udk,fpm;ðy&aom jynfol‹udk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSefrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm

a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufEkdif&ef w&m;r#w oef‹&Sif;aom taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG}uD;udk tjrefqHk; usif;yEkdifa&;twGuf =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay;&eftqdkukd a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tqdkðyygw,f? jynfolvlxk}uD;u axmufcHygovm;cifAsm;?

(axmufcHygw,f) 3 usaemf tck 'Dtpnf;ta0;yJG}uD;&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHudk wdkifay;yghr,f? * qENcH,lyJG tvdkr&Sd/ tvdkr&Sd * wygwDpepf zsufodrf;ypf * ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfaqmufay; * w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJG tjrefqHk; usif;yay; * =um;jzwftpdk;& zJG‹pnf;ay; [laom aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk tcrf;tem;rª; OD;xGef;a0rSwkdifay;I

vlxky&dowf}uD;u wcJeuf aºuG;a=umfI eHeuf 11 em&D 30 rdepftcsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;}uD;udk atmifjrifpGm ±kyfodrf;vdkufygonf?

15

'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;ESifh jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾

68 }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹txdrf;trSwf =o0g'cH,lyJGY trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; a':atmifqef;pk=unf a[majymrdef‹=um;csuf 3-12-88

* * * ckvdk (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹tcrf;tem;udk zdwfac:wmudk aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

trsKd;om;ae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹awmh tcrf;tem;rª;u ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif; trsKd;om;ae‹qdkwm 1920 ckESpfwkef;u ausmif;om;oydwf}uD; pcJhwJhae‹jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;oydwfudk a&$wd*Hkbk&m;rSm paeaxmifhuae+yD;awmh wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10) &ufae‹rSm oydwfpzkd‹ oabmwlvdkuf=uw,f? tJh'Dawmh wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10) &ufae‹[m trsKd;om;ae‹qdk+yD;awmh owfrSwfvdkufygw,f? trsKd;om;ae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ xkwfvdkufwJh a=unmcsuf[m tck usrwdk‹ jyefzwf=unfhvdkufwJhtcgusawmh cktcsdeftcgeJ‹ tifrwefrS oifhavsmfaeygw,f? tJh'ga=umifh usr 'gudk eJeJav; zwfjycsifygw,f? 'gu oydwfarSmufaumifpD. 1920 jynfh 'DZifbmv 8 &ufae‹pJGjzifh wkdif;jynfodk‹ xkwfjyefonfh a=unmcsufwJh?

“wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;odk‹ - &efukefaumvdyfESifh ,k'\efaumvdyf&Sd usaemfwdk‹ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;wdk‹onf tqHk;Y

b,fvdkjzpfrnfudk aocsmrod&ao;aom udpPwckudk pwifðyvkyf=uygonf? odk‹&mwGif usaemfwdk‹onf w&m;enf;vrf;rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefckdif+rJpGm od&Sd&ygonf? usaemfwdk‹onf wwdkif;wjynfvHk; u|efwGif;u rnfonfhtcgrS rvGwfruif;Ekdifv#if AsL±dku&ufwdk‹onf ody`Hausmif;Oya'udk xkacszsufqD;&ef t}uH&Sdygonf? usaemfwdk‹ wkdif;jynfom;wdk‹. pdwftm;xufoefaom tultnDtm;jzifh vli,frsm;wdk‹u ckcHòzdzsufjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;jynfudk u,fq,fzdk‹&ef enf;vrf;r&Sd[k ,Hk=unfygonf? usaemfwdk‹onf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vltrsm;wdk‹. ynmtqDtESpfESifhjynfhpHkaom ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfrnfudk &nfoefI ulnDapmifr&ef awmif;yefajym=um;ygonf? usaemf

("gwfyHkrsm; vmygonf?)

1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf

(rdef‹cGef;tqufvmygonf) wdk‹pdwfxJ pJG+rJpGm ,Hk=unfaom Tvkyfief;}uD;onf wkdif;jynfY vdktyfaom tcsuf}uD;wckudk xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;yif rnfygonf? Tum; tjcm;r[kwf? trsKd;om;ody`Hausmif;}uD;aywnf;? xdkausmif;}uD;rS jrefrmEdkifiH. om;orD;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfaom ynm&yfrsm;udk &Ekdifayonf? tdENd,EkdifiHY trsKd;om;ausmif;awG tvdktavsmuf ay:aygufvm=uay&m jrefrmEdkifiHuvnf; aemufrus&atmif jrefrmwdk‹onf EkdifiHom;ppfI cspfcJhygv#if b,feHa&mtcgr# rwnfaxmifEkdifbJ &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg? pdwfygvufygvkyfv#if rkcsjzpfygvdrfhrnf?”

'Dwkef;uawmh ajymwmuawmh 'DwuUodkvfudpPeJ‹ywfouf+yD;awmh ajymwmyJ? 'gayrJh ajymoGm;wJhtoHk;tE_ef;awGu tck 'Drdkua&pDwkdufyJGtwGuf oHk;r,fqdk&ifvnf; tifrwef oifhavsmfygw,f? 'D[m aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,f rodayr,fhvnf; udk,fwwfEkdifor# rSefuefa=umif;udk aumif;rGefpGm/ cdkif+rJpGm od&SdI vkyfygonfqdkwm/ tck 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? aemif b,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwmvnf; rodbl;? aemifb,fvdkjzpfr,fqdkwm rodbJeJ‹ 'DwkdufyJG0if&jcif;[m rSefuefw,f/ oifhavsmfw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfvdk‹ tm;vHk;0ifcJh=uwmyJ? 'ga=umifh 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD&rSmvm;/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJG vkyfrSmvm;vdk‹ ar;&ifvnf; usr 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymw,f? jzpfrSm/ rjzpfrSmudk rpOf;pm;aeygeJ‹/ udk,f rSefwmuefwmudkvkyfwm vkyfvdkufyg? 'D aemuftusKd;qufawG[m ol‹zmomol jzpfvmygvdrfhr,f? tJh'DrSm udk,fh&JŒwm0efuawmh rSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹yJ? 'D 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;0ifvm+yDqdkuwnf;u usrwdk‹ atmifyJGcHEdkifw,fqdkwJh ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sdvdk‹om 0ifvmwmyJ? Oyrmtm;jzifhqdkvdk‹&Sd&if òydifyJGwck 0ifòydifwJhvl[m Ekdifr,fxifvdk‹ òydifwmyJ? xDxdk;wJhvlqdkwmvnf; xDaygufEkdifwJhudef; &Sdw,fxifvdk‹ xdk;vdkufwmyJ? b,folurSawmh rEdkifbl;xifvdk‹&Sd&if 0ifòydifrSmr[kwfbl;? rjzpfEkdifbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if

óud;pm;+yD;vkyfrSmr[kwfbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pD[m atmifjrifEkdifvm;vdk‹ar;&if usruawmh rSefrSefuefuefyJ atmifjrifEdkifw,fvdk‹ jyefajz&rSmyJ? atmifjrifEdkifw,fxifvdk‹om 'DwkdufyJGrSm ygaewmyJ? 'Dtwdkif;yJ ausmif;om;vli,ftm;vHk;[mvnf; 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGxJ 0ifaewJhtcgus&if atmifjrifEkdifr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGxm;+yD;awmh qufvuf+yD; vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh tifrwefrS ±kef;uefzdk‹&Sdygao;w,f? óud;pm;zdk‹ &Sdygao;w,f? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;&r,fqdkwm[m tckvydkif;udk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? ESpfydkif;eJ‹udk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefóud;pm;oGm;&rSmyg? 'Da&G;aumufyJGjzpfvdk‹ a&G;aumufyJG0ifòydifvdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDbufu tEkdif&&ifawmifrS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m r+yD;ao;ygbl;? ±kef;uefoGm;&r,fh tcsdef[m rukefao;ygbl;? quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&rSmygyJ? tJh'Dausmif;om;vli,frsm;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if touf (20) 0ef;usif&Sd=urSmaygh? touf (20) 0ef;usif&SdwJh vlrsm;[m ArmawG&JŒ oufwrf;qdk&if tck 60 avmuf&Sdr,f? usrwdk‹ 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm usef;rma&;awGbmawG aumif;oGm;vdk‹ (70) avmuftxd &SdoGm;r,fqdkygawmh/ 'Dvdkqdk&if aemiftESpf (50) avmufudk quf+yD;awmh ±kef;uefoGm;&r,f? 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm woufvHk;xdef;odrf;oGm;rS &Sifoefr,fhudpPyg? vlwa,muf&JŒ usef;rma&;vdkaygh? i,fi,fwkef;u udk,fhtaztaru aumif;aumif;au|;arG;xm;vdk‹/ aumif;aumif;=unfhxm;vdk‹ usef;usef;rmrm&Sdayr,fh udk,fu touf}uD;vmwJhtcgusawmh jzpfovdkaer,f/ jzpfovdkpm;r,fqdk&if usef;rma&;u csKdŒwJhoGm;rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDpepf&Sifoefa&;qdkwm woufvHk;vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m udk,fhwoufwmrSm udk,fhwkdif;jynftusKd; aqmif&GufoGm;r,fqdkwJh pdwf"gwfeJ‹vkyfoGm;r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfrSm bmrSqkwf,kwfEkdifp&mta=umif; r&Sdygbl;? 'Dvdk 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vufwJGvkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD;awmh ac:oGm;csifygw,f? vufwJGw,fqdkwmvnf; rwJGcsif/ wJGcsif wJGenf;rsKd;udk ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? udk,faygif;pdwfcGmr[kwfygbl;? pdwfwloabmwlvufwJG+yD; csDwufoGm;wJhenf;rsKd;udk usrwdk‹ ajymvdkygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'Dae‹uaep+yD;awmh 'Dae‹[m trsKd;om;ae‹jzpfw,f/ trsKdom;ae‹rSm trsKd;om;a&;twGuf tm;vHk;uae aqmif&GufoGm;ygr,fqdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk csapcsifygw,f? trsKd;om;a&;qdkwm wkdif;jynf&JŒaumif;usKd;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;/ jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;&JŒ trsm;pk}uD;&JŒ aumif;usKd; vkyf&r,fhudpPjzpfygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdktrsKd;om;a&;udk vkyfwJhtcgusvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dyk*~KdvfpJGwdk‹/ qENpJGwdk‹ r&Sdzdk‹qdkwm usrwdk‹&JŒ tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'xJrSmvnf; ygygw,f? tJh'Dawmh yk*~KdvfpJGawG rxm;=uygeJ‹/ 'g aumif;wJh tpOftvmawG r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ qufoGm;&r,fh c&D;rSm tifrwefrS apwemoef‹oef‹/ pdwfoef‹oef‹eJ‹ vkyfoGm;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh vlwkdif;udk usrajymw,f? jrifhjrifh}uHyg? tjrifhqHk;}uHyg? óud;pm;&if bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ qdk±dk;&Sdyga&mvm;? bmhvdk‹ r}uHEkdif&rSmvJ? óud;pm;&if ±kd;±kd;omrefvl/ jrwfpGmbk&m;qdkwmvnf; omrefvlygyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;awmifrS 'Dvdk bk&m;jzpfatmif usifh}uHEkdif&if vlawG[m jrifhjrifh}uHEdkifygw,f? udk,f[m woufvHk; trSefw&m;t& vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwJhudpP[m rjzpfEkdifwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? jzpfEkdifwJhudpPyg? wcsKdŒu xifw,f? vlyJuGm/ trSm;awmh&SdrSmyg? ykxkZOfyJ? 'gawGudk usrawmh vufrcHbl;? ykxkZOfvlom;rdk‹vdk‹udk óud;pm;+yD;awmh trSefw&m;eJ‹ ae&r,f? owW0gawGrS r[kwfbJ? wd&p>mefawGawmifrS trSm;/ trSefukd odygw,f/ [kwfvm;? opPm&SdwJhae&mrSmqdk&if acG;vdkwd&p>mefudk vlawGu rvdkufEkdifbl;? acG;[m vlxufydk+yD; opPm&Sdw,fqdkwm vlwkdif;odw,f? acG;vdk wd&p>mefwaumifawmif opPm&SdEkdifw,fqdk&if vlrsm;[m bmjzpfvdk‹ opPmr&SdEdkif&rSmvJ? opPmrJhwm vlawGyJ? vlawGxJrSmqdk&if opPmw&m;[m tifrwefeJw,fvdk‹ ajymvdk‹&Sd&if rSefvnf;rSefw,f/ opPmw&m;[m pOf;pm;=unfh&if opPmqdkwJhpum;[m pum;vHk;u tifrwefvSovdk t"dy`m,fvnf; tifrwefvSw,f? tJh'Dvdk opPm&Sd&SdeJ‹ tm;vHk;u vkyfoGm;rS usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf wdk;wufvmrSmyg? 'Dvdk wdkif;jynfwdk;wufrS aemifvmaemufom;rsm;[m *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ urBmhtv,frSm &yfwnfEkdifr,f? tJh'Dawmh 'D[mudk ar#mfudk;+yD;awmh 'Dae‹up+yD;awmh 'Dae‹ (68) }udrfajrmuf trsKd;om;ae‹up+yD;awmh

usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m trsKd;om;a&;twGuf udk,fwwfEdkifor# aqmif&GufoGm;=ur,fvdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uygvdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? 'Drkdua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf vkyfaewJhvlrSefor#udk usrwdk‹u vufwJG+yD; ac:oGm;csifygw,f?

