1Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *abdu-
Meaning: 1 cattle, herd 2 household, property 3 cloth, fabric
Evenki: abdu 1, 2
Even: abdu. 2, 3
Negidal: abdu.n 1
Spoken Manchu: adun 'herd, flock' (2319)
Literary Manchu: adu 3
Jurchen: ad-hu (551) 3
Orok: abdu. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *abgu-
Meaning: 1 to pull out, take from 2 (refl.) to appear
Even: abgi.n- 2
Negidal: abgu.- 1
Ulcha: aGbu.mbu.- 1, aGbu.n- 2
Orok: aGbu.n-
Nanai: aGbi.-mboGo- 1, aGbi.ac^i.- 2
Oroch: a:bu- 1
Udighe: agbu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *abu-
Meaning: 1 to lack, be insufficient 2 to become exhausted, lean 3 to be tired 4 to bleed
Evenki: abul- 1, abu- 4
Even: abͬ.l- 1
Negidal: abu.l- 1
Literary Manchu: absa- 2, abuliqabi 3Ulcha: abu.li.- 1
Orok: abu.li.- 1
Nanai: aboli.- 1
Oroch: abuli- 1
Udighe: abuli- 1
Solon: abu.l- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *abusi
Meaning: 1 husband of elder sister 2 husband of father's or mother's younger sister 3 brother-in-law, son-in-law
Evenki: awus 1
Even: a:wu.s 1, 2
Negidal: awu.s 1, 2
Ulcha: au.si. 3
Nanai: aosi. 3
Oroch: aus/a" 3
Udighe: auhi 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ac^u-
Meaning: 1 to slander, slander 2 to answer
Literary Manchu: ac^ux/a-da-, ac^ux/an 1
Nanai: ac^o:go- 2 (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ada-
Meaning: 1 twins 2 to unite, attach 3 close, neighbour
Negidal: adaxu. 1
Literary Manchu: ada- 2, adaki 3
Ulcha: adau. 1
Orok: ada:w 1
Nanai: ada- 2, ado: 1
Oroch: adawu 1
2Keys of Han
Udighe: ada`u 1 (QRST. 204)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *aga
Meaning: rain
Spoken Manchu: aha: (2015)
Literary Manchu: aGa
Jurchen: ah-ga (8)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *agula:n
Meaning: meadow, plain
Evenki: awla:n, ag|la:n
Even: awlͬn
Negidal: awlan
Ulcha: awda(n)
Orok: awla(n)
Nanai: aoda?
Oroch: auda, aula
Han-Tungus-prototype: *aja, *aju-
Meaning: 1 good 2 handsome, beautiful 3 to save, help
Evenki: aja 1, aj(u:)- 3
Even: aj 1, aj(i.)- 3
Negidal: aja 1
Literary Manchu: aj-lun|Ga 2, aj-sila- 3
Jurchen: aju-bulu (419) 3
Ulcha: aja 1
Orok: aja 1, aju.- 3
Nanai: ai, aja: 1
Oroch: aja 1, ai-c^i- 3
Udighe: aja 1, ai-sigi- 3
Solon: ai, aja 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ajara-
Meaning: 1 to take off fat (while melting) 2 spoon for taking fat off
Ulcha: ajara- 1, ajaraqu. 2
Nanai: ajarax|o 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ak- / *kaka
Meaning: 1 man 2 elder brother
Evenki: aka:, akin 2
Even: aqa, aqͬ.n 2
Negidal: aga / axa 2
Spoken Manchu: hah@ 1 (829)
Literary Manchu: xaxa 1, axun 2
Jurchen: xaxa-aj (298) 1, axun (axun-un) (286) 2
Ulcha: aGa 2
Orok: aGa / aqa 2
Nanai: a: 2
Oroch: aka, akin 2
Udighe: aga` 2 (QRST. 203)
Solon: axa:, axin 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *aKa
Meaning: loon, diver
Negidal: axani:.
Literary Manchu: aqa n/exe
Ulcha: an/i
Nanai: a:n/i
3Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *al-
Meaning: 1 dirt 2 to poach (in dirt) 3 bay, shore inlet
Evenki: aldi- 2
Orok: ala:q 1
Nanai: alian 3 (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ala-
Meaning: 1 to cross (a mountain) 2 mountain 3 mountain pass 4 ravine
Evenki: ala- 1, alaki:t, alan 3
Even: alͬ.n- 1, alͬ.n 3
Negidal: alan- 1, alaxi:.t 3
Spoken Manchu: alin 2 (2067)
Literary Manchu: alin 2
Jurchen: ali-in (39) 2
Nanai: ala 3 (Bik.)
Udighe: ala 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ala-
Meaning: 1 to tell 2 (caus.) to teach, explain 3 to offer as sacrifice 4 to be responsible 5 royal decree
Evenki: alawu:- 2
Negidal: ala-c^i.- 3
Spoken Manchu: al@- 'to tell, to inform' (1346)
Literary Manchu: ala- 1
Jurchen: alawa-gi (576) 5
Ulcha: alau.- 2, 4
Orok: alau.- 2
Nanai: alo:-si.- 2
Oroch: alu.- 1, alaw- 2
Udighe: alau- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *alba-
Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 lazy
Evenki: alba- 1
Even: albͬ.- 1
Negidal: alba- 1
Orok: alba- 1
Nanai: albaqto 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *alda-n
Meaning: distance between
Literary Manchu: andan, alda-
Jurchen: an-dan-do (816) 'to follow'
Ulcha: alda(n)
Orok: alda(n)
Nanai: alda?
Oroch: agda(n)
Udighe: agda(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *alga
Meaning: net
Evenki: alga
Literary Manchu: alGan
Ulcha: arGa
Nanai: alGa
Oroch: agga
Solon: alga
4Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *al(i)-
Meaning: 1 take, receive 2 give, hand over
Evenki: al- 1
Even: al- 1
Negidal: al- 1
Spoken Manchu: iali- (1404)
Literary Manchu: ali- 1
Jurchen: ali- (242) 2
Ulcha: alu:.- 2
Orok: ali.- 1
Nanai: ali.- 1
Oroch: alo:- 2
Udighe: ali- 1, alu- 2
Solon: ali- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ali-, *alak-
Meaning: 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy
Evenki: ali- 1
Even: ale?l- 1
Negidal: ali.- 1, alaxi.- 4
Literary Manchu: al/a- 3
Ulcha: ali.- 2
Nanai: ali.- 2, alaqi. 4
Oroch: ali- 2
Solon: al/e:?-, ali:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *alu-
Meaning: 1 currants 2 a k. of berry (TRͧRnop)
Evenki: alug| 1
Negidal: aloj 1
Ulcha: a:lu. 1
Orok: allu. 1
Oroch: a:la": ~ a:li 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *am-
Meaning: 1 quick, quickly 2 to be in time, to catch up 3 to reach, touch
Evenki: ama, ama-ka:n 1, amin-, ami-lta"n-
Even: a:mrͬ.q 1, a:mͬ.ltͬ.n- 2
Spoken Manchu: am@c^@- 2
Literary Manchu: am-bu-, am-c^a- 3
Nanai: am-qa-c^i.- 3 Bik.
Solon: amari: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *amba-
Meaning: 1 big 2 many 3 very
Spoken Manchu: am@ 'big, large' (2398)
Literary Manchu: amba 1
Jurchen: amban (amban-an) (668) 1, amban-lar (724) 2
Ulcha: amba(n) 1, 3
Orok: ambaramz^|i. 3
Nanai: amba(n) 1
Oroch: amba 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *amn|a, *amta-
Meaning: 1 mouth 2 to taste
Evenki: amn|a 1, amta- 2
5Keys of Han
Even: amn|ͬ 1, amtͬ- 2
Negidal: amn|a 1, amta- 2
Spoken Manchu: an|@ 1 (27), an|a 1
Literary Manchu: an|ga 1
Jurchen: am-n|a (494) 1
Ulcha: an|ma 1
Orok: amn|a / an|ma 1
Nanai: amGa 1
Oroch: amma 1
Udighe: an|ma 1
Solon: amma, angai 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ana-
Meaning: very
Nanai: anam
Oroch: ana, ani:, anu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *anda
Meaning: friend
Evenki: anda
Negidal: anda
Literary Manchu: anda
Jurchen: al-da-xaj (330) cf. *alda (1-31), an-dan-do (816) 'to follow'
Ulcha: anda
Orok: anda
Nanai: anda
Oroch: anda
Udighe: anda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *andi
Meaning: scoter, a k. of duck
Evenki: anni, andi, ende
Negidal: ani.
Nanai: a:ni, a:n|gi (IJ.) 'diver'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ani:-
Meaning: to present a gift
Evenki: ani:-
Even: ani.-
Ulcha: ajban ( < *ani-pan) 'gift'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an/n|a
Meaning: year
Evenki: ann|ani:
Even: ann|ͬ.n
Negidal: an/n|ani:.
Spoken Manchu: ani (2723)
Literary Manchu: an/a
Jurchen: ania (79)
Ulcha: an/a(n)
Orok: anan/i.
Nanai: ajn|an/a, ajn|ani.
Oroch: ann|an/i
Udighe: an|a(n)
Solon: an/e:?, an|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *antaga
Meaning: slope of a mountain
6Keys of Han
Evenki: antag|a
Even: antͬ.g|
Negidal: antag|a
Literary Manchu: antu
Nanai: antaz^|i.a
Udighe: anta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *anz^|a
Meaning: plough
Literary Manchu: anz^|a
Ulcha: anz^|a
Nanai: anz^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-
Meaning: 1 dig 2 crack, hole 3 open
Evenki: an|a- 1, an|a-/ a:n|a:- 3, an|a 2
Even: an|- 1, a:n|a- 3
Negidal: an|a- 1, 3, an|a 2
Ulcha: an|Gala 2
Orok: a:n|Ga- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-
Meaning: 1 foreigner 2 orphan
Evenki: an|naki: 1, an|az^|aka:n 2
Even: an|ͬ.z^|a 2
Negidal: an|naxi:. 1, an|az^|axa:n 2
Literary Manchu: anaqu (z^|uj) 2
Ulcha: an|az^|a, an|an/i. 2
Orok: an|ada 2
Nanai: an|z^|i.ni. 1, an|Gaz^|a? 2
Oroch: an|nain/i 1, an|az^|a 2
Udighe: an|naxi 1, an|az^|a 2
Solon: an|az^|i? 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-
Meaning: 1 wild game 2 mountain ram 3 to graze (of deer) 4 enclosure for deer
Evenki: an|a 1, anan| (dial.) 2, an|a- 3, an|an 4
Even: anͬ.n| 2, an|- 3
Negidal: an|a- 3
Orok: a:n|a- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|(g)a
Meaning: net (for catching fish under ice)
Negidal: an|a
Ulcha: an|Ga
Orok: an|Ga
Nanai: an|ga
Oroch: an|ga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *apa
Meaning: grandfather; uncle (elder brother of father, mother)
Negidal: apa
Nanai: papa (Naikh.), fafa (Bik.) (redupl.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *apa-
Meaning: 1 to attack 2 to fight
Spoken Manchu: af@- 1 (789)
Literary Manchu: afa- 1
7Keys of Han
Nanai: apa- 1
Solon: apaldi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *apka
Meaning: sky
Spoken Manchu: abka, apka
Literary Manchu: abqa
Jurchen: a-pu-ha
Nanai: apqa (Kur.-Urm.), afqa (Bik.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ar-
Meaning: 1 to make, work, construct 2 to come to one's senses 3 to cause fear (Rf an evil ghost), to appear in one's imagination 4 shape, form 5 evil spirit
Evenki: arit- 3, aru:- 2, arinka 5
Even: ar-, ari.- 3, ar- 2, ari.n|qͬ. 5
Negidal: aji. 5
Spoken Manchu: ar@v@n, ar@vun 'appearance, form' (2342)
Literary Manchu: ara- 1, arbun 4, ari 5
Nanai: ari. 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara-
Meaning: 1 open space 2 open ritual court
Evenki: arag|an 1
Even: arͬ.g|ͬ.n 1
Ulcha: arac^u. 2
Oroch: ara:c^u 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara-
Meaning: scarcely
Evenki: aran
Even: arͬ.n
Spoken Manchu: ar@q@n (2952)
Literary Manchu: arqan
Solon: ara?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *arka-n
Meaning: back
Evenki: arkan
Even: arqͬ.n
Negidal: ajkan
Orok: atta(n)
Oroch: akka(n)
Udighe: aka(n)
Solon: arka?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *arpa
Meaning: barley; oats
Literary Manchu: arfa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *asi:
Meaning: 1 wife of elder brother 2 woman 3 wife
Evenki: asi: 2
Even: asi. 2
Negidal: asi: 2
Spoken Manchu: as^@, as@ 3 (908)
Literary Manchu: as^a 1
Ulcha: asi. 3
Orok: asi. 2
8Keys of Han
Nanai: as/a 2
Oroch: asa 2
Udighe: ahanta 2
Solon: as^/e:, as^/i: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *axiri-
Meaning: to sweep, rake up snow
Ulcha: ax|i.ri.-
Orok: ax|i.ri.-
Nanai: ax|i.ri.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *az^|i-n
Meaning: a k. of salmon
Evenki: az^|in
Negidal: az^|i.n
Literary Manchu: az^|in
Ulcha: az^|i.(n)
Orok: az^|i.(n)
Nanai: az^|i.?
Oroch: az^|i.(n)
Udighe: az^|i(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:(b)-
Meaning: 1 to sleep 2 to lie 3 to entertain
Evenki: a:- 1
Even: awu.n- 3
Negidal: a:- 1
Ulcha: au.- ~ aw- 1, 2
Orok: a:(wu.)- 1, 2
Nanai: ao- 1, 2
Oroch: a:- 1
Solon: a:-s^/in- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:bu-
Meaning: a k. of duck (ͥͤop-TRSJop)ͱͱͱͱ
Even: a:wu.ldu.qa
Orok: awu.n|Ga
Oroch: aun|a
Udighe: aun|ga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:ga-
Meaning: 1 arrow point, notch 2 whetstone
Evenki: a:g|en 2
Even: a:g|ͬn 2
Negidal: ag|at 1, ag|an 2
Literary Manchu: atan 1
Nanai: an|a? 2
Oroch: a:ta 1, awa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:j-
Meaning: 1 swift 2 to run quickly 3 to step (on sand, snow)
Even: aji.n| 1
Literary Manchu: aja- 2
Orok: aja-mu.nz^|i. 1
Nanai: a:i- 3 (IJ. 30)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:li-
Meaning: to get tired
Negidal: a:li:.-
9Keys of Han
Ulcha: a:l(i.)-
Orok: a:li.-
Nanai: a:li.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:li-
Meaning: 1 to crumble (of earth, snow) 2 to kill an animal (after a long hunt)
Negidal: a:li.-w- 1
Udighe: ali- 2, alip- 'to become spoiled (of meat)' (QRST. 205, 206)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:m-
Meaning: 1 to sleep 2 to be sleepy
Evenki: a:me- 2
Even: a:mol- 2
Negidal: a:ma- 2
Spoken Manchu: am@h@- 1 (528)
Literary Manchu: amga- / amxa- 1
Ulcha: amasi.- 2
Orok: a:ma- 2
Nanai: a:malo-, a:masi.- 2
Oroch: a:ma-si- 2
Udighe: amahi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:mu-
Meaning: 1 lake 2 river
Evenki: a:mut 1
Even: amar, a:ma:r 2
Negidal: amu.t 1
Spoken Manchu: om@ 1 (2082)
Literary Manchu: omo 1
Jurchen: omo (45) 1
Nanai: amoa? 1
Oroch: amu 1
Udighe: amuli 'name of a river' (QRST. 207)
Solon: amu.z^|i 1, amur 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:(n)-
Meaning: not
Evenki: a:c^in
Even: a:n, a:c^
Negidal: a:c^in
Spoken Manchu: aqu (3017)
Literary Manchu: aqu
Jurchen: a-c?wi (705)
Ulcha: ana
Orok: ana
Nanai: ana:
Oroch: ana
Udighe: anc^i
Solon: as^/i?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:n/i-
Meaning: 1 to enjoy 2 feast
Even: a:n/i.- 1
Nanai: an/a: 2 (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:n|(gi)-
Meaning: right
10Keys of Han
Evenki: ann|u:, a:n/n|u:
Even: a:ngͬ.g|
Negidal: an/n|i.-da:
Ulcha: anz^|i.
Orok: a:n/z^|e:
Nanai: a:n|gi.a
Oroch: a:n/z^|a"
Udighe: ajan|az^|a
Solon: angida
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:z^|i-
Meaning: 1 first child 2 small child 3 the most
Even: a:z^|i.n 1
Spoken Manchu: az^|ig@ 2 (2403)
Literary Manchu: az^|i-ge 2, az^|i 1
Nanai: az^|i:. 3, az^|i.-go- 'SR~�ͤͮ ��Sn�Jͨp'
Udighe: az^|iga 'girl'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba-
Meaning: 1 to propose for marriage 2 proposed for marriage since childhood
Evenki: ba- 1
Literary Manchu: ba-c^ixi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *badara
Meaning: dun-bird
Evenki: badara
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bag-
Meaning: 1 white 2 clear (of sky, weather)
Evenki: bagda-ma, -rin 1, bag|urin 2
Even: ba:wu.n, ba:i. 2
Negidal: bagdaji:n 1
Solon: bagdarin, bogdarin 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baj-
Meaning: rock, cliff
Evenki: bajtu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baj-li
Meaning: favour, mercy
Literary Manchu: bajli
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baK-
Meaning: 1 separate 2 to break, divide bread
Evenki: bakla 1
Even: be:kͬl 1
Nanai: baqta- 2 (dial.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baK-
Meaning: 1 muscles of thigh 2 knucklebone (of a horse); fetlock
Literary Manchu: baqalaz^|i 2
Nanai: bagdixi?. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baKa-
Meaning: to find, obtain
Evenki: baka-
Even: baq-
Negidal: baxa-
Spoken Manchu: bah@- (1562)
Literary Manchu: bax|a-
11Keys of Han
Jurchen: baxa-biar 'obtain' (366)
Ulcha: ba:-
Orok: ba:-
Nanai: ba:-
Oroch: ba:-
Udighe: ba`- (QRST. 210)
Solon: baxa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baksa
Meaning: prop, central pole
Evenki: baksa
Ulcha: baqsa
Nanai: baqsa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bala-
Meaning: ancient, earlier
Ulcha: balana
Orok: balana
Nanai: balana
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baldi-
Meaning: to bear, be born
Evenki: baldi-
Even: baldͬ.-
Negidal: baldi.-
Spoken Manchu: banz^|i-, banz^|@- (694, 2146)
Literary Manchu: banz^|i-
Jurchen: boldi-xaj (388)
Ulcha: baldi.-
Orok: balz^|i.-
Nanai: balz^|i.-
Oroch: ba:gdi-
Udighe: bagdi-
Solon: baldi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bali-
Meaning: sable (one year old)
Evenki: balini
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ban|-sala-
Meaning: to kick
Literary Manchu: bas^ila-
Ulcha: basala-
Orok: basala-
Nanai: ban|sala-
Oroch: ban|sala-
Udighe: ban|c^ala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bara-
Meaning: 1 many 2 to increase 3 capacious
Evenki: bara-ma 1, bara-l- 2
Even: baran 3
Negidal: baja 1
Literary Manchu: baran 1
Orok: bara 1
Solon: bara: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bargi-
Meaning: 1 opposite 2 enemy, inimical
12Keys of Han
Evenki: bargi: 1, bargu:k 2
Even: bargͬ.g| 1, bargͬ.q 2
Negidal: bajgi.- 1, bajgu.n 2
Literary Manchu: baz^|i-la 1, baqc^in 1, 2
Jurchen: bai-z^|u-mij di:- 'to be inimical' (797)
Ulcha: baz^|i. 1, baz^|u.(n) 2
Orok: baz^|z^|e:? 1
Nanai: bajGi. 1, bajGo:(n) 2
Oroch: baggi- 1, baz^|ug|i 2
Udighe: baga" 1, bagia 2
Solon: bargi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baru-n
Meaning: 1 thick 2 round, full
Even: baru.-n 1
Literary Manchu: barun 2
Nanai: baro? (Kur-Urm.) 2
Oroch: bau(n) 1
Udighe: bau 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *basa-
Meaning: payment
Literary Manchu: basa, base
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bas^a-
Meaning: to drive, urge
Literary Manchu: bas^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *batu-kin
Meaning: rope (made of bark)
Negidal: batu.xi.n
Ulcha: batu.xu.n
Nanai: bartoxi.?
Oroch: ba:tuxa":
Udighe: batixi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *batu-n
Meaning: frozen soil
Evenki: batun
Even: batͬ.n
Literary Manchu: batun
Ulcha: ba:tu.(n)
Nanai: bato?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baz^|i-
Meaning: early
Evenki: baz^|i-kir
Even: baz^|
Negidal: baz^|i.g|
Oroch: ba:z^|ika
Udighe: baz^|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:da
Meaning: 1 face 2 shape, form, colour
Evenki: ba:de 1
Even: ba:d 1, 2
Nanai: ba:do 'opposite to', ba:do-ba:do 'face to face'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:gba
Meaning: 1 stake, bar, spear 2 to delve with a stake, spear
13Keys of Han
3 to hit (with a stake, stick)
Even: bag|ͬ.q- 3
Negidal: ba:bga 1
Literary Manchu: bo- 2, bon 1
Ulcha: baGba 1
Orok: ba:bGa ~ ba:Gba 1
Nanai: baGba 1
Udighe: bagba- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:Ka- / *ba:Ku-
Meaning: to slide
Evenki: ba:kero:-
Even: baqͬ.rki.n-
Negidal: baxu.ki.n-
Ulcha: bau.rsu.-
Orok: bau.r-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ku-n/a
Meaning: 1 seal 2 young bear
Evenki: ba:keje 2; baxana 'he-goat'(�p��ͣͮ ��ͤRnp)
Negidal: baqaja: 2
Ulcha: baqada 1
Orok: ba:wu 1
Oroch: bakana 'oSͥ�Jͭ� ͣp T�ͨ J�S�'ͭ
Udighe: baqana 'one-year-old bear or dog'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ra-c^i-
Meaning: to rejoice
Ulcha: ba:rac^i.-
Nanai: ba:ra:c^i.-
Oroch: ba:rac^i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:rga-
Meaning: to clothe, put on
Ulcha: bargaz^|i.-
Orok: baGdu.xi.-
Nanai: ba:raz^|i.Go-, ba:roli.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ru
Meaning: in the direction of (postpos.)
Literary Manchu: baru
Ulcha: ba:- / be:-
Orok: ba:ru.-
Nanai: ba:ro-
Oroch: bai-ti
Han-Tungus-prototype: *be
Meaning: bait
Evenki: be
Even: be:
Negidal: beg|ewun
Literary Manchu: be
Ulcha: bei
Orok: be:-ni
Nanai: be:
Oroch: be-ppe, be-meike
Udighe: be-kpe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bedu- / *budu-
14Keys of Han
Meaning: small table
Negidal: bet
Ulcha: beduli
Orok: bedu
Nanai: bedur, budduru
Han-Tungus-prototype: *begdi / *bugdi
Meaning: 1 leg 2 foot
Evenki: begdi 1
Even: bo":dͬl 1
Negidal: begdi 1
Spoken Manchu: bet@x@, bet@k@ 1, 2 (137, 2285)
Literary Manchu: betxe 2
Jurchen: bodi-xe (505) 2
Ulcha: begdi 1
Orok: begz^|i 1
Nanai: begd'i 2
Oroch: begdi 1
Udighe: begdi 1
Solon: beldi:r 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bege
Meaning: 1 ferment (made of animal liver or brain) 2 medicine
Evenki: beg|e 1, 2
Even: beg| 2
Negidal: beg|e 2
Nanai: be: 'rotten food' (IJ.)
Oroch: be:-de- 'to treat (with medicine)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beje
Meaning: person, man
Evenki: beje
Even: bej
Negidal: beje
Nanai: beje 'person'
Solon: bei, beje
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beju:-
Meaning: an ungulate animal
Evenki: beju:n
Even: buju:n
Negidal: beju:n
Ulcha: buju(n)
Orok: buju(n)
Nanai: beju?
Oroch: beju(n)
Udighe: bui, buji
Solon: beju:-ni: beje 'hunter'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beKe
Meaning: goby
Oroch: bexe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bekte-
Meaning: a short time
Negidal: bekte
Ulcha: bekte
Nanai: bekte:?
15Keys of Han
Oroch: bekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bele-
Meaning: to help
Evenki: bele-
Even: bel-
Negidal: bele-
Ulcha: bele-c^i-
Orok: bel/e-
Nanai: bele-c^i-
Oroch: bele-c^i-
Udighe: bele-si-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *belge
Meaning: lap
Evenki: belge
Even: be:lgͬ
Negidal: belge
Ulcha: belz^|e
Orok: bel/de
Nanai: belge
Udighe: bege
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beli
Meaning: 1 pale 2 to whiten
Evenki: beli 1
Negidal: belki- 2
Oroch: be:li 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beli(n)
Meaning: 1 hysterics 2 silly
Evenki: belin 1
Negidal: belin 1
Literary Manchu: beli 2
Nanai: belc^i? 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *belu / bul-
Meaning: 1 flat, slippery ice surface 2 to become gelatinous, jelly-like
Evenki: belu 1, buldi-le:- 2
Even: buldid- 2
Negidal: bel, bulz^|i- 2
Ulcha: belu, bolu 1, bulde- 2
Orok: belu 1
Nanai: belu, bulu 1, bulz^|i- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bener
Meaning: younger relative-in-law
Evenki: bener
Even: benͬr
Negidal: bene
Ulcha: bener, beneli
Nanai: bener
Oroch: bene
Udighe: bene
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ben|-ge-
Meaning: to sully
Negidal: ben|ge-
16Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bere
Meaning: to ease, peaceful
Evenki: bere
Literary Manchu: bez^|ig/e-
Orok: bere-mi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bez^|un
Meaning: 1 ten deer 2 multitude
Even: bez^|en 1
Literary Manchu: buz^|u baz^|a 2
Nanai: bez^|u 'thick (of a tree)' (IJ.) (?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi-
Meaning: to be
Evenki: bi-
Even: bi-
Negidal: bi:-
Spoken Manchu: bi- (3016)
Literary Manchu: bi-
Jurchen: bie-i (704), bie-fume (614)
Ulcha: bi-
Orok: bi-
Nanai: bi-
Oroch: bi:-
Udighe: bi-
Solon: bi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biaga
Meaning: moon
Evenki: be:?g|a
Even: ba":g|
Negidal: be:?g|a
Spoken Manchu: bia: (2035)
Literary Manchu: bija
Jurchen: bi(a)ha (4)
Ulcha: be:?
Orok: be:?
Nanai: ba":, bi.a
Oroch: ba":
Udighe: bea"
Solon: be:?g|a, b/eg|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bia, -gun
Meaning: 1 place (in a dwelling) 2 rookery, sealery 3 earth 4 estate 5 servants
Evenki: be:? 1
Even: ba": 2
Spoken Manchu: b/oh@n, b/ohun 3 (2112)
Literary Manchu: boix|on, boiGon 3, 4
Jurchen: boj-hu (276) 5, bon|-xon| 3
Orok: be:? 1
Udighe: bea" 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bial-
Meaning: 1 to harm, damage 2 to be in a difficult position, obstructed
Evenki: be:?l- 2
Even: belen|e- 1
17Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: bele- 1
Ulcha: bajli.- 'to wound'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bialebki
Meaning: 1 knee cap 2 knee
Nanai: bi.lo:ki. (IJ. 66) 1
Udighe: ba"luga (-ug|a), bo"log|o (-ug|o) 1 (QRST. 211)
Solon: bolo:xi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biaru
Meaning: sheep
Evenki: be:?ru
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi(a)sere-
Meaning: 1 decking 2 shelf under ceiling 3 bed 4 pedestal
Literary Manchu: besergen 3, 4
Ulcha: bisere(n) 1
Nanai: besere, bisere 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biga
Meaning: field, steppe
Spoken Manchu: bihan (2079)
Literary Manchu: biGan, bixan
Udighe: biga, big|a (QRST. 212)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bil-
Meaning: completely, wholely
Literary Manchu: bilc^i, bulz^|i
Nanai: bilde-bilde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bila-
Meaning: to agree upon time
Literary Manchu: bila-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bilc^a-
Meaning: to mix (flour), to glue
Literary Manchu: bilc^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bile-n
Meaning: 1 wrist 2 lapel on mittens
Evenki: bile(n) 1, 2
Even: bilen 1
Negidal: bile 2
Orok: bile 2
Udighe: bule 1 (QRST. 215), bilepti, bulepti 'bracelet' (QRST. 212)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bilga
Meaning: throat
Evenki: bilga
Even: bi.lgͬ.
Negidal: bi.lga
Spoken Manchu: bil@ha: (62)
Literary Manchu: bilx|a
Ulcha: bi.lz^|a
Orok: bi.lda
Nanai: bi.lGa
Oroch: bigga
Udighe: bigan|a (QRST. 212)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi; *bue, *mu"-n-
Meaning: 1 I 2 we
Evenki: bi 1; bu, mit 2
18Keys of Han
Even: bi 1; bu, mut 2
Negidal: bi 1; bu, bitta / butta 2
Spoken Manchu: bi: 1 (2869); bo: 2 (2871), mes@ 2 (2872)
Literary Manchu: bi 1; be, muse 2
Jurchen: mi-n (853) 1
Ulcha: bi 1; bu:, bue 2
Orok: bi 1; bu 2
Nanai: mi, dial. bi 1; bu:, bue 2
Oroch: bi 1; bu, biti 2
Udighe: bi 1; bu, minti 2
Solon: bi 1; bu:, miti 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bira
Meaning: 1 river 2 spring
Evenki: bira 1, biraja 1,2
Even: bi.ra 1, bi.raqc^an 2
Negidal: bi.ja 1, 2, bi.jaxa:n 2
Spoken Manchu: bira: 1 (2087)
Literary Manchu: bira 1, biraGa, birGan, birx|a 2
Jurchen: bira (40) 1
Ulcha: bi.ra 2
Nanai: bi.ra:? 2
Oroch: biaka 2
Udighe: ba":`sa 1 (QRST. 212)
Solon: bira 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biri-
Meaning: 1 to lay planks 2 planking 3 tent, construction 4
fence 5 frame
Evenki: biri- 1, biriptir 2, 3
Even: birken 2, 3
Negidal: bije:g|e: 2
Literary Manchu: biregen, bireken 4, beren 5
Nanai: bere? 5 (possibly < Man.)
Oroch: bipti 3
Udighe: bi:pti 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *birin
Meaning: female of a predator
Evenki: birin
Even: bi.ran
Negidal: bi.ji.n
Literary Manchu: birin ~ barin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bir[u]-kan
Meaning: 1 precipice 2 mountain
Literary Manchu: b/oran 1
Solon: biraxan 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boda-
Meaning: to follow smb., accompany
Evenki: bodo-
Even: bod-
Negidal: bodo-
Ulcha: bodo-
Orok: bodo-
Nanai: bodo-
19Keys of Han
Udighe: bodo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bodu-ruka
Meaning: curly, fleecy
Even: bodu.ru.qa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bog-
Meaning: 1 cuff, wristband 2 shoulder
Evenki: bog|jan 1
Even: bu.jan 1
Udighe: bogdolo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bog(i)- / *begi-
Meaning: 1 to freeze 2 cold 3 frazil
Evenki: beg|i:- 1, beg|in, bog|in 2 bog|oro 3
Even: bei-, beg|i- 1, bo"g|e 3
Negidal: beji:- 1
Literary Manchu: beje- 1
Jurchen: bei 2 (95)
Ulcha: beji- 1
Nanai: beji- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bogi:-
Meaning: to bear a bastard; to suffer a miscarriage
Evenki: bog|i:-; bo:-ka:n ( < *bog|o-ka:n) 'slave'
Negidal: bog|i.n-
Literary Manchu: bojx|olo- 'to escape (from a trap), get off the hook'
Ulcha: bojal-
Nanai: bojaGo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boka-
Meaning: breast bone
Evenki: bokoli:
Even: bokoli.wu.n
Literary Manchu: boqs^on
Orok: bokko { ~ boqqo} 'belly'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bokan-
Meaning: to catch up with, take revenge on
Evenki: bokon-
Even: boqͬ.n-
Negidal: boxon-
Nanai: boqon|Gi.-
Oroch: bo:-, bokko-
Udighe: bo`n-o- (QRST. 213)
Solon: boxon-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boKa-ri, *boKa-kta
Meaning: 1 pea 2 cone 3 nut 4 tree fungus
Evenki: bokoto, bokokto 2, 3
Even: bokot 2, 3
Negidal: boxoto 2, 3
Literary Manchu: box|ori 1, bax/a 2
Ulcha: bo:qto 3
Orok: bo:qto 2, 3
Nanai: bo:qto 3
Oroch: bokto 3
Udighe: bo`to 2, 4 (QRST. 213)
Solon: boxro: 1
20Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boKi-
Meaning: chain
Negidal: boxopu.n
Ulcha: bojpu.(n)
Nanai: bojoto?
Udighe: baxula
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bol-
Meaning: 1 clear 2 meagre
Negidal: boltu.-boltu. 1
Spoken Manchu: bol@h@n, bol@hun 'clean, pure' (2550)
Literary Manchu: bolGo 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bol-
Meaning: 1 autumn 2 air 3 to blow (of wind, snow)
Evenki: bolo 1, bolgo 2, boli:- 3
Even: bolͬ.ni. 1
Negidal: bolo 1
Spoken Manchu: bolori 'autumn, fall' (2728)
Literary Manchu: bolori 1
Jurchen: bolo (75)
Ulcha: bolo 1
Orok: bolo 1
Nanai: bolo 1
Oroch: bolo 1
Udighe: boloni 1
Solon: bolo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bola-n
Meaning: cuff
Negidal: bolan
Orok: bolo
Nanai: bo:lo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boldu-
Meaning: pulse
Orok: boldu.ni
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bolga-
Meaning: 1 to be afraid 2 to worry 3 to be shy, confused
Evenki: bolgo-
Negidal: bolgo- 1
Orok: bolGo-
Nanai: bo:lda-z^|i.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bolgi-kta
Meaning: dwarf cedar
Evenki: bolgig, bolgikta
Even: bolgi.g|, bolgi.t
Negidal: bolgi.kta
Ulcha: bolz^|i.qta
Orok: bog|i., bog|i.ta
Nanai: bolGoqto (Kur-Urm.)
Oroch: boggikta
Udighe: bogbo" (QRST. 213)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boloka
Meaning: spiraea
Evenki: boloko
21Keys of Han
Negidal: boloxokto
Ulcha: boloi.qta
Nanai: boloqto
Oroch: bolokto
Udighe: bolokto (QRST. 213)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bon/a
Meaning: a big monkey
Spoken Manchu: moni 'monkey' (2212); boni 'year of the monkey' (2724)
Literary Manchu: bon/o, mon/o
Jurchen: bo-non| (151)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bori:-
Meaning: to divide
Evenki: bori:-
Even: bori.-
Negidal: boji.-
Ulcha: bori.-
Orok: bori.-
Nanai: bori.-
Oroch: boi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *borkan
Meaning: color, beauty
Even: borkan
Spoken Manchu: boc^@, boc^u (2417)
Literary Manchu: boc^o
Jurchen: bo(i_)c^o-gaj (628)
Orok: boc^c^o
Nanai: bojqo
Oroch: boqqo
Udighe: boko
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bosa-kta
Meaning: kidney
Evenki: bosokto
Even: bostͬ.
Negidal: boxokto
Spoken Manchu: bos^@qu, bos@qu 'kidneys' (92)
Literary Manchu: bosx|o
Ulcha: bosoqto
Orok: bosoqto
Nanai: bosoqto
Udighe: bo:kto
Solon: bosokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bosoga
Meaning: North slope of a mountain
Evenki: bosog|o
Even: bosag|
Negidal: bosog|i.da, bosoji.