16

owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 3

&efukefòrd‹Y 26-3-1989 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

* * * 'Dowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJvkyf&wJh ta=umif;uawmh tckwavm vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfeJ‹

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'geJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr b,fvdkjrifvJqdkawmh tJh'Dae‹utjzpftysufudk usr wcsdefvHk; odygw,f? pjzpfuwnf;u usr 'Duae=um;aew,f? uav;awG [dkrSmeJeJqlqlylyljzpfw,fqdkwmeJ‹ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; +yD;oGm;atmifvdk‹ vdkuf+yD;awmh vkyfwmyJ? uav;awGudk usrwdk‹udk,fwkdifvnf; vdkufxdef;w,f? vli,ftcsif;csif;vnf; vdkufxdef;w,f? aemuf+yD;awmh +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ vlpkcJGzdk‹qdkwm tJh'DrSmvm+yD;awmh wm0ef,lwJhwyfrawmft&m&Sdudk trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfxJu wm0ef&SdwJhyk*~Kdvfrsm;u oGm;a&muf+yD;awmh at;at;csrf;csrf; jzpfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJhw,f? tJh'Dvkdvkyfwmudk wm0ef&SdwJh wyfrawmfyk*~Kdvfrsm;u od&Sdvsufom;eJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfeJ‹ jrefrmhtoHuae+yD;awmh v_H‹aqmfw,fqdkwJh oabmeJ‹ a&;vJqdkwm trsm;}uD;ar;p&mudk jzpfaeygw,f?

wyfrawmfu wm0ef&SdwJhyk*~KdvfeJ‹ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu wm0ef&SdwJh yk*~Kdvfuae oGm;+yD;awmh +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ vlpkcJGa&;twGuf óud;pm;wm[m trsm;todyJ? tJh'Dawmh wrifoufouf usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk tjypf&SmcsifwJhoabm[m tifrwefudk xif&Sm;aeygw,f? 'gwifruao;bl;? rae‹ujzpfwJh udpPawGrSmvnf; xdkenf;‚if;ygyJ?

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wyfom;rsm;u 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk oHql;óud;rsm;ywf+yD;awmh udkifxm;w,f? tJh'gvnf; trsm;}uD;ar;p&myJ? jynfolvlxkudk 0g;&if;wkwf oHql;óud;ywf+yD;awmh ESdrfeif;csifwJhpdwfawG bmjzpfvdk‹&Sd&ovJqdkwmukd usrwdk‹ ar;p&mar;cGef;wck jzpfaeygw,f?

owif;pmxJrSm b,fvdka&;vdkufovJqdkawmh 'D(44)wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf±Hk;a&SŒrSm jzpfw,f? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrf0if;xJajy;w,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? trSeftm;jzifhawmh 'Dem;rSm&SdwJhtdrf0if;awG tm;vHk;txJudk

0ifajy;=uwmcsnf;yJ? usrwdk‹ tdrf0if;txJwif 0ifajy;wmr[kwfygbl;? [dkbuftdrfxJvnf; 0ifajy;ygw,f? tzJG‹csKyfxJvnf; 0ifEkdifwJhvlawGu 0ifzdk‹ óud;pm;=uygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹tdrfwtdrfxJudkyJ uGuf+yD;awmh 0ifajy;w,fqdkwm b,fvdkt"dy`m,feJ‹/ b,fvdk&nf&G,fcsufeJ‹ ajymwmvJ? usrwdk‹vnf; trsm;}uD; ar;p&mjzpfygw,f?

usr&JŒ tdrf0if;xJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; tpnf;ta0;vkyfaew,fqdkwm rSefw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;[m usr&JŒtdrf0if;xJ 0ifajy;vmw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefw,f? 'gvnf; usrwdk‹ 0efcHygw,f? 'gayr,fh usrwdk‹tdrf0if;xJwif r[kwfbl;? tjcm;tdrf0if;xJawGvnf; 0ifajy;w,f?

usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu vl}uD;rsm;u xGuf+yD;awmh ajyajyvnfvnfjzpfatmif óud;pm;w,f? 'gudkvnf; wyfrawmfu t&m&SdawGu odwmyJ? odayr,fhvnf; bmrS todtrSwfrðybl;? 'gudk bmrSrajymbJeJ‹ 'D qlylr_jzpfatmif usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu vkyfw,fqdkwJh oabmxm;eJ‹a&;wm[m tifrwefrS r&Sif;wJhudpPvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ ,lq&rSmyJ? 'g wrifoufouf tzJG‹csKyfukd &r,f&Sm+yD;awmh tjypf,lcsifvdk‹ vkyfaeovdk oabmoufa&mufw,fvdk‹ usrjrifygw,f? 'Dvm+yD;awmh qENjywJh uav;rsm;[m usrwdk‹eJ‹ rqkdifygbl;? tzJG‹csKyfvli,fxJrSmygwJh vli,fawG vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;?

'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfu OD;atmifa&$eJ‹ OD;cspfckdifwdk‹ rae‹u w0w ±Hk;udk oGm;cJhygw,f? w0w ±Hk;rSmawG‹cJhwJh Adkvfrª;wifarmif0if;udk pHkprf;csifwm&Sd&if pHkprf;yg? ar;p&m&Sd&if ar;yg? aqG;aEG;p&m&Sd&if aqG;aEG;yg? tzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ vHk;vHk;oufqkdifwJh qENjyr_ ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf)

1989 ckESpf o}uFefa&obifqifEJ$pOf

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wyfrawmfae‹twGuf pdk;&drfw,fqdk&if usrwdk‹eJ‹ aqG;aEG;Ekdifygw,f? wyfrawmfae‹ ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif; b,fvdkrvkyfapcsifbl;qdkwm ajymyg? usrwdk‹ aqG;aEG;zdk‹ tqifoifhyJ? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk trsm;}uD;xdef;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfvli,frsm;udk wyfrawmfae‹rSm pDwef;vrf;av#mufwmwdk‹/ qENjywmwdk‹ rvkyf&bl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'Dwyfrawmfae‹udk wyfrawmfae‹taeeJ‹ vufrcHbl;qdk&if b,folrSroGm;=ueJ‹? b,folrS xGufr=unfh=ueJ‹? tJh'Dvdkenf;eJ‹ oydwfarSmuf&if arSmuf=uaygh? usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ rwfv (27) &ufae‹udk awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹ vufcHw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ ajym+yD;om;yg? 'g jynfolvlxk&JŒ awmfvSefa&;ae‹yg? 1945 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH[m jynfolvlxku tm;vHk;ºuGvm+yD;awmh zufqpf0g'udk rvdkcsifvdk‹ awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwJhae‹ jzpfygw,f? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹awmh (27) &uf rwfv[m awmfvSefa&;ae‹vdk‹ vufcHygw,f? awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹vnf; azazu todtrSwfðycJhw,f? usrvnf; awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹yJ quf+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf; jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufwJhzufqpf0g'udk awmfvSefwJhae‹tjzpf todtrSwfðyygw,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ tm;vHk;udk ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfapcsifw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f? e0w eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif&rvm;? nd‡E_dif;wdkifyifr,f? wyfrawmfeJ‹ aqG;aEG;&rvm;/ aqG;aEG;r,f? tqifoifhyJqdkwm usr xyfwvJvJ ajymygw,f? 'DvdkajymaewJhtxJu bmrS aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_r&SdbJeJ‹ tzJG‹csKyfudk oufouf vufn‡dK;xdk;vmwmuawmh usrwdk‹udk jynfolvlxku axmufcHwmudk r±_pdrfhvdk‹vm;qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ ar;&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwm[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; wdkufcdkufwmeJ‹ twlwlygyJ? wu,fyJ ppfrSefwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfapcsifw,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Dvdkrawmfrw&m; wkdufcdkufr_awGudk &yfwef;u &yfzdk‹vdkr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'g usrtaeeJ‹ ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gygyJ? ar;p&m&Sdvdk‹ &Sd&if ar;=uyg? 17 wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; jrpf}uD;em;òrd‹Y 28-4-1989 ae‹wGif ajym=um;onf?

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awmifwef;om;rsm;[m tifrwefrS owWd&Sdw,f/ tifrwefrS ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfw,f/ vkyf&nfudkif&nf &Sdw,fvdk‹ em;vnfcJhygw,f? tck 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ±kd;±dk;om;om;/ ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf/ owdW&Sd&SdeJ‹ quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;=ur,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹vdkcsifwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&EdkifrSmyg? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsm;pk trsm;pk}uD;[m awmfawmfrSyJ yifyifyef;yef;/ qif;qif;&J&J ae=u&ygw,f? 'Dvdktajctaeuae+yD;awmh wdk;wuf+yD; csrf;omwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;wck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? wcgwavusvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ar;ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& &vdk‹&Sd&if usaemfwdk‹vlrsKd;pkawGtwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh ar;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf taeeJ‹uawmh a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&vdk‹&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ‹ wkdifyifn‡dE_dif;+yD;awmh usrwdk‹[m tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'[m jynfaxmifpk wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGufvnf; vkyf&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JŒ arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; todtrSwfðy&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwdkif; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; OD;wnf&r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm[m usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfwckwnf;&JŒ wm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr c%c% ajym&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&zdk‹qdk&if usaemfwdk‹udk bmtcGifhta&;awG ay;rvJvdk‹ ar;r,fhtpm; 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹twGuf usaemfwdk‹ b,fvdk0dkif;0ef;ulnD&rvJqdkwm tcktcsdefrSm ar;&r,fhar;cGef;jzpfygw,f? 'Dar;cGef;udk ar;+yD;awmh rSefuefwJh tajzudk &SmEkdifr,fqdkrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk &r,f/ 'Drdkua&pD&w,fqdkrS vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh pepfwckudk xlaxmifEkdifr,f? 'Dvdk vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ vl‹tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfwckudk tajccH+yD;rS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; auseyfr_&Ekdifr,fh jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefudk usrwdk‹ azmfxkwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mef azmfxkwfzdk‹qdkwm[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u oabmxm;}uD;}uD; xm;&r,f/ tjrifus,fus,f &Sd&r,f? jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk udk,fha'otusKd;xuf ydkxm;&r,f? Armrsm;[m ArmtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? ucsifrsm;[m ucsifawG&JŒtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u jynfaxmifpktusKd;twGufqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawGeJ‹ vkyfzdk‹vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhacwfrSm 'Dwkdif;jynf rwdk;wufwm[m nDnGwfr_ r&Sdvdk‹bJ? usrwdk‹rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m udk,fhtusKd;xuf wkdif;jynftusKd;udk a&SŒrxm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ wkd;wufr_ r&SdcJhbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f? wygwD tm%m&Sifpepf pdk;rdk;oGm;&w,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxk[m rSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG r&Sdvdk‹bJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemufwcg xyf+yD;awmh tm%m&Sif rjzpfapcsifbl;? usrwdk‹EkdifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tm;vHk; pdwfcsrf;oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m udk,fhrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk‹ vdkygw,f?

("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf?) tay: ucsifwkdif;&if;om; 0wfpHkwrsKd;udk 0wfqifxm;pOf atmuf yifvHkY 1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;cJhpOfu tay: - ucsifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl atmuf - u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;ESifhtwl EkdifiHa&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwdkif;eJ‹qdkifwJh udpPyg? EdkifiHwEkdifiH wdk;wufzdk‹/ wnfwHhckdif+rJzdk‹qdkwm tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD; óud;pm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m wkdif;jynftay:rSm ppfrSefwJh apwemxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? udk,fhtzJG‹tpnf;tusKd;udkyJ vkyfaer,f/ udk,fhtodkif;t0kdif;tusKd;yJ vkyfaer,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh ppfrSefwJhapwemvdk‹ rac:Edkifygbl;? usrwdk‹EdkifiH (26) ESpftwGif;rSm usqif;cJh&wm[m wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJh apwemeJ‹ rtkyfcsKyfvdk‹bJ? wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJhapwemeJ‹ tkyfcsKyfcJhw,fqdk&if 'DEkdifiH[m trsm;}uD; wdk;wufEdkifygw,f? ucsifjynfe,f wckwnf;rSmyifv#if o,HZmwypPnf; b,favmufaygrsm;w,fqdkwm od+yD;om;yg? wEdkifiHvHk;udk òcH+yD;awmh =unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if usrwdk‹EdkifiH[m tifrwefrS csrf;omygw,f? 'Davmufcsrf;omvsufeJ‹ jynfolvlxk[m qif;&Jae&w,f/ pdk;&drfae&w,f/ a=umifh=uae&w,fqdkwmawmh rrSefuefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifhyJ? pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrifr_qdkwm rSefuefwJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf&SdrS jzpfrSmyg? 'DtcsdefrSm pD;yGm;a&;ukd OD;rwnfbJeJ‹ EdkifiHa&;udk OD;wnfzdk‹vdkygw,f? EkdifiHa&;atmifjrifr_awG&rS pD;yGm;a&;bufudk wcgjyef+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ udk,fvdkcsifwJh ðyjyifr_awG vkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolawGtaeeJ‹ tcktcsdefrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnD=uygvdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;[m vufwJG+yD;awmh wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ‹/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ udk,fh&JŒwkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf rSefrSefuefuef vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m ydk+yD;awmh csrf;om+yD; wdk;wufwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;rSm aeEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DvdkOD;wnfcsufeJ‹ 0dkif;+yD;awmh óud;pm;oGm;=uygvdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcH&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f? 18 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&; Trdef‹cGef;udk 1989 ckESpfwGif &efukefòrd‹Y ajym=um;onf[k ,lq&aomfvnf; ajym=um;onfh ae‹&ufESifh ae&mudk pmwnf;taejzifh odEkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg?

* * *

usrudk 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fvdk‹ owfrSwfvdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'gudk *k%f,lygw,fvdk‹ ajym&rvm;vdk‹ usr pOf;pm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fpOf;pm;vdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'g usrtwGuf *k%f,lp&mr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh usrudk a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ udk,fhtzJG‹tpnf;twGuf&,fvdk‹ rpOf;pm;bJeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifa&;twGuf ydk+yD;awmh aumif;zdk‹twGuf vlwa,mufudk udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;vdkufr,fqdk+yD;awmh vkyfEkdifwJhtajctae a&mufvmwm[m tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&myJvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? usr&,fvdk‹r[kwfygbl;/ b,fol‹udkyJjzpfjzpf 'Dvdktiftm;pk}uD;rsm;[m udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muftaeeJ‹ a&G;xkwfvdkufEkdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS aumif;wJhvuQ%myg? 'gudkvnf; vlwkdif;uae+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyw,fqdkwm[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ rdef‹cGef;xJrSmudk ygoGm;ygw,f? usreJ‹ tckvdk aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,fqdkvkd‹&Sd&if &Spfq,feJ‹ wa,muf jzpfaewmayghvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'g[m nDnGwfr_&JŒtiftm;udk todtrSwfðyoGm;wmygyJ? 'Dnd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwm[m usrwdk‹tm;vHk; vdkvm;aeygw,f? ckewkef;u OD;wifarmif0if;ajymoGm;wJh 'DudpPxJrSm 1962 ckESpfwkef;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;[m ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;ydkifcGifhawmif;cJhw,f? nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh ajyvnfr_udk &SmcJhw,f? 'gayrJh r&cJhygbl;? Aid to Civil Power vnf; roHk;bJeJ‹? Aid to Civil Power qkdwmvnf; usru 'Dvdkt*Fvdyfpum;ajymcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymcJhwJh toHk;tE_ef;twdkif; usr oHk;vdkuf&wmjzpfygw,f? Aid to Civil Power t&vnf; rvkyfbJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;vdkufwm OD;ae0if;&JŒvufxufrSm pcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹ ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf) tay: - 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfa[mif; OD;wifOD;wdk‹ESifhtwl 13 pufwifbm 1988 atmuf – vkyfazmfudkifzuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf (tquf jyefvmygonf) bmudk =unfh&rvJ? b,fvdkpOf;pm;&rvJ? tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajymaeovdkyJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%mt& usrwdk‹ wkdif;jynfudk qufvuf+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹ a&Smifvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹[m 'gudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&ygvdrfhr,f? 1962 ckESpfu ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftODjzpfcJhwJh ausmif;om;or*~udkvnf; òzdcJGcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk òzdcJGcJhwm/ owfjzwfcJhwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&yJ? OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;t& nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwmvnf; rjzpfcJhbl;? OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& Aid to Civil Power qdkwmudkvnf; oHk;cGifhr&bJeJ‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfcJhw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; (2) &ufavmufuae+yD;awmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power t& vkyfwm[m “u|ef” oabmxm;a&mufw,f qkdovdkyJ ajymcJhygw,f? 'DvdkajymcJhwJhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwmvnf; rjzpfbl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf; ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh 'g[m b,fol‹oabmxm;awGvJ? usrtaeeJ‹awmh OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGvdk‹ jrifygw,f? usr 'Dvdkajym&wJhta=umif;[m orkdif;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm (62) ESpfuae p+yD;awmh tckxd jzpfcJh&wJh 'kuQaygif;rsm;pGm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ tjypfrsm;omjzpfw,fvdk‹ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrvm;qdkwm tckuwnf;u usr ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gudk usr AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifa&m/ OD;ae0if;a&m odatmifvdk‹ 'Duae‹ ajymoGm;csifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;udk b,favmufyJ umuG,fay;ay;/ umuG,fvdk‹ r&ygbl;? orkdif;u qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSmyg? tck oHk;aewJh enf;vrf;rsm;[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrtaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf+yD;awmh &Sifoefaew,fvdk‹ ajym&wmyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf&Sifoefjcif; r&Sdygbl;qdkwm jycsifvkd‹&Sd&if

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usrwdk‹ Zlvkdifv (7) &ufae‹[m or*~òyduJGwJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;wJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dae‹[m ynma&;eJ‹vnf; oufqdkifw,f? EkdifiHa&;eJ‹vnf; oufqkdifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;/ ynma&;udpPrsm; ajymwJhtcg twdwf/ ypPKy`efeJ‹ tem*wf[m qufpyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh twdwfu jzpfcJhwJh EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm tckypPKy`efrSm b,fvdkjzpfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ =unfh&r,f? ausmif;om;or*~udk bmjzpfvdk‹òzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,folu òzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,fvdkta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&rSmyJ? b,fvdkenf;awGeJ‹ òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&ygvdrfhr,f? 1962 ausmif;om;rsm;udk ypfowfjcif;/ ausmif;om;or*~udk òzdcJGjcif;rjzpfcifrSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m tJh'Dwkef;u ppftm%mydkifrsm;eJ‹ aqG;aEG;yg? nd‡E_dif;ygqdk+yD;awmh awmif;qdkcJhw,f? 'gudkvnf; jiif;cJhw,f? 'Dppftm%mydkifrsm;[m ausmif;om;rsm;eJ‹ ausmif;om;or*~ta&;udk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm Aid to Civil Power vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwJh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufembJ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJhw,f? tJ'Dawmh ajz&Sif;wJhenf;/ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifwJhenf;udk jiif;qefcJhwJh Aid to civil Power qkdwJh wyfrawmfwcktaeeJ‹ xdef;oifhxdef;xdkufwJh pnf;rsOf;awGudk rxdef;cJhwmuawmh OD;ae0if;yJ? tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;&ifqkdif&r,f? usr 'Dvdkajymae&jcif;ta=umif;[m OD;ae0if;udk oufouf yk*~Kdvft& wkdufcdkufcsifvdk‹r[kwfbl;? tck ypPKy`efjzpfaewJh udpPawGeJ‹ qufEG,faevdk‹yg? wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m rdef‹cGef;ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Drdef‹cGef;xJrSm Aid to Civil Power qdkwm ol t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwmudkvnf; ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif;udk rvkdvm;bl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf; azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tJ'Doabmxm;awG[m OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGeJ‹ wxyfxJygyJ? OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;awGeJ‹ wxyfxJrdk‹vdk‹ tckxdwdkifatmif OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%m[m jrefrmEkdifiHay:rSm v$rf;rdk;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk rSefrSefuefuef r&ifqdkifEkdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fenf;eJ‹rS ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr 'DudpPawGudk azmfjywmyg? tcktcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m b,fvdkyJ OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹ajymajym/ OD;ae0if;vkyfwJhtwdkif; quf+yD; vkyfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;&JŒ tm%matmufrSm&Sdw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ quf+yD;awmh acsr_ef;OD;r,f/ xdcdkufOD;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmhvnf; OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& vkyfw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? 'Dawmh e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%matmufuae+yD;awmh vGwfuif;w,fqdkwm jycsifvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;enf;awGudk quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? or*~udk òzdcJGwJh OD;ae0if;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfcJhwJh OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;awGudk vHk;vHk;quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ 'Duae‹ quf+yD;awmh awmif;qdk&rSmyJ? 'g EdkifiHa&;t&jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;t& EkdifiHa&;jy\ersm;udk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;w,fqdkwm nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifwJhenf;yg? t&ifwkef;u EkdifiHjcm;udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;awmifrS 'Denf;udk oHk;cJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; 'Denf;udk ydk+yD;awmh oHk;oifhygw,f? tcsif;csif; nd‡E_dif;&r,f/ aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,f? trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf aqG;aEG;&rSm/ nd‡E_dif;&rSm/ wkdifyif&rSmjzpfygw,f? nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyifw,fqdkwm pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? t±_H;tEkdif&SmwJhyJGr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk; tajz&SmwJhyJG jzpfygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; OD;wnf&r,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;r&cifuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifcJhw,f/ ygvnf; yg0ifoifhygw,f? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;vnf; &Sdw,f? ynma&;wm0efvnf; &Sdw,f? ynma&;wm0efqdkawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynm&Smzdk‹yJ? 'gayrJh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm bmvJ? usrtjrifawmh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EdkifwJh ynmomjzpf&r,f? trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf roHk;EkdifwJh ynm[m wefzdk;r&SdEkdifbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹

ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EkdifwJh ynmrsKd;udk &Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk&SmwJhae&mrSm ynmrmefwufzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? ausmif;om;or*~ òzdcJGa&;udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ reufwkef;u tcrf;tem;rSm yg0ifcJhwhJ t&ifwkef;u ausmif;om;a[mif; OD;wifarmif0if;[m ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdeftcgwkef;u tjyifrSm wyfawGu&Sdw,f/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ twGif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ tJovdk wyfrawmfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfawGeJ‹ csdefxm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m a'gojzpf+yD;awmh atmfvdkuf=uw,fwJh? rif;wdk‹ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹rS (7) wef;atmif&JŒvm;vdk‹ ajymvdkuf=uw,fwJh? (=obmoHrsm;) usreJ‹ em;vnfr_vJG+yDvdk‹ xifygw,f? usr rajymoifhbl;vdk‹ ajymrvdk‹/ 'Dvdk[m rajymoifhygbl;? 'Dvdk (ajymwm[m) ynmrmefygw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? &Jabmfrsm;/ wyfrawmfom;[mvnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif;yJ? 'DvdkwyfrawmfxJudk 0ifoGm;&wJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m b,fvkdtajctaeu vmvJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkxJu vmwmyg? usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf qif;&Jaevdk‹ tJh'Dvdk qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkawG &SdaewmyJ? tJh'Dvdk rdom;pkxJu vlawG[m wyfrawmfxJudk 0if=uw,f? wyfrawmfxJrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif=uw,f? tJ'Dawmh ynmqdkwmeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ wcgxJ ajymoGm;r,f? 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m [kwfw,f/ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹ (7) wef;atmifcsifrSvnf; atmifr,f? 'gayrJh 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m ESdrfzdk‹rvdkygbl;? ta&;tcif;wkef;u jynfolvlxkatmfoGm;wJh aºuG;a=umfoHwck&Sdw,f? AdkvfcsKyfay;wJh ppfynm/ ausmif;om;jynfol owfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;wJh? tJ'Dawmh wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynmay;xm;w,f? ppfynmqdkwm bmvJ? jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdk‹/ jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJhynmyJ? tJh'Dvdk jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJh ynmr&Sdvdk‹om wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ynmr&Sdbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ajym&rSmyJ? (7) wef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ q,fwef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? wuUodkvfra&mufvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? rSefrSefuefuef jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifzdk‹ ay;xm;wJhynmukd tvJGoHk;pm; vkyfvdk‹omjzpfw,f? 'Dawmh ynmqdkwm[m wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;om ydkifqkdifwmr[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfom;rsm;vnf; ydkifqdkifEkdifw,f? rSefuefwJh ppfynmudk ydkifqdkifEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh usrwdk‹ (26) ESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJh awG;ac:wwfwJhynmukd ray;xm;bl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJhppfynmudk ray;xm;bl;? tJh'Dvdk ray;wmvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ? w&m;cHudkawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&r,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif&r,f? 'DvdkvlrsKd; aemif 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm ray:vmatmif usrwdk‹ vkyf&r,f? OD;ae0if; bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dwkdif;jynfudk b,favmuf=um=um tkyfpdk;oGm;vJ? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;a=umifhyJ? jynfolvlxku bmjzpfvdk‹ vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%m/ rSefrSefrvkyfEkdifwJh vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%m/ wefzdk;&SdwJh ynmudk em;rvnfwJh vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%mudk 'Dwkdif;jynfay:rSm 'Davmuf=um=um v$rf;rdk;cGifhay;oGm;ovJ? 'g usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? tck 'DrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uawmh wm0eftuif;vGwfqHk;yJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh tckawmifrS (26) ESpft&G,fr&SdwJh vli,fawG trsm;}uD;ygyJ? i,fi,fav;awGrdk‹vdk‹ rvkkyfEkdifbl;vdk‹ ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tm;vHk;uawmh wm0ef&SdwmyJ? b,fvdkrS usrwdk‹[m 'Dwm0efatmufu ±kef;uef+yD;awmh xGufvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? EdkifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ uH=urRmudk zefwD;wm[m EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;taygif;jzpfw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? t&ifwkef;u tjzpftysufawGtwGuf wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? rSm;wJhEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfawG/ rSm;wJhynma&;vrf;pOfawGeJ‹ usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf[m E$JcJh&+yD? aemifusvdk‹&Sd&if rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJ‹ rSefuefwJh ynma&;vrf;pOfawGom 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm &Sdzdk‹vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tcktcsdefrSm ausmif;awGydwfaew,f? ynma&;eJ‹ uif;uGmaew,fqdkwm ausmif;ynma&;eJ‹ uif;uGmaew,f? avmuxJrSm ynm&Smae&w,f? avmu}uD;xJrSm ynm&SmaewJhtcg EkdifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;xJrSm ynm&SmwJhtcgrSmvnf; wefzdk;&SdwJhynm&Smzdk‹ vdkygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh ynm &Sm=uygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh ynm[m ausmif;wcgrS raezl;wJh vlawmifrS &SmEdkifygw,f? 'DvdkynmawG usrwdk‹EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awGrSm

tm;vHk;&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwkdif;jynfu EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepf/ EkdifiHa&;pepf/ ynma&;pepf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkwm tm;vHk; qufEG,faeygw,f? 'gvnf; tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? 'Dawmh rSefuefwJhynm &Sma&;qdkwm rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfa&;vnf; jzpfygw,f? wcgxJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;a&m/ ynma&;a&m atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;rsm;ydwfaewmawmifrS atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Edkifygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7 Zlvdkif) owd&wJhtcgrSm tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;w,f? wdk‹&JŒwdkif;jynfrSm tifrwefrS ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; ðyrloGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckrSm rjzpfoifh/ rjzpfxdkufwJh jzpf&yfawG[m jzpfoGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJhwkdif;jynfwck jyef+yD;awmhjzpfatmif usrwdk‹ óud;pm;&r,f? 'Dvdk,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckjzpfzdk‹qdkwmuvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ vufxJrSm &Sdygw,f? apmapmu 0d"l&OD;cspfarmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif;yJ tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; vli,fawG&JŒ vufxJrSm trsm;qHk;yJ&Sdygw,f? 'Dtem*wfudk csDwufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm rSefrSefuefuef csDwufoGm;=uyg? usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf&JŒ a&SŒa&;udk t+rJyJ=unfhyg? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ wrifoufouf wyfrawmfom;rsm;&JŒ ynma&;udk xnfh+yD;awmh ajymwmyg? wyfrawmfeJ‹jynfol tpOft+rJuGJGaevdk‹awmh rjzpfygbl;? 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m tifrwefrS qif;&JwJh todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u vmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&r,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vkd‹ usrwdk‹rSm =uifempdwfawG &Sd&r,f? 'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹ wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGvkd ynmoif&wJh tcGifhta&;awG r&SdcJhbl;? wyfrawmfxJrSm OD;ae0if;wdk‹vkd yk*~KdvfrsKd;ay;vdkufwJh ppfynmawG/ rrSefruefwJh ppfynmawGom &SdcJhw,f? 'Dawmh 'DvdkrrSefruefwJh ppfynmawGtpm; rSefuefwJhtrsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfawG usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oGif;ay;&r,f? 'g tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHjzpfzdk‹/ wnfwHhckdif+rJ/ *k%foduQm&SdwJhwyfrawmf &Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh txl;ojzifh pdwf0rf;uJGaewmuawmh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;xJrSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfvufxJrSm tcH&qHk;u ausmif;om;awGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ ausmif;om;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm tifrwefrS emusnf;ae=uw,f? c%c%yJ usrudk ajymygw,f? ppfqdkvdk‹ a&awmifppfraomufzl;vdk‹ usrudk ajymygw,f? a& ppfraomufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh ydk;0if±HkyJ&Sdw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'DvdkpdwfawG xm;vdk‹rjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynmoifwJhvlawGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? ydk}uD;awmh tjrifus,f&r,f? oabmxm;}uD;}uD; tjrifus,fus,feJ‹ cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh pdwf"mwfawG &Sd&r,f? ynmr&SdwJhvleJ‹ ±kef;aevdk‹/ ebrf;owfaevdk‹vnf; roifhawmfygbl;? 'Dawmh udk,feJ‹ wef;wlnDwljzpfatmif ynmay;+yD;rS ebrf;owfwmrS ebrf;owf&usKd; eyfygw,f? 'ga=umifh óud;pm;=uyg? ppfynmrsm; jyef+yD;awmh oifay;Ekdif&r,f/ ppfynmqdkwm jynfol‹twGuf/ jynfol‹udk umuG,fzdk‹/ jynfoludkowfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oifay;&r,f? tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? rae‹wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymoGm;wJh rdef‹cGef;xJrSm jynfolvlxkukd +cdrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifawG ygw,fvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk +cdfrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifqdkwm usr vHk;vkHk;rESpfoufygbl;? 'Dvdk tm%mudk udkif+yD;awmh/ vufeufudk udkif+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfygbl;? enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ‹ r[kwfrrSefuefwmawG ajym+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk xdk;ESufaew,f? 'gawGu qdk;vS+yD? ckusawmh tm%mpufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufvmwJhtcgusawmh tifrwefrS vGefaeyg+yD? usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm tm%mpuf quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkrS tzwfq,fEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; b,fawmhrS cGifhv$wfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tm%mpufoHk;wJh tavhtx}uD;udkawmh usrwdk‹ 'Duae+yD;awmh &yfqkdif;&awmhr,f? e0w taeeJ‹ EkdifiHtay:rSm apwem&Sd&if/ e0w taeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%mudk vGefqef&JwJh owWd&Sd&if tm%mpufqdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd vHk;vHk; quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkawGeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyif&JwJh owWdudkom

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20 wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ vl‹abmifopfygwD±Hk; taemf&xmvrf;wGif 10-7-89 ae‹u ajym=um;onf?

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22

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ajz&Sif;csifygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ trdef‹tm%mudk zDqefaewJh ae&mrSmawmifrS EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ zDqefoGm;wmyJ? usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkudk ajymw,f? trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%m[lor#udk wm0eft& zDqef=uyg? wm0eft& zDqef&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;rSm wm0ef&Sdw,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;rSm tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,fzdk‹ wm0ef&Sdw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usrwdk‹ ajymoGm;wmyJ? 'DtxJrSm qlylzdk‹ v_H‹aqmfwm rygygbl;? apmapmu usrajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ? ararhpsmyeudpPwkef;uawmh qlylcsifwJhtpdwftydkif;awGudk usrwdk‹ xdef;oGm;ygw,f? rvkyfygeJ‹/ 'g[m roifhawmfygbl;? tckvnf; usrwdk‹ xdef;oGm;rSmyJ? usrwdk‹bufuawmh usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudkawmh aumif;aumif;xdef;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf vufwJG+yD;awmh vkyfaewJhtzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; xdef;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tzsuform;awG &Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ odygw,f? 'Dtzsuform;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDudk rvkdvm;wJh vlawGuxnfhxm;wJh tzsuform;vdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf/ b,favmufyJ at;at;csrf;csrf;vkyfzdk‹ óud;pm;/ óud;pm;/ wa,mufESpfa,mufu =um;0if+yD;awmh v_H‹aqmfvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if jy\emwufwwfygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; usrwdk‹ tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if pepfwusvkyfxm;wma=umifh 'Djy\emawGudk xdef;oGm;EkdifwJh tajctaea&mufae+yDqdkwm usr xifygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif+yD;awmh e0w u vkyfr,fqdk&if tm;vHk; tqifajyEkdifygw,f? 'Dawmh usr tm;vHk;òcH+yD;awmh ajym&r,fqdk&if/ bmjzpfvdk‹qdkawmh owif;pmq&mrsm;uvnf; ar;p&m&SdOD;rSmyg? tm;vHk;òcH+yD;ajym&&if wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;udk usr vHk;vHk;rvdkvm;ygbl;? wyfrawmfudk *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ aeapcsifw,f? Auy eJ‹ usrqdkwmvnf; vHk;vHk;tqufr&Sdygbl;? usr uGefjrLepf0g'udk ,Hkvnf;r,Hk=unfbl;? tm;vnf;tm;ray;bl;? uGefjrLepfenf;vrf;awGeJ‹vnf; usrwdk‹ vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? usrwdk‹u 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& vkyfaewmyJ? usrwdk‹[m qlylv_H‹aqmfr_qdkwmudkvnf; 0goemrygygbl;? qlylwmudkvnf; usrwdk‹ rvdkvm;ygbl;? tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;apcsifygw,f? usr[m pnf;urf;trsm;}uD; tav;xm;w,fqdkwm e0w odygw,f? usr&JŒrdef‹cGef;awG 'DavmufawmifrS aphaphpyfpyf avhvmaew,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Davmufqdk&ifawmh odaumif;yg+yD? t+rJyJ pnf;urf;&Sd&r,f/ pnf;urf;&Sd&r,fvdk‹ usr ajymygw,f? nDnGwf&r,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&r,f? wyfrawmfudk oufoufrJh/ tvum;oufouf ykwfcwfwm r&Sd&bl;qdkwm usr c%c%ajymwJhudpPqdkwm usrrdef‹cGef;a[mif;awGudk 'DavmufawmifrS aphaphpyfpyfavhvmxm;wJh e0wuawmh odrSmjzpfygw,f?

'gha=umifh ajyvnfr_ &Smapcsifw,f? wu,fyJ wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemxm;w,f/ wu,fyJ jynfolawGvdkcsifwJh vGwfvyf+yD;awmh w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyJGrsm; vkyfay;csifwJhqEN &Sdw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if nd‡E_dif;yg? aqG;aEG;yg? wkdifyifyg? wzufowf ykwfcwfwdkufckdufwJh udpPawGudkawmh rvkyfaeygeJ‹vdk‹ usr ajymcsifygw,f?

23

jynfolvdkcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf 1989 ck ZlvkdifwGif ajym=um;aom tmZmenfae‹ tóudrdef‹cGef;

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'DtcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tmZmenfae‹tóudtcsdef jzpfygw,f? aemuftywfqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tmZmenfae‹jzpfw,f? tmZmenfae‹[m bmvJ? vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;wJhae‹wae‹yJ? OD;apmtaeeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk vdkcsifvGef;tm;}uD;vdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ r,lEkdifwJhtcgusawmh vufeufenf;eJ‹ ,lr,fqdk+yD;awmh óud;pm;vdkufwmyJ? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcJhygbl;? aemufqHk;usawmh b,fvdkyJ vufeuftm;udk;/ vufeuftm;udk; jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHr_r&SdwJh pepfrSefor#[m usqHk;&rSmjzpfygw,f?