Solon: bosog 'forest'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bota:-
Meaning: 1 to tie (with a knot) 2 to be bound, tied
Evenki: boto:- 1
Even: beteb- 2
22Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bo:k-
Meaning: 1 to stop, hinder 2 to tie up
Evenki: bo:k- 1
Even: boq- 1
Negidal: bok- 1, 2
Literary Manchu: boxi- 2
Ulcha: boqi.- 2
Nanai: boqi.- 2
Oroch: boki- 2
Udighe: bo`i- ͣn�pͤ ͮ (ͩ��Rn�op, ��nRͤJR
�, �R�Tp JJR� ��nͮ�T) (QRST. 213)ͱͱͱ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bo:Kan
Meaning: thigh
Evenki: bo:kan
Even: bo:qͬ.n
Literary Manchu: buxi
Udighe: bo:` (QRST. 213)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buc^i:-
Meaning: 1 to dry on fire 2 to become dry 3 unripe, coarse
Evenki: buc^i:- 1
Even: bu.c^i.- 1
Negidal: boc^i.- 1, boc^u.xi.n 3
Ulcha: buc^i.- 2, buc^ule bi 3
Nanai: boc^o- 2, boc^o? 3
Oroch: buksa- 2, buc^u 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buduri-
Meaning: to hurry
Nanai: buduri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bug-
Meaning: hill, mound
Evenki: bug|a, bug|an
Even: bu.g|u.n, bug|jen/e, bug|ͬndͬ
Ulcha: bo(n)
Nanai: buen, bugdure
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buga
Meaning: place
Evenki: bug|a
Even: ba:
Negidal: boa ~ bog|a
Spoken Manchu: ba: (2562)
Literary Manchu: ba
Jurchen: buha-i (71)
Ulcha: bu.a
Orok: bo:
Nanai: boa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugar
Meaning: burnt forest, wood
Evenki: bug|ar
Even: bo:rin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugdi
Meaning: 1 variegated 2 pimple, rash (*bugdeke, *bug(d)-su-ke) 3 to form (of pimples, rash)
Evenki: bugdi 1, bugdeke, buksuke: 2
Even: bu:.di. 1, bu.du.li. 2
23Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: busxe-ne- 3
Orok: bu.gz^|i. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugu-c^a
Meaning: idol
Ulcha: bo:c^o
Nanai: bugz^|e?, bukc^e?
Oroch: bo:c^o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugu-tuna
Meaning: 1 mosquito 2 gad-fly
Evenki: bu.gu.tu.na 1
Literary Manchu: bekto 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buje-
Meaning: 1 to wish, desire, love 2 to thank
Literary Manchu: buje- 1
Jurchen: buj-je-mij (385) 1, bij-il-sia-maj 2 (815)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buk-
Meaning: hump, to bend
Evenki: buke-
Even: bo"kc^en-
Negidal: boxon
Literary Manchu: boqto, buqtu, buqda-
Ulcha: boqo(n)
Orok: boqqo
Nanai: buku?
Udighe: boxo
Solon: buktur
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buK-
Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to doubt, guess, contemplate
Literary Manchu: bux/e- 2
Nanai: bogbi.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bukse
Meaning: 1 cartilage, gristle 2 Adam`s apple
Evenki: bukse 1, bukec^ '�R�Rnp Sͭ� ͭ'
Even: bu:s 1
Negidal: buxse 1
Spoken Manchu: box@; box@e: 2 (64)
Literary Manchu: buge, buxe 1; buge mon|Gon 2
Ulcha: bukse 1
Orok: buske 1; '�R�Rnp Sͭ�'ͭ
Nanai: bukse 1
Oroch: bukse 1
Udighe: buxe 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buKu-
Meaning: 1 birch cradle 2 birch bark put into cradle 3 suitcase
Evenki: bukun 2
Even: buk 1
Literary Manchu: buqtulin 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-
Meaning: 1 to smear 2 to caress, stroke
Evenki: bulku- 1, bul- 2
Even: bel-, bo"l- 2
24Keys of Han
Negidal: bolki.- 1, bul- 2
Literary Manchu: bilu- 2
Ulcha: bu.lc^i.- 2
Orok: bolda- 1, bu.li.- 2
Nanai: buli- 2
Oroch: bu:li-c^i- 2
Solon: bulgu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-
Meaning: 1 to form, spring up (of an ulcer, lump, swelling) 2 to be, become convex, pop out (of eyes) 3 sinew, cartilage
Evenki: bulbente- 1, bulle 3
Even: boldu.ra 2, bu:lrͬ 3
Negidal: bule 3
Literary Manchu: bulz^|a- 1
Orok: bu.lda:-, bolz^|i.na 2
Nanai: bolz^|a- 2, bulte 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-
Meaning: 1 snuff 2 swamp, marsh 3 become dull, colourless
Evenki: bule: 2, bu:l- 3
Even: bule 2
Ulcha: bu.la(n) 1
Oroch: bule 2
Udighe: bula(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bula
Meaning: thorn
Spoken Manchu: b@la: (2160)
Literary Manchu: bula
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bule
Meaning: staff, shaft
Ulcha: buli(n)
Orok: bu:lig|e(n)
Nanai: bule?
Oroch: bule
Udighe: bul`a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bule-n
Meaning: enemy
Evenki: bule:n
Even: bulͬn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bulin
Meaning: wick
Negidal: bulin
Ulcha: buli(n)
Nanai: buli?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buli:-
Meaning: to be sad
Evenki: buli:-
Even: bu.l-
Ulcha: bu.ldaz^|i.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bulu-
Meaning: bastard
Evenki: bulumz^|u
25Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu(r)-
Meaning: to die
Evenki: bu-
Even: bu-ni 'deceased'
Negidal: bu-
Spoken Manchu: bec^@- (744)
Literary Manchu: buc^e-
Jurchen: bu-c^e-xie (389)
Ulcha: bu(l)-
Orok: bu(l)-
Nanai: bude-, bu(r)-
Oroch: bu-de-, bu-kki-
Udighe: bu-de-, bu-kki-
Solon: bu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bur-
Meaning: to crush, demolish
Evenki: burgi:-
Even: borgͬ.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bure-ki
Meaning: 1 dust 2 fresh snow
Evenki: burki 2
Even: bu.rqu. 2
Literary Manchu: buraki 1
Jurchen: buren|-ki (59) 1
Ulcha: burexi 1
Nanai: burexi? 1
Oroch: burexi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *burgakta (/*gurgakta)
Meaning: beard, moustache
Evenki: gurgakta
Even: gu.rgͬt
Negidal: gojgakta
Ulcha: bu.z^|aqta
Orok: Gu.daqta
Nanai: boGaqta / boz^|aqta
Oroch: baz^|akta
Udighe: guakta
Solon: gu.ggakta, gu.rgakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *burgu-
Meaning: fat, thick
Evenki: burgu
Even: bergͬ
Negidal: bojgo
Ulcha: boz^|o(n)
Orok: boddo(n)
Nanai: bujgu
Oroch: boggo
Udighe: bogo
Solon: burgu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buri:-
Meaning: 1 to let slip 2 to disappear 3 to let go
Evenki: buri:- 1
26Keys of Han
Even: beri- 1
Literary Manchu: burubu- 2
Jurchen: buru-wi-xie (840) 1
Oroch: bui- 1
Solon: buri:- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bute-, *butekte-
Meaning: to break, crush
Evenki: bute:kte-; butukte 'piece'
Even: bu:.t-
Negidal: bokta-l-
Ulcha: bu.qta-
Nanai: boqta-
Oroch: buktaga-
Udighe: bukta-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *butu-
Meaning: 1 a hoof disease, to suffer from hoof disease 2 pimple, pustule, to pustulate
Evenki: butu-, butun 1, buture- 2
Even: butuke
Literary Manchu: buturi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:-
Meaning: to give
Evenki: bu:-
Even: bo":-
Negidal: bu:-
Spoken Manchu: bu- (1398)
Literary Manchu: bu-
Ulcha: bu:wu
Orok: bu:-
Nanai: bu:-
Oroch: bu:-
Udighe: bu:-
Solon: bu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:-
Meaning: to shade (light)
Evenki: bu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:Ka
Meaning: island
Evenki: bu:ka, bukac^a:n
Even: bu.qc^an
Negidal: boxac^an
Literary Manchu: buqsa
Ulcha: ba:c^a(n)
Orok: boata
Nanai: boac^a?
Oroch: boac^a
Udighe: bugasa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:ni-
Meaning: to howl
Evenki: bu:ni:-
Even: bu:ni-
Negidal: bu:ni:-
Ulcha: bun/i-ku 'trumpet'
27Keys of Han
Orok: bu:ni-
Nanai: bu:ni-ku 'trumpet'
Udighe: buni-
Solon: bu:ni:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *b[u"]lku"-
Meaning: 1 to soak, wet 2 to splash, swash
Evenki: bilki- 1, bulkiw- 2
Literary Manchu: bulx|u- 2
Nanai: bi.lx|o- 1, bolqo- ~ bulx|o- 2
Udighe: bea"ku- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ab-
Meaning: 1 to be noisy 2 noise 3 to resound
Evenki: c^iwi-, dial. c^awir- 1
Negidal: c^awgi.- 1
Ulcha: c^a:o 2
Orok: c^aji.qotc^i.- 1
Nanai: c^awali.- 3, c^ao: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aba-
Meaning: 1 to grip (with claws) 2 claw 3 to pinch
Evenki: c^awari:- 1
Negidal: c^awa- 1
Ulcha: c^awa-qta 2
Orok: c^awa-qta 2
Nanai: c^awa-qta 2, (Bik.) cawac^i- 1
Udighe: c^aban 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^abu-ka
Meaning: army
Negidal: c^awxa
Spoken Manchu: c^uah@ 'soldier'(1141)
Literary Manchu: c^o:x|a
Jurchen: c^aw-xa (269)
Ulcha: c^au.x|a
Orok: c^au.x|a
Nanai: c^aox|a
Oroch: c^au.xa
Udighe: c^awaha, c^auha
Solon: c^og|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ac^araku
Meaning: a k. of locust
Literary Manchu: c^ac^araqu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a(i)z^|a-n
Meaning: 1 breast (fem.) 2 udder
Evenki: z^|adan 2
Even: z^|ez^|in(/-a-) 2
Negidal: z^|ojan 1
Literary Manchu: c^ez^|en 1
Orok: dada-qta 1, 2
Nanai: z^|az^|aqta 1, 2 (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ak-
Meaning: 1 full 2 strongly
Literary Manchu: c^aq seme 2
Orok: c^ak bi 1
28Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aK-
Meaning: to wrap up, collect
Evenki: c^ak-
Even: c^aq-
Negidal: c^ak-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aKar
Meaning: temple; eyelid
Evenki: c^akar
Even: c^aqarba
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aKi-
Meaning: 1 partition (in house) 2 to tread a path ( < 'make a partition'?)
Evenki: c^aki- 2
Literary Manchu: c^axin 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^aKu- ( ~ s^-)
Meaning: a k. of midge
Evenki: c^akimukta
Negidal: c^oxomto
Ulcha: c^o:qta
Nanai: c^o:qta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^al-
Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to cut, engrave 3 bed in cross-bow 4 arrow head
Evenki: c^ali: 4
Negidal: c^o:li.- 1
Literary Manchu: c^oli- 2
Ulcha: c^a:lu.- 1, 2, c^ag|li., c^ai.lqa 3
Orok: c^ag|la 3
Nanai: c^a:li.- 1, 2
Oroch: c^ali 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^albaka ( ~ s^-)
Meaning: half moon, crescent
Evenki: c^albaka
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^alban
Meaning: birch, birch bark
Evenki: c^alban
Even: c^a:lban
Negidal: c^a:lban
Nanai: c^alba?
Oroch: c^a:(b)ba
Udighe: c^afakt`a i '��S��Jo'ͱͱ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^amduk-
Meaning: 1 mouse 2 tarbagan
Evenki: c^amukc^a:n 1
Even: c^a:mͬ.q 2, c^a:mͬ.qc^an 1
Oroch: c^unduki 1
Udighe: c^undihe 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^amu-li-
Meaning: to eat smth. alone, be not willing to share
Negidal: c^amuli.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^an|it
Meaning: 1 robber 2 enemy, clan enmity
Evenki: c^an|it 1
29Keys of Han
Orok: tan|i.c^i. 2
Nanai: c^an|gic^i- 'to wait for a convenient time for retaliation' (IJ.)
Oroch: c^an|iti 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^apa
Meaning: 1 fish roe, caviar 2 white clay
Evenki: c^apa 1, c^apida, c^awiz^|a 2
Negidal: c^apa 1
Nanai: c^apa 1
Oroch: c^apa 1
Udighe: c^afa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^apka
Meaning: fish spear
Evenki: c^apka
Negidal: c^apka
Ulcha: c^aqpa
Orok: c^apqa
Nanai: c^aqpa:?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ara-ku
Meaning: barefooted
Ulcha: c^araqu.
Nanai: c^araqo?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ari-
Meaning: to tear
Evenki: c^ari-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^axan
Meaning: 1 place under the knee 2 calf of leg 3 back part of heel 4 cubit, armpit
Evenki: c^akan, c^a:ke 1, c^akc^a 2
Negidal: c^axa: 3
Nanai: c^ax|a? 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a:-
Meaning: that, further (not very far)
Evenki: c^a:-
Even: c^a:-
Negidal: c^a:-
Literary Manchu: c^a-
Ulcha: c^a-
Orok: c^o:-
Nanai: c^a-
Oroch: c^a:-
Udighe: c^a-
Solon: sa:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a:gdi ( ~ *s^-)
Meaning: index finger
Evenki: c^a:gdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^a:K-
Meaning: fir-tree
Evenki: c^a:kre
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ebu-(gan)
Meaning: 1 lever 2 forked branch 3 brace, clinch
Evenki: c^ewe 2
Literary Manchu: c^oban 1
30Keys of Han
Nanai: c^ebe 3 (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ec^e
Meaning: patch, rag
Evenki: c^ec^e
Even: c^ec^e
Negidal: c^ec^e
Literary Manchu: c^ec^e 'silk fabric'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ec^e-re-
Meaning: to press, squeeze in arms
Literary Manchu: c^ec^ere-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^egene-
Meaning: crayfish
Negidal: c^eg|enex
Ulcha: c^e:ni
Orok: teinei
Nanai: c^e:ni:
Oroch: c^en|ei
Udighe: c^endeuxie
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^eKe
Meaning: 1 upper short clothes 2 velvet
Literary Manchu: c^eke 1, c^ekemu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^eKe- ( ~ s^-)
Meaning: upper part of throat
Evenki: c^eken, c^ekekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^epe
Meaning: ulcer, pustule
Evenki: c^epe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ere- ( ~ *s^-)
Meaning: to bake (close to fire)
Evenki: c^ere-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^eri:
Meaning: excrescence on birch bark
Evenki: c^eri:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iabikta
Meaning: shell
Evenki: c^e:?wyka (Il.)
Negidal: c^o:kta
Ulcha: c^oi.qta
Orok: toi.qta
Nanai: c^oi.qta
Oroch: c^ojikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iabu-
Meaning: 1 thigh, hip 2 buttock
Ulcha: c^iwu 1
Nanai: c^e?oki. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iaga
Meaning: 1 frozen snow 2 to become frozen (of snow)
Evenki: c^e:g|a 1
Even: c^aqaj 1
Literary Manchu: c^aq-z^|a- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ial-
Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 to choke 3 exhausted 4 to
31Keys of Han
stumble (while going down the hill)
Evenki: c^elgek 3, c^ele:- 4
Even: c^elgͬk- 'break (limb)'
Literary Manchu: c^ili- 2
Ulcha: c^i:.la- 1
Nanai: c^i:.la- 1
Oroch: c^i:la- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ib-
Meaning: to wriggle, roll
Evenki: c^iwar-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ibuke
Meaning: 1 awl 2 through(out)
Evenki: c^iwuke 1
Nanai: c^i.oqo 1
Oroch: c^iok-c^iok 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ic^u
Meaning: 1 penis 2 spout (of a tea-pot)
Literary Manchu: c^oc^o 1
Ulcha: c^i.c^u. 1,2
Orok: tu.tu. 1
Nanai: c^i.c^i.qo 2
Udighe: c^ic^ko 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iK-
Meaning: grown-up
Literary Manchu: c^iqsin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ika:-
Meaning: to cut, hack, chop off
Evenki: c^ika:-
Even: c^i.qi.-
Negidal: c^i.xa-
Literary Manchu: c^ikiri 'shavings'
Orok: c^ike 'support for cutting, hacking smth.'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iK(i)-
Meaning: to sprout
Evenki: c^iki-ltu-
Literary Manchu: c^iq-z^|ala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iKi
Meaning: pivot
Evenki: c^iki
Even: c^i:.q
Negidal: c^i.x
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iKi-
Meaning: 1 edge, border 2 to go along the shore, come out on the shore 3 stamped snow
Evenki: c^iki (Tomm.)
Literary Manchu: c^ikin 1, c^iki-ra- 2
Nanai: c^iku-le- 2 (Kur-Urm.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ikpa-
Meaning: 1 wet 2 to become wet, soak
Negidal: c^i.p- 2
Ulcha: c^i.qpa 1
Orok: c^i.qpa ~ c^i.pqa 1
Nanai: c^aqpa 1
32Keys of Han
Oroch: c^ippa 1
Udighe: c^ipa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iku-
Meaning: 1 bead 2 ornament (made of carp's bones)
Evenki: c^ikti 1
Negidal: c^i.kti. 1
Ulcha: c^ikukte 2
Nanai: c^iku-kte (Sch.) 2, c^i:c^i 1 (Naikh.)
Oroch: c^ixite 1, c^ukc^ikti 'beads'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i(K)u- ( ~ -e-)
Meaning: fire steel
Ulcha: c^iu(n)
Orok: c^u
Nanai: c^iu?
Udighe: cui (arch.) (QRST. 311)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^il-
Meaning: 1 growth, bushes 2 a k. of tree with red bark
Even: c^i.ldu.qa 1
Literary Manchu: c^olx|o mo: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ilc^u-
Meaning: swelling, gland
Evenki: c^ilc^un
Spoken Manchu: c^ilic^in 'wen' (151)
Literary Manchu: c^ilc^in
Ulcha: c^ulc^u-kte
Nanai: c^ilc^u-kte
Udighe: cikci (QRST. 310)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ildi-
Meaning: 1 to spread, open wide 2 become wider (of footwear)
Evenki: c^ildi- 1
Even: c^i.ldu.m- 2
Nanai: c^ildin- '�S��ͭnpͤͮ (R nR~
�)' (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ilki ( ~ s^-)
Meaning: 1 muscle, biceps 2 front leg of a bear
Evenki: c^ilki: 1
Even: c^i.lqa 1
Negidal: c^i.lki:. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^[i]m-
Meaning: 1 to grip with claws 2 to pick one's teeth 3 to pinch
Evenki: c^omdokolo:- 3
Negidal: c^imn|et- 2 (��Jͨ�ͥͣ 1982)
Literary Manchu: c^amna- 1
Nanai: c^imi- '�R~�pͤͮ �R~ ͣ�� JR��' (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ime
Meaning: 1 a k. of salmon 2 burbot
Literary Manchu: c^ima, c^ime 1
Ulcha: c^i.mada 'name of a fish', (Sch.) c^e?mada 2
Oroch: c^ume 1
Udighe: cuma 'ͤ�ͧRRo�p Jͣo�� �RͣRͣ'ͮ (QRST. 312)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ip-
Meaning: 1 to press (with fingers) 2 to squeeze, press 3 to
33Keys of Han
stuff, stick 4 to clutch 5 to pick with a finger (food remnants) 6 to lick
Evenki: c^i:pc^i:- 3, c^ipka- 2, c^i:w- 6
Even: c^i.pc^u.- 3, c^u:.- 6
Negidal: c^ipixet- 1, c^i.pi.xi.la- 2, c^i.pc^i.- 3, c^i.w- 6
Literary Manchu: c^ibu- 3
Ulcha: c^ipec^i- 5
Orok: c^i.po- 5
Nanai: c^i.p 'tightly', sefele- (Bik.) 4
Oroch: c^ipc^i- 3, c^ipopu(n) 'index finger'
Udighe: c^ipc^i- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ipa-
Meaning: 1 edge of sledge brake-stick 2 sharp
Evenki: c^i.pan 1
Negidal: c^i.p-c^i.p 2
Nanai: c^ip '(to stick into, pierce) deeply' (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ipi-
Meaning: 1 a small bird 2 swallow
Evenki: c^ipi-c^a: 1
Even: c^i:.bͬ.lͬ.n 1
Negidal: c^i.pti.ja 1
Spoken Manchu: c^ivaq@n 2 (2240)
Literary Manchu: c^ibin 2
Nanai: c^i.pi.aqo 2
Udighe: c^iwjau 'sparrow'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ipi- (~s^-,-u"-)
Meaning: to sweep; to scrape
Evenki: c^ipi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ip[u]-
Meaning: narrow
Evenki: c^ipikte, c^ipileme
Even: c^u.pu.ti.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ire-
Meaning: to scrape off
Evenki: c^ir-c^i:-
Nanai: c^i:re '(to cut smth.) across'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^iri-
Meaning: to stink
Evenki: c^iri-
Nanai: c^i.ri.ftala- (Bik.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ixa
Meaning: 1 will, wish, agreement 2 to agree, to wish
Spoken Manchu: c^ihal@- 'to be fond of, like to' (1890)
Literary Manchu: c^ix|a 1, c^ix|ala- 2
Ulcha: ti.x|ala- 2
Nanai: c^i.x|ala- 2
Oroch: c^ixala- 2
Udighe: c^a:la-, c^ahala- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ixe-
Meaning: 1 straw; bast 2 stub, broom remains
Literary Manchu: c^ike-ku 1
Nanai: c^ixin 2 (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:- ( ~ *s^i:-)
34Keys of Han
Meaning: to scrape off, skin
Evenki: c^i:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:me
Meaning: 1 top (of tree, mountain) 2 crown, sinciput
Evenki: c^i:me 1
Even: c^em 1
Nanai: c^imc^ike:? 2 (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:me- (~s^-,-u":-)
Meaning: a k. of insect
Evenki: c^i:mec^i:ldu:n
Udighe: cimgi (QRST. 310)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^i:me- (~s^-,-u":-)
Meaning: 1 knee-cap, fat under the knee-cap 2 ankle, huckle-bone
Evenki: c^i:mec^in 1
Even: c^imne:k 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^obi:- ( ~ s^-)
Meaning: 1 foam 2 saliva 3 to sprinkle
Evenki: c^owi:-ksa 1,2
Even: c^og|li. 1
Negidal: c^oxsa 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^oK[i]-
Meaning: 1 to incline, bow 2 to squat
Evenki: c^oko- 2
Negidal: c^oxi.ti.n- 'ͣn�SJͥͤͮͣ o�ͥ� oRT'
Literary Manchu: c^uqu- 1
Nanai: c^oqc^ojgan 'squatting' (IJ.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^olka
Meaning: grey, white (of hair)
Evenki: c^olko
Negidal: c^olko
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^on|ki:-
Meaning: 1 to peck 2 pecking, beak
Evenki: c^on|ki:- 1, c^on|ki: 2
Even: c^on|qͬ.- 1, c^on|qͬ.n 2
Negidal: c^on|ki.- 1, c^on|ki:. 2
Literary Manchu: c^on|gi-, c^on|ki- 1
Nanai: c^on|ki.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^op-
Meaning: a k. of overcoat
Even: c^obaqa
Solon: c^ibkez^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ope-
Meaning: 1 locust 2 larva (of insects)
Evenki: c^epeder 1
Ulcha: c^obi. 2
Nanai: c^obi. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^o:k(i)-
Meaning: 1 to gauge 2 to stick into 3 to peck 4 to dig, delve
Evenki: c^o:k- 4
Even: c^uq- 4
Negidal: c^ok- 1
35Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: c^oki- 2
Ulcha: c^oqi.- 3
Nanai: c^oqi.- 3
Udighe: cugu 'adze' (QRST. 311)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^o:li:-
Meaning: 1 to gossip, prattle, babble 2 tongue
Evenki: c^o:li:- 1, c^o:li: 2
Negidal: c^o:li:.- 1
Nanai: c^olc^i- (IJ.) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^o:r-
Meaning: 1 pike 2 young fish
Literary Manchu: c^urx|u 2
Solon: so:raldi: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^ub-ri:-
Meaning: green, blue, yellow
Evenki: c^u:ri-n,-rin
Even: c^u:.ru.n/a
Negidal: c^oji:n
Solon: su:.ri?, c^ug|urin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^uga-
Meaning: to fix, attach
Udighe: c^uga-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^uguk- ( ~ -b-)
Meaning: 1 snuff 2 to burn (with fire) 3 to hiss (of glowing coals in contact with water)
Evenki: c^uke, dial. c^uwuki: 1, c^uwka:n- 2
Negidal: c^owixa:n 3
Udighe: c^auk-c^uk (expr.) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^uKe-re:-
Meaning: to move warily; to jump cautiously
Evenki: c^ukere:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *daga-
Meaning: hip, hip bone, shoulder bone
Evenki: dag|an/a
Negidal: dag|an/a
Literary Manchu: dabsi 'shoulder'
Orok: da:na
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da(ga)-
Meaning: 1 sharp 2 to cut
Spoken Manchu: dac^un 1 (1735)
Literary Manchu: da-c^un 1
Jurchen: da-c^u-gi 1 (801)
Ulcha: da:-qaru. 1
Nanai: da:-ri.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dagu- ( ~ -b-)
Meaning: 1 content 2 to pour
Spoken Manchu: dol@-, dolu- 2 (598)
Literary Manchu: do:-la- 2
Ulcha: dawu., dau. 1
Orok: daw, dau. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dagu-r
Meaning: 1 friend 2 Daghur 3 allied kin
36Keys of Han
Evenki: dog|or, dag|or 1
Even: dog|o: 1
Literary Manchu: dax|ur 2
Nanai: dox|a 1, 3
Solon: dag|u:.r 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *daja-
Meaning: to lean
Literary Manchu: daja-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dakan-
Meaning: 1 to cover 2 coverlet, mat
Ulcha: daqan- 1, daqanc^a(n) 2
Orok: daqan- 1, daqapta 2
Nanai: daqa- 1, daqac^a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dak-sa-
Meaning: to stick to
Ulcha: daqsa-
Orok: daqsa-
Nanai: daqsa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dakV
Meaning: sheat-fish
Negidal: da:xi.
Nanai: doaqa
Solon: da:xi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal-
Meaning: 1 overflow, inundation 2 small wave, jet
Negidal: dalan 1
Literary Manchu: dol-c^in 2
Ulcha: dala(n) 1
Nanai: dala 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dala-
Meaning: 1 to lap, swill 2 to feed (animals)
Evenki: dala- 1
Even: dal- 1
Negidal: dala- 1
Ulcha: dala-n- 2
Nanai: dalo- 2
Oroch: dalau- 2
Udighe: dala- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dalba
Meaning: 1 side 2 near
Even: dalbъ 2
Spoken Manchu: dal@f@, dal@v@ (2570)
Literary Manchu: dalba 1
Jurchen: dalba-la (605) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dalga-
Meaning: to roast
Evenki: dalga-
Even: dalgat-/c^-
Negidal: dalga-
Ulcha: z^|alGa-
Orok: dalda-
Nanai: dalGa-
37Keys of Han
Solon: dalga- 'to burn'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal(i)-
Meaning: to close
Evenki: dal(i)-
Spoken Manchu: dali- 'to defend' (794)
Literary Manchu: dali-
Ulcha: da:li.-
Nanai: da:li.a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dali-
Meaning: 1 help 2 due to
Ulcha: dali.(n) 1
Nanai: dali.ndo 2
Udighe: dalindini 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal-{}
Meaning: tasty, sweet
Evenki: dalli, daldi
Even: dalrъ.{; dalgъs 'gluttonous, voratious'}
Negidal: dali.gdi:.
Literary Manchu: {dalxi 'relish, predilection'}
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dam-
Meaning: 1 old, worn out 2 to act as an aggressor
Nanai: dambi.c^a- 2
Udighe: da:mpihi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan/a-la-
Meaning: to joke, mock
Ulcha: dan/ala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan|-
Meaning: tight, bound tight, stuffed tightly
Evenki: dan|ama
Literary Manchu: dan 'trap, snare'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan|-
Meaning: to blame, rebuke
Negidal: dan|z^|axan-
Literary Manchu: dan|si-
Ulcha: dan|su.-
Nanai: dan|si.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dap-
Meaning: to flatten, press
Evenki: dapc^a-
Orok: dapa:w-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dar-
Meaning: 1 icedrift 2 snow crust 3 water flowing over ice
Evenki: dar 1, darkin 2, 3
Nanai: darx|ol 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *daragan
Meaning: 1 quitch 2 reed, cane
Literary Manchu: darGan 2
Nanai: dara: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *darama
Meaning: waist, back
Evenki: darama
Even: darъm
38Keys of Han
Negidal: dajama
Spoken Manchu: dar@m@ (95)
Literary Manchu: dara, darama
Ulcha: darama
Orok: darama
Nanai: darama
Oroch: da:ma
Udighe: da:ma
Solon: darama
Han-Tungus-prototype: *darga
Meaning: 1 tumour, growth (of neck glands) 2 throat, larynx
Evenki: darga: 1
Even: dargъ. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dasa-
Meaning: to govern, regulate
Spoken Manchu: das@- (1039)
Literary Manchu: dasa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dasi-
Meaning: to cover
Evenki: das-
Even: das-
Negidal: das-
Literary Manchu: dasi-
Ulcha: dasi.-
Orok: dasi.-
Nanai: dasi.-
Oroch: dasi-
Udighe: dahi- (dai-) (Корм. 226)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *daxa-
Meaning: to follow, obey
Negidal: daxaw-
Spoken Manchu: dah@- (1181)
Literary Manchu: dax|a-
Jurchen: tai-xa (360)
Ulcha: dax|au.-
Orok: dax|u.ri.-
Nanai: dax|a-
Oroch: dax|u-
Udighe: dahala- (-li-) 'to agree' (Корм. 226)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:
Meaning: 1 in-law 2 elder in-law 3 elder brother of father; grandfather
Evenki: da: 2
Even: da: 2
Negidal: da:n|ta 1
Literary Manchu: danc^an 1
Nanai: da:-mi.n 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:b-
Meaning: to cross (a river)
Evenki: da:w-, da:g|-
Even: daw-
Negidal: daw-
39Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: dau- (1219)
Literary Manchu: do:-
Ulcha: dau.-
Orok: da:u.-
Nanai: da:(w)-
Oroch: dau-
Udighe: dau-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:(b)-
Meaning: to be infected
Evenki: da:(w)-
Even: da:w-
Negidal: da:-
Ulcha: da:-
Orok: da:-
Nanai: da:-
Udighe: da:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:bu-
Meaning: 1 to obey 2 to sacrifice 3 to envy
Even: dabdan|- 3
Spoken Manchu: diovi- (766) 2
Literary Manchu: dobo- 2 ( > Nan. do:bo-)
Ulcha: da:bu.- 1
Orok: da:bu.- 1
Nanai: da:bo- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:ji
Meaning: 1 big 2 size of
Even: di:.- 2
Negidal: di:.- 2
Ulcha: da:i. 1
Orok: da:i 1
Nanai: da:i. 1
Udighe: di:-n|ki 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:-, *dara-n
Meaning: 1 to follow, chase, track 2 row, in a row
Evenki: da:- 1, daran 2
Even: dac^- 1, dara:n 2
Negidal: da:- 1, dajan 2
Literary Manchu: dara- 1, doran 2
Ulcha: dac^i.- 1, dari.n 2
Orok: da:- 1, daram 2
Nanai: da:c^i.- 1, dari. 2
Udighe: da": 2 (Корм. 226)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:l-bu-
Meaning: to glue, stick to
Evenki: dalbu-
Even: da:lbu-
Negidal: da:lbu.-
Literary Manchu: dalu-
Ulcha: darpu.-
Nanai: da:lpo-
Udighe: dagbu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:li
40Keys of Han
Meaning: mat made of birch-bark
Negidal: da:li.
Ulcha: da:li.
Nanai: da:li.
Oroch: da:li
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:mu
Meaning: 1 only, merely 2 perhaps, rather
Evenki: da:mukte 2
Spoken Manchu: dam@ 1 (2970)
Literary Manchu: damu 1
Nanai: damu. 1 (may be < Manchu)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:n|sa
Meaning: 1 plank 2 saddle shelf 3 leather sole
Evenki: da:nne 2
Even: da:n|rъ. 1
Literary Manchu: dan|nax|an 3
Ulcha: dan|na 1
Orok: danda 2
Nanai: dan|n/a: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:n|u-
Meaning: a k. of seal
Negidal: da:n|a:
Ulcha: dau.n|Gar(i.)
Orok: do:n|o, dau.nz^|ari.
Oroch: daun|gai
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:r-
Meaning: 1 to stretch 2 fathom
Evenki: da:r 2
Even: da:r 2
Negidal: da: 2
Literary Manchu: da 2, dara- 1
Ulcha: da:(l) 2
Orok: da:(ra) 2
Nanai: da:(r) 2
Oroch: da: 2
Udighe: da: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *de(b)-
Meaning: 1 song 2 to shamanize 3 tune
Evenki: dewej 1, dew-z^|eki- 2
Literary Manchu: dejen|gu 3
Oroch: da":-san|go 'chorus in shamanizing'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *debe-
Meaning: 1 paste, fool 2 to paint 3 paint
Evenki: dewe- 2
Even: dewe- 2
Negidal: dewekse 3
Literary Manchu: debse 1
Ulcha: dewekse 3
Orok: dewe:- 2
Oroch: dewukse, dewekse 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *debere-n
Meaning: young (of birds)
41Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: dev@r@x@n 'puppy, young' (2179)
Literary Manchu: deberen
Ulcha: deuru(n)
Orok: dewre(n)
Nanai: deurue
Han-Tungus-prototype: *debu(ki:)
Meaning: 1 pelvis 2 lower part of back 3 side
Evenki: duwuki:, dewuki: 1, 2
Even: dewki 1, 2
Negidal: do:xi:, dewexi: 1, 2
Literary Manchu: du, du: 1
Ulcha: dewe 1
Orok: dewe 1, 2
Nanai: dewe 1
Udighe: deuxi 1
Solon: debexi, dewexi 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-
Meaning: 1 to fly (v.) 2 bird
Evenki: deg- 1, degi 2
Even: deg|- 1, deg|i 2
Negidal: deg|- 1, deg|i: 2
Spoken Manchu: dei-, dii- 'to fly' (2300)
Literary Manchu: deje- 1, dei 2
Ulcha: degde- 1
Nanai: degde- 1
Oroch: deili- 1
Udighe: dieli- 1
Solon: degeli:- 1, degi: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-
Meaning: 1 to tie with a rope 2 hanger (for drying fish) 3 ski rope
Orok: de:g- 1
Nanai: degbimu 2
Udighe: degumu 2, degseg|i 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *degunn|e:-kte
Meaning: mushroom
Evenki: deg|inn|e:kte
Even: dewunn|it
Negidal: dewun/n|ekte
Orok: dewn|ekte
Oroch: deun|ekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-z^|e-gi-
Meaning: to burn
Evenki: z^|egdi:-
Even: z^|egde 'burned place'
Negidal: z^|egdi:-
Spoken Manchu: dez^|i-, diz^|i- (483)
Literary Manchu: dejz^|i-
Jurchen: z^|eh-din-ku (686)
Ulcha: z^|egdec^iwu
Orok: degde-
Nanai: z|egdi-
Oroch: z^|egdi-
42Keys of Han
Udighe: z^|egdi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deke-
Meaning: 1 a k. of willow 2 rope made from it 3 bush 4 tree
Negidal: dekke 1, dexen 2
Jurchen: do-g|o (115) 4
Ulcha: deke(n) 2, deksu(n) 3
Orok: deksu(n) 3
Nanai: de: 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deken
Meaning: last pair of dogs in the team
Ulcha: deke(n)
Nanai: deke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dekte-
Meaning: 1 feather 2 wing
Evenki: dektenne 1, 2
Even: detle 1, 2
Negidal: detele 1
Spoken Manchu: det@x@ 1 (2294)
Literary Manchu: detxe 1, 2
Ulcha: dektekte 1
Orok: dektekte 1
Nanai: degdece 1
Oroch: dektese 1, 2
Udighe: dektehe 1, 2
Solon: dettele 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *del-
Meaning: 1 to split, divide 2 be divided
Evenki: delki- 1
Even: delkъ- 1, deldъk- 1
Spoken Manchu: dend@- 1 {(2622, 1200, 1713)}
Literary Manchu: dende- 1, delxe- 2
Jurchen: del-xe (390) 2, deN-de- (739) 'to understand'
Nanai: delki- 1
Udighe: deki- 1 (Корм. 229), dekte- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dele-
Meaning: 1 wild 2 dumb
Evenki: del(e)mi: 1
Even: delmi 1, (?) di:l- 2
Negidal: delemi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delke:(n)
Meaning: wooden platform for storing
Evenki: delke:n
Negidal: delke:-xen
Ulcha: de-su
Orok: delke(n)
Nanai: deke
Oroch: deke(n)
Udighe: deke(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delku-
Meaning: сватать
Nanai: delxu-
43Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delpe-
Meaning: to split
Evenki: delpe-rge-, delpe-m-
Even: depc^erge-
Negidal: detpejkin-
Solon: delpe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delpi-n
Meaning: wide, roomy
Literary Manchu: delfin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *del(u)-
Meaning: 1 to become faint, dissolve 2 lose consciousness
Even: de:l- 1
Nanai: delu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delu"-n
Meaning: mane
Evenki: delin
Spoken Manchu: del@n, dulun (2281)
Literary Manchu: delun
Nanai: derbini (?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dem-
Meaning: trick, roguery
Literary Manchu: demun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dep-
Meaning: 1 fluffy, furry 2 squirrel's nest 3 rot, soft
Evenki: debdirin 1; depe, depe-me 3
Even: debuli 1
Negidal: depe-depe o:ji:. 1
Orok: deberu:li 1
Nanai: debz^|ini 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dep(-si)- / *dapsi-
Meaning: to flap (wings), wave
Evenki: dawsi-
Even: dawsъ.-
Negidal: dawsi.-
Literary Manchu: debsi-, debdere-
Ulcha: depsi-
Orok: dapsi.-
Nanai: depsi-
Oroch: depse-
Udighe: defi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *derbe-
Meaning: 1 wet, damp 2 to dampen
Evenki: derbe-kin 1, derbe:w- 2
Even: do"rbut- 2
Negidal: dejbew- 2
Literary Manchu: derbe-xin, derbu-xun 1, derbe- 2
Ulcha: delbi- 2 (tr.)