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'Dawmh tmZmenfae‹rSm jynfolvlxktm;vHk;[m wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ‹ atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk axmufcHw,fqdkwm jy=uyg? 'g[m tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? e0weJ‹ wyfrawmftaeeJ‹ azazhudk wyfrawmf&JŒ zcif}uD;/ zcif}uD; ajym+yD;awmh azazh&JŒ n$ef=um;csufrsm;t& vdkufem=uygvdk‹ usr ajym&rSmyJ? yg;pyfuawmh zcif}uD;/ zcif}uD; ajymae+yD;awmh vufuawmh wjcm;vkyfckdif;wm vkyfaevdk‹ rjzpfygbl;? 'gudk usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxktm;vHk; oabmaygufapcsifygw,f?

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tJh'Dvkdaer,fqdk&if wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; oufomw,f/ usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkvnf; oufomw,f/ wyfrawmftwGufvnf; trsm;}uD;*k%foduQm&Sdygw,f? wyfrawmfqdkwm rvkyfoifh/ rvkyfxdkufwJhudpPawG vkyfaevdk‹&Sd&if *k%foduQm trsm;}uD;yJ usygw,f? 'Dvkd *k%foduQmusapwJhudpPawGudk quf+yD;awmh rvkyfygeJ‹? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ wyfrawmfom;awGtay:rSm apwem&Sdw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfom;awG zwfzwfarmaeatmifvkd‹ wòrd‹vHk;udk vSnfhvnf+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufckdif;ygeJ‹?

tmZmenfae‹udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ jynfolvlxk[m vufeufudkifwyfrsm; r&Sdbl;qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ jzpfap&r,fvdk‹ usr tmrcH&Jygw,f? vufeufudkifwyfrsm;&SdrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfwmyg? 'Dawmh usr 'Duae+yD;awmh usreJ‹ raqG;aEG;/ rnd‡E_dif;/ rwdkifyifcsifwJh e0wudk 'Duae‹yJ ajym&rSmyJ? tmZmenfae‹rSm pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ at;at;csrf;csrf;jzpfzdk‹twGuf vufeufudkifwyfrsm; rcsxm;ygeJ‹? a0;a0;uae+yD;awmh ae=uyg?

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tJhawmh wu,fyJ zcifqdkwm em;vnfw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if =unf;/ a&/ av OD;pD;csKyfrsm; tm;vHk;wuf+yD;awmh tmZmenfae‹rSm tav;ðyyg? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk,fwkdifvnf; wuf+yD;awmh tav;ðyyg? tJh'D[mudk =unfh/ jynfolvlxk 'gudk avhvm=uyg? tmZmenfae‹us&if b,folawG oGm;+yD;awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk tav;ðyovJ? b,favmuf tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;awGudk av;pm;ovJqdkwm jynfolvlxk oHk;oyf=unfh=uyg? tJh'DawmhrS odygvdrffhr,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹awmh tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk av;pm;aomtm;jzifh csDwuf+yD;awmh tav;ðyrSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usr[m e0weJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyif+yD;awmh vkyfcsifygw,f? 'gayrJh tcktxd rnd‡E_dif;bl;/ raqG;aEG;bl;/ rwkdifyifbl;qdk+yD;awmh bl;}uD;yJ jiif;aewmyJ?

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qufvkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwm vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'g[m atmifqef;vrf;pOfrdk‹vdk‹yJ? rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqefzdk‹qdkwm[m azazudk,fwkdifu csrSwfoGm;wJh vrf;pOfjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvrf;pOfudk waoGrwdrf; usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹udk &efr&SmygeJ‹? &efrpygeJ‹? usrwdk‹[m &efvdkwmr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; &efvdkwm r[kwfygbl;? at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udkom vdkcsifwJh jynfolvlxkjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tmZmenfae‹udk OD;wnfwJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&JŒ vrf;pOfuae+yD;awmh quf+yD;av#mufoGm;r,fh taetxm;rSm&Sdygw,f? quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;csifygw,fqdkwm usru jynfolvlxkudk ajymcsifygw,f? jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹vnf; ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf usrwdk‹eJ‹ vufwGJ+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pD&wJhtxd csDwuf=uyg? usrtaeeJ‹ jynfolvlxkukd b,fawmhrS r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGvnf; rajymygbl;? jynfolvlxkudk wywf±dkufzdk‹qdkwmvnf; usr b,fawmhrS rpOf;pm;ygbl;? usrtaeeJ‹ vkyfcsifwm &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if &Sif;jyyghr,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usr 'gvkyfovJ/ bmjzpfvdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJ/ 'Dtrdef‹tm%mzDqefa&;vnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;yg+yD? bmjzpfvdk‹ usrwdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJqdkwm tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usruawmh usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ q,fa,mufwwJG/ tzJG‹wzJG‹rSm q,fa,muf/ wuf&r,fqdkwJh[mudk vufrcHovJqdkwmvnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;oGm;yg+yD? wwfEkdifor# usrwdk‹ vkyfor#udpPawGudk jynfolvlxkudk &Sif;jyoGm;yghr,f? jynfolvlxkudk wifjyw,fqdkwm 'Drdkua&pDenf;yg? 'Dvdk wifjywJhtcg jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ axmufcHcsifaxmufcHr,f/ raxmufcHcsifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tiftm;[m avsmhoGm;rSmaygh? usrwdk‹[m vlxkudk tm;udk;+yD;awmh vkyfaewJhv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xJrSm yg0ifaewJh yk*~Kdvfrsm;jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ vufwJGrsm; jywfoGm;r,f/ jynfolvlxkeJ‹ pdwf0rf;uJGoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹vnf; usqHk;±HkyJ? usqHk;&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? jynfolvlxk rvdkvm;wJhwae‹rSm EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;[m usqHk;=u&rSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolvlxktwGuf/ wkdif;jynftwGufqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk apwemrSefrSefeJ‹ vkyfw,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfapcsifygw,f? oHo,&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;t& usrwdk‹udk wifjyyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ &Sif;jyyghr,f? aemifvmaemufom;rsm; aumif;usKd;twGuf tck&SdaewJh tckacwfjrefrmEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m owWd&Sd&Sd rSefrSefuefuefeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifa&mufwJhtxd quf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uEkdifygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;arwWmydk‹&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

24

rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;

trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrS xkwfa0aom rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfazmfjyonf? * * *

usrwdk‹[m usrwdk‹&JŒEdkifiHxJrSm tusOf;om;jzpfae&w,fqdkwm urBmu odapcsifw,f? (20-7-89) usr 'Duae‹up+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh

'gav;twGufeJ‹ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m b,fvdkrS usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;? (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88) EkdifiHa&;avmueJ‹ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecJhcsifygw,f? tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ‹ tckrS bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dta&;tcif;rSm 0ifygaeovJvdk‹ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f? tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ‹qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf; azazh&JŒorD; vkyfae+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdk‹rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;}uD;[m wu,fawmh 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk‹ ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? (a&$wd*Hktaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88) usr[m usrtaz&JŒ tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGudk 0ifvdk‹EJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfzdk‹vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if bmrqdkjzpfEkdifygw,f? (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88) v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk‹&JŒ vuf±kef;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD? tckvnf; quf+yD;awmh olwdk‹&JŒ ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88) tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxkqENeJ‹udkufnDr,fh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk aqmif&Gufzdk‹ tcsdefuef‹owf apckdif;xm;wJh opPmt&SdqHk; jynfol‹0efxrf;yJjzpf&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ewfarmufòrd‹ 1-11-88) tzJG‹csKyf&nf&G,fcsufudkuvnf; a&G;aumufyJG0ifa&muf,SOfòydifzdk‹ oufoufrSr[kwfbJ? 18 &uf pufwifbmv ppftm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm jyef‹}uJoGm;wJh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;awGudk wpkw±kef;wnf;jzpfatmif pkpnf;+yD;/ tJh'Dpkpnf;xm;wJh tiftm;awGudk pepfwusjzpfatmif aygif;+yD;awmh vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG usif;yEkdifr,fhf tajctaersKd;udk zefwD;ay;zdk‹ygyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yk*Hòrd‹ 2-11-88) jrefrmrif;awGxJrSm usefppfom;eJ‹ bk&ifhaemif[m odyfcsD;usL;zdk‹aumif;w,f? olwdk‹ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m usefppfom;qdk&if taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemifqdk&if wyifa&$xD;udk ykefuefjcm;em;EkdifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh usefppfom;a&m/ bk&ifhaemifyg opPm&Sd=uygw,f? vlawmfwa,muf/ t&nftcsif;&SdwJh vlwa,muf[m opPm&Sdzdk‹ odyfta&;}uD;w,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yk*Hòrd‹ 2-11-88) ppf±_H;+yD;p *syefbk&ifajymcJhwJh pum;wck&Sdygw,f? usKyfwdk‹[m rcHEdkifwJhudpPawGudk cHEkdif&nf&Sdatmif vkyf&r,f? rjzpfEkdifwJhudpPawGudk jzpfEkdifatmifvkyfEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sd&r,fwJh? tJh'DvdkyJ usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkuvnf; 'kuQqif;&JcH+yD; ZJG&Sd&Sd/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ rjzpfrae óud;pm;vkyfaqmif=ur,fqdk&if bmrS ratmifjrifEkdifp&mr&Sdygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ausmufyef;awmif; 2-11-88) tqdk;qHk;tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxk &GH&Smrkef;wD;wJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxuf eJeJaumif;wmu jynfolvlxku a=umufwJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxufydk+yD; aumif;wmuawmh jynfolvlxku csD;rGrf;wJhtpdk;&/ taumif;qHk;uawmh jynfolvlxku &SdrSef;awmif rodwJhtpdk;&wJh? usrwdk‹ tdrfwtdrfrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tarvdkaygh? tar&SdrSef;awmif

owdrxm;rdbl;? pm;csdefwef pm;&r,f? 0wfcsdefwef 0wf&r,f? tm;vHk; tqifoifhyJ? tJh'Dvdk jzpfae&r,f? em;vnfxm;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ jrif;+cH 3-11-88) ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf) tay: - rdwˆDvmòrd‹e,fwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf atmuf – uav;rsm;cspfwJh tefwDpk 'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm trwfvkyfcsifolawG[m tyifyef; tqif;&J cHEdkif&r,f? tpGrf;ukef tvkyfvkyf&r,f? udk,fusKd;riJhbJ trsm;tusKd;udk yDyDjyifjyif ausausyGefyGef xrf;aqmifEkdif&r,f? (jrawmifausmif;wdkuf/ rEWav; 6-11-88) EdkifiHa&;todtjrifqdkwm vlr_a&;todtjrifyJjzpfygw,f? udk,f[m tdrfeD;em;csif;wa,muf yDovdk‹&Sd&if wajz;ajz;eJ‹ vlr_a&;uae p+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;wa,muf yDoaerSmyJvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? (ajrmufOuUvmyòrd‹e,f 10-12-88) 'Drdkua&pDpepfqdkwm vlwkdif; wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf av;pm;wJhpepfygyJ? (ajrmufOuUvmyòrd‹e,f 10-12-88) trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk xlaxmifcJhwm[m jynfolvlxk vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf xlaxmifcJhwmyJjzpfw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ usrwdk‹ wpnf;w±Hk;xJ rvkyfEdkifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf}uD;[m zsufzdk‹yJ &Sdawmhw,f? tJ'Dawmh tzJG‹0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ oabmxm;udk em;vnf&r,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ oabmtwdkif; vkyf&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88) vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwkdif; ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdw,f? udk,fwifr[kwfbl;? udk,fh&efolrsm;yifv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f? tJh'Dawmh wae‹ usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; atmifjrifoGm;wJhtcgus&if ±_H;wJhvlawG[m olwdk‹tcGifhta&;awGudk jynfhjynfh00 cHpm;Ekdif&r,f? 'g[m usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDwm0efjzpfw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88) rufvHk;ay;+yD;awmh pnf;±Hk;r_rsKd;udk usr rvdkcsifbl;? igwdk‹tpdk;&wuf&if 'gawG vkyfay;r,fqdkwJh pnf;±Hk;r_rsKd;awmh rvkyf=uygeJ‹? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88) 'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifwJhtcgus&if ausmif;wdkif;/ ausmif;wkdif;rSm udk,fhwkdif;jynfrSm&SdwJh bmomxJu tenf;qHk; bmomESpf&yfudk vlwkdif;vlwdkif; oifr,f? ArmeJ‹ &Srf;jzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ‹ u&ifjzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ‹ rGefjzpfjzpf oifoifhw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKdufxdkòrd‹ 14-12-88) rGef/ Arm/ u&if/ ucsif/ &Srf; ponfjzifh cJGjcm;+yD;awmh rawG;ygeJ‹? igwdk‹tm;vHk;[m jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfw,f qdk+yD;awmh pdwfxJrSm xm;+yD; twlwlvkyfoGm;apcsifw,f? 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHwck jzpfoGm;w,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;&JŒ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk usrwdk‹ jynfhjynfhpHkpHk ay;csifw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&JŒ bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ ponfjzifh usrwdk‹