Orok: delbitc^i- 2 (tr.)
Nanai: derbi-ktu 1, derbe- 2
Oroch: debbi- 2 (tr.)
Udighe: degbi- 2 (tr.) (Корм. 229)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *derde-
44Keys of Han
Meaning: tag (of boots); rowlock, thole
Literary Manchu: derde-xun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *der(gi)-
Meaning: 1 to shiver, tremble 2 to sway
Evenki: dergi-, derin|- 1
Literary Manchu: dergis^e- 2
Ulcha: derz^|i- 1, de:remnec^i- 1
Nanai: dergi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *detu
Meaning: swamp, mossy meadow
Evenki: det
Even: det
Negidal: det
Literary Manchu: detu 'steppe'
Ulcha: detu
Orok: detu
Nanai: detu
Oroch: detu
Udighe: deti (Корм. 230)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:-
Meaning: 1 to lie 2 bed 3 decking
Spoken Manchu: dudu- 1 (522)
Literary Manchu: dedu- 1
Jurchen: dedu-rie (355) 'to lie, to sleep'
Ulcha: deduxu 3
Orok: deduxi 3
Nanai: dederi 3
Oroch: de: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:du-
Meaning: to care, like, love
Negidal: de:delu-
Ulcha: de:du(n)
Nanai: de:du
Oroch: deduli-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:n|gu
Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 arrow
Ulcha: de:n|gure 1
Orok: de:n|gure 1
Nanai: de:n|gure 1
Oroch: den|gu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:re
Meaning: 1 surface 2 face
Evenki: de:r, dere 1, 2
Even: dere 2
Negidal: deg|el 2
Spoken Manchu: der@ 2 (52)
Literary Manchu: dere 2
Jurchen: der-hel (491) 2
Ulcha: dere(g|) 2
Orok: dere(l) 2
Nanai: dereg|, derel 2
Oroch: de: 2
45Keys of Han
Udighe: de:gdi 2
Solon: derel 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *diktu ( ~ z^|-)
Meaning: firm, tough
Negidal: diktu
Literary Manchu: z^|uktu
Ulcha: diktu
Orok: z^|iktu
Nanai: z^|iktu
Oroch: diktu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilac^a:
Meaning: sun
Evenki: dilac^a:
Negidal: dilac^a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilba
Meaning: diaphragm; breast
Evenki: dilba
Even: di.lbъ.; delbe 'пах'
Negidal: di.lba
Ulcha: di.lba 'women's breast cover'
Orok: z^|i.li.a 'nipple'
Nanai: z^|i.lba 'women's breast cover'
Udighe: digba 'stomach cavity' (Корм. 227)
Solon: dilva
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilbi-
Meaning: 1 to make facing 2 hem, hemming 3 skin (for a coat) 4 raincoat, umbrella
Evenki: dilbikte 3
Negidal: z^|ilbu- 1
Literary Manchu: z^|ilbi- 1, z^|ilbi(n) 2; delbin 2
Ulcha: deli-ku 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilga-n
Meaning: voice
Evenki: dilgan
Even: di.lgъ.n
Negidal: di.lga-n
Spoken Manchu: z^|il@han (42)
Literary Manchu: z^|ilGan
Ulcha: di.lz^|a(n)
Orok: z^|i.lda(n)
Nanai: z^|i.lGa
Oroch: digga(n)
Udighe: digana- 'speak'
Solon: dilga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilgu
Meaning: tree juice
Evenki: dilgu
Even: di.lgъ.s
Negidal: di.lgu.ksa
Ulcha: z^|e:µlc^u.ma
Orok: z^|i.lu.
Nanai: z^|i.lko
Oroch: duguksa
46Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dili
Meaning: 1 head 2 horn foundation
Evenki: dil, del 1
Even: di.l 1
Negidal: di.l 1
Literary Manchu: z^|ili 2
Ulcha: di.li. 1
Orok: z^|i.li. 1
Nanai: z^|i.li. 1
Oroch: dili 1
Udighe: dili 1
Solon: de.li, dil(i) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilu-ke:
Meaning: fly
Evenki: dilke:n
Even: diliken
Negidal: dirke:n
Spoken Manchu: dur@we:, duruwu: (2256)
Literary Manchu: derxuwe
Orok: z^|il/okto
Nanai: z^|iluekte
Solon: dilxe:·, diluke:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *din|e-
Meaning: to press; to win
Udighe: din|e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dir-
Meaning: 1 thick 2 plentiful (of food) 3 gullet
Evenki: diram 1, dirga 3
Even: di.rъ.m 1
Negidal: di.jam 1
Spoken Manchu: z^|iram@ 1 (2413)
Literary Manchu: z^|iramin 1, z^|irax|un 'firm, stout'
Ulcha: di.rami. 1, di.rgan 2
Orok: z^|i.rami. 1
Nanai: z^|i.rami. 1, z^|i.rga 2
Oroch: dijami 1
Udighe: dea"mi 1, diga- 'to eat, feed'
Solon: dirami 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *diri-
Meaning: to sink
Ulcha: diri-
Nanai: z^|irie-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *disu-
Meaning: to guard, preserve
Evenki: disut-
Even: disut-
Negidal: disut-
Nanai: z^|i:sun-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:
Meaning: pitch, tar
Oroch: di:
Udighe: di:
47Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:be-kte
Meaning: 1 dwarf birch tree 2 black birch
Evenki: di:wekte 1
Even: diwug| 1, diwukeg| 1
Negidal: diwegde 1
Ulcha: diwegde 2
Orok: duwete 2
Nanai: diwegde 2
Oroch: duokte 2
Udighe: duekte 2 (Корм. 229)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:du" ( ~ z^|-)
Meaning: mountain ridge
Evenki: z^|i:di, dial. didi
Even: gidan (Okh.) (? = /didan/)
Literary Manchu: z^|idun
Ulcha: z^|i.du.
Orok: z^|i.du.(n)
Oroch: z^|idi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:Ke:-
Meaning: to hide
Evenki: di:ke:-
Even: dikъn-
Negidal: dixe:-n-
Udighe: dige-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *doda-ka(n)
Meaning: a vessel made of birch bark
Negidal: dodoxon
Orok: dodo, du.du.
Oroch: dodo:, dodoko
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dokta-
Meaning: forehead (of an animal)
Evenki: doktonno
Literary Manchu: doqz^|ix/an
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dokta-n
Meaning: socks, stockings
Evenki: dokton
Even: do:tъ.n
Negidal: dokton
Ulcha: doqto(n)
Orok: doqto(n)
Nanai: doqto(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dolba
Meaning: night
Evenki: dolboni:
Even: dolbъ.
Negidal: dolbon
Spoken Manchu: d/ov@r@ 'night, evening' (2661)
Literary Manchu: dobori
Jurchen: dol-wo (78)
Ulcha: dolbo
Orok: dolboni
Nanai: dolbo
48Keys of Han
Oroch: dobbo
Udighe: dogbo
Solon: dolbo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dolbi
Meaning: fox
Spoken Manchu: d/ovi (2207)
Literary Manchu: dobi
Jurchen: dolbi (153) , do-bi (151)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *don|ka
Meaning: saddle (for children or horses)
Evenki: don|qa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *don|ota
Meaning: 1 cold, frost 2 to ice up, freeze
Evenki: don|oto 1
Negidal: don|oto- 2
Ulcha: doqomdu.- 1
Orok: doGdo 'hoard of frozen fish'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dora-n
Meaning: law
Spoken Manchu: dor@n 'official rank'(1047)
Literary Manchu: doron
Jurchen: doro-un (255)
Ulcha: doro(n)
Orok: doro(n)
Nanai: doro
Oroch: doro(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *d[o]rike-
Meaning: 1 lynx 2 a k. of bear 3 wild boar
Even: deriken 2
Negidal: dejexe 1
Literary Manchu: dorGori 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:
Meaning: inside
Evenki: do:
Even: do:
Negidal: do:(n)
Spoken Manchu: do-, d/o- (2586-2589)
Literary Manchu: do
Jurchen: do-lo (600)
Ulcha: do:
Orok: do:
Nanai: do:
Oroch: do:
Udighe: do: (Корм. 227)
Solon: do:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:l-
Meaning: 1 to bend 2 to contort
Evenki: do:ldi:- 1
Orok: dolti.dda- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:la:
Meaning: clear, open sky
Evenki: do:lo:
49Keys of Han
Even: delъd
Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:ldi:-
Meaning: to hear
Evenki: do:ldi:-
Even: do:ldi:-
Negidal: do:ldi-
Spoken Manchu: d/onz^|i- (182)
Literary Manchu: donz^|i-
Jurchen: doldi-sun (351), doldi-u (354)
Ulcha: do:ldi.wu
Orok: dolz|i-
Nanai: do:ld'i.-
Oroch: do:gdi:-
Udighe: dogdi-
Solon: do:ldi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dub-
Meaning: to get accustomed
Evenki: du:-
Even: du:.-
Literary Manchu: dubi-
Jurchen: tu-bi-ba tei-bew 'fixed habits' (784)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dube:
Meaning: end
Evenki: duwe:
Even: duwet
Negidal: duwe
Spoken Manchu: duwe, duwu 'tip, point, end' (2604)
Literary Manchu: dube
Ulcha: duwe
Orok: duwe
Nanai: due
Udighe: due
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dudu-
Meaning: to growl, howl
Evenki: duduke-
Even: dudъlc^i-
Negidal: dudu-
Orok: dudz^|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug-
Meaning: 1 hit, beat 2 batter 3 thresh
Evenki: dug|- 1, 2
Even: du.g|- 2, dug|- 1
Negidal: du.w- ~ du.g|- 2, dukte- 1
Literary Manchu: du- ~ du:- 1,3
Jurchen: du-n|u-mij (464) 1
Ulcha: du:.-c^i.- 2
Orok: du:- 1, du:.c^i.- 2
Nanai: du:- 1, do:c^i.- 2
Oroch: du:- 1, 2
Udighe: du:- 2, dukte- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug-da-
Meaning: to get hold of smth.
50Keys of Han
Negidal: dag|a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug[i]-
Meaning: 1 channel, island 2 straight road
Evenki: dug|in, dug|u 1
Literary Manchu: doqo 2
Udighe: duala 'old channel'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duja
Meaning: noise; to shout, cry
Even: du:.ja, du:.ja-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dukc^a:
Meaning: a k. of fish
Evenki: dukc^a:
Even: du.qc^a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duKu-
Meaning: to strand, plait
Negidal: dukte-
Ulcha: du:-
Nanai: du:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duKu:-
Meaning: to write
Evenki: duku:-
Even: du.q-
Negidal: duki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulbu-
Meaning: 1 stupid, dumb 2 deaf
Evenki: dulbu-n 1
Even: du.lbu.r 1
Literary Manchu: dulba 1
Orok: du.l-du.l 1
Nanai: dulbi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulgi-kta
Meaning: alder
Evenki: dulgik
Even: do"ktъ
Oroch: duggimtu
Udighe: dugumpe (Корм. 228), dug|umne
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulu-
Meaning: quiet, peaceful, easy
Evenki: dulu-mku:n
Even: du.lъ.m
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dunse
Meaning: 1 earth 2 land 3 wood, taiga
Evenki: dunne, dunde 1
Even: do":mn|e, do:nde 2
Ulcha: duente 3
Nanai: duente 3
Udighe: du"ho" 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dun|-
Meaning: coeval
Literary Manchu: dun|Gami
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dun|k-
Meaning: 1 dark, sullen 2 to bow the head 3 to knit the
51Keys of Han
brows 4 to bow the head and slumber 5 to become silent, calm 6 quiet, peaceful
Evenki: dun|kin- 2
Even: dun|kun- 2, 3
Literary Manchu: dun|gi, dun|ki 1
Ulcha: dun|gu 6
Orok: du.n|Gali.- 4
Nanai: dun|girien- 5 (Он.), dun|gu 6
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dur-
Meaning: 1 to burn, blaze, flame 2 to set fire
Even: dur- 1
Literary Manchu: dobu- 2
Ulcha: durz^|egdeli- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dur-
Meaning: 1 a k. of bracelet 2 stirrup 3 saddle (for children)
Evenki: dure:ki 2
Orok: du:re:ke 3
Nanai: durz^|i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duri
Meaning: cradle made of birch bark
Even: do"r
Negidal: duj
Spoken Manchu: d/uri: (516)
Literary Manchu: duri
Ulcha: duri
Nanai: duri
Oroch: duji
Udighe: du"i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duru-
Meaning: to become worn out, old
Literary Manchu: duru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duru-n
Meaning: 1 form, outlook 2 pattern, design 3 picture
Evenki: durun 2
Negidal: dujun / dujin 1
Spoken Manchu: durun 1 (2341)
Literary Manchu: durun 1, duru-Gan 3
Ulcha: duru(n) 1
Orok: duru(n) 1
Nanai: duru 1 (Он.)
Oroch: du:(n) 1
Udighe: du:(n) 1
Solon: duru 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:l-
Meaning: to warm (of sun)
Evenki: du:l-
Even: du:.l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:la-
Meaning: barren, farrow
Evenki: du:lag|i
Nanai: (?) dolboan `young, unripe' (of fruits, vegetables) (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:re:-
52Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to walk, wander (off) 2 to run 3 to leap, gallop
Evenki: du:re:- 1, du:re:n|i-3
Even: z^|u:re-nz^|id- 1
Negidal: du:je:- 1
Spoken Manchu: z^|ura- 'to start, to set out, to leave'(1173)
Literary Manchu: z^|ura- 1
Ulcha: duere- 1
Orok: du:run|u- 3
Nanai: duere- 1
Oroch: due-, duwe- 1
Udighe: due- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du"gin
Meaning: four
Evenki: dig|i:
Even: dig|i
Negidal: dig|i:
Spoken Manchu: duin (2738)
Literary Manchu: dujn
Jurchen: dujin (639)
Ulcha: dui(n)
Orok: z^|i:n
Nanai: dui
Oroch: di:
Udighe: di:
Solon: digi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du":- ( ~ *du"b-)
Meaning: 1 top 2 mountain top 3 taiga region
Evenki: di:- 1
Even: di:- 1
Spoken Manchu: den 'tall, high' (2399, 2615)
Literary Manchu: de-n, de-le 1
Ulcha: duwu 3
Orok: duwwe:µ 3
Nanai: duje 3
Oroch: di-xi 3
Udighe: di:- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e-
Meaning: not
Evenki: e-
Even: e-
Negidal: e-
Jurchen: ej-xe (476), esi(n)-in (710)
Ulcha: e-
Orok: e-
Nanai: e-
Oroch: e-
Udighe: e-
Solon: e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e-
Meaning: this
Evenki: er, eri
Even: er
53Keys of Han
Negidal: ej
Spoken Manchu: er@ (2881)
Literary Manchu: ere
Jurchen: e(r)se (854)
Ulcha: ej
Orok: eri
Nanai: ei
Oroch: ei
Udighe: eji
Solon: er
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebe-
Meaning: 1 weak 2 to yield, be submitted 3 foolish, obstinate 4 lax, tarrying
Evenki: ewe-z^|ekin 'едва-едва'
Literary Manchu: ebe-ri, ebi-lun 1
Ulcha: ebe-le 3
Orok: ebe-le 4
Nanai: ebe-ri- 2
Oroch: ebe-le 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebe-
Meaning: carry (on oneself)
Evenki: ewe-
Nanai: i.wari.- 'to unload'
Oroch: ewugi- 'to bring', iwa-dala- 'to put a person on one's shoulder (in play)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebi-
Meaning: 1 enough 2 to be satiated 3 greedy 4 to eat greedily
Evenki: uwi- 2
Literary Manchu: ebi- 2
Jurchen: oh-pih-leh 2
Ulcha: ebiri- 4, ebe-su(n) 3
Nanai: ebe-su 3
Oroch: eburi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebiri-
Meaning: to shuffle, hoard
Even: ewerge 'two-paddled oar'
Nanai: ebiri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebke
Meaning: grandmother, aunt, elder brother's wife
Evenki: eweke:
Negidal: ewexe:
Ulcha: ewke
Orok: ewe(n)
Nanai: euke
Oroch: euke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebke-
Meaning: 1 heather 2 a k. of plant 3 hawthorn
Evenki: ebkemkire: 1
Negidal: epkexin 2
Ulcha: ewxexi 2
Orok: ewxexi 2
Nanai: opokta 3
Oroch: ewxexi 2
54Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebu-re-
Meaning: 1 to meet 2 to wait
Ulcha: eurec^i- 1, 2
Nanai: e:ru:c^e- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebV-
Meaning: 1 to surpass 2 hurriedly, quickly
Literary Manchu: ebuxu sabux|u 2
Jurchen: ewu-ro (362) 2
Orok: ebessun- 1
Nanai: ebe-saba 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ec^e-
Meaning: to feel constrained
Ulcha: ec^ise-
Nanai: ec^isi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *edi:-
Meaning: husband
Evenki: edi:
Even: edi
Negidal: edi:
Ulcha: edi(n)
Orok: edi
Nanai: ez^|i
Oroch: edi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *egdi
Meaning: 1 big 2 many
Even: eg|dъ 1
Negidal: egdi 2
Ulcha: egdi 2
Orok: egz^|i 2
Nanai: egz^|i 2
Oroch: egdi 2
Udighe: egdi 2
Solon: egdu:g| 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ege-
Meaning: 1 to encircle, surround, go round 2 ring
Evenki: eg|e-l- 1
Negidal: eg-di 2
Ulcha: eje- 1
Orok: eji- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eje:-
Meaning: 1 to ask, desire 2 demand (n.) 3 to envy
Evenki: eje: 2, eje:t- 1
Even: ejet- 1,3
Negidal: eje:t- 1
Nanai: e:juec^i- 3
Oroch: ejec^i- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eji-ken
Meaning: donkey
Negidal: ejxe
Spoken Manchu: eixen (2218)
Literary Manchu: ejxen
Jurchen: oh-hen
55Keys of Han
Ulcha: ejxe
Nanai: ejxe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eke
Meaning: 1 to decrease 2 bad, low 3 weak 4 evil
Spoken Manchu: eki- 1 (2864), ex@ 4 (2508)
Literary Manchu: ek/e- 1, exe 4
Jurchen: exebe (341) 2
Ulcha: ekec^i(n) 3
Orok: ekke: 3
Nanai: ekec^i 3; exele (Kur-Urm.) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eKe / *keKe
Meaning: 1 woman, wife 2 elder sister
Evenki: eki:n 2
Even: ekъn 2
Negidal: exe 1, exi:n 2
Spoken Manchu: xex@ 1 (833, 924)
Literary Manchu: xexe 1
Jurchen: xexe-e (299) 1
Ulcha: e:qte 1
Orok: ekte 1
Nanai: ekte 1
Oroch: eki 2
Udighe: exi(n) 1, 2
Solon: xexe 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ek-se-
Meaning: 1 to carry, take with smb. 2 to put, preserve
Evenki: ekse- 1
Orok: ekse- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ekte-
Meaning: 1 to paw, hit with hooves (of a horse); to rough-house 2 to faint
Literary Manchu: ekte- 1
Udighe: ektine- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elbe-, *eldu-
Meaning: to cover (a tent), tent cover
Evenki: elbe-; ellun, eldun
Even: e:lrimi, e:lde
Negidal: elbe-
Literary Manchu: elbe-
Ulcha: elbene 'sail'
Nanai: elbe 'roof'
Oroch: ebbe-
Udighe: egbe-
Solon: eldu:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elbe-s-
Meaning: to swim, bathe
Evenki: elbes(ke:t)-
Negidal: elbesi-
Spoken Manchu: ef@s^@-, ef@s@- (2301)
Literary Manchu: ebis^e-
Orok: ulbesi-
Nanai: elbusi-
56Keys of Han
Oroch: ebbesi-
Udighe: egbesi-
Solon: elbes^/i:- 'to wade'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ele-
Meaning: 1 enough 2 to have enough, be satiated
Evenki: eli:, ele 1, elekc^e- 2
Even: elъkъn 1
Negidal: ele 1
Literary Manchu: ele- 2
Jurchen: 'o-le-he-hun| 'content, happy'
Ulcha: ele 1, ele- 2
Orok: ele 1, ele- 2
Nanai: ele: 1, ele- 2
Oroch: ele 1, ele- 2
Udighe: ele 1, ele- 'to complete'
Solon: al/e-c/a/u, el/lec/a/u 'I am full, I have had enough'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elke
Meaning: peaceful, silent
Evenki: elke
Negidal: elke
Spoken Manchu: el@x@ 'leisurely' Literary Manchu: elxe
Ulcha: erke
Orok: erke
Nanai: elke
Oroch: ekke
Udighe: eke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elu
Meaning: onion
Spoken Manchu: ulu 'leek' (307)
Literary Manchu: elu
Ulcha: elu
Orok: elu
Nanai: elu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eme-
Meaning: to come, reach, arrive
Evenki: eme-
Even: em-
Negidal: eme-
Nanai: eme-
Oroch: emegi- 'to return'
Udighe: eme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eme:-n-
Meaning: to leave
Evenki: eme:n-, eme:-
Even: eme:n-
Negidal: eme:n-
Oroch: imene-
Udighe: imen-
Solon: eme:n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *emuge
Meaning: collarbone
Orok: emo-te
57Keys of Han
Nanai: emue-c^en 'lower part of thorax' (Он.)
Udighe: emuge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *emu-l
Meaning: 1 quiver ornated with horse's hair 2 hoop of shaman's drum 3 belt 4 horse or deer pack 5 pack strap
Evenki: o:mu 1, umul 3, o:mi 5, emin 4, emi-lge 4
Negidal: u:m 2
Ulcha: omali 3
Orok: u.mu.l 3
Nanai: omol 3
Oroch: umu 3, omog|o 3
Udighe: umu 3
Solon: omul 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *emV
Meaning: 1 mother-in-law 2 female 3 female deer, elk
Evenki: emugde, umigde 3
Even: o"miri 3
Negidal: umigde 3
Spoken Manchu: em@x@ 1
Literary Manchu: emile 2, emeke 1
Nanai: emxe 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/e-
Meaning: to sin
Ulcha: en/e-
Orok: en(n)e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/i-
Meaning: mother, female
Evenki: en/in
Even: en/in
Negidal: en/in
Literary Manchu: en/en
Jurchen: enin (283)
Ulcha: en/-
Orok: enin
Nanai: en/in
Oroch: ene, en/i
Udighe: en/i(n)
Solon: ene:, eni
Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/uke:
Meaning: a big kettle
Negidal: en/i
Ulcha: en/ue
Orok: enue, enug|e
Nanai: en/ue
Oroch: enein|ki 'birch box for dishes'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *enu:-
Meaning: 1 illness, pain 2 to feel pain, be sick
Evenki: enu: 1, enu:t- 2
Even: en 1, en- 2
Negidal: enux 1, enu:- 2
Literary Manchu: en seme 'groan'
Ulcha: enu: 1, enu- 2
58Keys of Han
Orok: enu- 2, enu: 1
Nanai: enusi- 2, enu: 1
Oroch: enu- 2
Udighe: ene 1
Solon: enu:n- 2, enexu: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *epe
Meaning: baked bread, cake
Evenki: ewedi
Spoken Manchu: ef@n 'Manchu bread'
Literary Manchu: efen
Ulcha: epe(n)
Nanai: epe
Solon: ouo ~ ug|on ~ ewen/
Han-Tungus-prototype: *epu
Meaning: 1 elder sister's husband 2 grandfather, elder relative 3 bear 4 father's elder brother
Negidal: epo, epa 4
Spoken Manchu: efu: 1 (905)
Literary Manchu: efu 1
Orok: e:pi 2, epeke 2, 3
Oroch: epere 2, 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *er[e]-
Meaning: 1 bad 2 torture, torment 3 to torture 4 to be mistaken
Evenki: eru: 1, ere- 4
Literary Manchu: eru-n 1
Ulcha: eru-le- 2
Nanai: eru 2
Solon: eru: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eri-
Meaning: 1 to breathe 2 breath 3 soul
Evenki: eri:- 1, eri:n 2, 3
Even: eri- 1, erin 2
Negidal: eji:- 1, ejgen 2, 3
Spoken Manchu: er@x@n 'breath, life'
Literary Manchu: erge- 'to rest', ergen 2, 3
Jurchen: erin-he ( = erhen)
Ulcha: ersi- 1, erge(n) 2
Orok: er(i)- 1
Nanai: erisi- 1, erge 2
Oroch: egge 3
Udighe: ege 2, 3, dial. eje 2
Solon: erge: 'life'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eru-ke-
Meaning: upper coat
Even: irkenmi
Ulcha: eru(n), erue(n)
Oroch: erue
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eru"-n
Meaning: time
Even: eri
Negidal: ejun
Spoken Manchu: erin (2648)
59Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: erin
Jurchen: erin (89)
Ulcha: eru(n)
Orok: eru(n) / eri(n)
Nanai: eri
Oroch: eru:(n)
Udighe: e:li(n)
Solon: eri:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *esi-kin
Meaning: unripe
Evenki: esikin
Even: esъkni
Spoken Manchu: us@x@n, usuxun
Literary Manchu: esxun
Jurchen: (h)osu-xun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *esi:
Meaning: now, just now, not long ago
Evenki: esi:
Even: esi-me
Negidal: esi:
Literary Manchu: esi 'yes, certainly'
Ulcha: esi
Orok: esi
Nanai: esi
Oroch: esi
Udighe: esi
Solon: es^/i:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ete-
Meaning: 1 to guard 2 to nurse
Evenki: eteje:- 1, 2
Even: etu- 1, etij- 2
Negidal: etew- 1, etixi- 2
Ulcha: eteu- 1, etexi- 2
Orok: etew- 1, etexi- 2
Nanai: etu:- 1, etexi- 2
Oroch: etu-c^i- 1
Udighe: eteu-si- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *etu- / *ute-
Meaning: 1 to quilt, tuft 2 seam 3 quilted coat, lap 4 mitten lining 5 to put on, wear 6 upper clothes
Evenki: uteme 3, utepti:n 4
Even: ut- 1, (All.) etik 6
Negidal: ute- 1
Spoken Manchu: utu- 5 ; utuku 'clothing, clothes, garb' Literary Manchu: etu- 5, etuku 6
Jurchen: etu-xun 6
Ulcha: utec^e 2, utesu 3
Orok: utteuri 3
Nanai: ute- 1, utesu: 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ez^|e-
Meaning: to understand, remember
Spoken Manchu: ez^|@- 'to memorize'
Literary Manchu: ez^|e-
60Keys of Han
Ulcha: ez^|e-
Orok: ede-mu-
Nanai: ez^|e-
Oroch: ez^|e-
Udighe: egz^|e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:de-
Meaning: 1 silly 2 defect, shortcoming
Literary Manchu: eden 2
Ulcha: ede(n) 1
Nanai: e:de 1
Oroch: ede 1
Udighe: e:de 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:n|-
Meaning: 1 to disappear, become invisible 2 to close eyes; to miss (a sight) 3 to go down (of sun, moon, stars) 4 shady, unlit place
Evenki: e:n|- 1
Even: e:n|ut- 2
Nanai: en|mie (Он.) 4
Oroch: en|gi- 3
Udighe: e:n|igi- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:ske-
Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to wait, beware 3 to praise 4 to curse
Evenki: e:ksit- 2, eske:- 3
Even: e:ske- 3
Negidal: eksit- 2
Spoken Manchu: es@xin@-, isixin@- (1468)
Literary Manchu: esuk/e- 4
Ulcha: eksen- 1, 2
Nanai: eksec^i- 2
Udighe: ehie- 'to take care of'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga-
Meaning: to take
Evenki: ga-
Even: ga-
Negidal: ga-
Spoken Manchu: Gia- (1402, 1538)
Literary Manchu: Gaj-
Jurchen: ga-gwa-i
Ulcha: Ga-
Orok: Ga-
Nanai: Ga-
Oroch: ga-
Udighe: ga-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gabu-ni-
Meaning: hill, mound
Ulcha: Gau.ni.
Orok: Gawnax|i.
Nanai: Gaon/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gagda
Meaning: one of a pair
Evenki: gagda
Even: ga:d
61Keys of Han
Negidal: gagda
Literary Manchu: Gaqda, Gaqta
Nanai: GaGda
Oroch: gagda
Udighe: gagda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga(j)- / *gia-
Meaning: 1 to pole (in a boat) 2 boat pole 3 oar
Evenki: ga- 1, ga-wun 2, ge:µwun 3
Negidal: gawu.n 2, ge:µwu.l 3
Literary Manchu: guwafu 2
Ulcha: Goa- 1, Ge:µu.li. 3
Orok: Go:-pu.(n) 2, Ge:µwu.l 3
Nanai: Go:a- 1, Gi.ol 3
Oroch: gau- 1, gau 2, giu 3
Udighe: gau, gou 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gaja-
Meaning: 1 to have insomnia 2 to be possessed, demoniac
Literary Manchu: Gajla- 2
Ulcha: Gajaz^|u.- 1
Orok: Gajaddi.- 1
Nanai: Gajaz^|i.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gaji-
Meaning: 1 to beckon 2 to show 3 index finger 4 small finger 5 to indulge, be enthralled
Evenki: gaji:w- 1
Literary Manchu: Gajsilabu- 5
Ulcha: Gajawc^u.(n) 3, Gojsantu.- 5
Orok: Gajaw 4
Nanai: Gajaoc^i.- 2, Gajaqoa 4, Gojsanto- 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gali-
Meaning: to contest
Literary Manchu: Galgi-
Nanai: Gali.-
Oroch: gali-
Udighe: galoa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *galu-
Meaning: to hate
Even: galu.t-
Ulcha: Galu.-
Orok: Galu.-
Nanai: Galo-
Oroch: galu-
Udighe: galu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *galu-
Meaning: clear (of sky, weather)
Literary Manchu: GalGa
Ulcha: Galu.-Galu. bi
Orok: Ga:l-
Nanai: GalGa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gama
Meaning: children of sisters
Ulcha: Gamasu.
62Keys of Han
Orok: Gamasu.
Nanai: Gamaso
Oroch: gama, gamasu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gara
Meaning: bough, stick
Evenki: gara
Even: gar
Negidal: gaja
Spoken Manchu: Gar@h@n 'branch'
Literary Manchu: GarGa; Garin 'blade of a knife, edge of a sword'
Jurchen: gar
Ulcha: Gara
Orok: Gara
Nanai: Gara
Oroch: ga:
Udighe: ga:
Solon: gar, gara
Han-Tungus-prototype: *garpa
Meaning: 1 ray 2 to shine
Evenki: garpa 1, garpa- 2
Even: garpann|ъ. 1, garpu.- 2
Negidal: gatpa 1, gatpa- 2
Ulcha: Garpac^i.- 2
Orok: Galpa 1, Galpa-, Garpa- 2
Nanai: Garpa- 2
Oroch: gappa- 2
Udighe: gakpa- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gasa
Meaning: 1 crane 2 bird 3 swan 4 duck, water-bird 5 kite
Evenki: gasa 1
Negidal: gasa 3
Spoken Manchu: Gas@h@ 2 (2172)
Literary Manchu: Gasx|a 2
Ulcha: Gasa 4
Orok: Gasa 4, 2, Gasawaqqu 5
Nanai: Gasa 4
Oroch: gasa 4
Udighe: gaha" 2, 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata-
Meaning: 1 to gather berries 2 place of gathering berries
Ulcha: Ga:taw 2
Orok: Gata- 1
Nanai: Gatao 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata-
Meaning: 1 hoof (of deer) 2 fur
Literary Manchu: Gatx|uwa 2
Orok: Gataja 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata- / *kada-
Meaning: 1 strong, hard 2 daft, crafty 3 big, huge
Evenki: gatakta 2
Orok: qadara 3
Nanai: Gatoxo 1
63Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga:r(u)a
Meaning: 1 owl 2 swan
Evenki: ga:re 1,2
Even: ga:r 'a big mythical bird'
Negidal: gaja 1
Literary Manchu: Garu 2
Jurchen: gawr-un 2
Ulcha: Goara(n) 1
Oroch: garua 1
Udighe: ga: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gebu-
Meaning: 1 empty 2 thin, lean
Literary Manchu: gebsexun 2
Ulcha: geu(n) 1
Orok: gewu(n) 1
Nanai: geu 1
Oroch: gewu(n)
Udighe: geu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gedi-muk
Meaning: back of the head
Evenki: gedimuk
Even: gedъmъk
Negidal: gedemuk
Han-Tungus-prototype: *geg-
Meaning: to be angry
Evenki: gegin-
Even: gegin-
Negidal: gewxe-
Ulcha: gewxe-de-
Nanai: geuxe-de-
Oroch: geuxende-
Udighe: ge-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gek(u)-
Meaning: to bow, bend
Negidal: gexete-
Literary Manchu: gexu-
Ulcha: gekel-gekel
Orok: gekkil-gekkil
Nanai: gekel
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gel-
Meaning: to get hardly on one's way
Evenki: gel-
Orok: gilin-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gele:-
Meaning: to ask, demand, search
Evenki: gele:-
Even: gele:-
Negidal: gele:-
Ulcha: gele-
Orok: gele-
Nanai: gele-
Oroch: gele-
64Keys of Han
Udighe: gele-
Solon: gele:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gemu
Meaning: all
Spoken Manchu: gum@
Literary Manchu: gemu
Jurchen: n|em-ur
Orok: gem
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gemu
Meaning: a utensil for cleaning river bottom
Nanai: gemu 'a long cord with attached stones and hooks for cleaning river bottom', gemude- (v.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gepe-
Meaning: 1 dim, obscure 2 to disappear 3 to begin (of night)
Evenki: gepe- 3
Even: gepeni 'black' (All.)
Ulcha: geptu(n) 1, geptun- 2
Nanai: gepejgen, geperie 1
Udighe: gefu o:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gerbe-
Meaning: to procure poles (for the tent)
Evenki: gerbe-
Even: gerben-
Negidal: gejbe-
Orok: gelbe-
Nanai: gerbe-
Oroch: gebbe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gerbu":
Meaning: name
Evenki: gerbi:
Even: gerbъ
Negidal: gelbi
Spoken Manchu: gev@
Literary Manchu: gebu
Jurchen: ger-bu
Ulcha: gelbu
Orok: gelbu
Nanai: gerb'i
Oroch: gebbi
Udighe: gegbi
Solon: gerbi:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gere-n
Meaning: 1 many 2 all
Spoken Manchu: ger@n 1 (2851)
Literary Manchu: geren 1
Ulcha: gere(n) 1
Orok: gere(n) 1
Nanai: gere(n) 2
Oroch: gere(n) 1, 2
Udighe: gele 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gete-
65Keys of Han
Meaning: to wake up, sober up
Spoken Manchu: get@- 'to wake up, to waken' (533)
Literary Manchu: gete-
Nanai: gete-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ge:l-
Meaning: 1 to disappear 2 to clear up (of sky) 3 to reflect light, throw shadow on
Even: ge:l- 2
Literary Manchu: gelmarc^e-, gelmerz^|e- 3, gelf/en 'pale'
Ulcha: gel- 1
Orok: ge:l- 1
Nanai: ge:l- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ge:(n)n|e-
Meaning: 1 to stretch one's neck, raise one's head 2 to bend one's head 3 horse's counter, bone on the nape
Even: ge:n|el- 1
Spoken Manchu: gen-da: 'nape, back of the nape' (61)
Literary Manchu: gen 3
Nanai: gun|gule- 2
Udighe: gen|gem 1, gendugule- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gia-
Meaning: 1 to plane, notch 2 chips, shavings
Negidal: ge:µsadan 2
Literary Manchu: g/a- 1 (cf. also geje- to carve)
Ulcha: Ge:µ- 1
Orok: Ge:µ- 1
Nanai: Gi.a- 1
Oroch: ga":sa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giala-
Meaning: 1 to separate 2 division, partition 3 room 4 to stop
Spoken Manchu: g/al@- 'distant, separated' (2576); g/al@n 'room space, compartiment of a house' (448)
Literary Manchu: g/ala- 1,4, g/alan 2
Ulcha: Ge:µlaqo 3
Nanai: Gi.ala- 1
Udighe: ga"la`u 3 (Корм. 221)
Solon: ge:µla:· 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gian/am
Meaning: dawn
Evenki: ge:µwan
Even: ga":wu.n
Negidal: ge:µwan
Ulcha: Ge:µwa(n)
Orok: Ge:µwa(n)
Nanai: Gi.wa
Oroch: ga":awan
Udighe: ge:µa"wa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *g(i)an|na-
Meaning: 1 to explain 2 to set (a riddle)
Literary Manchu: g/an|na- 1
Ulcha: Gan|Ga- 2
Orok: Gan|Gan| Gajawo- 2
Oroch: gan|ga- 2
66Keys of Han
Udighe: gan|in|a 'riddle' (Корм. 220)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giari- / *gira-
Meaning: 1 to walk 2 to step
Evenki: gira-kta- 2
Even: gi.ran|-, gi.rqъ.- 2
Negidal: gi.ja:n- 2
Literary Manchu: Garda- 'to run', g/ari- `to walk round, walk away'
Ulcha: Ge:µri.- 1, Gi.ran- 2
Orok: Gi.ran-
Nanai: Gi.ari- 1, Gi.ran- 2
Oroch: ga":ri- 1, gia- 2
Udighe: gea"-li- 1, gea"na- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giaxu"-n
Meaning: 1 hawk 2 falcon
Evenki: ge:µki 2
Even: ga":qъ.n 1,2
Negidal: ge:µxin 1
Spoken Manchu: g/ahun 1 (2241)
Literary Manchu: g/ax|un 1
Jurchen: giaxun (giaxun-un) (155) 2
Ulcha: Ge:µx|o 1
Nanai: Gi.x|o 1
Oroch: ga":ki 1
Udighe: ga"xi (Корм. 221), gea"xi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gibu-
Meaning: roe
Evenki: giwc^e:n
Negidal: giwc^e:n
Literary Manchu: g/o
Ulcha: giu(n)
Orok: giu
Nanai: giu
Oroch: ga":uc^a, giuc^a
Udighe: giu, giuse
Solon: gi:se:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gik-
Meaning: 1 to gallop 2 to send 3 to spy
Even: gi.qli.- 3
Literary Manchu: g/ax|ala-c^a- 1
Ulcha: Gi.lta- 2
Nanai: Gi.qo- 1, Gi.aqta- 2
Oroch: gikta- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-
Meaning: cold
Evenki: gildi
Even: gi.lrъ.
Negidal: gi.li.gdi.
Ulcha: Gi.tu.li., Gi.ti.si.
Orok: Gi.c^u.li.
Nanai: Gi.c^i.si.
Oroch: gic^i-si
Udighe: gilihi
67Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-
Meaning: 1 ring 2 bracelet
Evenki: gildi: 1
Negidal: gilz^|ixe:n 1
Ulcha: gileptu(n) 2
Solon: dil/aptun 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-
Meaning: 1 to be sore, ache (of heart, wounds) 2 to be sad, annoyed, indignant
Evenki: gilka- 1
Even: gi.lko- 1
Literary Manchu: gila-, gin|qa-, gin|Ga-, gilaz^|a-, gilac^a- 2
Ulcha: gil-, ge:µl- 1
Orok: gilc^i- 1
Nanai: Gi.lki:.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-
Meaning: reindeer (more than 5-years-old)
Evenki: gilge, gilduka
Even: gilge, gi.lrъ.q
Negidal: gi.ldu.ka
Udighe: gilon|gu"o" 'male roe'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gile-
Meaning: to sprinkle with wine (sacr.)
Literary Manchu: gile-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gilen|e:-
Meaning: a k. of duck
Negidal: gilen|e:ti
Ulcha: gilen/etu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gilta-
Meaning: 1 white 2 shine
Evenki: gilta-li 1
Even: gi.lta:l- 2
Spoken Manchu: gil@t@r@-
Literary Manchu: gilta- 2
Ulcha: gilte 2
Nanai: gilte- 2
Solon: giltari 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giram-ksa
Meaning: 1 bone 2 skeleton
Evenki: giramna 1
Even: gi.rъ.mrъ. 2 (also "grave")
Negidal: gi.jamna 2
Spoken Manchu: giran|@ 1 (167)
Literary Manchu: giran|gi 1
Jurchen: gi(r)ba-an-gi (510) 1
Ulcha: Gi.ramsa 1
Orok: Giransa 1
Nanai: Gi.rmaqsa 1
Oroch: giamsa 1
Udighe: ga"maha, gea"maha 1, 2
Solon: giranda 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giri-
68Keys of Han
Meaning: to cut out
Evenki: gir-
Even: gi.r-
Negidal: gi:-, gi.j-
Literary Manchu: giri-
Ulcha: Gi.ri.-
Orok: Gi.ri.-
Nanai: Gi.ri.-
Oroch: gi:-, giji-
Udighe: gi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giri
Meaning: 1 shore 2 line, row 3 riverbed
Evenki: giri 1
Even: gi.ri. 1
Negidal: gi.ji. 1
Spoken Manchu: girin 'hamlets scattered along a highway' (1020)
Literary Manchu: girin 2
Ulcha: gi.ri.(n) 3
Orok: giri 1
Nanai: gi.r 1
Oroch: gi: 1
Udighe: gi:-ma 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *girke-
Meaning: to spread
Evenki: girke-
Even: girkъ-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *girki:
Meaning: 1 mate 2 wife 3 placenta
Evenki: girki: 1, 2, 3
Even: girkъ 1, 2, 3
Negidal: gi:xi: 1
Nanai: girki 'idol, helping spirits'
Solon: gikki 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gob-
Meaning: to hunt
Evenki: gog|-, gowz^|o-
Even: gobz^|a-
Negidal: gobz^|o-
Orok: Gobdo-
Oroch: gobz^|ono-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *goda-
Meaning: straight, vertical
Literary Manchu: Godox|on
Han-Tungus-prototype: *goj / *gia
Meaning: other
Evenki: ge:µ
Even: ga":
Negidal: ge:µ
Spoken Manchu: Gua: (3023) 'other,another'
Literary Manchu: Guwa
Ulcha: Ge:µ-Gda 'single'; Goj
69Keys of Han
Orok: Ge:µ-da 'one, single'; Goi.
Nanai: Gi.a-Gda 'single'; Goj
Udighe: gea"
Solon: ge:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gola
Meaning: valley
Literary Manchu: golo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gola
Meaning: 1 log 2 burnt log, firewood
Evenki: golo 1
Even: gol 2
Negidal: golo 1
Literary Manchu: Goldon, Golton 2
Ulcha: Golon|qo 2
Orok: Golo 1, 2
Nanai: Golon|qo 2
Oroch: golo
Udighe: golo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *goldi
Meaning: 1 ring 2 loop (on handle of whip)
Evenki: goldi 1
Literary Manchu: Gulz^|arx|an 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *goli
Meaning: 1 a hook (in a needle for weaving nets) 2 net for large fish
Evenki: goli 1
Nanai: Goli 2
Oroch: go:li 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gora
Meaning: far
Evenki: goro
Even: gor
Negidal: gojo
Spoken Manchu: Gor@ (2613)
Literary Manchu: Goro
Jurchen: gor-o (701)
Ulcha: Goro
Orok: Goro
Nanai: Goro
Oroch: go:
Udighe: go:
Solon: goro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gorgakta
Meaning: palate, uvula
Negidal: gorkakta
Literary Manchu: Gun|qan 'Adam's apple' (?)
Orok: Goz^|aqta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gori-
Meaning: to go mad
Evenki: gori-
Nanai: Goria-
Udighe: gulea"la-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gori-
70Keys of Han
Meaning: to move, stir
Evenki: gori-
Even: gurgъldъ- (gurge 'work, engagement')
Solon: gurgelbu:- (trans.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gos-
Meaning: to curse
Negidal: gosowla:-
Spoken Manchu: Gas@h@- (1915, 1916)
Literary Manchu: gasxu- 'to swear' (Захаров 305)
Ulcha: Gosolo-
Orok: Gosi.-
Nanai: Goso:la-, n. Gosx|o(n)
Oroch: gosola-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gos^i-
Meaning: bitter, sour
Evenki: goc^i
Even: got
Negidal: goti.gdi.
Spoken Manchu: Gos@hun (430)
Literary Manchu: Gosi-x|on
Ulcha: Gotu.li.
Orok: Gotti.
Nanai: Goc^i.
Oroch: gotisi
Udighe: guac^ihi
Solon: gos^/i:gdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *go:l-
Meaning: 1 rare (with intervals) 2 shallow
Evenki: go:rba (Вас.) 2
Nanai: Go:li. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *go:r-
Meaning: 1 to exuviate, lose skin 2 a bird that has lost feathers
Evenki: go:r- 1
Even: go:r- 1
Negidal: goj- 1
Literary Manchu: Goqz^|i 2
Ulcha: Goli.- 1
Orok: Gori.- 1
Nanai: Go:ri.- 1
Udighe: guai- 1
Solon: gori- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gub-
Meaning: 1 to submerge 2 to sink, get stuck in smth.
Even: go"be:- 1, gupturu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gub- ( ~ *geb-)
Meaning: bud, flower button
Literary Manchu: gubsu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gudige
Meaning: stomach
Evenki: gudig|e:
Even: gudi
71Keys of Han
Negidal: gudi
Literary Manchu: guwez^|ixe
Udighe: gudie
Solon: gudege
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gugda
Meaning: high, tall
Evenki: gugda
Even: gu:.d
Negidal: gogda
Literary Manchu: Godo-x|on
Ulcha: Gu.Gda
Orok: Gu.Gda
Nanai: GoGda
Oroch: gugda
Udighe: gugda
Solon: gu.gda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guja:-
Meaning: 1 to butt 2 horn 3 fang 4 to play (of animals)
Evenki: guja:- 1
Even: gu.j- 1
Negidal: goja 2
Literary Manchu: Guja- 4
Ulcha: Gu.ja 3
Orok: Gu.ja- 1
Nanai: Goja 2
Oroch: guja 3
Udighe: guja 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guk-
Meaning: 1 bent upwards (of head) 2 convex, hill 3 part of harness (a piece of iron with a ring) 4 (plough) thills 5 ski straps
Evenki: gugarka 3
Literary Manchu: gukdu 2, Goqc^i 4
Ulcha: gu:ksi 5
Nanai: guku: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gul-
Meaning: 1 to blaze 2 to set fire 3 (bon)fire 4 hearth
Evenki: gul- 1
Even: gu.l- 2
Negidal: golo-wun 3
Literary Manchu: Golon tuwa 3; gulgin 'flame'
Ulcha: Gol-z^|o(n) 4
Nanai: Gola- 2, Golz^|o 4
Oroch: gogz^|o(n) 4
Solon: gu.lz^|e:r 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gula
Meaning: 1 edge, cliff 2 eyelashes 3 beard, moustache
Evenki: gula 1
Negidal: gulaxan 1
Literary Manchu: Gulaqu 1
Oroch: gu:la 1, gulago" 2
Udighe: gula 1, guluge 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulde-
72Keys of Han
Meaning: to untie, unwrap
Negidal: gulde-
Nanai: gulde-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guli:-
Meaning: to put animal bones on a special decking
Evenki: guli:-
Even: go"li-
Negidal: guli:-
Orok: guli-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulu-
Meaning: female deer, roe
Evenki: gulkac^a:n
Even: gulkъ
Orok: gulu
Udighe: gulugese
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulu-kun
Meaning: 1 whole 2 (whole) piece
Spoken Manchu: guluxun 'complete, pure' (2348, 2820)
Literary Manchu: gulxun 1
Ulcha: gulxu(n) 2
Nanai: gulxu 2
Udighe: guluhu 2
Solon: gulgu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun-
Meaning: to punish, avenge
Evenki: gunc^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun|gu
Meaning: 1 big fly 2 grasshopper, dragon-fly
Ulcha: gun|guni 2
Udighe: gun|gu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun|ur
Meaning: garlic
Evenki: gun|ur
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gupuj-
Meaning: to hit down berries by a special device
Evenki: guja:-
Even: guj-
Ulcha: gupi-
Orok: gupi-
Nanai: gupi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gur-
Meaning: 1 to look out, appear 2 to understand
Even: go"pken- 1
Negidal: gupket-/c^- 1
Ulcha: gurpun- 1
Orok: golpon-, gorpon- 1
Nanai: gurpun- 1
Solon: guru- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gur-
Meaning: 1 acacia 2 polar birch 3 willow
Evenki: guran 2
Literary Manchu: Goro 1
73Keys of Han
Nanai: GorGolaz^|i 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gurbi
Meaning: reed
Literary Manchu: Gurbi(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gure-
Meaning: free, spacious
Negidal: gujexi:
Ulcha: gure
Orok: gurei
Nanai: guxe (irreg. < *gure-ke ?)
Oroch: gure-ni
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gure:-
Meaning: 1 to unfasten 2 to tie (a band) 3 string, lace
Evenki: gure:- 1, gurewu- 2, guren 3
Even: gurelge- 1, gu.rъ.n 3
Literary Manchu: Guran 3
Ulcha: gure-li- 1
Orok: gure-li- 1
Nanai: gure-li- 1, gori 2
Oroch: guz^|e 3
Udighe: gue- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gurma- / *gurna-
Meaning: 1 hare 2 squirrel 3 ermine
Evenki: gurnun 2
Even: gurnata 3
Spoken Manchu: Gul@mahun 'hare, rabbit' (2216)
Literary Manchu: Gulmax|un 1
Jurchen: guRma-xaj (150)
Nanai: Gormax|o 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guru-
Meaning: 1 reach (of river) 2 whirlpool
Evenki: guruka: 1, guru-ma 'straight (of a river reach)'
Orok: GorGi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusa
Meaning: 1 pole (for tying nets) 2 banner
Literary Manchu: Gusa 2
Ulcha: Gu.sa 1
Orok: Gu.sa 1
Nanai: Gosa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusi
Meaning: eagle
Evenki: gus
Even: gusete
Negidal: gusixa:n
Ulcha: gusi
Orok: gusi
Nanai: gusi
Oroch: gusi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusin
Meaning: maternal uncle
Evenki: gusin
Even: go"ser
74Keys of Han
Ulcha: gusi(n)
Orok: gusi(n)
Nanai: gusi
Oroch: gusin
Udighe: goso`, guse` (Корм. 222)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gut-ke:-
Meaning: pike
Evenki: gutke:n
Even: go"tken
Nanai: gu:c^e:·
Oroch: gu:c^e
Udighe: guese
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gutu-
Meaning: 1 to disgrace 2 to rough-house, rage
Literary Manchu: Gutubu- 1
Ulcha: Goto- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guz^|ej
Meaning: 1 beautiful 2 lovely 3 deserving pity 4 to love, like
Evenki: guz^|ej 1
Even: guz^|e:j 2, 3
Negidal: guz^|ej 1
Ulcha: guz^|ukuli 1, guz^|ele 3
Orok: guz^|ile 3
Nanai: guz^|iele 3
Oroch: guz^|eje 3
Udighe: guz^|ihi 3
Solon: guz^|e:n- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu: ( ~ *gu":)
Meaning: 1 poison 2 a poisonous plant
Literary Manchu: gu orx|o 2
Ulcha: gu: 2
Orok: gu: 1
Nanai: gu: 1
Udighe: gu:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:le
Meaning: hut, dwelling-place
Evenki: gu:le
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:n-
Meaning: 1 to say 2 to think
Evenki: gu:n- 1
Even: go":n- 1
Negidal: gu:n- 1
Spoken Manchu: Goni- 2 (1848)
Literary Manchu: Guni- 2
Jurchen: xen-du-ru (467) 1
Ulcha: wembuwu 1
Orok: un- 1
Nanai: un(de)- 1
Oroch: gun- 1
Udighe: gun- 1
Solon: gun- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:p-
75Keys of Han
Meaning: to extinguish, be extinguished
Ulcha: gu:pu-, go:kpi- (itr.), gu:ptu- (tr.)
Orok: gu:ptu- (itr.), gu:pu- (tr.)
Nanai: gu:p-, gu:kpu- (itr.), gu:pu- (tr.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu"b-
Meaning: to pound, strike
Evenki: giw-
Even: gi:w-
Negidal: giw-
Ulcha: guji-
Nanai: guji-
Oroch: giwi-
Udighe: giu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu"lde-
Meaning: to stretch
Evenki: gilde-
Even: gildъ-
Negidal: gilde-
Ulcha: gulde-
Orok: gulc^i-
Nanai: gulde-
Oroch: gigdeli- 'to change clothes'
Udighe: gigde-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu":b-
Meaning: 1 to fume, smoke 2 furnace, stove
Evenki: gi:- 1, gi:wun 2
Literary Manchu: Guwa-x/an 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu":l-
Meaning: to smoke, fume
Even: gi:l- 'кипеть'
Ulcha: gulup-
Orok: gulitc^i-
Nanai: gulu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *i
Meaning: 3d p. deictic stem
Spoken Manchu: i: 'he, she' (2877)
Literary Manchu: i; ineku 'the same'
Jurchen: in
Solon: ini 'his'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iaga-
Meaning: to crumble, fall down
Evenki: e:µg|aw-
Negidal: e:µg|a-
Literary Manchu: ja-qsa 'берег с осыпью'
Ulcha: ja:ga-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iag-z^|akta
Meaning: fat (of a bear)
Ulcha: jaGz^|aqta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iaKu
Meaning: 1 swamp, ditch 2 brook
Evenki: jaku 1, jakta 2
Spoken Manchu: joh@r@n, johurun 1 (2084)
76Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: jo:x|on 1
Nanai: jaqc^i.ra 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iandaku
Meaning: 1 racoon dog 2 badger 3 young of badger 4 wolverine
Evenki: jantaki: 4
Negidal: jandako 1
Literary Manchu: jandac^i 3
Ulcha: jandaqu. 1
Nanai: jandaqo 1
Oroch: jandaku 1, jadac^i 2
Udighe: jandasi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iapu-
Meaning: to break, spoil, broken
Evenki: e:µp- (Sym.)
Negidal: jewus
Ulcha: jepu-
Nanai: jepu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iarga
Meaning: leopard
Spoken Manchu: jar@h@ (2220)
Literary Manchu: jarGa / jarx|a, jerxe
Jurchen: jara (148)
Nanai: jarga (Он.)
Udighe: jaga" (Корм. 240)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iba-ksa
Meaning: frazil
Evenki: iwaksa
Even: i.wu.s
Negidal: i.waksa
Ulcha: i.waqsa
Oroch: juaksa (Корм. 242)
Udighe: juakka" (Корм. 242), iwaka"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibe:-
Meaning: to come near
Evenki: iwe:-
Spoken Manchu: iven@- 'to move forward' (1188)
Literary Manchu: ibe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibi-
Meaning: to pick out seeds
Literary Manchu: ib/ax|a z^|afa-, ib/ax|ala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibke:-n
Meaning: 1 scoop 2 small boat 3 box
Evenki: iwke:n 1
Negidal: iwke:n 1
Literary Manchu: weiku 2
Ulcha: uxe, ujge 1
Orok: iwwe 1
Nanai: juke(n), ujke 1, dial. uixu 2, ujeke 3
Oroch: eukke, jeuke 1
Udighe: ju:ge 1 (Корм. 242)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ib-le
77Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 yard 2 dwelling, building
Literary Manchu: olen ~ ulen ~ u:len 2
Jurchen: ew-le (197) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibu-kta ( ~ *igu-kta)
Meaning: shells as ornaments
Orok: joqto
Solon: jogo:su.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ic^e-
Meaning: to see
Evenki: ic^e-
Even: it-/c^-
Negidal: ic^e-
Ulcha: ic^ewu
Orok: ite-
Nanai: is(k)e-/ice-
Oroch: ic^e-
Udighe: ise-
Solon: iso":- 'to appear'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *idege: (/*e-)
Meaning: thing
Evenki: ideg|e:
Nanai: ide:· 'reason' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *idu-
Meaning: 1 to command 2 to arrange in order 3 order
Even: idu- 1
Literary Manchu: idu 3, idure- 2
Ulcha: idu(n) 3
Nanai: idu 3, idule- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ike:-
Meaning: 1 to sing 2 to sing obscene songs, blackguard
Evenki: ike:- 1
Even: ike:- 1
Negidal: ixe:- 1
Literary Manchu: jeke- 2
Nanai: i:ke:- 1 (Он.)
Oroch: ike- 1
Udighe: jexe- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *il-
Meaning: 1 figure, shape 2 body 3 example 4 exterior
Evenki: ille 2
Even: ilrъ 2, i.lrъ.n 1, ilun 3
Ulcha: i.lta(n) 4
Nanai: i.lta 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilan
Meaning: three
Evenki: ilan
Even: i.lъ.n
Negidal: i.lan
Spoken Manchu: ilan (2737)
Literary Manchu: ilan
Jurchen: (j)ilan (638)
Ulcha: i.la(n)
78Keys of Han
Orok: i.la(n)
Nanai: i.la
Oroch: ila(n)
Udighe: ila(n)
Solon: ila
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilba, *ile-
Meaning: 1 to smear 2 clay 3 to lick
Evenki: ile- 3
Negidal: ilede- 3
Literary Manchu: ilba- 1, ilban 2, ile- 3
Ulcha: ile- 3
Orok: ile- 3
Nanai: i.lba- 1, i.lba 2, ile- 3
Oroch: ile- 3
Udighe: ile- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilbe-
Meaning: to drive
Evenki: ilbe-
Even: ilbъ-
Negidal: ilbe-
Oroch: ibbe-
Udighe: igbe-
Solon: il/bere beije 'driver'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ili-
Meaning: to stand
Evenki: il-
Even: i.l-
Negidal: i.li.t-
Spoken Manchu: ila- (537,1216), ili- (538)
Literary Manchu: ili-
Jurchen: ili-bun| (424)
Ulcha: i.lsu.wu.
Orok: ili-
Nanai: ilGo-
Oroch: ili-
Udighe: ili-
Solon: il-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilkV-
Meaning: 1 to try 2 to hope
Evenki: ilke- 1, ilkic^e- 2
Even: ielkъt- 1
Negidal: ilki- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ime-
Meaning: fresh, new
Evenki: imekin
Negidal: imexin
Orok: imew
Nanai: imeki
Udighe: imexi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *in-
Meaning: 1 to live 2 alive
Evenki: in- 1
79Keys of Han
Even: i:n- 1
Negidal: i:n- 1
Nanai: in|-ki 2
Oroch: ini 2
Udighe: inigi 2
Solon: inirge- 'to revive'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *in/e-
Meaning: to laugh
Evenki: in/e-
Even: in/-
Negidal: in/e-
Spoken Manchu: inz^|i-, inz^|@- (186)
Literary Manchu: inz^|e-
Jurchen: inz^|e- (461)
Ulcha: in/e-kte-
Nanai: in/e-mu
Oroch: in/e-kte-
Udighe: in/e-
Solon: ne-kte-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ine-n|i:
Meaning: day
Evenki: inen|i:
Even: inъn|
Negidal: inen|(i)
Spoken Manchu: in@n|@ (2657)
Literary Manchu: inen|gi
Jurchen: inen|i 'sun, day' (3)
Ulcha: inen|ni
Orok: inen|gi
Nanai: ini
Oroch: inen|i
Udighe: inen|i
Solon: ineg|i, inen|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *inn|i-
Meaning: to weave a net, to tie knots
Evenki: inn|i-
Even: inn|ъ-
Negidal: in/n|i-
Ulcha: i:-
Nanai: inru 'woven basket'
Oroch: in|n|i-
Udighe: in|i- (in|/i-) (Корм. 239), in/in|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *in|i-
Meaning: to neigh
Evenki: in|il-
Literary Manchu: ilc^a-, inc^a-
Nanai: in|giri-
Solon: in|ele-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ire(n)te-
Meaning: to be ashamed
Spoken Manchu: ir@t@- 'to be bashful, to feel shy' (1969)
Literary Manchu: jerte-
80Keys of Han
Nanai: irente-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *irg[u"]
Meaning: 1 brain 2 head
Evenki: irge 1
Even: irgъ 1
Negidal: igge / ijge 1
Spoken Manchu: uz^|u 2 (1)
Literary Manchu: uz^|u 2
Jurchen: (h)u(i)z^|ew (492) 2
Ulcha: iz^|e 1
Orok: i:de 1
Nanai: i:ge 1
Oroch: igge 1
Udighe: igi 1
Solon: igge, irge 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ir-ke-
Meaning: 1 to sing a song, versify 2 to cry, moan
Evenki: irkihin- 2
Even: i:.rqъ- 2
Spoken Manchu: ir@x@v@- (1339) 1
Literary Manchu: irgebu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *irki
Meaning: gums (of teeth)
Negidal: irxi
Ulcha: irxi(n)
Orok: irki
Nanai: ilxi
Oroch: ixi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iru-n
Meaning: furrow
Literary Manchu: irun, jurun
Nanai: iru
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iru:-
Meaning: 1 to sink 2 to melt
Evenki: iru:- 1
Even: irъl- 2
Literary Manchu: iru- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *is-
Meaning: to reach
Evenki: is-
Even: i.s-
Negidal: i.s-
Spoken Manchu: is^i- 'to be enough, suffice' (2798)
Literary Manchu: isi-
Jurchen: isi-maj (380)
Ulcha: i.si.-
Orok: i.si.-
Nanai: i.si.-
Oroch: isi-
Udighe: i:-gi-
Solon: is-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *is-
81Keys of Han
Meaning: to pinch, pluck out
Evenki: is-
Even: is-
Negidal: i:s-
Literary Manchu: isi-
Ulcha: isi:-
Orok: isi-
Nanai: iso:-
Oroch: isi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *itiknija
Meaning: 1 owl 2 crane
Evenki: itiknija 1
Even: i.ti.qn/a 1
Negidal: i.ti.n|na 1
Nanai: jate|:nia 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ixere
Meaning: candle, light
Negidal: ixere ( < STung.)
Ulcha: ixere
Orok: ixere
Nanai: ixere
Oroch: ixere
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ix[e:]-
Meaning: settlement
Evenki: ike:n
Nanai: i.x|o
Udighe: jogoso, joxo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iz^|a
Meaning: cold (Northern or Western) wind
Evenki: iz^|a
Even: i.z^|a
Nanai: iz^|a (Он.)
Oroch: iz^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:-
Meaning: to enter
Evenki: i:-
Even: i:-
Negidal: i:-
Spoken Manchu: ji-be-
Jurchen: i-re- (715)
Ulcha: i:-
Orok: i:-
Nanai: i:-
Oroch: i:-
Udighe: i:-
Solon: i:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:lbV
Meaning: 1 bait 2 uvula 3 plummet, sinker
Evenki: i:lbi: 1, 2
Literary Manchu: ilmax|a 2, ilmen 3
Ulcha: ilbuxe 3
Nanai: ilbexe 3
82Keys of Han
Oroch: ibbuxe 3
Udighe: ilbexe 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:nan
Meaning: 1 husband's younger brother 2 (younger) brother- / sister-in-law 3 sister's children 4 son-in-law 5 husband's younger sister
Evenki: i:nan 1
Even: i.nъ.n 2
Negidal: i.na 3
Spoken Manchu: ina: 'sister's son (nephew); son of fater's or moter's sister (cousin)' (920)
Literary Manchu: ina 3
Orok: i.na 4
Nanai: i.na 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:rme-
Meaning: to ask
Even: i:rmu-
Ulcha: iremesi-
Orok: ireme-
Nanai: ireme- (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kab-
Meaning: 1 to break, destroy, press 2 to squeeze, knead
Even: qawъ.q-, qawъ.l- 1
Negidal: kawju.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaba-
Meaning: 1 tent (covered with bark) 2 to enclose, fence 3 fence, enclosure, camp
Spoken Manchu: quar@n 'courtyard' (553)
Literary Manchu: quwara- 2, quwaran 3
Orok: qau.ra(n) 1
Nanai: qawa 1
Oroch: kawa(n) 1
Udighe: kawa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kabri-ki:
Meaning: sledge pole
Evenki: kawriki:
Negidal: kawri.xi:.
Ulcha: qau.ri.
Orok: qawre:
Nanai: kaori:.
Oroch: kauri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kabu-kta
Meaning: 1 salmon fat 2 salmon stomach
Ulcha: qau.qta 1
Nanai: qau.qta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kac^i-ka:n
Meaning: puppy
Evenki: kac^ika:n
Even: qac^i.qan
Negidal: kac^i.xa:n
Orok: ke:c^ike
Nanai: kejc^e(ke)
Udighe: kas`anz^|iga
Solon: xasxa:·
83Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kac^u(-ki)
Meaning: skin clothes
Literary Manchu: qac^iki
Ulcha: qac^u.i.
Nanai: qac^oi.
Oroch: kac^un, kac^uki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kadala / *kadara
Meaning: bridle
Spoken Manchu: had@l@, qad@l@ (1255)
Literary Manchu: x|adala
Nanai: qadara, x|adara
Solon: xadal, kadala
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kada(r)
Meaning: rock
Evenki: kadar, kadag|a
Even: qada:r, qadaqu.
Negidal: kada:
Spoken Manchu: had@ 'mountain peak' (2069)
Literary Manchu: x|ada
Ulcha: qadali.
Orok: qada
Nanai: qadar 'granite, marble' (Он.)
Oroch: kada
Udighe: kada
Solon: xada:r
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kadara-ku
Meaning: courageous, diligent
Literary Manchu: qadaraqu
Ulcha: qa:da-
Orok: qadaraqu
Nanai: qadaraqo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaji-
Meaning: 1 a big seal 2 wild goat 3 a variegated dog breed
Even: kajir 2
Orok: qai.g|ari. 1
Nanai: kiakta:n 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaK-
Meaning: 1 to rumple (skin) 2 instrument for rumpling skin
Oroch: kaku 2
Udighe: ka`i- 1 (Корм. 244)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaKi
Meaning: 1 angry 2 hasty
Evenki: kaki 1
Literary Manchu: x|axi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kakta-
Meaning: yellow, pale
Evenki: kaktalama, kaktarin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kakti-
Meaning: to give out a smell of burning
Negidal: kakti.-
Literary Manchu: x|aqsa-
Ulcha: qaqta-
84Keys of Han
Orok: qaqtu.-
Nanai: qaqtari. (adj.)
Udighe: kakc^isi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaK(u)
Meaning: dam
Literary Manchu: qaqu
Jurchen: xe-ki (68)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kal-
Meaning: 1 near 2 to come near
Spoken Manchu: hanc^i 1 (2611)
Literary Manchu: xanc^i 1; xalbu- 'to let into the house'
Ulcha: qa:l- 2
Orok: qal- 2
Nanai: qal/c^i. 1
Oroch: kalikun- 'to let near'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kal-
Meaning: 1 clan, family 2 to gather (deer) 3 together
Evenki: kalbuldi:- 2, Il. ka:lbe 3
Literary Manchu: x|ala 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kala-n
Meaning: 1 kettle 2 bag
Evenki: kalan 1
Even: qala:-was 2
Ulcha: qala(n) 1
Nanai: qala 1
Udighe: kala(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalbu
Meaning: 1 girdle 2 band
Evenki: kalbu 1
Even: qa:lbъ. 1
Negidal: kalbu 1
Solon: xalban|xa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalc^u-kta
Meaning: 1 water lily 2 sea weed
Even: qajqi. 2
Negidal: kalc^u.kta 1
Ulcha: qalz^|uqta 1, 2
Nanai: qalz^|oqta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kali
Meaning: 1 crucian 2 white-fish
Evenki: kali 1
Udighe: kali 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kali-ki(n)
Meaning: scar, cicatrice
Ulcha: qalx|i.(n)
Orok: qali.x|i.
Nanai: qalx|i.·
Oroch: kalixi
Udighe: kaleha"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalma-gda
Meaning: rich bride
Negidal: kalmagda
85Keys of Han
Ulcha: qalmaz^|a
Oroch: kamaz^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalta
Meaning: 1 to split in halves, be splitted in halves 2 half 3 one of a pair
Evenki: kalta- 1, kaltaka 2, 3
Even: qaltъ.q-, qaltъ.l- 1, qaltъ.q 2
Negidal: kalta- 1, kaltaxa 3
Ulcha: qaltali.- 1, qalta 2
Orok: qalta:- 1, qalta 2
Nanai: qalta:- 1, qalta: 2
Oroch: ka:kta- 1, kakta 2
Udighe: kakta` 2 (Корм. 244)
Solon: xaltaxa 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kam-
Meaning: 1 to hem a garment with a white fur stripe 2 head kerchief 3 broad women's belt
Evenki: kamra:- 1
Literary Manchu: qamtun 2
Ulcha: qambu.c^a 3
Orok: qa:mi. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kama-
Meaning: 1 to oppress 2 to prohibit, be unable to help 3 (being at a) loss
Evenki: kama- 1, kama-lit- 2
Even: kamag| 3
Negidal: kama-li- 1
Ulcha: qama-lu.- 1
Orok: qama-li.- 1
Nanai: qama-li- 1, qama 3
Udighe: kama-, kamasi- kamali-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamic^u
Meaning: box, bag (made of birch-bark)
Evenki: kamit
Ulcha: qamc^u.
Oroch: kamic^i
Udighe: kamisi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamnu- / *kamdu-
Meaning: fish glue
Evenki: kamnun
Even: kanmo
Negidal: kamnun
Literary Manchu: amdun
Ulcha: qamdu(n)
Orok: qamdu.(n)
Nanai: qamdo
Oroch: kamnu
Udighe: kamnu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamp-
Meaning: 1 to fold, bend 2 to press
Evenki: kamni:- 2
Negidal: kampi.- 1, 2
Literary Manchu: qamni- 2
86Keys of Han
Ulcha: qampu.- 1
Nanai: qampi.- 1
Udighe: qampi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamur-
Meaning: together, gather
Ulcha: qamu.r
Orok: qamu.r
Nanai: qamor
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kanda
Meaning: dewlap
Literary Manchu: qanda
Nanai: qando
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kan-dari-
Meaning: to be fed up, tired of
Evenki: kandari-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kanz^|a-?