tm;ay;csifw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh trsm; tawG;tac:/ trsm; ,Ofaus;r_awGeJ‹ wnfaqmufxm;wJh EkdifiH}uD;[m b,folawG&JŒ tawG;tac:eJ‹ b,folawG&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_eJ‹ wnfaqmufcJhwJh EdkifiH}uD;xuf trsm;}uD; ckdifcHhvmayr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; wdk;wufEkdifr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; usrwdk‹twGuf tzdk;wefEkdifr,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKdufxdkòrd‹ 14-12-88) wcsKdŒu ck 'DrSmwrsKd;ajym/ [dkrSmwrsKd;ajym/ 'DrSm 'D[mvkyfr,fajym/ ck 'DrSm [dk[mvkyfr,fajym/ pdwfawGu ajymif;vdkuf/ tajymawGu ajymif;vdkuf/ 'gawGudk olwdk‹u 'g EkdifiHa&;yJvdk‹ ajymw,f? usruawmh 'g EdkifiHa&;yJvdk‹ em;rvnfbl;? 'g uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmyJvdk‹ em;vnfw,f? 'DvdkEkdifiHa&;awGudk usrwdk‹ vufcHvdk‹ rjzpfbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88) EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwm wu,f aocsm=unfhvdkufawmh uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmcsnf;yJ? 'D EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwmvnf; txifr}uD;ygeJ‹? y&d,m,fqdkwm pum;vHk;udk usr róudufbl;? udk,fhudk xdyg;vm&ifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&Sd&r,f? rSefrSefuefuefyJ vkyfyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88) aemuf wdkif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGufqdk&if ckuaep+yD;awmh usrwdk‹vufcHr,fh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m pum;wnf&r,f? pum;rSef&r,f? trsm;oabmudk vdkufem&r,f? tJh'Dvdk acgif;aqmifrsKd;om usrwdk‹ vdkcsifygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88) ArmvlrsKd;rsm;[m vlrsm;pk}uD;jzpfaevdk‹ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk av;pm;yg? wkdif;&if;om;rsm;&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_udk av;pm;yg? pdwf0ifpm;=uyg? avhvm=uyg? tJh'Dvdk wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_/ wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf&JŒ ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk avhvmem;vnfrS usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; wu,fh oabmxm;wlawGtjzpfeJ‹ &EdkifrSmyg? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹) wkdif;jynfwjynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJh acgif;aqmif[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHr_eJ‹ tkyfcsKyfwmyJjzpf&r,f? vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwm rjzpfoifhbl;qdkwm arG;uwnf;u usrudk oifxm;wJh/ odcJhwJh oifcef;pmygyJ? (òrd‹e,ftzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹) rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;pepfrSm usrwdk‹vdkcsifwJh acgif;aqmifawGudk usrwdk‹u azmfxkwf&r,f? vdkcsifwJhyHk oGif;&r,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyHk udk,froGif;vdk‹&Sd&if acgif;aqmifvkyfwJholrsm;u wkdif;jynfudk olwdk‹vdkcsifwJhyHk olwdk‹ oGif;oGm;vdrfhr,f? t"dy`m,fu bmjzpfrvJqdkawmh tm%m&Sifpepf}uD; jzpfoGm;rSmyJ? (òrd‹e,ftzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹) 'D jrefrmjynf}uD;[m bmjzpfvkd‹ 'DavmufawmifrS ESpfq,fhajcmufESpfvHk;vHk; wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm aecJh&vJ? bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dvdkqif;&J'kuQawGudk cHcJh&ovJqdkwm usr pOf;pm;w,f? wcgjyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;vdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxk}uD;u tcsif;csif; rnDvdk‹yJ? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88) tpdk;&[m rw&m;ojzifhvkyfovm;/ r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGudk vkyfovm;? udk,frvkyfbJeJ‹ olrsm;awGudk vkyf&ifvnf; rcH&bl;? udk,fh&efoludkyif rw&m;vkyfvdk‹&Sd&if rcH&bl;? 'Dae‹ udk,fh&efoludkvkyfw,f/ aemufae‹ udk,fhudkvkyf&if vkyfvdrfhr,f? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)

rw&m;ojzifh vkyfwJholawGudk rkef;zdk‹qdkwm uav;av;awGudk oifxm;&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk uef‹uGuf&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk igwdk‹ toufay;+yD;awmh ckcHr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGudk uav;vli,fawGxJrSm oGif;xm;yg? usrwdk‹udk,fwkdifuvnf; 'DvdkpdwfawGarG;yg? (rGeftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88) 'Drkdua&pDtyif}uD;[m &Sifoefvdk‹&Sd&if 'DtyGifhawG toD;awG[m usrwdk‹ vlvwfydkif;/ vl}uD;ydkif;awGu cHpm;csifrS cHpm;&r,f? 'gayrJh vli,fydkif;eJ‹ uav;av;awG }uD;vmvdk‹&Sd&if toD;tyGifhawG cHpm;Ekdif&r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹ auseyfygw,f? (urm0uf 16-12-88) vlwa,muf[m arG;vm+yD;awmh udk,fhtwGuf udk,fvkyf+yD;awmh udk,fyJpm;+yD;awmh aooGm;+yDqdk&if bmvkyfawmhrSmvJ? vljzpf&usKd;reyfbl;? tJh'Dawmh wudk,faumif; r}uH=uygeJ‹? trsm;twGuf vkyf=uyg? trsm;tusKd;aqmifwJhvlrsm;[m vlomaooGm;r,f? b,fawmhrS emrnfraobl;? (urm0uf 16-12-88) vli,fawG&JŒb0udk om,mygap? vli,frsm;&JŒb0 om,mrS usrwdk‹&JŒ wdkif;jynf[m wdk;wufEdkifrSmyg? vli,frsm;&J‹b0 om,matmif zefwD;ray;Ekdif&if aemufacwftqufquf usrwdk‹vlrsKd;rsm; om,mr_ &EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD/ rk'Hkòrd‹ 16-12-88) t&if vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwkef;uqdkvdk‹&Sd&if vlrsKd;jcm;wa,mufudk wdkufcJh&wm? vlrsKd;jcm;udk wkduf&wmxuf udk,fhtcsif;csif; jyef+yD;wdkuf&wmu tifrwefrS pdwfnpfp&maumif;w,f? rjzpfoifh rjzpfxkdufwJh udpP}uD;yJ? (urmau; 17-12-88) wkdif;jynfwjynfrSm tpdk;&,f/ wyfrawmf&,f/ jynfolvlxk&,f waygif;wpnf;wnf; rjzpfEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if b,fenf;eJ‹rS wdk;wufr_r&SdEkdifygbl;? jynfolvlxkudkvnf; ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r,f/ wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfr,fqdk&if 'Dwkdif;jynftay:rSm apwem enf;enf;rS r&Sdbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? (urmau; 17-12-88) jynfolvlxkeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfaew,f? 'Dvdk pdwf0rf;uJGatmif vkyfaewm[m jynfolvlxku vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;vkyfwJholawGuvnf; vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? wyfrawmfudk udk,fusKd;twGuf oHk;csifwJholrsm;u vkyfaewmyJjzpfw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkpepfrsKd;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh twdkuftcHvkyf&r,f? (urmau; 17-12-88) 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if trsm;pk&JŒ oabmwlnDcsuft& tenf;pku vkyf&w,fqdkayr,fh tenf;pkudk trsm;pku twdkuftcHvkyfw,f/ ESdyfpufw,f/ n‡Of;yrf;w,f/ trsKd;rsKd; taESmifht,Sufay;w,fqdkwm vHk;vHk;r&Sd&bl;? (urmau; 17-12-88) EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh rdrdtusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh EkdifiHa&;oufouf vkyfpm;csifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;wm tusifhjzpfae+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;yJ vkyfpm;awmhr,fqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;&Sdygw,f? 'D EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;xJrSm wdkif;jynftusKd;udk aqmifEkdifr,fh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;udk a&G;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dvkd EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;[m Avig;wefeJ‹ jynfhpHk&ygr,f? (trsKd;om;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDygwD/ acsmif;qHk 17-12-88)

acgif;aqmifwa,muf&JŒ t&nftcsif;udk cef‹rSef;csifvdk‹&Sd&if t&ifwkef;u 'Dacgif;aqmif[m b,fvdkvkyfcJhovJ? wu,fyJ o,fydk;cJhovm;? wkdif;jynfuyJ 'Dacgif;aqmifudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;? 'Dacgif;aqmifu wkdif;jynfudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;qdkwm[m trsm;}uD;pOf;pm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? (acsmif;qHk 17-12-88) trSefudkvkyf&wm trSm;udkvkyf&wmxuf tifrwefrSudk cufygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; aemufqHk;usawmh trSefvkyfwJholuom atmifjrif&rSmyg? trSefw&m;vkyfwJholawGuom ±_H;&ifvnf; Ekdif&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf; Ekdif&r,fqdkwm ajymvdk‹&ygw,f? trSefw&m;t& rvkyfwJholawGuawmh ±_H;&ifvnf; ±_H;&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf; ±_H;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) usrwdk‹ 1988 u usqHk;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;av;awGqdk&if toufomaysmufoGm;w,f/ olwdk‹udk qHk;±_H;w,fvdk‹ rqdkEdkifygbl;? olwdk‹[m atmifjrifjcif;yJ? tJh'D[mudk pdwfxJrSm pJGxm;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;vdkcsifw,fqdkwm b,fol‹udkrS wdkufcdkufcsifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? b,fol‹udkrS pJGðzwfcsifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktrsm;}uD;[m pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_uif;a0;pGmeJ‹ udk,fhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;Ekdifatmifvdk‹qdkwJh pdwfrsKd;eJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf wdkufae=uwmyJ? tm;vHk;u 'DtcGifhta&;vdkcsif&if tm;vHk;u 0if+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;&rSmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) usrwdk‹acwfrSm usrwdk‹ ukodkvfuHa=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dwkdif;jynf jynfolvlxkudk ta=umufw&m;uae+yD;awmh vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfay;EkdifwJhtcGifhta&;awG &vmw,f? 'DtcGifhta&;udk vufv$wfqHk;±_H;rcHygeJ‹? 'Dvdkjynfaxmifpktopf wnfaxmifzdk‹ tcGifhta&;awGudk vufv$wfvdkuf&if usrwdk‹[m orkdif;ay;wm0ef rausyGefolawGtjzpf orkdif;rSm tifrwefrS tjypfwifp&mjzpfrSmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) usrwdk‹u jynfolvlxkudk tm;udk;w,f? jynfolvlxkuvnf; udk,fhudkudk,f tm;udk;=uyg? udk,fhudkudk,f txifrao;=uygeJ‹? vlxk&JŒ tiftm;qdkwm tifrwefrS }uD;ygw,f? vlxk&JŒ tiftm;qdkwmudk rav;pm;bJ raeEkdifygbl;? usrwdk‹uvnf; av;pm;w,f? aemifvnf; tpdk;&tqufqufu av;pm;oifhw,f? jynfolvlxkudk av;pm;wJh tpdk;&rsKd;udk usrwdk‹u jzpfapcsifygw,f? 'grS wkdif;jynfrSmvnf; tusKd;jzpfapr,f? jynfolvlxkvnf; pdwfcsrf;omvmr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) 'DtcsdefrSm owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if aemifus&if usrwdk‹[m ra=umuf=u&wJhacwfudk a&mufoGm;Edkifygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm a=umuf+yD;awmh vkyfoifhoavmuf rvkyfcJhvdk‹&Sd&if aemuf quf+yD;awmh a=umufae&wJhpepfudk &Sifoefatmif vkyfay;ovdk jzpfoGm;ygr,f? vlwa,muftaeeJ‹vnf; trsm;}uD; *k%foduQmusygw,f? tJh'Dawmh tm;vHk;u rSefwmvkyf&vdk‹&Sd&if a=umufaevnf; vkyf&rSmyg? (jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89) 'Drkdua&pDvdkcsifwJhvlrsm;[m rkef;wJhpdwfeJ‹ wdkufaewmr[kwfbl;? arwWmpdwfeJ‹ wdkufaewmyJ? jynfolvlxktay: arwWm&Sdvdk‹/ wkdif;jynftay: arwWm&Sdvdk‹/ jynfolvlxkcHae&wm/ wkdif;jynfcHae&wm/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; epfemaewmudk r=unfh&ufvdk‹ arwWmpdwfeJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGudk 0ifaewmjzpfw,f? (jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89)