Meaning: horn
Nanai: Ganz|az|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kan|ar
Meaning: helminth
Evenki: kan|ir
Even: qan|ъ.r
Negidal: kan|aj
Orok: qan|ai. 'a k. of fish (навага)'
Nanai: ka:n|a (Он.)
Oroch: kan|a 'salmon'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kap-
Meaning: 1 together 2 to press, squeeze together 3 couple 4 gripe 5 trap
Evenki: kapkal- 2
Negidal: kap 1, kapel 5
Spoken Manchu: havir@hun, h/avir@hun (2619) 'narrow, tight'
Literary Manchu: qab(a) 3, x|afira- 2, x|afiraqu 4
Ulcha: qap 1, qapu.ra- 2, qapu.raqu. 4, qapali. 5
Orok: qap 1, qapi.ra 4
Nanai: qap 1, qapi.ra- 2, qapi.raqo 4, qapali. 5
Oroch: kapali 1
Udighe: ka"fi- 2 (Корм. 247), kab`au 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kar-
Meaning: 1 to kill 2 to fight
Evenki: kare- 1
Orok: karamac^i- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kar-
Meaning: rod, thin branch
Evenki: kar, kari, kare
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara-
Meaning: 1 to guard, protect 2 to watch
Evenki: karama-, karma- 1, kara-m-na- 'to envy'
Even: qarg|u.s- 1 (Arm.), qarqi.- 'to wait'
Spoken Manchu: qarm@- (797) 1
Literary Manchu: qarma- 1 (perhaps also x|ars^a-, ТМС 1, 380)
Ulcha: qarGa-c^u.- 2
87Keys of Han
Orok: qarGa- 2
Nanai: qarGa-c^i.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara-
Meaning: 1 woodcock 2 hazel grouse 3 wild birds (ducks, geese) 4 jackdaw 5 a k. of bird 6 rook 7 black heron 8 cormorant
Evenki: kara 1, karaki: 2
Negidal: karaxi:. 3
Literary Manchu: qaraki 6, qaralz^|a 7, qarasu 8
Orok: qari. 4
Nanai: qarqaj 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara ( ~ *x-)
Meaning: a k. of weed
Literary Manchu: x|ara
Han-Tungus-prototype: *karmu- / *karbu-
Meaning: 1 a k. of swallow 2 a k. of duck
Evenki: karbuki: 2
Nanai: qarmor 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *karsi
Meaning: marten
Literary Manchu: x|arsa
Nanai: qarsa
Udighe: kaha" (Корм. 246)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas-
Meaning: 1 to reproach 2 to look down on
Even: qas- 1
Literary Manchu: qasana- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas-
Meaning: through, straight through
Negidal: kas
Literary Manchu: qas 'quickly'
Ulcha: qas
Orok: qas
Nanai: qas
Oroch: kas; kasa- 'to send'
Udighe: kahile:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kasaga-
Meaning: 1 insistent, obstinate 2 to overcome
Evenki: kasag|a- 2
Even: qasъ.g| 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas^aka-
Meaning: 1 to tickle 2 to become scabby 3 scabs
Evenki: kac^aka- 1
Negidal: kac^axa- 1
Literary Manchu: qasana-, qasqana- 2, qasqa(n) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kata-
Meaning: 1 to tie hard 2 band 3 friend
Even: qataq 3
Negidal: katag|a- 1, kati.xa 3
Literary Manchu: x|ata 2
Ulcha: qatara- 1
Orok: qatara- 1
Nanai: qatara- 'to grasp one's hair'
88Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kata- / *kete-
Meaning: to knock (with hooves), sound of knocking
Negidal: keter-keter
Literary Manchu: kete-qata
Ulcha: ketes
Orok: qatam, qatar, qatari
Nanai: keter-keter
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaxa-
Meaning: to choke
Evenki: kaka-
Literary Manchu: x|aGa-
Ulcha: qax|ambu.wu.si.-
Orok: qaGu.mi.-
Nanai: qawali.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:m-
Meaning: dried fish
Even: qa:m
Oroch: kambuti 'name of a small fish'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:nta-
Meaning: to attain, reach (by hand)
Ulcha: qanta-
Nanai: qa:ndac^i.-, (Он.) qa:ntac^i.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:n|gu
Meaning: a k. of duck
Evenki: kan-dira:, dial. kon|or
Even: qo:n|a:l
Negidal: kan|gu., ko:n|ala:n, kon|odo:
Literary Manchu: x|on|Go(lo)n
Ulcha: qan|Gu.li.
Orok: qon|Golo
Nanai: qa:n|Go.
Udighe: kan|gu (Корм. 245)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keb-
Meaning: 1 to gnaw, bite (with front teeth) 2 to pierce through 3 a big arrow
Evenki: kewde- 2
Even: ke:wri- 1
Literary Manchu: kejfule- 2, kejfu 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keber-
Meaning: plain, steppe, meadow
Evenki: kewer, kewe-kte
Even: ke:r-ke
Solon: xeber
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kebi-
Meaning: to bow down, lie low
Literary Manchu: keb, keo (seme)
Ulcha: kebile-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keb-te
Meaning: 1 belt 2 to bulge (of belly)
Evenki: kebder- 2
Literary Manchu: xebtexe 1
Jurchen: xebu-de (227) 1
89Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kec^eri-
Meaning: to turn, change sides
Ulcha: kec^eri-mbuc^i-
Nanai: kec^eri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kelder
Meaning: 1 variegated, spotted 2 mole
Even: keldъr 2
Negidal: keldejin 1
Ulcha: kelderu(n) 1
Orok: kelderu 1
Oroch: kegdi 1
Udighe: kedei 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keli-
Meaning: 1 knife, blade 2 to cut, cut out
Evenki: keli 1
Even: ke:lre 1
Orok: keli- 2
Nanai: keli- 2
Udighe: keli- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keli
Meaning: 1 relative-in-law 2 girl, sister
Evenki: keli(n) 1, kiliwli: 2
Even: keli 1
Negidal: keli 1, kelewli. 2
Literary Manchu: keli 1
Ulcha: keli(n) 1
Orok: keli(n) 1
Nanai: keli 1
Oroch: keli 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kelte- ( < *kerelte-?)
Meaning: wolverine
Evenki: keltefki:
Even: ko"ltekken
Negidal: keltelke:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kem-ki-
Meaning: to bite (of a dog, goose)
Literary Manchu: kemki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kemu-kte
Meaning: 1 rowan (berry) 2 a k. of berry, shamrock
Evenki: kempi 1 (Sakh.)
Oroch: ke:mukte 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende
Meaning: shoulderblade
Evenki: kendeke:
Even: ke:ndъt
Negidal: kendexe
Orok: kende
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende-
Meaning: 1 threshold 2 to hinder, obstruct
Negidal: kende 1
Ulcha: kenderxi(n) 1, kenz^|i- 2
Nanai: kenderxi 1, ke:nz^|i- 2
90Keys of Han
Oroch: kenderku, kenderxi 1, ke:ndi- 2
Udighe: kondopti 1 (Корм. 250)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende-
Meaning: a k. of tree
Nanai: kendele(n), kendele:(n) (Он.) 'thuja'
Oroch: ke:nde:le: 'name of a tree'
Udighe: kendele 'red tree' (Корм. 254)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken/e- / *kun/e-
Meaning: 1 shin 2 stockings
Evenki: ken/ete, kun/etu 2
Even: ke:n/ec^e 2, ko":nc^en 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|-
Meaning: 1 emptiness 2 to empty 3 hole, ice-hole 4 emptied
Evenki: ken|ku-te:k 1, ken|re 3, ken|gur 4
Even: ko":n|ki:- 2, ke:n|gule 3
Udighe: ken|ku 1 (Корм. 254)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|i-
Meaning: to bite, gnaw
Evenki: ken|i-
Negidal: ke:n|i-
Nanai: ken|ne-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|-tire
Meaning: 1 breast, chest 2 side (of body)
Evenki: ken|tire 1
Even: ke:ntъre 1
Nanai: ken|tere 1
Udighe: ken|te 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepe
Meaning: 1 jaw 2 gills 3 boards (on boat's front)
Evenki: kewe 1
Even: kewe: 1
Ulcha: kepi(n) 2, 3
Orok: kepi 3
Nanai: kepi 2, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepel-
Meaning: belly, stomach
Even: kъbъl, ke:bъl
Spoken Manchu: kev@l@, xev@l@ 'stomach, belly; bosom' (87)
Literary Manchu: xefeli, xefali
Jurchen: xefuli (508)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepu- ~ *kopu-
Meaning: to float on the surface
Evenki: kepke-met-
Even: kewu-met-; kebdun|c^i- 'to swim (of sea animals)'
Negidal: kopon- ~ kepen-; kebgexit- 'to produce bubbles (of fish)'
Ulcha: kopto-
Orok: kuptu-du-
Nanai: qopto-l, kepte (adv.)
Oroch: kopc^o 'fish-hook'
Udighe: kopc^ol-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kere-, *kerbe-
91Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 kill 2 to fine 3 to slander 4 to revenge
Evenki: kerbe- 1, keremi:- 3, keremz^|u bi- 4
Literary Manchu: keru-le- 2, keru-n 'fine'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kerge- (*kergi-)
Meaning: 1 circle, ring 2 to bind into bunches 3 to reel 4 bunch
Negidal: kejgeli 1
Literary Manchu: xergi-, xerc^i- 3
Ulcha: kergi 4, kergin- 2
Orok: kejgeli 1
Nanai: kergi 4
Oroch: kez^|e- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keri-muk
Meaning: intestine, part of stomach
Evenki: kerimek
Even: kori.mki.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kese
Meaning: word, order
Spoken Manchu: xes@ 'edict' (1351)
Literary Manchu: xese
Orok: kese
Udighe: kehie
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kese:-
Meaning: 1 to suffer 2 to punish 3 scoundrel, rogue 4 to torture, lacerate 5 sad
Evenki: kese:- 1
Negidal: keseg|i:- 2
Literary Manchu: kesemburu 3
Jurchen: ke-si-ge-bulu (368) 5
Ulcha: keseuc^u- 4
Nanai: kesu:-li- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kete, *ke:ter
Meaning: 1 big 2 many 3 elder 4 almost
Evenki: ke:ter 1, kete 2
Even: ke:ter 1
Negidal: ke:tej 1
Ulcha: ketele 4
Orok: ketette 4
Nanai: ke:te 3, kete:le 4
Oroch: ke:te 1, kete 4
Udighe: kete 'more' , ketige 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ketem
Meaning: barren (of a female deer)
Evenki: ketem
Even: ketъm
Negidal: ketem
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kexere
Meaning: hard palate
Ulcha: kekere, kexere, xexere
Nanai: xexere
Oroch: kexe
Udighe: ke (Корм. 253)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:j-
92Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to go astray 2 to become wild (of a reindeer)
Evenki: ke:j- 1
Even: ke:jun- 1
Negidal: kej- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:lu-me
Meaning: servant
Evenki: ke:lu:me
Even: ke:lme
Orok: kele
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:nde
Meaning: harnessed deer
Even: ke:nde
Literary Manchu: x/anc^i-la- 'to gather in herds (of deer in summer)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:n/e-
Meaning: 1 be superstitious 2 to praise, flatter 3 to speak, tell 4 to curse, rebuke 5 to doubt, suspect
Evenki: ke:n/e- 2
Even: ke:n/ew- 1
Negidal: ke:n/e- 2
Literary Manchu: xendu- 3, kenexunz^|e- 5
Jurchen: xen-du-ru (467) 3
Orok: ken- 3, kene- 2
Udighe: keni- 4
Solon: xe:ni:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiab-
Meaning: sea gull
Ulcha: qe:µwara
Orok: qe:µwu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaba-
Meaning: pale
Evenki: ke:µwama
Even: ke:µmaku.
Negidal: ke:µm-di., ke:µr
Ulcha: qe:µm-z^|i.
Orok: qemo-tto-
Nanai: qi.a-gz^|a, qi.a-m
Oroch: ka":m
Udighe: kea"l-kea"l
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaba-
Meaning: 1 bladder of kaluga fish used for storing oil 2 bobber
Evenki: kewilde 2
Even: qoъ.ldъ. 2
Ulcha: qe:µu.ri. 1
Orok: qewri. 1
Nanai: qi.awari.a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiabu-
Meaning: bottom of boat
Ulcha: kewu(n)
Nanai: kio
Oroch: ka":u
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiad-
93Keys of Han
Meaning: mountain pass
Evenki: kedris
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiade-le-
Meaning: to lace, befringe
Evenki: ke:µd/ele:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiakp- / *kiapk-
Meaning: 1 crayfish 2 tick
Orok: qeqpari. 1
Oroch: ka":pi 2
Udighe: ka"fi 2 (Корм. 247), kea"fi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaK-ta / -ikta
Meaning: 1 skin 2 shell
Evenki: ke:µkikta 1
Literary Manchu: qaiqari 2
Ulcha: qi.aqta 2
Nanai: qa":x|ta 2
Oroch: kiakta 2
Udighe: ka"kta (/ka"xta) (Корм. 246)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *k[ia]m-
Meaning: diver
Even: ka":miln|a / kiamiln|a
Orok: qojomo 'a k. of duck'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiama / *kiapa
Meaning: 1 temple 2 face
Evenki: ke:µwa 2
Orok: qe:µmi 1
Nanai: qa":f (Bik.) 1
Udighe: kea"mikta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiamk-
Meaning: 1 crayfish 2 a k. of water insect 3 worm
Evenki: ke:µmka:n 1
Even: qa":mqъ.r 2
Negidal: ki.mkaj 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaru
Meaning: gauge, mould (for net meshes)
Ulcha: qi.ru.l
Nanai: qi.rol
Oroch: ka":ro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiata
Meaning: 1 salmon 2 dead fish (after releasing roe) 3 to weaken
Evenki: ke:µta 1
Even: qa":ta 1
Negidal: ke:µta 1
Literary Manchu: k/ata 1, k/atu- 3
Ulcha: ke:µta 2
Orok: qe:µta 2
Nanai: qa":ta- 3
Oroch: kiata 2, kiata- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiata-kun
Meaning: 1 finger-nail 2 bar, billet
Spoken Manchu: k/at@hun 1 (76)
Literary Manchu: xitaxun 1
94Keys of Han
Nanai: qataxi. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kib-c^a-
Meaning: prudence, moderation
Literary Manchu: xibc^a-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kibe:
Meaning: birch bark
Evenki: kiwe, kiwe:, ki:we
Even: ki:we
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kidu-
Meaning: 1 to respect 2 to think, remember
Spoken Manchu: kidu- 'to have affection for' (1870)
Literary Manchu: kidu- 2
Nanai: kidu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kijo-kta
Meaning: brier
Even: ke:kto 'unripe berry'
Literary Manchu: k/o:k/o:n 'name of an edible plant'
Ulcha: qojoqto
Orok: qi.joqto
Nanai: qi.oqto
Oroch: kijokto
Udighe: ko"kto, kiokto (Корм. 251)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kik-
Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to cut oneself (by rubbing at a rope) 3 to become torn (of a rope, chain)
Evenki: kik- 1
Even: qi.q- 1 (Новикова 1980, 183)
Negidal: kik- 1
Nanai: kikia- 2 (Он.), kikpe:- 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kilde-
Meaning: lime tree
Evenki: kilden
Ulcha: kilde(n)
Nanai: kilde
Oroch: kigde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kilu-
Meaning: 1 grey goose 2 heron 3 gull 4 swan
Evenki: kuluk 3
Even: kil/arqa 'name of a bird', ku.lar 3
Literary Manchu: kilax|un 2
Ulcha: qi:.lala 1
Nanai: kulikte 4
Udighe: kilai 3 (Корм. 248)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kim-
Meaning: 1 to prepare, arrange 2 to check, investigate, to concentrate on
Even: qi.m- 1
Spoken Manchu: kim@c^i- (1852) 2
Literary Manchu: kimc^i- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kipe
Meaning: a k. of wild millet
Literary Manchu: xife
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kire-
95Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to mince 2 to be broken off, break off 3 to gnaw
Evenki: kirge- 3
Even: qi.rGъ.- 3
Ulcha: kirki-c^u- 3, kiri 'front tooth'
Orok: keren- 1, kiri:- 'скалить зубы'
Nanai: qi.arqi.ali.-, kerkieli- 3, kerme:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kis-k-
Meaning: 1 to touch, stroke, sharpen (a knife) 2 tongs, vice
Evenki: kiski 2
Literary Manchu: xisx|a- 1
Nanai: kiskie (Он.) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kitiri
Meaning: a k. of fox
Negidal: ki.ti.ji.
Orok: kitc^iri
Nanai: kic^iri (Он.)
Oroch: kiti
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiz^|-
Meaning: to lose
Nanai: ki.z^|o-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ki:mu-
Meaning: 1 to be inimical 2 enmity
Literary Manchu: kimu-le- 1, kimun 2
Nanai: ki:mu-le:- 1, ki:mur 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ki:ran
Meaning: a k. of eagle, falcon
Evenki: ki:ran
Literary Manchu: #ka"i Udighe: ka"i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kobi / kebi(n|e)
Meaning: 1 hole, hollow 2 cavity
Even: qobmil/a 1, ke:wn|e, kewun|e 2
Literary Manchu: qobi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kobil
Meaning: mast
Ulcha: qowu.l
Nanai: qojol
Oroch: ko:wi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kob-ta
Meaning: esteem
Literary Manchu: qobto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *koc^i-
Meaning: 1 to chant, praise 2 to deceive, lie 3 to harm (of an evil ghost), to interrupt
Evenki: koc^i-nz^|a- 1, koc^ut- 2
Literary Manchu: x|os^s^o- 2
Nanai: qoc^a-li.- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kodori-
Meaning: 1 to scoop 2 scoop (made of birch bark)
Ulcha: qodu.rpu.(n) 2
Nanai: qodori- 1 (Он.), qodori.qo, qodorpo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *koja
96Keys of Han
Meaning: secretion of a musk deer
Ulcha: qoja
Nanai: qoja
Han-Tungus-prototype: *koKalta
Meaning: mittens
Evenki: kokollo
Even: qu.qъ.tъ.n
Negidal: koxolo
Ulcha: qo:lto
Nanai: qo:lto
Oroch: ko:kto
Udighe: ko`lo (Корм. 250)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kola
Meaning: 1 cunning 2 deceit 3 to deceive 4 catching thieves
Evenki: kolo 1
Spoken Manchu: hol@ 'lie, falsehood' (1308)
Literary Manchu: x|olo 2, x|olto- 3, x|uz^|a-c^i 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kolopo-kta
Meaning: a k. of tree
Oroch: kolobokto, kopolokto 'ritual fir-tree'
Udighe: kofolokto 'a k. of tree'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *komba-
Meaning: wrist, hand, spoke-bone
Negidal: komboxi:.
Orok: qomu:.
Nanai: qombi.o
Udighe: komugu (Корм. 249)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *komta-n
Meaning: cover, box
Negidal: komtaxan
Ulcha: qo:mta(n)
Nanai: qomta
Oroch: kumta(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kondi
Meaning: scoop, box
Negidal: konz^|axan
Ulcha: konz^|oko
Orok: x|ondoqqo 'кисет'
Nanai: kunz^|i, kunz^|uc^e
Oroch: ko:ndi
Udighe: konz^|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|-
Meaning: to tear out, uproot
Evenki: kon|dot-
Even: qonn|aq-, qonn|al-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|da-
Meaning: 1 crosswise 2 to break, snap, be broken 3 half (of an object)
Evenki: kon|dor 1, kon|dorgo- 2
Even: qon|dъ.s 1, qon|dъ.q- 2
Oroch: kondo 3
Udighe: kandugu 3
97Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|ga
Meaning: deaf
Negidal: kon|go
Ulcha: qon|Go
Orok: qon|Go
Nanai: qon|Go
Oroch: kon|go
Solon: xon|go:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|na-
Meaning: black
Evenki: kon|no-mo,-rin
Even: qo:n|ъ.-
Negidal: kon|noji:n
Solon: xon|nori
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kora-
Meaning: to drive away
Even: koro-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kori
Meaning: a mythical bird (mediator)
Orok: qori.
Nanai: qori.
Oroch: ko:ri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kori
Meaning: 1 frame, blockhouse 2 cage 3 shed
Negidal: koj 1
Literary Manchu: x|orin 2,3
Ulcha: qori. 1,2
Orok: qori. 1
Nanai: qori. 1
Oroch: koi 1
Udighe: koai- (Корм. 249), kua- 'to make a blockhouse'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *korim- / *kirim-
Meaning: 1 to wink 2 eyelash 3 inner side of eyelid
Evenki: korimi- 1, kirimki:n 2
Even: qorъ.m- 1, kirimki 2
Negidal: ki:mki: 2
Orok: qolpi.qta 3
Solon: xurmult(e) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kor-, *kormaki
Meaning: 1 sheath 2 dish made of birch bark
Evenki: kor 2
Literary Manchu: x|omx|on 1
Ulcha: qo:mai. 1
Orok: qolmoj 1
Nanai: qormi:. 1
Oroch: kommoi 1
Udighe: komigi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kor-pi-
Meaning: to be, make in time
Negidal: kotpi.-
Ulcha: qorpi.-
Orok: qu.lpi.-
98Keys of Han
Nanai: qorpi.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *koru
Meaning: pike
Even: ko":rike, kurike 'a k. of fish (род мальмы)'
Negidal: kojc^a:n
Literary Manchu: xoro
Ulcha: qoru.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosa
Meaning: 1 stone ring 2 ring, pectoral
Ulcha: qoso(n) 2
Orok: qoso 1
Oroch: koso 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosi-
Meaning: 1 to enclose 2 enclosure 3 to graze
Even: ko"s- 1, ko"stin| 2, ko"sc^i- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kos^a
Meaning: river bend, cape, angle
Evenki: koc^o
Even: qoc^
Negidal: koc^o
Literary Manchu: x|os^o
Ulcha: x|oc^u.
Oroch: koc^i:mdi 'curved'
Udighe: koso(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kos^i-kta
Meaning: 1 nut 2 peach
Evenki: koc^ikta 1
Literary Manchu: x|usix|a 1
Jurchen: xu-cu 1 (129), xu-cur 2 (106)
Ulcha: qac^i.aqta 1
Nanai: qoc^oa 1
Oroch: koc^okto 'a k. of bush'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kota-
Meaning: 1 concave, cavity 2 to bend upwards
Evenki: koto-kon 1
Even: qotan/a 1
Literary Manchu: x|otoro- 2
Ulcha: qotom- 2
Nanai: qotajga 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kota
Meaning: 1 knife 2 knife on a shaft
Evenki: koto 2
Even: qotqa:n 1
Negidal: koto 1
Nanai: qoto 1
Solon: koto 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *koto-ran-
Meaning: to singe, burn
Evenki: kotoron-mi: (Вас.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:mba
Meaning: scoop, ladle
Evenki: ko:mba
99Keys of Han
Even: ko":men|e
Negidal: kombo
Ulcha: qombo
Orok: qombo
Nanai: qombo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:n|a:-
Meaning: 1 ringing sound (expr.) 2 bell
Evenki: ko:n|a:kte 2
Even: qo:n|at 2
Negidal: kon|i.r, kon|u.r 1
Literary Manchu: qon|gir 1
Ulcha: qon|Goqto 2
Orok: qon|Goqto 2
Nanai: qon|Go:qto 2
Oroch: kon|okto 2
Solon: xon|a:ttu:. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:ri-
Meaning: 1 to delve, carve out, pick out 2 to wound accidentally
Literary Manchu: qori- 1
Nanai: ko:rxi- 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:ta
Meaning: 1 debt 2 miserly, greedy
Evenki: ko:ta 1
Even: qo:t 1
Ulcha: qota 2
Orok: qu.ta 2
Nanai: qota 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kub- / *keb-
Meaning: 1 friendly, lovingly 2 bride
Evenki: kuwer 2
Literary Manchu: keb, keo 1
Nanai: kewe:li 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuba-
Meaning: to plane, scrape
Evenki: kuwa-
Even: qu.wu.n 'scraper, drawing-knife'
Negidal: koa-, kowa-
Literary Manchu: quwa-fix/a-
Orok: qu.wai., qu.waqu. 'plough'
Nanai: qoatamsa 'chip, splinter'
Oroch: koa-, kua-, kuwa-
Udighe: kua-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuberi
Meaning: fur hood; collar
Literary Manchu: x|uberi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuc^i- ( ~ -s^-)
Meaning: 1 to come 2 to wander
Evenki: kuc^i- 1, kic^ur- ( < *kuc^ir- ?) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuc^i ( ~ -s^-)
Meaning: 1 sausage (made of bear's intestine fat) 2 large intestine
Evenki: kuc^i 1
100Keys of Han
Nanai: qoc^i. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuc^i-n
Meaning: 1 well 2 dimples
Spoken Manchu: qoc^in 1 (547)
Literary Manchu: x|uc^in 1
Jurchen: xuci 1(56)
Nanai: qoc^i. 2; x|oc^i 1 ( < Man.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kude
Meaning: 1 stern 2 steering oar
Literary Manchu: xude 1, 2
Nanai: kude 2
Udighe: kude 'носовая переборка бата (большой долбленой лодки)' (Корм. 252)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kude:
Meaning: 1 shore, land 2 to land
Evenki: kude: 1
Literary Manchu: kude- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuje
Meaning: whirlwind, snow storm
Negidal: kuje
Oroch: kue, kuwe
Udighe: kue
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuju-
Meaning: 1 goose 2 young of birds 3 duck
Evenki: kujuki: 1
Even: kujuken 2
Negidal: kujuxe:n 3
Literary Manchu: x|ojx|o 2
Jurchen: xojxolo
Orok: kujumu
Oroch: kuja
Solon: xuju:xe:· 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuju-kta
Meaning: 1 nut 2 blue-berry
Even: kujkit 2
Nanai: qojaqta 1
Oroch: kuikta 1
Udighe: kuikta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kukc^u
Meaning: 1 sleeping-bag 2 clothes with quilted sleeves
Evenki: kukc^u 1, 2
Even: qu.c^u. 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKe-
Meaning: 1 to perish 2 dying
Evenki: kukelc^e: 2
Even: ko"ke- 1
Spoken Manchu: guku- 'to fall, to be destroyed' (1063)
Literary Manchu: guku- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuk-pun
Meaning: rubbish, dirt
Literary Manchu: xukun
Ulcha: kukpu(n)
Nanai: kukpu
101Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKu
Meaning: blue
Evenki: kuku, kuku-s^in
Literary Manchu: kuku
Oroch: kuagz^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKu-
Meaning: 1 to mince (meat) 2 minced meat 3 fat, inner fat
Evenki: kukure:- 1, kukure: 2
Even: kuk- 1
Oroch: kukene 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kul-
Meaning: 1 to be frightened 2 stupid 3 stiff, silent, sullen
Evenki: kululi 3
Even: qu.ldam- 2, qu.lu.n/a 3
Negidal: kolo-kolo 3
Literary Manchu: quli- 1
Ulcha: qol-qol 3
Nanai: qol-qol 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kula-n
Meaning: pipe, chimney
Negidal: kolan
Spoken Manchu: hulan (475)
Literary Manchu: x|ulan
Ulcha: qu.la(n)
Nanai: qola
Oroch: kula(n)
Udighe: kula(n)
Solon: kulan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kulbuka
Meaning: hub
Evenki: kulbuka: (dial.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuli-, *kuli-ti-
Meaning: 1 to fence, shut off 2 threshold 3 partition, screen 4 lobby
Evenki: kultir 2
Even: qu:.li.- 1
Negidal: kultik 3
Jurchen: xu-li 4 (205)
Oroch: kukti- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuli:-n
Meaning: 1 worm 2 snake
Evenki: kulika:n 1, kuli:n 2
Even: qu.li.n 'mosquito'
Negidal: kolixa:n 1
Ulcha: qu.la(n) 1
Orok: qola 1
Nanai: qola 1
Oroch: kula": 1, 2
Udighe: kuliga 1, 2
Solon: xol/exa:· 1, xol/e:· 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku(l)ma-
Meaning: maral, Siberian stag
102Keys of Han
Evenki: kumaka, kumaran
Negidal: komaxa
Nanai: qomaqa
Oroch: kumaka
Solon: xu.mxa:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kulmaki
Meaning: vessel for spoons, knives etc. made of birch bark
Negidal: kulumux
Ulcha: kolomo, kulumu
Orok: xulmew, xulmeu
Nanai: kurmi:, xurmu
Oroch: kolomon, kulumun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-
Meaning: 1 edge 2 hollow, cavity 3 precipice
Evenki: kumdika 1, kumn|a 2
Even: kumtutti 3
Literary Manchu: kumdu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-
Meaning: eyelid
Even: ko":mdemke
Negidal: kembukte
Ulcha: kumte, kumbikte
Nanai: kumukte
Udighe: kempukte, kemukte (Корм. 254)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-
Meaning: 1 to cover oneself, cover up 2 to embrace
Evenki: kumu- 1, kumle:- 2
Even: kumle- 1, kemnu- 2
Negidal: kumul- 1, komno:- 2
Ulcha: kumul- 1
Orok: kumele- 1
Nanai: kumuligu- 1
Oroch: kumul- 1
Solon: xumeli:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-
Meaning: evil spirit
Nanai: kumtu (Bik.); qo:mio (Он.) 'helping spirit, human-shaped figurine of a god'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuma
Meaning: seal
Evenki: kuma
Even: qu.ma
Negidal: koma
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuma-la:n
Meaning: a small carpet (made of skins)
Evenki: kumala:n
Even: qu:.mnan
Negidal: komalan
Orok: qu.mala(n)
Oroch: kumala
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumga
Meaning: a k. of grass
Even: qoma:mma 'name of a plant with edible root'
103Keys of Han
Orok: qu.mg|a 'a k. of grass plant'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumke
Meaning: louse
Evenki: kumke; kumike:n 'insect'
Even: kumke; kumnilen 'name of a beetle'
Negidal: kumke
Literary Manchu: xelmeku, xelmexen 'spider'
Nanai: kun|ke (dial.)
Oroch: kume
Udighe: kumuge
Solon: xun|ke:; xumi:xe 'ant'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumpe(ke)
Meaning: breast ornaments
Negidal: kumpken
Ulcha: kumpe(n)
Oroch: kumpe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumu-n
Meaning: music
Spoken Manchu: kumun (1382)
Literary Manchu: kumun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun/i:-kta
Meaning: 1 larva of a gad-fly 2 butterfly
Evenki: kuji:kta, dial. kun/ukta 1
Even: ko"jit 1
Negidal: kujikte 1
Ulcha: koac^i 2
Orok: ku:n/ikte 1
Oroch: ko:n/i(ka(n)) 2
Udighe: koan/a` 2 (Корм. 249)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|-
Meaning: 1 to beat (of heart) 2 heart 3 aorta, vein
Even: kun|- 1, kun|kis 2, kewun|e (Ol.) 3
Literary Manchu: kuxen 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|a:
Meaning: 1 childhood 2 child 3 new-born child
Evenki: kun|a:, kun|a 1, kun|a:ka:n 2
Even: qu.n|a 2
Negidal: kon|axa:n 2
Nanai: qon|ar bi: 3
Solon: kuaxan/ 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|du-
Meaning: 1 rump 2 cunnus
Evenki: kunn|uki:, kun|duki 1
Even: qon/n/a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|ge
Meaning: clothes
Evenki: kun|gu
Even: ko"n|geke
Negidal: ken|ge
Nanai: kun|gu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kup-
Meaning: 1 to cover 2 cloth 3 sheath, boxing 4 sack 5 knee
104Keys of Han
covers 6 hat 7 cover (n.) 8 wadded coat
Evenki: kuptu-, kupu- 1, kupu 7, kupo: 5, kupe 2
Even: kupke 4, kubi 5, qu.ptu. 6, ko"bz^|e 2
Negidal: kuptin- 1, kopti.n 7
Literary Manchu: xubtu 8
Ulcha: kup 1 (expr. adv.)
Orok: qu.ptu.- 1, qo:pomi. 2
Nanai: kopto": 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupe-
Meaning: 1 to swell up 2 hill, mound 3 convex
Evenki: kepe- 1, kupike, kuwudek 2
Negidal: kupe- 1
Ulcha: kubdu 2
Nanai: kubdu: 2, kupul-kupul 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupe(n)
Meaning: threads
Negidal: xupen
Ulcha: xupe(n)
Orok: kupe(n)
Nanai: kupe
Oroch: xupe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupu-
Meaning: 1 all 2 whole
Evenki: ku:kte 1
Negidal: kepukte 1
Ulcha: kupte 2
Orok: kupukte 2
Nanai: kupukte 2
Udighe: kufula, kufule 2
Solon: xokkoz^|i 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kur-
Meaning: 1 churn-staff 2 to wrinkle, shrink 3 to roll, rotate 4 to wrap round, tie round
Evenki: kura:- 4
Even: korolda:wna 1, qori.- 2
Literary Manchu: x|orgi-, x|urgi- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kur-
Meaning: 1 humming-top 2 screw 3 spool
Evenki: kur, kuriwuk 2
Even: ku:ruken 1
Nanai: kurke 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kure-
Meaning: storm, whirlwind
Evenki: kur-ge-ku:n
Even: qu.rgi., kur
Ulcha: ku:re(n)
Nanai: ku:re (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurgi-
Meaning: to burn, catch fire
Evenki: kurgi-; {dial. koro:-, korowka:n- 'to burn down'}
Negidal: kurgi-sin-
Literary Manchu: x|ur-s^e-
Ulcha: kurz^|i-
105Keys of Han
Solon: xudz^|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuri
Meaning: cone, nut
Literary Manchu: x|uri 'fir cone'
Jurchen: xuri (127) 'fir cone'
Nanai: kori-c^i 'water nut', kore-kta 'pine cone'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuri-
Meaning: 1 to freeze (of ice on window) 2 snow drift
Evenki: kurer- 1
Even: kurilke 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurke
Meaning: vessel made of birch bark
Evenki: kurken 'биток для сбора ягод'
Ulcha: kurke
Orok: kurke
Nanai: kurke
Oroch: kukke
Udighe: kuku (Корм. 252)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurumV
Meaning: a k. of upper clothes
Evenki: kurmu, dial. kumma 'fur stockings; women's upper garment'
Even: kumme:s 'hat, cap'
Literary Manchu: kurume
Nanai: kurme
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kus-
Meaning: hate, uneasiness
Literary Manchu: kus^u-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusi-
Meaning: noise
Evenki: kusi:li:n
Even: qu.sъ.lъ.n
Literary Manchu: quwas (?)
Nanai: x|osor-x|osor; (Он.) kusi- 'to drive away by shouting'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusu":-
Meaning: 1 to fight 2 fight 3 strength, power
Evenki: kusi:- 1, kusi:n 2
Even: kusi- 1, kusin 2
Negidal: kusi:- 1, kusun 3
Spoken Manchu: husun 3 (171)
Literary Manchu: xusun 3
Jurchen: xiu-sun (513) 3
Ulcha: kusu(n) 3
Orok: kusu(n) 3
Nanai: kusu 3
Udighe: kuhi 3
Solon: xusus^/i 'strong, powerful'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kus^i-pun ( ~ -c^-)
Meaning: pole, lever
Ulcha: kuspu(n)
Nanai: kuc^ipu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kus^u
106Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 touchwood 2 dandruff, soot
Evenki: kuc^u 1
Even: kuc^ 1
Negidal: kutin 1 [ = kuc^in]
Literary Manchu: x|osori, x|usuri 2
Nanai: kuc^i (Он.) 'uneven surface of birch-bark'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuta
Meaning: bog, marsh
Evenki: kuta
Even: kuta
Negidal: kota
Jurchen: xoto-o-n 'pond' (34)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kutu-
Meaning: 1 to drag 2 mountaineering 3 to raise, lift
Even: ko"tъg|, ko"tъn|e 2
Literary Manchu: xete- 3
Nanai: kutu- 1
Oroch: kotolo 'sleigh'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kutu-ri
Meaning: luck, fortune
Literary Manchu: x|uturi
Jurchen: xu-tur
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuz^|u- / *kuz^|i-
Meaning: 1 neck 2 to bow one's head
Negidal: kuz^|it-/c^- 2
Literary Manchu: xuz^|u- 2
Orok: qoz^|i. 1
Nanai: kuz^|u- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuz^|ur-
Meaning: to cover, bury (with soil)
Negidal: kuz^|uj-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku:kta
Meaning: rowlock
Evenki: ku:kta
Even: kukte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku:ku (/*xu:ku)
Meaning: swan
Evenki: u:k-si
Even: u:.-si.
Negidal: xu:k-si
Ulcha: kuku
Orok: kuku / kukku
Nanai: kuku
Oroch: ku:ku
Udighe: ku:xi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"me
Meaning: 1 shore, sand beach 2 hill, elevation 3 wild pig's lair
Even: kimewun 1
Nanai: kumc^ien 2 (Он.), (Bik.) kum'i 3 (Сем)
Oroch: ki:ma 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"me ( ~ -i-)
107Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 flea 2 gnat, mosquito
Evenki: kima:je 2
Even: kime 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"n-
Meaning: 1 relative, kinsman 2 name of a Manchu clan 3 name of the Evens in Yakutia
Even: qi.n|galaq 3
Literary Manchu: x|unc^ixin 1, xunc^un 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"n|ile
Meaning: skis
Evenki: kin|le:
Even: ki.n|na
Negidal: kin|ne
Ulcha: kun|gilte
Orok: kun|gilte
Nanai: kun|gilte
Oroch: kin|ile
Udighe: kin|gile
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"rekte
Meaning: woodpecker
Evenki: kirekte
Negidal: kijekte
Literary Manchu: kurexu
Ulcha: kurekte
Orok: kurekte
Nanai: kurekte
Oroch: kijoki
Udighe: ke:xi (Корм. 248), kiexi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *KVlm-
Meaning: shadow
Spoken Manchu: xel@m@n (2047)
Literary Manchu: xelme
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lab- / *leb-
Meaning: 1 antler 2 rags 3 to wear out, be worn
Evenki: lawa: 1, lewgi:- 3
Even: ne:wun 1, nebdъ- 'to tear out, wear out'
Ulcha: lebeke, lebeli 'old cotton cloth'
Nanai: leber 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lab-du
Meaning: many, plenty
Spoken Manchu: lav@du, lav@d@ (2852)
Literary Manchu: labdu
Nanai: labdo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *labga:n-, *lipa-
Meaning: 1 to glue, stick 2 to smear, poach in mud
Evenki: labga:n-, lamba- 1, lipa- 2
Even: labgan-, nabgan- 1
Negidal: labga:n- 1
Literary Manchu: lifa- 2
Ulcha: li.pa- 2
Orok: lamba- 1
Nanai: li.pa- 2
Udighe: lagbamu- 1
108Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *labi-kta / *lebu-kte
Meaning: 1 a k. of moss (cudbear) 2 lichen, moss 3 root of edible plant
Evenki: lawikta 1, lewukte 2
Even: na:wtъ. 1
Negidal: lawu.kta 1
Ulcha: lepc^u(n) 3
Orok: lawi.qta 1, lewikte 2
Oroch: laukta 1
Udighe: labuga 1, leukte 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laka
Meaning: name of a fish, goby
Evenki: laka
Negidal: laxana
Literary Manchu: laqac^an nisix|a, laqc^a nimax|a
Ulcha: laqa
Orok: la:qqa 'herring'
Nanai: la:qa
Oroch: laka
Udighe: la`sa: (Корм. 256)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laKa-
Meaning: 1 elm 2 a k. of oak
Evenki: lakamawun 1
Literary Manchu: lax|ari 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lakti- / *legdi-
Meaning: 1 to be burnt (of food) 2 soot
Evenki: nakti-mu-, negdi- 1
Negidal: nakti. 2
Udighe: lakti- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lakun
Meaning: 1 hen 2 wild duck
Negidal: naxu.n 1
Literary Manchu: luxu 2
Ulcha: naku.(n) 1
Orok: naqqu.(n) 1
Oroch: naku 1
Udighe: na`u (Корм. 266) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la-kV, *la-n|
Meaning: near
Ulcha: lan|
Orok: laqqa, lan|
Nanai: lan|
Oroch: laki, lan|
Udighe: l/an|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lala
Meaning: 1 gruel 2 (fish) slime
Evenki: nilli, n/allig|, n/allikta 2
Negidal: lala 1
Spoken Manchu: lala 1 (357)
Literary Manchu: lala 1
Ulcha: lala 1
Orok: lala 1
109Keys of Han
Nanai: lala 1
Oroch: lala 1
Udighe: lala 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lali-
Meaning: be hungry, weak, exasperated
Negidal: lal-
Literary Manchu: lala-
Orok: lallu.-
Nanai: lali.-
Oroch: lali-
Udighe: lali-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lam(b)a
Meaning: 1 saddlebag 2 bag 3 to saddle 4 saddle
Evenki: lamba 1 (dial. nama), lamba- 3, ne:me, nama 4
Even: nam- 3
Negidal: nama- 3, na:me 4
Orok: nama-, namba- 3, ne:me 4
Udighe: lamba 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lan|ga
Meaning: cloggy, slimy substance; clammy
Even: nan|ga
Negidal: lan|gas
Orok: lan|Gaq
Nanai: lan|aq
Oroch: lan|ga-
Udighe: lan|ga-lan|ga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lap-
Meaning: 1 to insert, press between branches 2 poles with bifurcation 3 vertical, sticking out 4 branch inserted between two branches (a road sign)
Evenki: lapki-, lapku- 1, lapki, lapku 4
Even: na:pqъ.- 1
Ulcha: lapam 'зацепившись'
Orok: lapa(n) 2
Nanai: lapa 3
Oroch: lapam 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lapi-
Meaning: 1 shoulder bone 2 shoulder ornaments on women's dress
Negidal: lapi.kta 1
Nanai: lapiqta 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lapta-
Meaning: 1 flat, level 2 fish fins
Evenki: napta- / lapta- 1; la:pc^a: 2
Even: napc^a, n/apc^a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *largi:
Meaning: 1 diligent, pleasant 2 disorder, commotion
Evenki: largi: 2
Spoken Manchu: l/arixin 'troublesome, complicated' (2003)
Literary Manchu: largin 2
Ulcha: larGi. 1, 2
Nanai: largi.a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lasa-
110Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 drooping branches 2 young larch, birch
Evenki: n/ahamna, dial. n/as^amda 2
Literary Manchu: lasari 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laxu-
Meaning: 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging) 3 harpoon rudder 4 harpoon point
Evenki: laku-c^a 'loop'
Spoken Manchu: l/aki- 'to hang, to dangle' (1646)
Literary Manchu: lak/a- 1, lak/aqu 2
Ulcha: lax|u. 3
Orok: la:x|u. 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laz^|u
Meaning: heavy, clumsy
Literary Manchu: laz^|u
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:K-
Meaning: 1 difficulty, distress 2 unsuccessful (in hunting) 3 disorder
Evenki: la:keptin 1
Literary Manchu: laqu, laxu 2, laxin 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:k-
Meaning: a k. of plant (with flowers and edible root)
Orok: la:qa 'рогоз широколистый'
Nanai: la:qa 'рогоз широколистый'
Oroch: nakki 'назв. растения (травянистого, с длинными узкими листьями и синими цветами, со съедобным корнем)'
Udighe: nakki 'назв. растения (прибрежной морской полосы, со съедобным корнем, напоминающим по вкусу брюкву)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:lbi-kta / *lelu-kte
Meaning: moss, lichen
Evenki: la:lbikta, lelukte, n/albakta
Negidal: le:lixe
Ulcha: lelikte
Oroch: na:pka, nabuxa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:mu
Meaning: 1 sea 2 wave
Evenki: la:mu 1
Even: na:m, la:m 1
Negidal: la:m 1
Literary Manchu: namu 1
Ulcha: namu. 1
Orok: namu. 1, lamu 2
Nanai: namu., lamu. 1
Oroch: na:mu 1
Udighe: namu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:pV-ki
Meaning: tiers, straps (for skis)
Ulcha: la:xi.
Orok: la:pu.
Nanai: la:pi.
Oroch: lappi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:ta
Meaning: 1 storm 2 wave
Orok: la:ta 1
111Keys of Han
Nanai: la:ta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lebe:(n)-
Meaning: 1 swamp, marsh 2 to poach (in a swamp)
Evenki: lewe: 1, lewe:- 2
Even: liwin 1
Negidal: lewe: 1, lewe:- 2
Literary Manchu: leben|gi 1
Ulcha: liwe- 2
Orok: lemu(ne) 1, lemu-, liwe- 2
Nanai: liwe- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lebge-
Meaning: to eat greedily
Negidal: lebge-
Ulcha: legbe-
Nanai: legbec^i-
Udighe: legbe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leg(l)ek-
Meaning: a k. of duck
Evenki: leg|egdi, liglaki:, ilagli
Even: i.lъ.g|li.qa, dial. niglij 'goose'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leje- / *n/iaja- ( < *liaja-)
Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 to sing (without rules and rhythm)
Evenki: jaja- 1
Even: n/a:ja- 1
Negidal: jaja- 1
Literary Manchu: leje- 2
Ulcha: jaja- 1
Orok: ja:ja- 1
Nanai: jaja- 1
Oroch: jaja- 1
Udighe: jea"- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leKe-
Meaning: 1 to be busy with smth. 2 to intend 3 to demand
Evenki: n/eke- 1, 2
Even: n/ek- 1, 2
Negidal: n/exe- 1, 2
Literary Manchu: lexe- 3
Nanai: leksir- 'to come true (of a premonition)' (?)
Oroch: n/e:- 1
Udighe: n/exe- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leKu (/ *laKu)
Meaning: 1 warm cotton trousers 2 deerskin footwear 3 slippers
Evenki: leke-mi:, loko-mi: 2
Negidal: loxomi:. 2
Literary Manchu: laqu 1
Ulcha: le:mi 3
Orok: lemi-le- 'to wear shoes'
Nanai: le:mi 3
Udighe: lexeme 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lelu-
Meaning: 1 to jump 2 to ride, trot
112Keys of Han
Evenki: lulunc^e-, lelu:n-, nelu:n-, nelihu- 1
Even: melu-met-, melun|c^i- 1 (with a peculiar dissimilation)
Literary Manchu: n/olxu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lelu(ke)
Meaning: 1 apron, corsage 2 gore, gusset
Evenki: nel 1
Even: nel 1
Negidal: leleke 1
Literary Manchu: leli 2
Ulcha: lelue 1
Orok: nolu ~ nelu 1
Nanai: lelu: 1
Oroch: leli 1
Udighe: leli 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lemuk
Meaning: fat (under the skin of animals)
Evenki: lemuk
Even: nemъk
Negidal: lemux
Ulcha: nemu
Orok: nemu
Udighe: leme 'in pieces (of fat)' (Корм. 257)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lemu:k-
Meaning: weak-charactered
Evenki: lemu:k
Han-Tungus-prototype: *len|gi:-
Meaning: to bow, incline
Evenki: nen|i:-, nen|e-
Even: nen|-
Negidal: nen|in|-
Orok: len|ge-
Nanai: len|ge- 'to pray'
Udighe: nen|i 'a bent tree'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *len|gur
Meaning: 1 wolf 2 cat
Evenki: n/eg|u:r 1
Literary Manchu: ninuri 2
Ulcha: jen|gul 1
Nanai: jen|gur 1
Oroch: n/in|gu 1, lin|gapu 'wolverine'
Udighe: n/en|u 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lep- / *lupu-
Meaning: 1 to raise hands 2 to jump out 3 to move out 4 to pull out
Evenki: lupu:- 3, luptu- 4
Negidal: lepujiken- 2
Literary Manchu: lebkide- 1
Ulcha: lupurum 4
Nanai: lopto- 4
Udighe: lopto- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lepu-
Meaning: 1 feather 2 down 3 bear 4 peltry
113Keys of Han
Evenki: lepure: 1
Even: nebuli 'fluffy'
Negidal: lupulte 2
Spoken Manchu: lef@ 3 (2203)
Literary Manchu: lefu 3
Jurchen: lefu (145) 3
Ulcha: nepulte 4
Orok: nepulte 4
Nanai: n/epulte 4
Oroch: nepukte 4
Udighe: lofos`o 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *le:gi:-
Meaning: 1 to scold 2 to pacify, persuade
Evenki: le:g|i:- 1
Even: ne:ji- 1
Negidal: le:g|i:- 1
Nanai: le:i- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *le:j- (*li:-)
Meaning: to open
Evenki: ni:-
Negidal: ni:-
Spoken Manchu: li- (557, 1687)
Literary Manchu: nej-
Ulcha: n/i:-
Orok: n/i:-
Nanai: n/i-xeli-
Oroch: n/i:-
Udighe: n|i:gi-, ne:µ-ntile-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *liam-
Meaning: 1 bow 2 to shoot
Evenki: ne:mki: 1, (Sym. arch.) le:µman 'loop of a bow string'
Even: na":m 'bow-string', nemkъn 'shooting'
Negidal: nemku- 1
Orok: lajmatc^i. 'strap for tying together parts of harpoon'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *liamba-
Meaning: 1 salmon 2 fish
Evenki: le:µmba 1
Spoken Manchu: nim@ha: 2 (331, 2174)
Literary Manchu: nimaxa 2
Jurchen: limwa-xa (163) 2
Ulcha: n/i.mu. 1
Orok: loi.ma 'trout'
Nanai: i.max|a 2, n/i.mo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ligi-
Meaning: to snore
Evenki: lig|iri:-
Even: ni:.g|ri.-
Negidal: li.g|i:-
Orok: li:.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *l[i]l-
Meaning: to ask
Evenki: lelol- (Тит.)
114Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lip-c^e
Meaning: spleen
Orok: lipc^e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lipe-
Meaning: dark red
Evenki: lipereme
Han-Tungus-prototype: *l/og-
Meaning: 1 green 2 dark
Evenki: lugdume 2
Even: nug|de, n/eg|c^en/e, n/evc^en/e 2
Spoken Manchu: n/un|/an, nin|@n/an 1 (2421)
Literary Manchu: n/owan|g/an 1
Jurchen: nion|-gian (616) 1
Ulcha: n/ogz^|o(n) 1
Orok: n/o:gdo 1
Nanai: non|g/a":(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *loka-
Meaning: 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging)
Evenki: loko- 1, loko-ptin 2; lokso, lekse 'knee'
Even: noq- 1, noqъ.m 2
Negidal: loxo- 1, loxo-wun 2
Ulcha: lo:-, lo:qo- 1, lo:pu. 2
Orok: lo:-, loqqo- 1, lo:no 2
Nanai: lo:- 1, lo:c^aqo 2
Oroch: lo:- 1, lo:kon/i, lo:n/i 2
Udighe: lo`- 1 (Корм. 256)
Solon: loko-, loxo- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lokta-
Meaning: to pass through, break through
Negidal: loktol-
Ulcha: luktu-lu-
Orok: lokto-
Nanai: luktu-
Oroch: lokto(n)-
Udighe: lotogo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-
Meaning: butterfly
Udighe: lon|to
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-sa
Meaning: 1 lynx 2 male sable 3 sable
Evenki: nonno 1
Even: nu.n|u.c^an (dimin.) 'small mouse'
Literary Manchu: lun|gu, lun|ga 2 (Захаров 858)
Oroch: noso 3
Udighe: nu"ho_ 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-si-
Meaning: to chatter, nag
Literary Manchu: lon|si-, loqsi-
Nanai: lon|si.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lopi(gi)
Meaning: squirrel nest
Evenki: lopi (dial. loki:)
115Keys of Han
Negidal: lo:bi.
Ulcha: logbu.
Nanai: lo:bi.
Udighe: loi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lor-
Meaning: 1 female musk deer 2 deer (3 y. old)
Evenki: n/aro:s, n/oro:s, n/ere:s 1
Literary Manchu: lor-bodo 2 (?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *loxa
Meaning: sword, sabre
Evenki: likuc^iu:n, lukuc^iur
Negidal: loxon
Spoken Manchu: loh@ (607, 812)
Literary Manchu: lox|o
Jurchen: lo-xo
Ulcha: lox|o(n)
Nanai: lox|o
Oroch: loxo(n)
Udighe: lo:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lo:gdi, *luku(tu)
Meaning: thick, dense
Evenki: lo:gdi, luku
Even: no:g|, nu.qti.
Negidal: logdi., loxo
Spoken Manchu: luk@ (2078)
Literary Manchu: loqdi, luqdu, luku
Ulcha: loGdo, lugdi, loko
Orok: lugz^|i, lukku
Nanai: loGdi., lugz^|i
Oroch: loko, luku
Udighe: logbo-logbo, luktu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lug-
Meaning: 1 to whip up, mix 2 gruel-like, watery
Evenki: lugdu- 1
Nanai: lujr-lujr bi: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luK-
Meaning: 1 to sew in (ornaments) 2 to prick
Evenki: luktu- 1
Literary Manchu: nuqa- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luK-
Meaning: to take off (clothes)
Evenki: luk-, lukti-
Even: nu.q-
Negidal: lok-
Udighe: lukta-
Solon: loko-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luke- / *lukte (*lekte)
Meaning: 1 wild boar 2 1-year-old boar
Literary Manchu: nuxen 2
Ulcha: nekte 1
Orok: n/ekte 1
Nanai: nekte (dial. likete) 1
116Keys of Han
Oroch: nekte 1
Udighe: nakta, nekte 1, nugese 2
Solon: nukse:· 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luksi
Meaning: traces, central belt in a yoke-team
Evenki: luks^ipka
Negidal: nusku, nuksi
Ulcha: nusku
Orok: nusku
Nanai: luksur
Oroch: nuksu
Udighe: nuki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luktin-
Meaning: to run some distance
Evenki: luktin-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luKV
Meaning: 1 lynx 2 blue fox 3 young lynx
Evenki: luku 1 (диал.)
Literary Manchu: luka 2
Oroch: loke 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lun|u
Meaning: drill
Negidal: lon|o
Ulcha: lu:n|u
Nanai: lun|u
Oroch: lon|o, lun|u
Udighe: lon|o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lun|ur
Meaning: evening, dusk
Evenki: lun|ur
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lup-
Meaning: 1 to prick 2 to pierce, pass through
Evenki: lupa- 1, lupu:- 2
Even: nu.bas an- 1
Negidal: lepu- 2
Ulcha: loqpa- 1
Orok: lu.qqa- 1
Nanai: lopqa-, loqpa- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lurgi-
Meaning: to burn
Evenki: lurgi-
Negidal: lujgi:-
Literary Manchu: lur lur (descr.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu:
Meaning: 1 resin, gum 2 to fill holes, crevices with resin
Evenki: lu: 1, lu:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu:n/e
Meaning: wet snow
Evenki: lu:n/e
Negidal: lun/e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu"mn|e-
Meaning: to swallow
117Keys of Han
Evenki: nimn|e-
Even: n/imn|ъ-
Negidal: nimn|e-
Spoken Manchu: nun|@m@, nun|um@ (402)
Literary Manchu: nun|gi-, nun|ge-
Ulcha: lun|be-
Orok: numGe-
Nanai: lun|be-,lumge-
Oroch: n/imme-
Udighe: nin|me-, n/in|me-
Solon: nin|e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma[b]s^i-
Meaning: 1 bread worm 2 scorpion 3 leech
Literary Manchu: mobsexe 1
Nanai: mac^i. 3
Udighe: masin|ku 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mac^u-
Meaning: 1 to lose weight, grow thin 2 fast
Spoken Manchu: mac^@- (699, 700)
Literary Manchu: mac^u- 1, mac^ixi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mada-
Meaning: to swell, become larger
Spoken Manchu: mad@- (712)
Literary Manchu: mada-
Ulcha: ma:da-
Nanai: mada-
Udighe: mada- (Корм. 258)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *maja-
Meaning: to fail, be unsuccessful, be spoiled
Evenki: maja-
Even: maj-
Negidal: maja-
Literary Manchu: maja- 'disappear'
Orok: maja-
Nanai: maj- (Он.), man/a-
Oroch: maj-maki- 'to lack, be absent'
Udighe: maja-, majasi- (Корм. 258)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *maja:
Meaning: 1 food rests 2 food store
Evenki: maja: 1
Even: ma:ja 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *maji-n
Meaning: protecting spirit
Evenki: majin
Even: maji.s
Negidal: maji.n
Nanai: majin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *maka-
Meaning: 1 to become dizzy, muzzy 2 to be afraid 3 to hate
Literary Manchu: maqa- 1
Orok: maqqa 3
118Keys of Han
Nanai: ma:qa:- `to gaze at' (Он.)
Udighe: maka 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *makti-
Meaning: 1 to wind (ropes) 2 to wrap up (cloth) 3 to bend, wrap
Negidal: makc^i.-nda- 1
Literary Manchu: mac^i- 2
Ulcha: maqti.-la- 1, moqpu.li.- 3
Orok: mu.qpu.ri- 3
Nanai: max|c^i.-ra- 1
Oroch: makc^i-nda- 1
Udighe: maktigi 'a device for winding ropes'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala
Meaning: club, pestle
Literary Manchu: mala
Udighe: mul/eu
Solon: mala
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala-
Meaning: wild cat; steppe hare
Literary Manchu: malaxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala
Meaning: sesame oil, plant oil
Literary Manchu: malan|Gu
Ulcha: mala (simseni)
Nanai: malengu (imekseni)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mali-
Meaning: 1 to be devoid of smth., to hunt without result 2
only, exclusively 3 abstemious, sparing
Evenki: mali:- 1
Negidal: mali.xan 2
Literary Manchu: malx|un 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *malta-
Meaning: to dig (soil with a hoof)
Evenki: malta-
Literary Manchu: matala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *maltu-
Meaning: to bend
Evenki: maltu-
Even: maltъ.-
Negidal: malti.-
Orok: ma:lti.ma 'folding knife'
Solon: malta-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *malu
Meaning: honourable space within the house (front corner)
Evenki: malu
Even: mal
Negidal: malu.
Ulcha: malu.
Orok: malu.
Nanai: malu.
Udighe: mali, malu
Solon: malu:.g|u:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mana-
119Keys of Han
Meaning: louse
Even: manac^a:n
Orok: man|u.lu.tc^e- 'to bite (of fleas, bedbugs)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *man/a
Meaning: paw (of an animal)
Evenki: mana, man/a
Even: ma:na
Negidal: man/a
Ulcha: man/a, mai:.
Nanai: ma:ja
Oroch: ma:n/aka
Udighe: mana
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mana-
Meaning: to be spent, exhausted, worn out
Evenki: mana-
Even: man-
Negidal: mana-
Spoken Manchu: man@- (276)
Literary Manchu: mana-
Jurchen: man-na-lar (839)
Ulcha: mana-
Orok: mana-
Nanai: mana-
Oroch: mana-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *manda-ksa
Meaning: elk
Evenki: mandaksa
Negidal: mandaksa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *man-du:-
Meaning: to try, strive
Evenki: mandu:w-
Even: manru-
Orok: mandu.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mani
Meaning: crowd, flock, herd
Evenki: man
Negidal: man
Ulcha: mandu.
Orok: mandi.
Nanai: mandu.
Oroch: man/i
Udighe: mani
Han-Tungus-prototype: *man|a
Meaning: go-between, matchmaker
Evenki: man|a
Even: man|naz^|
Negidal: man|ga-n
Ulcha: man|Ga
Orok: man|Ga
Oroch: man|a
Udighe: man|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *man|ga
120Keys of Han
Meaning: strong, hard
Evenki: man|a
Even: man|
Negidal: man|ga
Literary Manchu: man|Ga, men|ge
Jurchen: man|-ga (702)
Ulcha: man|Ga
Orok: man|Ga
Nanai: man|Ga
Oroch: man|ga, man|asi
Udighe: man|ga, man|ahi
Solon: mande:µ, mandi: 'very, heavily'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mar-
Meaning: moor, marsh
Evenki: mar, mari-kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mar(b)u
Meaning: 1 heap 2 flock, herd
Evenki: murbu 1
Literary Manchu: maru 2
Ulcha: maru.(n) 2
Nanai: ma:ro 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mari-
Meaning: 1 to quarrel 2 to refuse, resist 3 be stubborn
Literary Manchu: mara- 2
Ulcha: mori.qu. 3
Nanai: mari.a- 1,3
Oroch: mari- 1
Udighe: malea- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mari-
Meaning: 1 to bend, curl 2 to turn, return
Evenki: mariw- 1
Even: marlu.- 1
Spoken Manchu: mari- (1178) 2
Literary Manchu: mari- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *masi
Meaning: hard, strong, strongly
Negidal: masi.
Literary Manchu: masi-la- 'become stronger'
Ulcha: masi.
Orok: masi.
Nanai: masi.
Oroch: masi.
Udighe: mahi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma:l-
Meaning: 1 to die (of epidemic) 2 to destroy 3 bad omen 4 to catch an epidemic disease
Negidal: malga 3
Literary Manchu: majla- 4
Ulcha: mal- 1, 2
Orok: mal- 2
Nanai: ma:l- 1
Udighe: magi- 2, maga- 1 (Корм. 258)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma:n/gu / *man/ma
121Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 Salmo Lenoc 2 trout 3 crucian 4 whitebaits
Evenki: ma:jgu 1, majma / manma 2
Even: mo"nke 2
Negidal: manma 2
Literary Manchu: marma nisix|a 2; mon|gos^un 3; mun|ku 4
Nanai: menekse 'назв. рыбы'
Udighe: mojo`u, mejeu 1 (Корм. 261)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *-me
Meaning: a prohibitive particle
Spoken Manchu: em@ 'don't' (3005)
Literary Manchu: ume
Jurchen: ume (472)
Nanai: em
Oroch: em
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mebu-
Meaning: to shamanize, dance
Ulcha: mewu-
Orok: mewu-
Nanai: meu-
Oroch: mewu-
Udighe: meu- (Корм. 264)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *megdi: / *mugdi:
Meaning: steep bank
Evenki: megdi:n
Even: meg|din
Negidal: megdin
Literary Manchu: mudun
Ulcha: megdi(n)
Orok: megz^|i(n)
Nanai: megz^|i (dial. mudu 'meadow', possibly < Manchu)
Oroch: megdi(n)
Udighe: mogz|o` (Корм. 260)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mej-
Meaning: to shake, sway
Evenki: mej-
Even: me:ji-
Udighe: mejmeli- 'to descend on skis, sleigh' (Корм. 264)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meK-
Meaning: to be beaten
Literary Manchu: mekere-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meKile
Meaning: fat under bird's skin
Negidal: mexile
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meK(u)-
Meaning: 1 to pull out (meat from kettle) 2 to borrow 3 to put aside 4 wooden dish
Evenki: meku- 3, mukc^ika:t- 2
Even: me:k- 1, me:kehek 4
Ulcha: mukse 4
Nanai: muksu 4
Oroch: moko 4
Udighe: moxo 4
122Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *melbi-
Meaning: 1 to row 2 oar
Evenki: melbike 2
Negidal: melbixen 2
Literary Manchu: melbi- 1, melbiku 2
Ulcha: melbi- 1, melbike(n) 2
Orok: melbi 2
Nanai: melbi- 1, melbie 2
Oroch: mebbu(ku) 2
Udighe: megbu, mebu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meli-
Meaning: 1 neck joint 2 back part of neck 3 sinciput 4 fish skeleton 5 skeleton
Even: melimki 1
Negidal: i:xej-melin 5
Ulcha: mugz^|e 3
Orok: melimu 2
Nanai: mulgikte 4
Oroch: muggikta 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[e]li-kte
Meaning: rowan
Evenki: molikta
Ulcha: milekte
Orok: milekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mel-me-
Meaning: to congeal (of blood)
Literary Manchu: melme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *melu
Meaning: plaice
Oroch: me:lu
Udighe: melu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *melu- ~ *mulu-
Meaning: 1 (to become) blunt 2 teethless
Even: mele- 2
Negidal: melu-melu 1, melmetu 2
Literary Manchu: mentexe 2
Ulcha: muluptu- 1
Orok: melli-melli 1
Nanai: mulup- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meme
Meaning: 1 breast (female), udder 2 foster-mother
Literary Manchu: meme 2
Nanai: meme (dial.) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|-
Meaning: 1 to hurry 2 to run around (of a dog) 3 to run (of cattle)
Evenki: meniw-, men|iw- 1
Even: men-, menu- 1, munn|ъn- 2
Literary Manchu: mun|re-, mun|gire- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|- / *mun|-
Meaning: 1 mist, darkness 2 cool, sombre
Ulcha: men|-men| 1, mun|ti 2
Nanai: men|te:· 1
123Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|de-
Meaning: whole
Negidal: men|den
Literary Manchu: men|de 'глухое окно'
Ulcha: men|de(n)
Orok: men|de(n)
Nanai: mende
Oroch: men|de
Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|gu-
Meaning: a k. of plant
Oroch: men|gulike (Аврорин-Лебедева 206)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meri:-
Meaning: variegated
Evenki: meri:-kte, meri:-me
Even: ma"rgi.-ta
Literary Manchu: mersen 'spot'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[e]rVn|V
Meaning: 1 rowan 2 cloudberry
Evenki: moron|o 2
Nanai: mi:re:n|kule (Он. 263) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mes(k)u-
Meaning: grape
Literary Manchu: muc^u
Jurchen: me-c^u (130)
Orok: muskeri 'name of a tree'
Nanai: muksulte
Udighe: mesukte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mete-
Meaning: to warn, let know
Evenki: metew-
Even: metu-
Negidal: metew-
Orok: metteu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *me:n
Meaning: self, oneself
Evenki: me:n
Even: me:n
Negidal: me:n
Spoken Manchu: meimeni 'every one, each one, individual' (2880)
Literary Manchu: meni meni
Ulcha: men, mene
Orok: me:n
Nanai: mene
Oroch: me:n
Udighe: mene
Solon: me:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *me:ne-
Meaning: 1 to settle down 2 settled down 3 to stay
Evenki: me:ne:- 1, me:ne: 2
Even: mene 2
Negidal: menez^|e- 3
124Keys of Han
Orok: menez^|i- 3
Udighe: menz^|e- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[ia]g-
Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 to be noisy, produce noise
Evenki: migdi- 2
Oroch: magui- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mia(l)-
Meaning: 1 to glitter (of eyes) 2 to blind (eyes) 3 glittering, bright 4 blinded, blind
Evenki: millu:n- (Вас. 252) 1, me:µlke:se: 4
Nanai: mi.ari. 3
Oroch: mia-n- 2
Udighe: mili- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *miali-
Meaning: 1 to measure 2 a measure of weight 3 a measure for powder
Literary Manchu: m/ali- 1, m/alin 2
Jurchen: mia-lian|-ha 2 (524)
Nanai: mialaqo 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mian-
Meaning: to be confused, wonder
Evenki: me:mbe-
Even: ma":n-
Ulcha: me:µn-
Nanai: mi.an-
Oroch: ma":n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mian/am
Meaning: heart
Evenki: me:µwan
Negidal: me:µwan
Spoken Manchu: n/am@n (86)
Literary Manchu: n/aman
Ulcha: me:µwa(n)
Orok: me:µwa(n)
Nanai: m'a":wa(n)
Oroch: ma":wa(n)
Udighe: mea"wa(n-)
Solon: m/e:g|a, mi:g|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *miata
Meaning: skin from animal's head
Evenki: me:µta
Even: ma":t
Negidal: me:µta
Ulcha: me:µta
Orok: me:µta
Nanai: mi.ata
Oroch: miata
Udighe: ma"ta (Корм. 260)
Solon: m/e:µta 'face'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *miaxu-
Meaning: to bow, kneel
Negidal: mixeret-
Spoken Manchu: jaqur@-, jaquru- (1447)
125Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: n/aqura-
Jurchen: mia-ku-ru- (466)
Ulcha: m/exoron-
Orok: me:µx|oran-
Nanai: mi.x|oran-, mi.aqora-
Oroch: ma"xurava-
Udighe: ma"ula-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mic^i-
Meaning: to move, move back
Evenki: mic^i-
Even: mi.t-/c^-
Nanai: mi.c^i.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mija-
Meaning: to go astray, be mislead
Evenki: mija-
Even: mie-
Negidal: mi:(j)-
Ulcha: mi-
Orok: mi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mila-
Meaning: wide open, broad
Literary Manchu: mila, mila-x|un
Han-Tungus-prototype: *milku"- / *mirku"-
Meaning: to creep
Evenki: mirki-, dial. milki-
Even: mirkъ-
Negidal: mi:xi-
Spoken Manchu: muc^i-, m/uc^i- (1236, 2302)
Literary Manchu: mic^u-, miz^|i-
Ulcha: mic^u-
Orok: mitu-
Nanai: miku-
Oroch: mikki-
Udighe: miki-
Solon: milki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *milte-
Meaning: full, whole
Even: miltъrъ
Orok: milte-milte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *min|ni:- ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: to nag (of joints, heart)
Evenki: min|ni:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[i]rV
Meaning: 1 arrow 2 cross-bow
Even: mi:r 1
Nanai: morali. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mita-
Meaning: 1 to bend over 2 to go back
Literary Manchu: mita- 1
Jurchen: mi-ta-buje- 2 (539)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *moda-
Meaning: 1 bend 2 rim, hoop
126Keys of Han
Evenki: mo:dan, mo:dar 1
Literary Manchu: mudan 1
Ulcha: modo-c^o(n) 2
Nanai: moda 1
Oroch: muda(n) 'turn', muda(n|)gi- 'to return'
Udighe: mudan|a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *moja- (-n/-?)
Meaning: name of a tree similar to quince
Literary Manchu: mojoro, mujari
Han-Tungus-prototype: *moK-
Meaning: to scatter, throw out, sow
Negidal: moklakunda-
Spoken Manchu: maq@t@-, mah@t@- (1549)
Literary Manchu: maqta-
Nanai: moGlola-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *moKo(lV)-
Meaning: 1 bat 2 chipmunk
Evenki: mokoloc^i: 1
Even: mokotoj 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[o]l-
Meaning: 1 to cut (into pieces etc.) 2 into small pieces (adv.) 3 wood cuttings 4 to break into pieces
Evenki: meleg|e-, me:lepte-, molopto- 1
Even: melles 2
Ulcha: molz^|i. 3
Nanai: molz^|i.- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *molari
Meaning: cypress
Literary Manchu: molori
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon/-ga-n, *mon/-pen
Meaning: neck
Evenki: mon|on, men|un; men|er 'counter, scruff'
Negidal: mon|on
Spoken Manchu: mun|an 'throat' (63), mifin (60)
Literary Manchu: mon|gon, meifen
Jurchen: mei-fen (509) 'neck, throat'
Ulcha: mon|go(n)
Orok: mon|o(n)
Nanai: mon|o(n)
Oroch: mon|o(n)
Udighe: mu"o" (< *mon/-gi?); mon|oli 'necklace; collar'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *monn|i-
Meaning: 1 to squeeze, rumple 2 mallet
Evenki: moni-, mon|i- 1
Even: monn|ъ.- 1
Negidal: mon|ni.- / monn|i.- 1, mon|i. 2
Spoken Manchu: m/onz^|i- 'to massage, to rub' (1571)
Literary Manchu: monz^|i- 1
Ulcha: monz^|i.c^i.- 1
Orok: monz^|i.- 1, mo:ni.c^u.(n) 2
Nanai: mon|gi.c^i.- 1, men|ki 'spoon, ladle'
Oroch: mon|ic^i- 1
Udighe: mun|gi 2 (Корм. 263)
127Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon|la
Meaning: 1 measure of length (distance between the thumb and the index finger) 2 finger
Ulcha: mowgolo 2
Orok: momgu., mon|bo 1,2
Oroch: mon|lo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon|-nV- (*mon-n|V-)
Meaning: 1 stupid 2 inconvenient
Evenki: mon|non 1
Ulcha: moni. 2
Nanai: moni.a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *motoka
Meaning: vulva
Evenki: motoko
Spoken Manchu: mot@qun 'genitalia of a nubile girl' (122), mot@r@ 'child`s vulva' (123)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:
Meaning: tree
Evenki: mo:
Even: mo:
Negidal: mo:
Spoken Manchu: mo: (2129)
Literary Manchu: moo
Jurchen: mo (117)
Ulcha: mo:
Orok: mo:
Nanai: mo:
Oroch: mo:
Udighe: mo:
Solon: mo:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:gdi
Meaning: instrument for obtaining fire
Evenki: mo:gdi
Even: mo:dgi.