usrwdk‹ tck 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_txJrSm yg0ifvmwm[m tm%mvdkcsifvdk‹ yg0ifvmwmr[kwfbl;? wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcsifvdk‹ yg0ifvm=uwmyJ? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyftwGufa&m/ v_yf&Sm;r_txJrSm yg0ifae=uwJh jynfolvlxktwGufa&m/ t"dupum;vHk;[m tm%mr[kwfygbl;? wm0efyg? jynfaxmifpkeJ‹ jynfolvlxktay:rSm&SdwJh wm0eft& 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;yg0ifae=uwmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) usrwdk‹[m rSefuefwJhenf;eJ‹ vdkcsifwmudk vkyfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif;awG &Sdatmifvdk‹ udk,fhudkudk,f ðypkysKd;axmif&r,f? wjcm;vlawGudkvnf; 'Dvdkt&nftcsif;awG&Sdatmif ðypkysKd;axmifay;&r,f? 'Dvdkqdk&if usrwdk‹[m tqifhjrifhwJhEkdifiHa&; vkyfEkdifr,f? tqifhjrifhwJhEdkifiHa&;vkyfEdkifrS tqifhtwef;jrifhwJh EkdifiHwckjzpfvmr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) wcsKdŒu 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm tm;vHk;u Adkvfcsnf;yJvdk‹xifw,f? wu,fawmh 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm tm;vHk;wef;wl&nfwlvdk‹ ajymwmr[kwfbl;? tm;vHk;[m wef;wlnDwltcGifhta&;&Sdw,fvdk‹ ajymwmyJjzpfw,f? tm;vHk;rSm&SdwJh wef;wlnDwl tcGifhta&;eJ‹ trsm;tusKd;aqmifr,fh olawGudk a&G;xkwfydkifcGifhqdkwm &Sdw,f? 'gudk ajymwmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) &yfuGufnDvmcHawG vkyfwJhtcg tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;cs,fyg? ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJhvludk a&G;cs,fyg? tusifhpm&dwWeJ‹ t&nftcsif; ESpfck=um;rSm a&G;&r,fqdk&ifawmh usruawmh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajym&&if tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) tpdk;&[m jynfolvlxk qif;&JaewJhtcgrSm ZdrfeJ‹aezdk‹ rpOf;pm;oifhbl;? aemufwufr,fh tpdk;&[m tifrwefrS ±kef;uef&r,fh tpdk;&yg? tJh'Dawmh aemufwufr,fhtpdk;&xJrSm 0dkif;0ef;+yD; ulnDyg0ifvdkwJh olrsm;[m ae&mvdkcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ tm%mvdkcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ csrf;omcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ jynfol‹tusKd;zdk‹ tepfemcHvdkwJhvlrsKd; jzpfzdk‹vdkygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) olrsm; rSm;vdk‹/ olrsm; r[kwfwmvkyfvdk‹ udk,fvnf; vkdufvkyf&r,fqdk&if udk,fvnf; olwdk‹eJ‹twl wef;wljzpfoGm;rSmyJ? uav;u idkvdk‹ vl}uD;uyg vdkuf+yD; ajcaqmifhidkvdk‹&Sd&if vl}uD;om oduQmusrSmaygh? uav;uawmh uav;rdk‹vdk‹ idkw,fqdk+yD; ab;uae cGifhv$wf=u&rSmaygh? vlrsm;awG *k%foduQmr&Sdvdk‹ udk,fu *k%foduQmr&SdwJhtvkyfudk vkyf&r,fqdkwm rjzpfap&bl;? rjzpfoifhbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfwJhtcg b,fol‹udkrS ykwfcwfwm/ rrSefuefwJhenf;eJ‹ wdkufcdkufwm rvkyf=uygeJ‹? rlawGudkyJ wkdufcdkuf=u&yghr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG0ifwJhtcgrSm yxrOD;qHk; usrwdk‹vdkcsifwmu vGwfvyfpGmawG;awmydkifcGifhyJ? vludkom csKyfxm;Ekdifr,f? pdwfudkawmh rcsKyfxm;Ekdifbl;? 'Dvdk rcsKyfxm;EkdifwJhpdwfa=umifh 'DavmufawmifrS 26 ESpfvHk;vHk; vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmydkifcGifhr&SdwJhtxJu jynfolvlxk[m 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xJudk owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ 0ifcJh+yD/ pcJh+yD? 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk qHk;cef;wkdifatmif/ atmifjrifatmif vkyfoGm;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) azazu ajymcJhw,f? vkyf&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? cH&Jwm[m owWdwJh? cH&Jw,fqdkwmvnf; trSefw&m;twGuf cH&Jwmudk ajymwm/ rrSefuefwJhudpPtwGuf cH&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? 'g[m vlrdkuf&JŒ

xHk;yJ? usrwdk‹[m vlrdkufawGr[kwfbl;? tifrwefrS ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJh vlxkqdkwm usr jzpfapcsifw,f? 'Dvdk tajrmftjrif&SdwJh jynfolvlxkurS acwfopf jrefrmEkdifiHawmf}uD;udk wnfaxmifEkdifrSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) udk,fhwkdif;jynftwGuf toufudkay;&w,fqdkwm tifrwefrS =unfEl;p&maumif;w,f? tifrwefrS oifhawmfw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m rdrd&JŒwdkif;jynfudk tm;vHk;xufydk+yD;awmh cspf&r,f? rdrd&JŒ udk,fxufydk+yD; cspf&r,f? rdrd&JŒ rdom;pkxufydk+yD; cspf&r,f? rdrd&JŒ rdbrsm;xufvnf; ydk+yD;cspf&r,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'Dwkdif;jynfu 'Drdom;pk/ 'Drdbtm;vHk;udk arG;xkwfvdkufwJh wkdif;jynfyJ? tm;vHk;&JŒ aus;Zl;&SifyJjzpfw,f? jynfolvlxktm;vHk;&JŒ aus;Zl;&SifjzpfwJh EkdifiHudk t+rJyJ txGwftjrwfxm;&r,f? 'DEkdifiHtwGufqdk&if bmyJpGef‹&/ pGef‹& pGef‹EkdifwJh owWd&Sd&r,f? vlwdkif;vlwkdif;twGuf tpGef‹EdkifqHk;/ wefzdk;t&SdqHk;t&muawmh rdrd&JŒ toufyJ? tJh'Dawmh udk,fh&JŒwefzdk;t&SdqHk; toufudk pGef‹v$wfoGm;wJh 'Drdkua&pD&JabmfawGudk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh usrwdk‹[m 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifwJhtxd csDwufoGm;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) 'Dacwfu 'Drkdua&pDtkwfjrpfcswJh acwfyJ? tkwfjrpfcs+yD;awmhrS tay:u taqmuftOD}uD;udk wnfaqmuf&rSm? usrwdk‹[m tkwfjrpfcswJh vlawGqdkawmh yifyifyef;yef;eJ‹ vkyf+yD;awmh wu,fhtESpfom&udk cHpm;oGm;&csifrS cHpm;oGm;&r,f? udpPr&Sdygbl;? aemifvmaemufom;awG/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹ cscJhwJh tkwfjrpfay:rSm 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH}uD;udk wnfwnfwHhwHh wnfaxmif+yD; 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awGudk cHpm;oGm;&r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹twGuf trsm;}uD; *k%f,lp&mjzpfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m b,fvdkyJ zdESdyfr_awG&Sd&Sd/ b,fvdkyJ olrsm;awG b,fvdkvkyfvkyf/ b,fvdkyJ olrsm;awG npfywfnpfywf/ wddk‹wawGuawmh oef‹oef‹&Sif;&Sif; pifpif=u,f=u,feJ‹ wkdif;jynftusKd;aqmifwJh vli,fawGjzpfatmifaer,f? aemifwacwfusvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; wkdif;jynftusKd; quf+yD;aqmifr,fh vl}uD;awGjzpfatmif aer,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufawG xm;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) 'Dwkdif;jynf/ 'Dajr}uD;[m tifrwefrS csrf;omw,f? jynfolvlxk[m tifrwefrS qif;&Jaew,f? 'g rjzpfoifhwJh udpPyJ? 'Dwkdif;jynf/ 'Dajr}uD;[m 'DavmufawmifrS csrf;omae&if rSefrSefuefuef vrf;eJ‹ jynfolvlxktwGuf tusKd;aqmifoGm;r,fh tpdk;&rsm;[m jynfolvlxkudkvnf; csrf;omatmif vkyfay;Ekdif&r,f? (vGwfvyfa&;ausmufwkdifa&SŒ/ bDwGwfaus;&Gm 15-1-89) a0\EW&m[mqdk&if tvGefw&mrS jrifhjrwfwJh tavmif;awmfrif;w&m;jzpfayr,fhvnf; jynfolvlxkudk qef‹usif+yD; qifjzLawmfudk vªvdkufwJhtcg jynfESif'%fcH&w,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ qENudk rvdkufavsmwJhrif;qdkwm rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;eJ‹vnf; rudkufnDbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; vufrcHbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ Ak'<bmomw&m;t&vnf; vufcHcJhw,f? c&pf,mefw&m;rSmvnf; rif;aumif;rif;jrwfrsm;[m *±k%meJ‹ arwWmeJ‹ qufqH&r,fqdkwm ygygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ b,fbmomyJjzpfjzpf/ bmomra&G;/ vlrsKd;ra&G; rif;aumif;rSef&if jynfolvlxkudk rqef‹usifoifhygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ajrmif;jr 16-1-89) trsm;jynfol pdwf'kuQa&mufaewJh wdkif;jynfrSm pdwfcsrf;omwJhvlqdkwm tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;w,f? 'DavmufawmifrS udk,fhab;uvltrsm; qif;&J'kuQa&mufaevsufom;eJ‹ udk,fu pdwfcsrf;csrf;omomeJ‹