Negidal: mo:gdi.
Nanai: moduli
Oroch: mo:di
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:k-
Meaning: 1 a k. of white-fish 2 a k. of small fish 3 crucian
Evenki: mo:kc^aka: 1, meke: 3
Orok: mokkiri 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:man/a
Meaning: 1 large intestine 2 sausage (filled with fat)
Evenki: mo:man/a
Even: mo:mi.na
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:n/(i)ka-
Meaning: 1 deer (1 year old) 2 young boar 3 young pig
Evenki: mo:jka, mo:jkac^a:n, mo:jika:n 1
Spoken Manchu: mihan 3 (2197)
Literary Manchu: mixan, mixac^an 3
Nanai: mojxa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:[nz^|]ika
Meaning: bear eating ants
128Keys of Han
Evenki: mo:dika:
Negidal: monoqo
Literary Manchu: moz^|ix/an, moc^inz^|i
Ulcha: monoko(n)
Nanai: monoqo 'Tibetan bear' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:r-
Meaning: 1 sedge 2 horse-tail (weed)
Evenki: mo:rda 1, morin|a: 2
Nanai: mo:ri 'ивняк' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:sa
Meaning: 1 grinder, grinding stone 2 to grind 3 to thresh 4 thresher
Literary Manchu: mose-la- 2, mose-la-qu 1
Ulcha: moso-lo-qu 1
Nanai: mo:so (Bik., Он.) 1; mo:so-la- 3, mo:solaqo 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mub-(up)-
Meaning: to become blunt
Even: mu:.b-/p-
Negidal: mo:p-
Literary Manchu: mufujen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muc^-
Meaning: 1 edge, limit, end 2 to turn back, return
Evenki: muc^u:- 2
Even: mu.c^u.- 2
Negidal: moc^o- 2
Jurchen: muta-bun (378) 2
Ulcha: mu.c^a 1, mu.c^u.-z^|i.- 2
Orok: mu.c^c^a 1, mu.ttu.- 2
Nanai: moc^a 1, moc^ogo- 2
Solon: moso:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muc^i-kta
Meaning: 1 needles (branches) of a conifer 2 bamboo bast
Evenki: muc^ukte 1, muc^u- 'to be green (of a larch)'
Even: mu.c^i.t 1 (also 'young green sprouts')
Literary Manchu: muc^ix|a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muda-n
Meaning: end, limit, finish
Evenki: mudan
Even: mu.dъ.n
Negidal: modan
Ulcha: mu.da(n)
Nanai: moda
Udighe: muda(n)
Solon: muda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muduri
Meaning: dragon
Spoken Manchu: muduri (2276)
Literary Manchu: muduri
Jurchen: mudu-ur (135)
Ulcha: muduli
Nanai: muduri
Oroch: muduri
129Keys of Han
Udighe: mudile (Корм. 262)
Solon: mudur
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mugde-ke
Meaning: stump
Evenki: mugdeke:n
Even: mug|dъkъn
Negidal: mugdixe:n
Literary Manchu: mukdexen
Ulcha: mugdu(n)
Orok: mu:gde(n)
Nanai: mugdu, mugdeke
Oroch: mugde(n)
Udighe: mugda`a (Корм. 262)
Solon: mugdexe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mugdi-
Meaning: to coil, make turns
Evenki: mugdi-
Negidal: mugdeli 'round and round'
Nanai: megz^|en-
Udighe: mugz^|ili-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muja-
Meaning: whole
Literary Manchu: mujax|un
Nanai: moi:.·
Udighe: muje`i (Корм. 262)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muje:-
Meaning: to treat badly, oppress
Evenki: muje:-
Even: mo":je-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muK-
Meaning: 1 cover, case 2 covered tent 3 ring, neck ring of sable tails 4 globular
Evenki: muka:k 2, muku 1, mukc^e 4
Literary Manchu: muxi 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKa
Meaning: skin from deer's neck
Evenki: muka
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKa
Meaning: fur clothes
Evenki: muka:, mukc^uke:
Even: mu.qa
Udighe: moksuho" 'shirt'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mukc^a
Meaning: mallet
Negidal: mu.koc^an
Spoken Manchu: muq@s^an, muq@san 'club, stave' (679)
Literary Manchu: muqs^an
Ulcha: mu.kc^a
Nanai: moksa- 'to hit with a mallet'
Oroch: muc^an|ki
Udighe: mu:si- 'to hit with a fist, mallet' (Корм. 263)
Solon: mu.xs^/a:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muktu-
130Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 short-tailed mouse 2 mole
Negidal: muktuj 1
Literary Manchu: muqdun, muqtun 1, 2
Orok: muktuli 1, 2
Nanai: muktur 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKu-
Meaning: to fill mouth with liquid
Evenki: muku-
Even: mu.q-
Negidal: moxon- ~ mokun-
Literary Manchu: muku-
Udighe: mukun-
Solon: moxo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-
Meaning: 1 deer 2 young of elk, small deer 3 deer herd
Evenki: mulka:n 1; dial. melele, Nep. me:µlan 2; multa 3
Even: mu.lqan 1
Negidal: molka:n 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-
Meaning: 1 to swallow 2 jaw
Literary Manchu: mul/a- 1, mul/an 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-
Meaning: 1 to fall ill 2 weak, tired
Evenki: mul- (Вас.), multe 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mula-
Meaning: to pity
Evenki: mula:n-
Even: mu.la:n-
Negidal: mola:n-
Ulcha: munalsi.-
Orok: mu.na:li.-
Nanai: moni.alsi.-
Oroch: mun/alisi-
Udighe: mun/ali-
Solon: mu.la:n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-(di-)
Meaning: to be unable
Evenki: mulli-
Even: mu.lrъ- 'to doubt'
Negidal: moli.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mulu
Meaning: 1 ridge of roof 2 bench
Negidal: mulu 1
Spoken Manchu: mul@, mulu 'ridge, ridgepole' (462)
Literary Manchu: mulu 1, mulan 2
Jurchen: mul-an (239) 2
Nanai: mulu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mume- / *meme-
Meaning: 1 bear 2 white hare
Evenki: momboki: 2
Even: mo"mo", me:meke, me:mec^e 1
Literary Manchu: mamuke, mamutun 2
131Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun-di-
Meaning: to look, observe
Evenki: munni-li-, mundi-; munde:- 'to comprehend'
Even: menri-
Solon: mundi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mundu-ka:n
Meaning: hare
Evenki: munduka:n
Even: mu.nru.qan
Negidal: monoxa:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mune-
Meaning: 1 skin, fur (from deer's feet) 2 to pad skis with skin, fur 3 fur clothes
Evenki: munekse 1
Even: munъs 1, muni- 2, munek 3
Ulcha: munekse 1
Orok: muneske 1, munesi- 2
Nanai: munekse 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muni:-
Meaning: 1 to rot (trans.), spoil 2 to rot
Evenki: muni:- 1, munu- 2
Even: mun- 2
Solon: mune- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|i
Meaning: tendon
Evenki: mun|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|si
Meaning: 1 red (as blood) 2 clot of blood
Evenki: munn|i 1
Even: munsъ 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|u-, *mun|bu-
Meaning: 1 oval, round 2 blunt, rounded
Evenki: mumo: 2, mumbu-me 1, mombo- 'roll'
Even: mun|uti 1
Literary Manchu: mumuri 2
Nanai: mun|gel-mun|gel bi: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mur-
Meaning: 1 spiritual power, luck 2 thought, mind, determination, resolution 3 love, affection 4 to think
Evenki: murac^ 1
Spoken Manchu: muz^|in 2 (1998); muru 'pattern, outline' (2343)
Literary Manchu: muz^|in 2, muz^|ilen 2, 3; muru 'shape, form'
Jurchen: miuz|µil[e]n-be (506) 'heart'
Ulcha: muru(n) 2, muruc^i- 4
Orok: muru(n) 2, murutc^i- 4
Nanai: muru 2, muruc^i- 4
Oroch: muic^i- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mur-dul-
Meaning: 1 to slaughter (a deer) 2 to peel (bark)
Evenki: murdul- 1, murdune- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *murgi
Meaning: barley
132Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: muz^|i
Jurchen: mir-g|e-i 'product of agriculture' (825)
Ulcha: muz^|i
Nanai: muz^|i
Solon: mu.rgil 'ярица, яровое поле'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muri
Meaning: eagle
Evenki: muri
Negidal: mu:ju
Udighe: mui, muji
Han-Tungus-prototype: *murin
Meaning: horse
Evenki: murin
Even: mu.rъ.n
Negidal: moji.n
Spoken Manchu: morin (2182)
Literary Manchu: morin
Jurchen: mu-rin
Ulcha: mu.ri.(n)
Orok: mu.ri.(n)
Nanai: mori.·
Oroch: muri(n)
Udighe: mui
Solon: mori
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muru-
Meaning: 1 to press 2 to oppress 3 to touch
Even: murke- 2, mu.rla:- 3
Literary Manchu: muri(nz^|a)- 'be stubborn'
Ulcha: muru:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *murV-
Meaning: 1 to walk round, return 2 round
Evenki: muru- 1, murume 2
Even: merъk- 1, mere:ti 2
Negidal: mejel 2
Literary Manchu: murg/en 2
Ulcha: muru-muru 2
Orok: morolime 2
Nanai: murg/i 2
Udighe: mogol`uo" 'around'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *musi
Meaning: 1 roasted flour 2 drink made of roasted flour 3 jelly (made of fish skin)
Negidal: mosi.n 3
Literary Manchu: musi 1, 2
Jurchen: mu-cin (538) 1
Ulcha: mosi.(n) 3
Nanai: musu:· 'frozen (of meat, fish)' (Он.)
Oroch: mosi.(n) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *musim-
Meaning: to smile, sneer
Even: musъm-
Negidal: musi-musi
133Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: m/osiri-la-
Orok: musimu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *musun
Meaning: spirit, ghost
Evenki: musun
Even: mu.san
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mute-
Meaning: 1 to fulfil 2 to overpower
Literary Manchu: mute- 2
Jurchen: mu-te-bulu (740) 1
Ulcha: mute- 2
Orok: mute- 2
Nanai: mute- 2
Oroch: mute- 2
Udighe: mute- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mute-
Meaning: can, be able
Spoken Manchu: mut@-, mutu- 'to be capable' (3020)
Literary Manchu: mute-
Ulcha: mute-
Orok: mute-
Nanai: mute- (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mux-
Meaning: 1 to fart 2 bad smell
Evenki: muke:- 1, muke:n 2
Even: muke:- 2
Negidal: muke- 1
Nanai: moxan mon/i 'elder' (Bik.) ("stinking tree", cf. Mong. o"mgij xovol) (Сем 143)
Oroch: moki 2
Udighe: muakta- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxa-
Meaning: 1 stomach disease 2 to be ill, sick
Evenki: muka:n 1
Ulcha: mo:ko 'идол от желудочной болезни' ( < *muka-ka)
Orok: muxule- 2
Nanai: muxu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxa- / *muxe-
Meaning: 1 man 2 male
Negidal: muxeti 2
Literary Manchu: mux|an 2
Nanai: mox|a(n) 1, 2
Oroch: mueti 2
Udighe: mugeti, mueti 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxu-
Meaning: 1 to lose powers, be exhausted 2 to die 3 distress, loss
Evenki: mekc^ere:-, mukc^ere:- 2
Even: mu.qъ.j 3
Literary Manchu: mox|o- 1
Ulcha: mox|o- 1
Nanai: mox|o- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu:
134Keys of Han
Meaning: water
Evenki: mu:
Even: mo":
Negidal: mu:
Spoken Manchu: muke:, muku: (347)
Literary Manchu: muke
Jurchen: mo (51)
Ulcha: mu:
Orok: mu:
Nanai: muke
Oroch: mu:
Udighe: mu-de 'inundation'
Solon: mu:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu:sa
Meaning: pools in a swamp
Evenki: mu:su / mu:sa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":- (*mu:j-)
Meaning: to cut
Evenki: mi:-
Even: mi:-ne-
Negidal: mi:-
Spoken Manchu: miti- 'to lop off' (1731)
Literary Manchu: mej-le-, mej-te-
Ulcha: n|ui-
Orok: mi:-
Nanai: mui-
Oroch: mi-
Udighe: mine-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":ku":
Meaning: snake
Negidal: mi:xi
Spoken Manchu: meix@ (2271)
Literary Manchu: meixe
Jurchen: muj-xe (165)
Ulcha: mui
Orok: mui / mujg|i
Nanai: mujki
Oroch: mi:ki
Udighe: miki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":re
Meaning: shoulder
Evenki: mi:re
Even: mi:r
Negidal: mi:je
Spoken Manchu: mirin (65)
Literary Manchu: meiren
Ulcha: n|ujre
Orok: mujre
Nanai: mejre
Oroch: mije
Solon: mi:ri, mi:re
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ab[l]z^|a-
135Keys of Han
Meaning: young, boy, child
Ulcha: n/awz^|a(n)
Orok: naoz^|oqqa(n)
Nanai: naonz^|oa
Udighe: n/a`ula (Корм. 269)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ac^u-
Meaning: 1 to faint 2 to go back the same way
Even: n/atlan- 2
Negidal: n/ac^u.la- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nada-n
Meaning: seven
Evenki: nadan
Even: nadъn
Negidal: nadan
Spoken Manchu: nad@n (2741)
Literary Manchu: nadan
Jurchen: nadan (642)
Ulcha: nada(n)
Orok: nada(n)
Nanai: nada
Oroch: nada(n)
Udighe: nada(n)
Solon: nada
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nadi-
Meaning: 1 to suspect, doubt, deny 2 to consider
Evenki: nadi- 1, 2
Even: nada"t- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *naju"
Meaning: pole, shaft of fish-fork
Evenki: naj, naji
Even: naj
Ulcha: nai.
Orok: nau., nawi.
Nanai: nai.
Oroch: nai
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/aKa
Meaning: 1 well, feeling well 2 peace, quietude
Evenki: n/aka 1
Even: n/aq 1
Literary Manchu: neku(la)- 'to be glad'; niqton 'peace, quietude'
Oroch: n/aka 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *naKita
Meaning: bear skin
Evenki: nakita
Even: naqъ.t
Negidal: naxata
Orok: natta
Udighe: na`ta (Корм. 265)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/al-
Meaning: 1 groove on upper lip 2 gums of teeth
Literary Manchu: n/alma 1, n/a-si, n/a-s^a 2
136Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/alba-
Meaning: 1 young grass 2 meat of a young animal 3 spawning 4 young of birds
Evenki: n/albakta 1, nilben 2
Even: n/alaq 3
Negidal: n/alamn|i. 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nalba
Meaning: fish trap
Evenki: nalba
Ulcha: nalbi.x|a(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nam
Meaning: convenient, skilled
Negidal: nam
Ulcha: nam
Orok: nam-nam
Nanai: nam
Oroch: nam
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ama:
Meaning: hundred
Evenki: n/ama:
Even: n/ama
Negidal: n/ama
Solon: nama:z^|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ami:-
Meaning: female deer
Evenki: n/ami:
Even: n/ami.
Negidal: n/ami:.
Orok: nami.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amn/a-
Meaning: to ride
Evenki: n/amn/a-
Even: n/amn/i.-
Negidal: n/amn/a-
Literary Manchu: n/amn/a-
Ulcha: n/amn/a-
Orok: n/amn/a-
Nanai: n/amn/a-
Solon: nanna-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amn/i-kta
Meaning: 1 a k. of willow 2 mulberry tree
Evenki: n/amn/i:kta 1
Even: imukeg|, imn|eke:w, inme:kte 1
Negidal: n/amni.kta 1
Spoken Manchu: nimal@n 2 (2163)
Literary Manchu: nimadan 'a k. of tree'; nimala(n) 2
Jurchen: hin-ma-lar (108) 2
Udighe: n/auta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amulsa
Meaning: swamp moss
Evenki: n/amulla
Even: n/amъ.lrъ.
Negidal: n/amula
137Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: n/amala
Ulcha: n/amu.lta
Orok: namu.l/ta
Nanai: n/amolta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a(n)n|a-
Meaning: bullfinch
Even: n/an|arki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nansa
Meaning: 1 skin (of man) 2 skin (of animals)
Evenki: nanna 2
Even: nanrъ 2
Negidal: nana 1
Literary Manchu: notx|o, nontox|o 'shell'
Ulcha: nanta 1
Orok: nata 2
Nanai: nanta 2
Oroch: nasa 2
Udighe: neha" 1, 2
Solon: nanda 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|-
Meaning: dirt, be smeared with dirt
Evenki: n/an|n/a
Even: n/an|sъ
Negidal: n/aksalka:n, n/an|salka:n
Spoken Manchu: nantuhun 'foul-minded, evil-smelling' (2552)
Literary Manchu: nantux|un
Ulcha: jan|sa
Orok: nan|i.sa
Nanai: jan|sa, n/an|sa
Oroch: n/an|sa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|a
Meaning: quiet, slow, easy
Even: n/a:n|a
Negidal: n/a:n|akka:n
Ulcha: n/an-z^|a
Orok: nandi.
Solon: nandaxa:nz^|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|n/a
Meaning: clear sky
Evenki: n/an|n/a
Even: n/ani.n
Negidal: n/an|n/a
Literary Manchu: n/an|n/a
Orok: na:n|na
Oroch: n/an|n/a
Udighe: n/an|n/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|u-
Meaning: cone, nut, fruit stone
Evenki: n/an|ta
Even: n/an|tъ.
Literary Manchu: n/an/un 'palm nut'
138Keys of Han
Orok: nan|u.- 'to crack nuts'
Oroch: n/an/ikta
Udighe: n/an|ta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ar-gu-
Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 young willow
Literary Manchu: n/arxu-n 1
Nanai: n/argi. 2
Oroch: n/argi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/argu-
Meaning: young elk
Evenki: n/arguc^a:n
Even: n/arc^a:n
Negidal: n/atc^a:n
Literary Manchu: n/arx|uc^a
Oroch: naguc^a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nasa-
Meaning: to regret, grieve
Literary Manchu: nasa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:
Meaning: earth
Negidal: na:
Spoken Manchu: na: (2066)
Literary Manchu: na
Jurchen: na (37)
Ulcha: na:
Orok: na:
Nanai: na:
Oroch: na:
Udighe: na:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:-
Meaning: 1 to rot 2 pus
Evenki: n/a- 1, n/a:kse 2
Even: n/a:w- 1, n/a:s 2
Negidal: n/a:- 1, n/a:ksa 2
Literary Manchu: n/a- 1, n/aki 2
Ulcha: n/a:- 1, n/a":qsa 2
Orok: n/a:- 1
Nanai: n/a:- 1, n/a:qsa 2
Oroch: n/a:- 1, n/a:ksa 2
Udighe: n/a:- 1, n/an|a" 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:da
Meaning: 1 late 2 to tarry
Evenki: n/a:da 1, n/a:du.- 2
Literary Manchu: n/ada 1
Nanai: n/a:doala- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:lban
Meaning: tin
Evenki: n/a:lba:n
Even: n/a:lba:n
Negidal: n/alban
Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:ma / *ma:na (*ma:n|a)
Meaning: testicle
139Keys of Han
Evenki: na:ma
Even: man|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:n
Meaning: again, once more
Evenki: n/a:n
Even: n/a:n
Negidal: n/a:n
Nanai: n/a:
Oroch: n/a
Udighe: n/a
Solon: na:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:n|sa
Meaning: debt
Even: na:n
Negidal: na:n|na
Spoken Manchu: nas@hun 'opportunity, chance' (2652)
Literary Manchu: nasx|un 'favourable occasion'
Ulcha: nan|da
Orok: nan|da
Nanai: nan|da
Oroch: nan|na
Udighe: nan|da
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nebi
Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 younger (brother, sister) 3 wife's brother's wife
Even: neji 1, no": 2
Literary Manchu: neje 3, nec^e 3
Ulcha: neu 2
Orok: new, neu 2
Nanai: neil 2 (plur.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ec^u-
Meaning: 1 to tease, annoy 2 to hit
Evenki: n/ec^u- 2
Literary Manchu: nec^i- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ec^u-
Meaning: 1 to scrape off, to tan (skin) 2 to fade, exuviate
Evenki: n/ec^u:- 1, n/ec^elle- 2
Even: n/ic^uh, n/ec^uh 'scraped skin, suede', n/ec^e:lre- 2
Orok: netu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/egde
Meaning: 1 breast vertebra 2 curve on horse's back in the region of the neck and shoulder blades
Evenki: n/egde, n/agda 1
Even: n/it, n/et 1
Negidal: n/agda 1
Literary Manchu: nikde 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *negdi
Meaning: a female deer
Evenki: negdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *neje-
Meaning: 1 even 2 similar
Evenki: n/e-rke 2 (dial.)
Ulcha: neje(n) 1
140Keys of Han
Nanai: neje 1
Oroch: neige, nein|e 1
Udighe: neige 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nej(l)V-
Meaning: small louse, nit
Evenki: nej-ke
Ulcha: n/ile-kte
Orok: neli-g|e
Nanai: n/ile-ke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/eK- ~ *niK-
Meaning: to rot, become sour (of food)
Literary Manchu: n/ekde-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nekte
Meaning: 1 tilth, tillage 2 lowland 3 low
Evenki: nekte 1, 2, 3
Even: n/a"tkun 3
Negidal: nekte 2, 3
Ulcha: nekte 2
Orok: ne:kte:-gi 2, ne:kte 3
Nanai: nekte 2, 3
Oroch: nekte 3
Udighe: nektele 2
Solon: nekte 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *neku-
Meaning: 1 to bring 2 gift
Even: ne:kъr 2
Nanai: nuku- 1
Udighe: nexu-, neu-g|i- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *neku-
Meaning: younger relative (sister / brother)
Evenki: neku:
Negidal: nexu(n)
Literary Manchu: nex|u 'slave girl'
Ulcha: neku(n)
Orok: noko(no:)
Nanai: neku
Oroch: neku
Udighe: nea"-diga
Solon: nexu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelbi
Meaning: fringe
Evenki: nelbi
Even: nebъlen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelbige
Meaning: bat
Evenki: nelbig|e:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelge
Meaning: 1 snag 2 block 3 saddle
Evenki: nelge 1
Even: nelgъ 1, 2
Orok: ne:lge 3
Oroch: negge 1, 2
141Keys of Han
Udighe: nege 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelki
Meaning: spring
Evenki: nelki
Even: nelkъ
Negidal: nelki:
Orok: nelc^iri
Oroch: nekki
Udighe: neki
Solon: nelxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelme-
Meaning: upper garment, coat
Evenki: nelmeke:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *neme- / *nama-
Meaning: to patch
Evenki: neme-, nama-
Even: neme:t-
Negidal: nemes-
Literary Manchu: nemki-
Ulcha: namui (n.)
Orok: nembesse-, nambotc^i.-
Nanai: namu (n.)
Oroch: namasi-
Udighe: neme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nem(i)-
Meaning: thin
Evenki: nemku:n
Even: nemkun
Negidal: nemku:n
Spoken Manchu: nin|k@n, nin|kin (2414)
Literary Manchu: nekel'en
Jurchen: nen-ke-xun (623)
Ulcha: nemi
Orok: nemdu:ke
Nanai: nemi
Oroch: nemi, nemne
Udighe: nemnese` (Корм. 268)
Solon: nemeku, nenneku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nenme- ( ~ l-)
Meaning: tarbagan
Evenki: nenmekc^in
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/en|de- / *n/un|de-
Meaning: 1 cold 2 clear, frosty (weather)
Evenki: n/en|dele: 2
Ulcha: nu.n|du.li. 1
Orok: nun|duli 1
Nanai: non|z^|i.-si. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/en|n/e
Meaning: spring
Evenki: n/en|n/e
Even: neg|n/i
Negidal: n/en|n/e
142Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: n/an|@n/ari (2726)
Literary Manchu: n/en|n/eri
Jurchen: nie(n|)nen (73)
Ulcha: n/en|n/e
Orok: n/en|n/e: / nen|ne
Nanai: n/en|n/e
Oroch: n/en|n/e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nen|u-
Meaning: 1 sweetheart 2 younger (brother, sister)
Even: nen|n/e 1
Negidal: nen|uj (L.-Amg.) 2
Spoken Manchu: nun 'younger sister; husband's younger sister; younger woman' (904,914)
Literary Manchu: non 2
Jurchen: nexun (nexun-un) 'younger sister' (291)
Oroch: nen|u 2
Udighe: nen|u 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nep-te-
Meaning: 1 to spread out, make even 2 even, flat
Evenki: nepte- 1, nepteme 2
Negidal: nepte-nepte 2
Ulcha: nepte-nepte 2
Orok: nette- 1
Nanai: nepte-nepte 2
Oroch: nepten|ge 2
Udighe: neptele 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- ( ~ n/-)
Meaning: larch
Even: n/ermi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- / *nar-
Meaning: 1 lean 2 thin 3 weak
Evenki: n/urku:n 1, 2
Spoken Manchu: nar@hun 'fine, thin, exact'(2408)
Literary Manchu: n/ere 2, 3, nar-x|un 2
Jurchen: nar-gi 'narrow' (670)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- (?*niar-)
Meaning: to unwrap, untie
Literary Manchu: nerki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nere-
Meaning: to flap (wings)
Evenki: nere-nn|e-
Even: nerъk-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/erke
Meaning: 1 earth 2 hearth
Evenki: jerke, dial. n/erke 1
Even: n/erke 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/eru / *n/iru
Meaning: 1 gland 2 spleen
Evenki: n/erun (dial. n/aru, n/iru) 1, 2
Even: n/irun/ 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/es-
Meaning: 1 luck 2 lucky (shooter)
Even: n/es 1
143Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: nosiki 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nese-
Meaning: to straighten, make level, flat
Even: nese:n-, nehe:n-
Negidal: neski:-
Ulcha: nese-
Orok: nese 'ground surface'
Nanai: nesi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ne:-
Meaning: to put
Evenki: ne:-
Even: ne:-
Negidal: ne:-
Ulcha: ne:-
Nanai: ne:-
Oroch: ne:-
Udighe: ne-de-
Solon: ne:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/e:-
Meaning: 1 to sweat 2 sweat
Evenki: n/e:- 1, n/e:kse 2
Even: n/e:s 2
Negidal: n/e:sen| 2
Literary Manchu: nej 2
Ulcha: jesen|gi 2
Orok: ne:sen|gi 2
Nanai: n/esen|gi 2
Oroch: n/esen|i 2
Udighe: nihen|e- 1, n/e:n|i 2
Solon: ne:s^/i 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/e:(b)- ~ *n/u:(b)-
Meaning: to go out
Evenki: ju:-
Even: n/o":-
Negidal: ju:- / n/u:-
Ulcha: n/ie- / n/e:-
Orok: ne:-
Nanai: n/ie- / n/e:-
Oroch: n/u:-
Udighe: n/u:-
Solon: ju:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iabe-
Meaning: to strew, pour
Even: n/u:-
Ulcha: jeweri-
Orok: jeweri-
Nanai: jeweri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *niala-
Meaning: 1 overflowed place 2 shallow
Even: n/alaku. 2
Nanai: ni.ala / n/ala 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ali-
144Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 raw 2 meat
Evenki: n/alikin 1
Even: n/alъqc^a 1
Negidal: n/ali.-xi.n 1
Spoken Manchu: jali 2 (302)
Literary Manchu: jali 2
Jurchen: ja-li (511) 2
Ulcha: n/a:lu.(n) 1
Orok: na:lu./n/a:lu. 1
Nanai: n/alki.· 1
Udighe: n/alig|i 1
Solon: jali ( < Man.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iam-
Meaning: 1 old trace 2 to trace (an animal)
Evenki: n/e:µmiri: 1
Udighe: n/a:ma- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *niama
Meaning: 1 lowland 2 low 3 overfall 4 shallow place, isthmus
Evenki: namn|a 1, nemke:n 2, n/ami 3
Literary Manchu: n/amas^an 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iani-
Meaning: to make straight; to steer (a boat)
Evenki: e:µni-
Even: a":n-
Negidal: e:µni.-
Ulcha: n/ewc^a-
Orok: e:µqu.ta-
Nanai: i:.n|qoc^a-
Oroch: in|kic^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ara-, *n/iarma-
Meaning: 1 skin (not smoked) 2 a k. of cloth 3 upper layer of meat
Evenki: n/arahin 1, n/armaka:n 2
Negidal: n/anmakan 3
Orok: nalma(n) 2
Nanai: ni.arma, n/arma 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ari
Meaning: 1 man 2 person 3 young man
Evenki: nirawi: 3
Even: n/ari. 1, 3
Negidal: n/e:µjawi:. 3
Spoken Manchu: nan@ 'person, human being' (827)
Literary Manchu: n/alma 1, 2
Jurchen: neRma (295) 1, 2
Ulcha: n/i: 1
Orok: nari 1
Nanai: nai. 1, 2, dial. ni.r/a 1
Oroch: n/a":, n/i: 1
Udighe: ni: 1
Solon: niro: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ia-sa
Meaning: eye
145Keys of Han
Evenki: e:µsa
Even: a":sъ.l
Negidal: e:µsa
Spoken Manchu: jas@ (10)
Literary Manchu: jasa
Jurchen: n|ia-ci (496)
Ulcha: i.sal(i.)
Orok: isal
Nanai: nasal, dial. n/isal(a), i.sal, n|asar
Oroch: isa
Udighe: jeha"
Solon: i:sal
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nia:ru
Meaning: 1 lake 2 swamp
Evenki: n/a:rut 1
Even: n/aru.qag| 2
Literary Manchu: n/ari 2
Nanai: ni.aro 2
Udighe: n/au 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ibe:-kte
Meaning: 1 bush growing near the water 2 dwarf birch tree 3 horse-tail 4 fern
Evenki: niwe:kte 1, 2, dial. niwekte 3
Even: n/i:weke:w 2
Negidal: n/i:wekte 2
Orok: n/i:wekte 2
Udighe: niekte 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iblu"-
Meaning: to paint, smear
Negidal: n/i.ja-, n/i:.li.-
Literary Manchu: ju-
Ulcha: n/ili-
Orok: n/ilitc^i-
Nanai: n/iule-
Udighe: jeule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nibu(p)-
Meaning: to smoke
Evenki: nuw-
Negidal: nu:p-
Ulcha: n/iup-ti-
Orok: nu:-c^i-
Nanai: n/up-c^i-
Oroch: n/u-c^i-
Udighe: n/usesi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[i]Ki-
Meaning: 1 to gnaw, crunch 2 to swallow 3 to destroy, demolish
Evenki: n/eki- 1
Literary Manchu: niqc^a- 3
Nanai: n/ikike- 2 (Kur.-Urm.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nikimna
Meaning: 1 neck 2 nape of neck
Evenki: nikimna 1
146Keys of Han
Even: n/i.qъ.n 2
Negidal: ni.xma 1, 2
Ulcha: n/i.qi.(n) 1, 2
Orok: ni.qi.mn/a 'neck of deer'
Solon: nixama, nixima 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ikri-kta
Meaning: 1 thicket 2 a k. of larch
Evenki: nikrika:g| 1
Even: naqri.t 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nili-
Meaning: to scrape off, polish
Evenki: nili-
Literary Manchu: nila- / nile-
Ulcha: n/i:li-
Nanai: n/i:la-
Udighe: nila- (Корм. 266)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/im-
Meaning: to close (eyes)
Evenki: nimn|i-
Even: n/imru-
Negidal: n/imni-
Ulcha: n/i.marGu.-
Orok: n/immi-
Oroch: n/imsi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/im- / *n/um-
Meaning: 1 shame 2 shameless 3 awkward 4 weakness,
sickness 5 to weaken, be exhausted, sick 6 to be sorry, sad
Evenki: n/umu 4
Even: n/u.mъ.r 1, n/u.m- 5
Negidal: n/omu.- 5
Spoken Manchu: nim@- 5 (713)
Literary Manchu: nime- 5
Ulcha: n/imeremdi, n/umeremz^|i 2, n/umursi- 6
Nanai: n/i.mori.z^|i., n/omori. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim(b)a
Meaning: 1 light boat 2 board for tanning skins
Even: ni.mba 2
Literary Manchu: nimas^aqu 1
Solon: nemo 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ime-
Meaning: to visit, be a guest
Evenki: n/ime-
Even: n/imeg|-
Negidal: n/imej-
Ulcha: n/ime-ri-
Orok: n/ime:-ri-
Nanai: nime-ri-
Oroch: n/ime-ri-
Udighe: n/ime-li-
Solon: nimau-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim-n|a:-
Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 fairy-tale
147Keys of Han
Evenki: nimn|a:n- 1, nimn|a:ka:n 2
Even: n/i.mqan 2
Negidal: n/amka- 1
Ulcha: n/i.n|man- 1, n/i.n|ma(n) 2
Orok: ni.n|man- 1, ni.n|ma 2
Nanai: ni.n|ma:· 2
Oroch: n/ima 2
Udighe: nima`n|ku 2 (Корм. 266)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim(u)kse
Meaning: 1 stomach (of animals) 2 intestine fat
Evenki: nimne 1
Even: nimne 2
Negidal: nimtumu 'smell of fat'
Spoken Manchu: nim@n|@ 'grease, fat; vegetable oil' (340)
Literary Manchu: nimen|gi 2
Orok: numis/e 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nin|i:-
Meaning: to curse, damn
Evenki: nin|i:-
Even: n/in|i-
Negidal: nin|i-
Orok: nin|ic^i-
Solon: nin|i:l (n.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nin|u-
Meaning: 1 to prop, support 2 support, prop
Even: ni:nut-, ni:nen- 1, ni:nun 2
Literary Manchu: nen|ge-bu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nir- ( ~ n/-)
Meaning: 1 a k. of poplar 2 brushwood
Even: n/ira:wi 1, n/i.rgu.qi. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nirge- ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: 1 buckwheat 2 selfheal 3 young grass 4 a k. of swamp plant 5 burdock
Evenki: nirge:kte 2, 3
Even: n/ierge:t 4
Negidal: nidge:kte 5
Solon: nirge: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *niri-
Meaning: spine, spine vertebra
Evenki: niri
Even: n/i.ri.
Negidal: ni.ji.kta
Ulcha: n/i.ri.qta
Orok: n/i.ri.kta
Nanai: n/i.ri.qta
Oroch: n/i:kta
Udighe: n/i:kta
Solon: ne:rde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nirku-
Meaning: short hair (of deer)
Evenki: nirku
Literary Manchu: nirGa, nirx|an
148Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iru-
Meaning: to draw, write
Negidal: niju-
Spoken Manchu: juru- (1391)
Literary Manchu: niru-
Ulcha: n/uru-
Orok: n/iru-
Nanai: n/iru-
Oroch: n/iru-
Solon: nirug|an 'drawing'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iru- / *n/eri-
Meaning: grayling (fish)
Evenki: niru, nerig|e:
Even: nergat, no"rig|e
Negidal: n/eju
Oroch: n/u:-c^a
Udighe: n/uu-sa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nis-
Meaning: 1 heavy, dense 2 clumsy, unwieldy
Even: nu.sqa, nu.su.n|a 2
Literary Manchu: nis^a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nisi-
Meaning: small
Evenki: nisimku:n
Even: ni.sa 'small beads'
Negidal: ni.si.mku:.n
Literary Manchu: nisix|a 'small fish'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nita-
Meaning: 1 weak, faded 2 to weaken, diminish
Literary Manchu: nitan 1, nitara- 2
Jurchen: ni-ta-ba (463) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:ka-
Meaning: 1 relative 2 servant, slave 3 Chinese 4 ordinary man, people
Evenki: n/i:ki: (Nerch.) 1
Negidal: ni.kan 3, (arch.) 2
Literary Manchu: niqan 3, 4
Ulcha: n/iqa(n) 2, 3 (arch.)