aeEkdifw,fqdkwm udk,fhrSm vl‹ESvHk;om;r&Sdvdk‹bJvdk‹ owfrSwf&ygr,f? udk,fwa,mufxJ/ udk,fhrdom;pk/ udk,fhtodkif;t0dkif;yJ pdwfcsrf;om&if awmf+yDvdk‹qdkwJh olrsm;[m vlrqefygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89) usr[m wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm vHk;vHk; pdwf0rf;ruJGapcsifbl;? tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmf[m azazjzpfapcsifwJh jynfoludk umuG,fr,fh/ jynfoludk apmifha&Smufr,fh/ EkdifiH&JŒ *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;r,fh wyfrawmf}uD;&,fvdk‹ jzpfapcsifw,f? rjzpfwmudkawmh usr 0rf;enf;w,f? 'Dvdk wyfrawmf}uD;yJ jyef+yD;awmh jzpfoGm;apcsifw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89) azaz t+rJyJrSmcJhw,f? uav;awGudk bmudkrS ra=umufapeJ‹? olwdk‹a=umufzdk‹&m ESpfckyJ&Sdw,f? rw&m;wJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹ a=umuf&r,f? rrSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹ a=umuf&r,f? avmurSm a=umufzdk‹qdkwm 'DESpfckyJ &Sdygw,fwJh? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ rdbjynfolrsm;udkvnf; tJh'DvdkyJ em;vnfapcsifygw,f? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89) usrwdk‹vlrsKd;awGudk opPm&SdwJh vlrsKd; jzpfapcsifw,f? wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf wdkufcdkufwJh ae&mrSmawmifrS jrifhjrifhjrwfjrwf wdkufcdkufwJhenf;rsm;eJ‹ wdkufcdkufEdkifygw,f? &efolqdkwm jrifhjrwfwJh&efoleJ‹ ,kwfrmwJh&efol ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f? jrifhjrwfwJh &efolqdkwm ,kwfrmwJh rdwfaqGxuf trsm;}uD;ydk+yD;awmh wefzdk;&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m &efoljzpfaewJh olawGtay:rSmvnf; jrifhjrwfwJh pdwfxm;&Sd&r,f? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89) aemif wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfr,fh vli,frsm;[m tckuaep+yD;awmh udk,frSm;ovm;/ rSefovm;qdkwm oHk;oyf&JwJh owWdvnf;&Sd&r,f? rSm;wJhtcg udk,fhudkudk,f jyef+yD;awmh ðyjyifEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;vnf; &Sd&r,f? 'Dvdk usrwdk‹wdkif;jynfrS vli,frsm;[m udk,fhudkudk,f rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if oHk;oyfEkdifr,f/ 0efcHEkdifr,f/ rrSm;atmif ðyjyifEkdifr,fqdk&if ESpfq,fhajcmufESpftwGif;u ysufpD;cJhwJhudpPrSefor#udk usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh jyifoGm;EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89) tck 'Drkdua&pDvdkcsifwJh pdwfqENrsm;[m jrpf}uD;ozG,fyJ pD;qif;aeygw,f? 'Djrpfa&awGudk b,folrS wm;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf[m 'Djrpfa&awGudk rSefwJhuefwJh vrf;uae+yD;awmh oGm;Ekdifatmifvdk‹/ jrpfa&awG[m v#H+yD;awmh tEW&m,frjzpfEkdifatmifqdkwJh wm0efawG&Sdygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ tifrwefrS wufºuGwJh pdwfqENawGudk xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;vkyfzdk‹ vdkygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm nDnGwfr_eJ‹ xyfwlta&;}uD;wmuawmh pnf;urf;&Sdr_yJvdk‹ usrwdk‹ twefwef ajymaewmjzpfygw,f? (taemufòrd‹e,f±Hk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89) tckwkdufyJG[m jrefrmEkdifiHol EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif; wkdufyJGoabmrsKd;jzpfvdk‹ tifrwefrS &ifemp&maumif;ygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf v_yf&Sm;w,fqdkwm trSefw&m;udk atmifjrifapcsifvdk‹/ trsm;tusKd;twGuf jzpfapcsifvdk‹ v_yf&Sm;wmyJ? udk,fusKd;tjrwfxGufcsifvdk‹vnf; r[kwfbl;? b,fol‹udkrSvnf; rqHk;±_H; repfemapcsifbl;? tJh'Dawmh trSefw&m;udk atmifjrifapcsifwJh pdwfapwemoef‹oef‹eJ‹ usrwdk‹tm;vHk; qufvkyfoGm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ acsmif;0 18-1-89) jrefrmEkdifiHvdk qif;&JwJhEdkifiHrSm csrf;omae&wm tifrwef &Sufzdk‹aumif;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;awG[m r&SufoifhwJhae&mrSm &Sufae=uygw,f? awmifolv,form; aus;vufvlxku

xrif;ESpfeyfudk tEkdifEkdifpm;ae&wJhcsdefrSm wcsKdŒu ig;eyf/ ajcmufeyfpm;aewm &Sufp&myg? wu,f tusifhpm&dwWaumif;+yD; pdwfoabmxm; jrifhjrwfwJhvlrsm;taeeJ‹awmh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rdrdcsrf;omzdk‹ óud;pm;&wm[m &Sufp&m b,favmufaumif;rvJvdk‹ awG;xif=urSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89) ae&mvdkcsifw,fqdkwm udk,fhwa,mufxJtwGufyg? ae&may;csifw,fqdkwm trsm;tusKd;twGufyg? tJh'Dawmh ae&mrvdkcsif=uygeJ‹? ae&may;csif=uyg? t&nftcsif;&Sd+yD; tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJholawGudk ae&may;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89) rdbawGu 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmygwJh vli,fawGudk [ef‹wm;ae=uw,fqdkwm od&ygw,f? r[ef‹wm;=uygeJ‹? udk,fa=umufvdk‹ udk,fhom;orD;awGyg a=umufzdk‹ oifay;w,fqdk&if odyf+yD;qdk;wmaygh? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89) acgracwfu pygwmEkdifiHrSm ajymavh&Sdw,f? ppfwdkufoGm;zdk‹ 'dkif;udkif+yD; xGufoGm;wJhtcg tdrfuae tarawG/ trawGu t+rJyJrSmvdkufw,f? 'dkif;udkif+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ 'dkif;ay:tdyf+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ ao+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ 'grSr[kwf ppfudkEkdif+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ ppf±_H;+yD;awmh jyefrvmygeJ‹qdkwJh t"dy`m,feJ‹ ajymwmyJ? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m 'Dvdkpdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89) usrwdk‹[m aemif 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpkopf xlaxmifa&;twGufudk yifvHknDvmcHvdk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd; tm;vHk;yg0ifwJh nDvmcH}uD;wck ac:zdk‹vdktyfw,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'D nDvmcHuae+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpkwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JŒ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;/ udk,fydkifjyÏmef;csufrsm; pwJhudpPawGudk aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;+yD;awmh tm;vHk;&JŒ oabmwlnDcsuft& taumif;qHk;tajzudk &Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89) jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf vufeufudkifenf;eJ‹ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk &SmcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh ckxufxd r&ao;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&zdk‹qdkwm EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ &Sm&r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89) usrwdk‹[m tEkdif,lcsif&if tEkdif,lEkdifwJhpdwfawG arG;&ygr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) q,fh&Spf&uf pufwifbmrSm ppftpdk;&uae+yD;awmh tm%mt&yf&yfudk odrf;+yD;wJhaemuf wkdufyJGyHkpHajymif;&r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf zJG‹cJhwm jzpfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) b,fpepfrsKd;rqdk atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm acgif;aqmifaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f? aemufvdkufaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f? tJh'Dawmh aemufvdkufaumif;wa,muf&JŒ t&nftcsif;[m bmvJqdk&if ta&;t}uD;qHk;uawmh acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; azmfxkwfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif; &Sd&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) vlwa,muf&JŒwefzdk;udk 'Dvl&JŒtoufudk =unfh+yD;awmh rqHk;jzwfEkdifygbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wefzdk;udk rSefrSefuefuef a0zef+yD;awmh ay;oifhay;xkdufwJh ae&mudkay;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

'DtzJG‹csKyf}uD; zsufodrf;ay;rS trsKd;om;a&;jzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; atmifjrifr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ zsufodrf;ay;zdk‹ tqifoifhygyJ? 'DtzJG‹csKyfu a&SŒu aeay;rS/ umuG,fay;rS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m atmifjrifr,fqdk&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ a&SŒuae+yD; umuG,fay;yghr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm EkdifiHa&;ygwD t&Sdeft0geJ‹vnf; uif;a0;&r,f? ygwD=oZmeJ‹vnf; uif;a0;&r,f? ausmif;om;or*~wck xlaxmifay;+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&bl;qdkwm ppfrSefwJhor*~wck jzpfrSmr[kwfbl;? ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm 'Drdkua&pD&rS/ ausmif;awGtm;vHk;zGifhrS ausmif;om;tm;vHk;&JŒ oabmwlnDqENt& wifajr‡mufxm;wJh or*~rS jzpfEkdifrSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) atmifqef;vrf;pOfqdkwm EdkifiHtwGuf taumif;qHk;vrf;pOfyJ? vrf;pOfwck&,fvdk‹r[kwfbl;? EkdifiHhtwGuf taumif;qHk;vrf;pOf? 'Dvrf;pOf[m usrwdk‹ wcsdefvHk; tajz&Smae&r,f? 'DESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf[m aemufESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf jzpfcsifrSjzpfr,f? aemufESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf[m aemif q,fESpf=um&if aumif;wJhvrf;pOfvnf; jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfr,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvrf;pOfawGtm;vHk;rSm wlnDwJh oabmwck&Sdw,f? vrf;pOfwdkif;/ vrf;pOfwkdif;[m EdkifiHtusKd;twGuf/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;twGuf OD;wnf+yD;awmh cif;vdkufwJhvrf;pOf[m atmifqef;vrf;pOfyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) jynfolvlxku apmifh=unfhr,fvdk‹ajym&if usru ar;csifygw,f? bmudk apmifh=unfhrSmvJ? olrsm;awG vkyfoGm;+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pD&wJhtxd apmifh=unfhrSmvm;? usrwdk‹ apmifhvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh tm;vHk; 0dkif;0ef;+yD;awmh vkyf=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmifyef; 15-2-89) 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm awmifolv,form; aus;vufjynfolvlxk[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ trsm;pk}uD;yJjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aus;vufjynfolawG[m udk,fhudkudk,f txifrao;=uygeJ‹? tm;vHk;u 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹uvnf; aus;vufvlxk}uD;udk tm;udk;ae&wmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z,fcHk 16-2-89) qdkif;bkwfwifw,fqkdwm bHk&efoludk jyzdk‹yJjzpfw,f? 'g igwkd‹&JŒae&mvdk‹ tm;vHk;u wpkwpnf;wnf;eJ‹ bHk&efoludk jyvdkufwJhtaeeJ‹ qdkif;bkwfwifwmjzpfw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z,fcHk 16-2-89) jynfaxmifpkwck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm ArmawG&JŒ uwdtay:rSm rwnfygbl;? jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; wa,mufay:wa,muf opPm&Sdr_tay:rSm rlwnfygw,f? (arGawmf"mwfqifapwD/ rdk;+AJ 16-2-89) jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pD&&Sdzdk‹qdkwm jynfrrSmyJ 'Drkdua&pD&vdk‹rjzpfbl;? jynfe,fwcsKdŒrSmyJ 'Drdkua&pD&±HkeJ‹vnf; rjzpfbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm 'Drdkua&pD&rS 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHwck xlaxmifEkdifrSmyg? (arGawmf"mwfqifapwD/ rdk;+AJ 16-2-89) ausmif;om;vli,frsm; e,fpyfa&mufoGm;&wJhudpP/ vufeufudkif+yD; 'Dpepfudk wdkufcdkufcsifw,fqdkwJh udpPrsm;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? t&ifESpfujzpfcJhwJh vufeufudkif+yD; jynfolvlxkudk 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk ESdrfeif;cJhwJhudpPrsm;&JŒ tusKd;qufyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z±l;qdk; 17-2-89) EkdifiHa&;tvkyf vkyfwJhtcgrSm jynfolvlxkeJ‹ usrwdk‹[m wwfEkdifor# yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHcsifygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ wyfukef; 19-2-89)

a&G;aumufyJGrSm vGwfvyfzdk‹/ w&m;r#wzdk‹qdk&mrSm jynfolvlxku vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&zdk‹ vdkygw,f? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pnf;±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pk±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;ydkifcGifhqdkwJh tcGifhta&;awG &zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'DvdktcGifhta&;awG r&bJeJ‹ vGwfvyf+yD;awmh w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfay;r,fqdkwm enf;enf;rS t"dy`m,fr&Sdygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ wyfukef; 19-2-89) ("gwfyHkvmygonf) txdef;odrf;cHae&pOf 1992 ckESpf arvY om;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfawG‹qHkpOf (aemufausmzHk; twGif;bufpm&Gufwjcrf;wGif xnfhoGif;&rnfh pmom;jzpfygonf) atmifqef;pk=unfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. wOD;wnf;aomorD;tjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHolEkdifiHom;wkdif; od&Sd=u.? 1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGY tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJholjzpfonf? 1991 ckESpfwGif EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJholjzpf+yD; urBmay:wGif emrnftausmf=um;qHk;/ vlodtrsm;qHk; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;vnf;jzpfonf? olr. a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh a[majymcsufrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfoifhonfrSm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf; ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh =uef‹=umcJh&onf? xdk‹a=umifh atmifqef;pk=unf. vufa&G;pifpmwrf;rsm;ESifh rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh yxrqHk;t}udrf pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? 1991 ckESpf pma&;ol EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk &&SdcsdefwGif xkwfa0cJh+yD; bmomaygif;rsm;pGmodk‹ jyefqdkcJhaom rl&if;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfudk tajccHI jrefrmjyefqdkxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,ckpmtkyfudkrl jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf t"du&nfpl;I ðypkxm;onfhtwGuf rl&if;pmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;tcsKdŒudk csefvSyfcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhaom pmwrf;ESifh rdef‹cGef;tcsKdŒudk xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;onf? pma&;olonf vGwf&uf rcef‹rSef;Edkifonfh txdef;odrf;cHb0rS &nfn$ef;csufESifh trSmpmudk a&;om;xm;ygonf? Tpmtkyfonf ae&mtESH‹tjym;rS jrefrm pmzwfy&dowftwGuf txl;wvnf pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfrnf[k xkwfa0olu ,Hk=unfonf? rsufESmzHk;yef;csD OD;ay:odrf;

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