Orok: n/aqqa(n) 2
Nanai: n/i.qa 3
Oroch: n/in|ka 3, (arch.) 2
Udighe: nin|ka 3, (arch.) 2
Solon: nixa 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:Ku":
Meaning: 1 duck 2 bird
Evenki: ni:ki:, -c^e:n 1
Even: n/ieki, ni:ki
Spoken Manchu: i:x@ 1 (2201)
Literary Manchu: n/exe 1
Jurchen: mie-xe (591) 1
Orok: ne:c^e: / n/e:c^e 2
Nanai: n/ice(n) 2
Udighe: n/ug|ez^|ig|e 'duckling'
149Keys of Han
Solon: ni:xi: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:me-kte
Meaning: skin on young horns
Evenki: ni:mekte
Even: n/iemъt
Negidal: mi:mekte
Udighe: n/imakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/oli-
Meaning: 1 green moss, green mould 2 bluish 3 bruise 4 greenish
Literary Manchu: n/olmon 1
Ulcha: n/olz^|okto 3
Orok: no:lto / n/o:lto 3
Nanai: n/ola: 2
Oroch: noligi 4
Udighe: n/olig|i, n/olo 2, 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *non|- ~ *non-
Meaning: 1 to begin 2 to be the first 3 at first
Evenki: nono- 1
Even: non- 2
Negidal: nonon 3
Literary Manchu: nene- 2
Oroch: non|on 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nora-
Meaning: dwelling place
Literary Manchu: noro(-n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nora-
Meaning: to pile, stack
Literary Manchu: nora-
Nanai: norxon
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:b- (/ *n/a:b-)
Meaning: 1 before, in front 2 to go forward 3 the one in front, leading
Evenki: n/o:- 2, n/o:g|u:, n/o:w 3, n/a:w-de 1
Even: n/o:g|, n/o:w 3
Negidal: n/o:g|u:, n/o:wu:. 3
Ulcha: jo-ro-, n/o-ro- 2
Orok: nawra- 2, n/owu. 3
Nanai: mi.o-ri.a- 2
Oroch: n/au-ka" 1, n/o:-ki 3
Udighe: n/o:g|i- 2, n/au-xe, n/ou-xe 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:ba
Meaning: 1 joke, entertainment 2 to joke
Spoken Manchu: jov@ 'joke, jest' (1299)
Literary Manchu: jo:bo 1, n/obo-, n/obu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:[be]-kte
Meaning: 1 storm cloud 2 heavy rain 3 spindrift cloud 4 hail
Evenki: n/o:kta 1, 2, dial. n/e:kte, n/okta 3
Even: n/onto 2
Negidal: n/ekte 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *no:di
Meaning: beautiful, handsome
150Keys of Han
Evenki: no:di
Even: nod
Negidal: noditi
Ulcha: n/o:du.-
Orok: no:di.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:g-
Meaning: relative, sister's son
Even: n/o":g|e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:n|n/a
Meaning: 1 faeces, contents of intestines 2 liquid glue
Evenki: n/o:n/a 1
Even: n/o:n/a, n/o:n|n/a 1
Udighe: n/on|o 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/uK-
Meaning: 1 birch juice 2 larch gum
Evenki: n/uksen 1, n/ukse 2
Udighe: n/uktu- 'to wet, soak'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nuK-
Meaning: 1 to loose way (of deer) 2 a lonely deer 3 to move to another location 4 to lead the way 5 to stumble, make a wrong move
Evenki: nuken 2, nukiw- 4, 5
Even: no"k- 1
Nanai: nukte- 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[u]l-
Meaning: 1 to exuviate, fade 2 naked
Evenki: nil- / n/il-, n/i:larga- 1
Even: ni:.l- 1
Negidal: n/olaxi:.n, n/elakin 2
Literary Manchu: niltu- 1, n/olmon|ge 2
Ulcha: n/uli- 1, n/elao 2
Orok: nu:.lli.- 1, ni.lawu. 2
Nanai: n/i.laqo 2
Oroch: n/ulaki 2
Udighe: n/uli-, n/ulu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nul-
Meaning: to kindle
Evenki: nul-
Even: nu.lu.-
Negidal: nu.l-
Ulcha: n/ulc^uku 'poker'
Nanai: n/ulku- 'to stir coals'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nume
Meaning: habit
Even: nume
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ume-/ *n/ama /*n/em-
Meaning: 1 warm 2 soft 3 quiet 4 weak, loose
Evenki: n/ama, -pc^u 1, n/emu-me 2, n/umu- 3
Even: n/am 1, n/umъn 3
Negidal: nam, n/amagdi. 1, n/amu, nemu 2
Literary Manchu: neme-ri 2
Ulcha: n/ama 1
Orok: namauli 1
151Keys of Han
Nanai: n/a":ma, n/ama 1, nemu 2, nimeku 'weakness'
Oroch: n/ama 1
Udighe: n/amahi 1
Solon: namagdi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un/V
Meaning: a k. of plant
Evenki: n/un/aldiwu:n 'назв. растения ("льняное волокно")'
Literary Manchu: nono "ситник, водяной лук"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|-
Meaning: 1 to direct, give directions 2 direction, instruction 3 instructor, director, master 4 council, advice
Evenki: nun|ni:-, n/un|ni:- 1, nun|ni:g|e:, n/un|ni:g|e: 2, n/un|e 3
Even: n/u:n- 1, n/u:nъn 2, n/un|un 3, n/un|se-g|ъn 4
Negidal: nun|ni- 1, n/un|u 4
Orok: nun|e, n/un|e 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nun|-
Meaning: 1 main part, stem, stalk 2 main riverbed
Evenki: nun|i:n, nun|ni: 1, 2
Even: nu:.n 2
Udighe: nun|ni 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nun|ari
Meaning: wool, down
Spoken Manchu: nun|an (144, 2283)
Literary Manchu: nun|Gari
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|i:
Meaning: 1 thigh 2 muscles (of arms and legs), calf (of
leg)
Evenki: n/un|i: 1
Oroch: n/un|n/a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|n/aki:
Meaning: goose
Evenki: n/un|n/aki:
Even: nu:.n|qi. 'баклан', ne:n|en
Negidal: n/on|nixi:n, n/on|n/axi:
Spoken Manchu: n/un|@n/ah@ (2248)
Literary Manchu: n/on|n/ax|a
Jurchen: niun|-nia-xa (646)
Ulcha: n/u.n|n/a
Orok: nu.n|na
Nanai: n/on|n/a
Oroch: n/un|n/a
Udighe: n/un|n/a`i
Solon: nu.nnaxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u-n|u-n
Meaning: six
Evenki: n/un|un
Even: n/un|ъn
Negidal: n/un|un
Spoken Manchu: nin|un, n/un|un (2740)
Literary Manchu: nin|gun
Jurchen: niun|-z^|u (641)
Ulcha: n/un|gu(n)
152Keys of Han
Orok: nun|gu(n)
Nanai: n/un|gu
Oroch: n/un|u(n)
Udighe: n/un|u(n)
Solon: n/un|u
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nur-
Meaning: to do smth. ceaselessly, constantly
Evenki: nur-nur 'slightly'
Literary Manchu: nur-x|u-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nure
Meaning: wine
Literary Manchu: nure
Jurchen: niu-re (520)
Solon: nure:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ur(g)a-
Meaning: 1 cheerful, vigorous 2 to dance (and sing)
Evenki: n/urari:ka:n 1
Even: no"rgъ- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nurga
Meaning: fist
Evenki: dial. nu.rka
Negidal: nojga, nelga
Spoken Manchu: nuz^|an (79)
Literary Manchu: nuz^|an
Ulcha: n/u.Gz^|a
Oroch: nugga
Solon: norg|a, nuruga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/uru (~-i)
Meaning: arrow
Evenki: n/ur
Even: n/u.r
Negidal: n/oj
Spoken Manchu: n/ur@, jur@ (820)
Literary Manchu: niru
Jurchen: niru (237)
Solon: niru, nu.r(u.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nutiku
Meaning: pestle
Ulcha: nutiku
Nanai: nu:c^iku, nutku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:l(u")-
Meaning: to shave (skin)
Evenki: n/u:l-, n/u:li-
Even: n/u:l-
Negidal: n/ul-
Oroch: n/ulu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:re-
Meaning: to become hot (of metal)
Evenki: n/u:re-
Even: n/o":r-
Negidal: n/uje-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:ri-kte
153Keys of Han
Meaning: hair
Evenki: n/u:rikte
Even: n/u:rit
Negidal: n/ijukte
Ulcha: nukte
Orok: nu:rikte, n/i:rukte
Nanai: nukte
Oroch: n/u:kte
Udighe: n/u:kte
Solon: nu:rikte, nu:rte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:te
Meaning: resin, pitch, gum
Evenki: n/u:te
Even: n/u:t
Negidal: nu:te
Ulcha: nu:te
Orok: n/u:te
Nanai: nu:te
Oroch: n/ute
Udighe: n/ute
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u"n|-
Meaning: 1 to make notches 2 to scrape off, adze (with an axe)
Even: n/in|- 1
Literary Manchu: n/on|Gaz^|a-, n/on|Gala- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[u"]r-
Meaning: 1 to swim (of animals) 2 shallow place
Even: n/i.rgi. 2
Literary Manchu: n/ere- 1
Udighe: n/u-xana- ( < *n/ur-) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|alma-
Meaning: mosquito
Evenki: n|anmakta
Negidal: n|anmakta
Spoken Manchu: Gal@m@n (2259)
Literary Manchu: Galman
Ulcha: Galmaqta, Garmaqta
Orok: nalmaqta, n|almaqta
Nanai: Garmaqta
Oroch: gamakta
Udighe: n|amakta
Solon: namakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|a:la
Meaning: hand
Evenki: n|a:le
Even: n|a:l
Negidal: n|a:la, n|ala
Spoken Manchu: Gal@ (68)
Literary Manchu: gala
Jurchen: n|a-la (504)
Ulcha: n|a:la
Orok: n|a:la
Nanai: n|a:la, n|ala, nala
154Keys of Han
Oroch: n|a:la, n|ala
Udighe: n|ala
Solon: na:la, na:li
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|a:ni-
Meaning: to fetch, go to take smth. or smb.
Ulcha: n|an-z^|u.-
Nanai: n|a:ni.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|em-
Meaning: to crush, break through
Even: n|emtъk-, n|emtъl-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|en-
Meaning: to attack, fight
Evenki: n|en-c^i-, n/en|-
Even: n/en-
Literary Manchu: ne-c^i-
Udighe: n|eneusi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ene-
Meaning: to go, walk
Evenki: n|ene-
Even: n|en-
Negidal: n|ene- / gene-
Spoken Manchu: gen@- (1171)
Literary Manchu: genu- 'to go together'
Jurchen: n|e-ne-xie (713)
Ulcha: n|ene-
Orok: n|ene-
Nanai: ene-
Oroch: n|ene-
Udighe: n|ene-
Solon: nene-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|e:le-
Meaning: to be scared, frightened
Evenki: n|e:le-
Even: n|e:l-
Negidal: n|e:le-
Spoken Manchu: gel@- (1886)
Literary Manchu: gele-
Ulcha: n|ele-
Orok: n|e:le-
Nanai: n|ele-
Oroch: n|e:le-
Udighe: n|ele-
Solon: ne:le-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|e:r(i)-
Meaning: light
Evenki: n|e:ri:
Even: n|e:ri
Negidal: n|e:jin
Spoken Manchu: gu:xun 'bright' (2050)
Literary Manchu: gexun
Jurchen: n|e-xun (736)
Ulcha: n|egz^|e(n)
155Keys of Han
Orok: n|egde-
Nanai: n|egz^|e
Oroch: n|egz^|e
Udighe: n|egz^|e, n|ei
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ia-
Meaning: lower, closer to the shore
Evenki: n|e:µ-g|u:
Even: n|e:µ-la
Negidal: ne:µwu. / n|e:µwu.
Literary Manchu: wa-la
Ulcha: waji.
Orok: n|oi.
Nanai: waj-la, n|oj-la
Oroch: n|a":a-la
Udighe: n|ea"-la
Solon: ne:x 'shore'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|iabi
Meaning: 1 deceased person 2 invisible person 3 to bury
Evenki: n|e:µwi 1
Even: n|ebi 2
Ulcha: n/ewu- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|iaksa, *n|iaksi-n
Meaning: nose
Even: n/e:µs, n|e:µs
Negidal: n/asin 'bear's nose'
Ulcha: waqsa
Orok: naqsa
Nanai: n|oqso (dial.)
Oroch: n|ikso
Udighe: n|u"ho"
Solon: ne:µnc^a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ia:n|-ta
Meaning: fir-tree
Evenki: n|a:n|te
Even: n|a:n|tъ.
Negidal: n|a:n|ta
Literary Manchu: wantax|a
Ulcha: wan|ta
Orok: wan|ta / wan|i.ta
Nanai: wan|ta, dial. n|an|ta
Udighe: n|an|ta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|inda-
Meaning: dog
Evenki: n|inakin, ginakin
Even: n|i.n
Negidal: n|inaxin/ninaxin
Spoken Manchu: jon@hun|, in@hun| (2177)
Literary Manchu: indaxun
Jurchen: n|inda-xiun (147)
Ulcha: i.n|da
Orok: n|inda
Nanai: i.nda
156Keys of Han
Oroch: inaki
Udighe: ina`i (Корм. 238)
Solon: ninaxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:-
Meaning: 1 to smell 2 smell
Evenki: n|o:- 1, n|o: 2
Even: n|o:- 1, n|o: 2
Negidal: n|o:- 1
Spoken Manchu: wa: 'smell, odor, scent'(2456)
Literary Manchu: wa 2
Ulcha: wa:qoli. 'ferret'
Orok: n|o:kki.- 1
Nanai: wan|qoli. 'ferret'
Oroch: n|o:kki- 1, n|o:kula": 'ferret'
Udighe: n|oisi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:Ke
Meaning: 1 sable 2 male (of dog, wolf, fox) 3 wolf 4 racoon
Evenki: n/e:ke: 1
Even: n|o":ke 2
Spoken Manchu: jux@, juxu 3 (2204)
Literary Manchu: n/oxe 3, nuxere 'puppy'
Nanai: naoto 4 ( < *n|oke-tu)
Oroch: n|o"ksjo" 3
Udighe: nautu 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:Ke ~ *n|e:Ku
Meaning: hill, high shore
Evenki: n|e:ke, n|o:ke, n|e:ku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:li-
Meaning: long
Evenki: n|o:nim, n|o:nigdi
Even: n|onъ.m
Negidal: n|onom
Spoken Manchu: Gol@min (2409, 2602, 2844)
Literary Manchu: golmin
Jurchen: n|olmi-gi (690)
Ulcha: walmi.
Orok: n|onimi
Nanai: n|oni.mi., woni.mi., oni.mi.
Oroch: n|on/imi, n|on/mi
Udighe: wanimi, wan/imi
Solon: ninomi, gono/m
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:r-c^a-
Meaning: to contest, to wrestle
Evenki: n|o:rc^a-
Negidal: mo:jc^an-
Ulcha: wa:c^a-
Orok: wo:to- / n|o:to-; n|u(r)- 'to overcome'
Nanai: wa:c^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ubi
Meaning: 1 saddlegirth 2 rowlock (as a two-pronged fork)
Evenki: n|uwi 1
157Keys of Han
Orok: n|ojo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u(j)a-
Meaning: to sleep
Evenki: n/a-so:-, nin/a-
Literary Manchu: nu-nz^|i-bu- 'to make sleepy'
Oroch: n|ua-
Udighe: n|uha-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ule-
Meaning: red, reddish, pink
Even: n|ule-n/e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|unn|e
Meaning: straight
Evenki: n|un|ne
Even: n|u:n
Negidal: n|un/n|e
Jurchen: n|un-du (661)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|un|i / *n|on|i(-ka)
Meaning: 1 place of hunting wild deer 2 place of good fishing or hunting
Evenki: n|un|i 1
Nanai: wa:n|qo 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ur
Meaning: male (of small carnivores)
Evenki: n|ur
Nanai: mur
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|use:-
Meaning: ski straps
Evenki: n|usa:mne
Even: n|usemne
Negidal: musemne
Orok: we:se:µpse
Nanai: muesemse
Oroch: n|usemse
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u:-
Meaning: 1 to win, overcome 2 to be able
Orok: n|u:- 1
Udighe: n/oni- 2 (?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u:jelse
Meaning: 1 hair under the neck 2 tie, scarf
Evenki: muja:lle, mu:je:lle 1
Even: n|o"jelrъ ~ mo"jelrъ 1, n|o":jeke 2
Orok: n|i:welte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u"s^i- (*n|ujs^i-)
Meaning: small
Evenki: nitku:n (dial.)
Negidal: n/itku:n
Literary Manchu: isuxun 'tiny'
Jurchen: osu-wan (669)
Ulcha: n/u:c^i
Orok: nu:c^i
Nanai: nu:c^i
Oroch: n|i:c^i
Udighe: n|ic^`a
158Keys of Han
Solon: nisxu, nisu:xu:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u":
Meaning: who
Evenki: n|i:, ni:
Even: n/i:, n|i:
Negidal: ni:, n|i:
Spoken Manchu: we: (2895)
Literary Manchu: we
Ulcha: n|ui, ui
Orok: n|ui
Nanai: ui
Oroch: n/i:
Udighe: ni:
Solon: ni:xe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u":n|te
Meaning: root
Evenki: n|i:n|te, ni:n|te
Even: n|e:µn|tъ
Negidal: n|in|te
Ulcha: n|uiqte
Orok: muikte
Nanai: muikte
Oroch: n|in|te
Udighe: n|in|te
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oboka
Meaning: hook
Literary Manchu: obg/a 'a k. of wooden hook serving as a bait for eagles'
Oroch: obo:, obog|o
Udighe: obo` (Корм. 273)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oc^i(ka)
Meaning: 1 groin 2 fish fin (on the back or on belly) 3 fork, bifurcation
Even: oc^aqa 1, oc^ 3
Negidal: oc^axa 2
Literary Manchu: uc^iqa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oga
Meaning: thigh, hip
Evenki: og|o
Even: o:g|
Negidal: og|o
Ulcha: o:
Orok: o:
Nanai: o:
Oroch: o:
Udighe: o:
Solon: og|o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oja
Meaning: badger
Ulcha: ojo
Nanai: ojo
Oroch: ojo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji-
159Keys of Han
Meaning: relation, spouse
Negidal: oji.n
Orok: oji.sal bi
Solon: ujo":- 'to marry'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji-
Meaning: 1 to become mad, old, forget 2 to be in a poor state
Spoken Manchu: oj@r@qu 'no good' (3036)
Literary Manchu: oj-bo- 1, oj-tobu- 2
Ulcha: oj-ba- 1
Solon: oi-mar 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji(ki)
Meaning: thigh coverings, trousers
Ulcha: oji.
Nanai: oji.·, dial. oji'.ki.
Udighe: wa`ipti, wa`ikti (Корм. 217)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oK-
Meaning: 1 to heap up (firewood) 2 to economize, spare
Orok: okpou.tc^i.- 1
Nanai: okc^i- 2 (Он. 308)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ok-
Meaning: 1 arrow with wooden head 2 fish fin 3 fishing hook
Evenki: oki-kta 2
Literary Manchu: oki jo:ro 1
Orok: o:qo 3
Udighe: o` 'fish gear' (Корм. 273)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKa-
Meaning: 1 armful 2 handful
Negidal: oxodo 1
Spoken Manchu: oh@l@- 'to cup both hands' (1554)
Literary Manchu: ox|ol/o: 2
Nanai: ox|oj 2 (Kur.-Urm.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKor-
Meaning: to nauseate
Literary Manchu: ox|ors^a- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oksa-
Meaning: 1 to submerge in thoughts 2 to change one's mind 3 to resent, be offended
Evenki: okso- 1
Even: og|sa- 2
Nanai: oqsa- (Он.) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oksari
Meaning: owl
Negidal: oksag|i., oksaji.
Ulcha: u.qsara(n)
Orok: u.qsara
Nanai: oqsara
Oroch: uksara
Han-Tungus-prototype: *okta
Meaning: medicine, powder
Negidal: okto
Spoken Manchu: oq@t@ 'medicine, drug' (723)
160Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: oqto
Ulcha: oqto
Orok: oqto
Nanai: oqto
Oroch: okto
Udighe: okto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKurga
Meaning: loop, snare
Evenki: okurga, ukurga
Literary Manchu: x|urGa, x|urqa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ol-
Meaning: 1 hook (for hanging kettle) 2 to hang over fire
Evenki: oldon 1, ollon- 2
Even: olra:wu.n 1, olra:n- 2
Negidal: olo:n 1
Ulcha: o:rpu.n 1
Orok: olz^|i.g|a 1
Nanai: olpi. 1
Oroch: ogz^|ig|a 1
Udighe: olohu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola-
Meaning: to be afraid, startled
Evenki: olo-; olbon- 'to be bored'
Even: ol-; olba:n- 'to be bored'
Negidal: olo-ldo-
Literary Manchu: oli-x|a-
Jurchen: ol-g|u-hun (673) 'weak'
Ulcha: olo-
Orok: olo-
Nanai: olo-, olg|amsaq 'fainted'
Oroch: olo-
Solon: olo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola-
Meaning: to ford, wade
Evenki: olo-
Even: ola:-
Negidal: olo:-
Literary Manchu: olo-
Ulcha: oni.-
Orok: onno-
Nanai: ono-
Oroch: olo-
Udighe: olo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola:-c^i
Meaning: short boots
Evenki: olo:t, olo:c^ik
Even: ola:c^i.q
Negidal: olot
Ulcha: olz^|u.ma
Orok: ollo:c^i.
Oroch: olo:c^i
Solon: alo/ci, olo/ci
161Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *olbi-n-
Meaning: 1 to drag, carry 2 to change, turn into
Even: o:lbъ.n- 2
Ulcha: olbi.n- 1
Orok: olbi.n- 1
Nanai: olbi.n- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *omga
Meaning: upper part of hip; behind
Ulcha: ombo / on|bo
Orok: omGo
Nanai: on|bo
Oroch: ombo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *omn|a-
Meaning: to forget
Evenki: omn|o-
Even: omn|ъ.-
Negidal: omn|o-
Spoken Manchu: on|@-, on|u- (1867)
Literary Manchu: on|Go-
Ulcha: on|bo-
Orok: omGo-/on|bo-
Nanai: on|bo-
Oroch: ommo-
Udighe: on|mo-
Solon: ommo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *omu- / *umu-
Meaning: 1 to lay eggs 2 offspring, descendant, grandchild
Evenki: umu:- 1, omolgi: 2
Even: omolgo 2
Negidal: omolgi:. 2
Spoken Manchu: om@l@ (887) 2
Literary Manchu: omolo 2
Jurchen: omo-lo (285) 2
Oroch: omola": 'daughter-in-law'
Udighe: omolo 2
Solon: omoli: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *omV-
Meaning: hearth
Nanai: oma
Oroch: umuxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *on/a-
Meaning: 1 to draw 2 drawing, ornament 3 spot
Evenki: on/o- 1, on/o: 2
Even: on/a:- 1, on/a:n 2
Orok: ono 3
Udighe: on/o- 1, on/o 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *onda-
Meaning: 1 to rise (of water) 2 water
Even: o":n(ed)- 1, o:ndi 2 (dial.)
Nanai: onda-z^|i- 'плавать около сети, но не попадать в нее (о рыбе, которая часто так ведет себя перед повышением или понижением уровня воды)' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *on|da
162Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 wolverine 2 seal
Literary Manchu: on|niqa 1
Ulcha: on|do 1
Orok: onnori. 2
Nanai: on|do 1
Udighe: on|do 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *on|ka
Meaning: pasture, grass food
Evenki: on|ko
Even: on|qъ.
Negidal: on|ko
Literary Manchu: on|qo
Ulcha: on|qo
Orok: oqqo
Nanai: on|qo-
Oroch: on|ko- 'to graze'
Udighe: on|kosi- 'to graze'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *op-
Meaning: to hide, conceal
Evenki: op-
Nanai: up 'having submerged' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *opora
Meaning: nose
Spoken Manchu: of@r@ (24)
Literary Manchu: oforo
Nanai: oporo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *or-
Meaning: 1 roaring (of a tiger) 2 echo 3 to sound, resound 4 to rave 5 to shout 6 to roar (of a bear) 7 shout (of an aurochs) 8 to call
Evenki: ore:µ- 5, 6, 7
Literary Manchu: or 1, ori- 4, ura- 3
Nanai: oral 2, ori.qo 7
Solon: or/e:µ-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ora-
Meaning: 1 small, young 2 bear-cub 3 female of bear
Evenki: oron|a:t 3
Even: oi.s, oji.s (dial.) 2
Negidal: ojokon 2
Literary Manchu: orc^un, orx|oc^o 1
Orok: oko 2 (voc.)
Nanai: oro:qa 1
Oroch: orko ~ oroko(n-) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oran
Meaning: reindeer
Evenki: oron
Even: orъ.n
Negidal: ojon
Literary Manchu: oron
Ulcha: oro(n)
Nanai: oro
Oroch: oro
Udighe: oro
163Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ora:-kta
Meaning: grass (dry), hay
Evenki: orokto, oro:kto
Even: ora:t
Negidal: ojokto
Spoken Manchu: or@h@ 'grass' (2130)
Literary Manchu: orx|o
Jurchen: or-g|o (116)
Ulcha: orx|oqta
Orok: oroqto
Nanai: oroqta
Oroch: o:kto
Udighe: o:kto
Solon: oro:kto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oru-n
Meaning: daughter-in-law (son's wife)
Spoken Manchu: orun (927)
Literary Manchu: urun
Nanai: oro:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oxa-
Meaning: 1 coire 2 testicles 3 women's genitals
Evenki: oko- 1
Spoken Manchu: uhal@ 2 (117)
Literary Manchu: ux|ala 2
Nanai: uxara (dial.) 2
Udighe: ua 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:-
Meaning: 1 to make; become 2 new
Evenki: o:makta 2, o:- 1
Even: o:- 1
Negidal: o:- 1
Spoken Manchu: o- 1 (3018)
Literary Manchu: o- 1
Jurchen: o-fia (829) 1
Ulcha: o- 1
Orok: o- 1
Nanai: o- 1
Udighe: o-, o:- 1
Solon: o:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:kta
Meaning: currant
Evenki: o:kta
Negidal: o:kta
Literary Manchu: ukuxu, -xe 'name of a berry'
Oroch: oktokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:mi:
Meaning: soul
Evenki: o:mi:
Negidal: omi.
Nanai: omia '
Udighe: omo" 'soul of a new-born child'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:n-
164Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 angle, corner 2 to bend 3 bay 4 cross-roads
Evenki: o:nn|a:n 1
Even: oni.t- 2
Negidal: onn|i.- 2
Literary Manchu: on|Golo 4
Ulcha: onz^|o 3
Orok: oni. 1, ondo 3
Nanai: ondo 3
Oroch: o:n|o 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:n-
Meaning: (to fall) on one's back
Evenki: o:n|ka:n-
Even: o:n|qi.
Negidal: o:n|ka-pki:.
Spoken Manchu: onc^@h@n, onc^uhun (525)
Literary Manchu: onc^ox|on
Ulcha: o:ndi.
Orok: o:ndon
Nanai: o:nz^|i.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:s-
Meaning: to retire, make the place vacant
Evenki: o:s-
Even: o:s-
Negidal: o:s-
Ulcha: osi.-
Orok: o:ssi.-
Nanai: o:si.-
Oroch: osu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paba ( ~ -p-)
Meaning: 1 work 2 skilful, diligent 3 to work
Evenki: hawa: 1, hawal- 3
Even: hawa 1, hawad- 3
Negidal: xawadi.jin 2, xawa:dakta- 1
Literary Manchu: fafuri 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pabri-
Meaning: 1 to swim 2 to bathe
Negidal: xajwi- 1
Ulcha: pawru.wu. 1
Orok: pau.ri.- 2
Nanai: fao.r'i- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pac^-
Meaning: crack, split, interval
Even: hac^i.q
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pad-
Meaning: 1 to spread out (animal's skin) 2 name of a game (spreading a rope between fingers) 3 to arrange (in a row)
Evenki: hadarga 2
Spoken Manchu: faid@n 'row' (1624)
Literary Manchu: fajda- 3, fajdan 'row'
Orok: pa:dda- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *padira-n
Meaning: wall
Spoken Manchu: faz^|@r@h@n (463)
165Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: faz^|iran
Jurchen: fa-dar-an (64)
Ulcha: padi.ra(n)
Nanai: paz^|ira
Han-Tungus-prototype: *padu
Meaning: bag, pouch
Spoken Manchu: fad@ (248)
Literary Manchu: fadu
Ulcha: padu.(n)
Orok: padu.
Nanai: pado
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paga, -c^a, -ki:
Meaning: 1 box, birch vessel, scoop 2 window, window frame
Evenki: hag|a, hag|aki:, hag|ac^an
Negidal: xa-c^aw, xa-vu.n 1
Spoken Manchu: fa: 2 (466)
Literary Manchu: fa 2
Jurchen: fah-ha (209) 2
Ulcha: pac^a(n) 1, pawa 2
Orok: pawa 2
Nanai: pa:c^a 1, pa:wa 2
Udighe: xasa`a 1 (Корм. 305)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pagda-
Meaning: to smear
Evenki: hagda-
Even: ha:da-
Ulcha: paGda-
Nanai: pa:Gda-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pagdi(-ki:)
Meaning: sole, foot sole
Evenki: hagdiki:
Negidal: xakki.
Orok: paGz^|e
Nanai: x|aGdi.ki. (dial.)
Oroch: xagdi
Udighe: xagdig|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paja-
Meaning: 1 to glitter (of snow) 2 blinded by bright light
Evenki: hajakat- 1
Udighe: pajaktu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paji:-
Meaning: 1 freezing weather (in spring or autumn) 2 Northern or Eastern wind 3 to blow (of spring wind) 4 frost
Evenki: haji: 1, 2, haji:- 3
Nanai: x|atqa (Kur-Urm.) 1
Oroch: xaika 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paji:-kta
Meaning: grass (dry)
Evenki: haji:kta
Even: hajtъ.
Negidal: xajta
166Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fojo:
Ulcha: pajqta
Orok: pai.qta
Nanai: pajaqta
Udighe: xaikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paju:-
Meaning: to break, tear
Evenki: haju:p-
Even: ha:ju.-
Negidal: xaji.-, xaju.-
Oroch: xa:ju-
Udighe: xai-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paKu:-
Meaning: to close in, buckle, shut up
Evenki: haku:-
Even: haq-
Negidal: xaxu.-
Solon: axu.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pal- ( ~ -a:-)
Meaning: 1 to have relations with 2 relationship, friendship 3 quarrel, contest 4 to quarrel
Literary Manchu: fali- 1, falin 2
Ulcha: pa:li. 3
Orok: pa:li. 3
Oroch: palimac^i- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *palga-n
Meaning: 1 foot 2 sole
Evenki: halgan 1
Even: halgъ.n 1
Negidal: xalgan 1
Ulcha: palz^|a(n) 1
Orok: palz^|a(n) 1
Nanai: palga 2
Oroch: xaga 'paw'
Udighe: xaga 'paw; bear's trace'
Solon: alg|a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paln|a
Meaning: palm (of hand)
Evenki: hann|a
Even: hann|ъ.
Negidal: xan/n|a
Spoken Manchu: fal@n|@ (71)
Literary Manchu: falan|Gu
Ulcha: pan/a
Orok: xan|n|a / xan|a
Nanai: pajn|a
Oroch: xan|a, xan|n|a
Udighe: xan/`a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *palu
Meaning: a k. of fish (similar to bream)
Literary Manchu: falu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paluka
Meaning: hammer
167Keys of Han
Evenki: halka
Even: halqъ.
Negidal: xalka
Literary Manchu: folx|o
Ulcha: palawu.(n)
Orok: palo
Nanai: paloa
Oroch: xalua, xaluwa
Udighe: xaluga
Solon: alxa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *palV
Meaning: molar
Ulcha: pali.
Nanai: paloa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *palVga
Meaning: a group of houses
Literary Manchu: falGa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pan/a-n
Meaning: shadow
Evenki: han/an
Even: hi.n/a:n
Negidal: xan/an
Spoken Manchu: fain|@ 'soul' (771)
Literary Manchu: fajan|Ga 'soul, spirit'
Ulcha: pan/a(n)
Orok: pana(n)
Nanai: pan/a
Oroch: xan/a(n)
Udighe: xan/a(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pani-
Meaning: 1 to attire 2 attire
Evenki: hani-sin 2
Even: ha:ni. 2, ha:ni.- 2
Negidal: xa:ni.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pann|u:-
Meaning: 1 to ask 2 to investigate 3 to follow smb.
Evenki: hann|u:- 1, hann|i- / ha:n|i:- 3
Spoken Manchu: f/onz^|i- 'to ask, to question, to ferret out' (1288)
Literary Manchu: fonz^|i- 1, 2
Jurchen: fanz^|u-mij (775) 2
Ulcha: pan-si.- 1
Orok: panu.-
Udighe: xauntasi- 1
Solon: an|u:.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pap-
Meaning: 1 to yell (of a shaman) 2 to divine 3 shaman, sorcerer
Evenki: haptaj 3
Negidal: xaptu.- 1
Literary Manchu: fada- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *para
Meaning: 1 saddle arc 2 sleigh 3 thill
168Keys of Han
Evenki: hara, dial. ha:ren 1
Spoken Manchu: far@ 'shaft' (1252)
Literary Manchu: fara 2, 3
Ulcha: para 2
Orok: pau.ra 'полозья'
Nanai: para 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *para(n)
Meaning: 1 place for the hut, floor 2 perch 3 lattice(d)
Evenki: haran 1
Even: hara:n 1
Negidal: haja:n 1
Literary Manchu: fargi ~ farki 2, faran|ga 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *parga
Meaning: 1 brave 2 silly 3 scoundrel
Literary Manchu: f/ada 3
Ulcha: parGa(n) 1
Orok: parGa 'miserly; harmful'
Nanai: farGa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *parga- ( ~ -rk-)
Meaning: excrement, to defecate
Spoken Manchu: faz^|@n (104, 497, 2327)
Literary Manchu: faz^|an, faz^|a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pargan
Meaning: 1 ski bedding for the foot 2 a measure of length (one centimeter)
Evenki: hargan 1, 2
Nanai: pajGa 1
Udighe: xaga 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paru-
Meaning: to faint, feel giddy
Evenki: haru:-
Even: ha:ru.-
Literary Manchu: fara-
Nanai: fari.nda-
Udighe: xau-ne-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasi-
Meaning: to hang
Literary Manchu: fasi-
Orok: pasi.-
Nanai: pasi.-
Oroch: xasi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasi-
Meaning: 1 to hurry, scurry 2 commotion, hurry (n.)
Even: hasu.l- 1
Spoken Manchu: fac^uhun 'disordered' (1065); fac^uhuru- 'to fall into disorder' (1066)
Literary Manchu: fac^i-xin, fac^u-xun 2, fac^ix/as^a- 1
Solon: pas^/igu:.· 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasu-
Meaning: to press, pinch
Evenki: hasu-
Even: as asъ.qlan (Ol.) 'handful'
Negidal: xas-
169Keys of Han
Ulcha: pasala-
Nanai: pasoala-
Solon: asu.-xu. 'handful'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pata, *pataka
Meaning: 1 feet pads 2 fetlock 3 sole 4 bottom 5 paw, hoof 6 sledge runner 7 butt (of tree)
Evenki: hata 1,2
Even: hat 3,4, hati.qa 2
Negidal: xata 1,2
Spoken Manchu: fat@h@, fat@q@ 'hoof' (2289)
Literary Manchu: fatan 3,4, fatx|a 5
Ulcha: pata 6
Orok: patta 7
Nanai: pata 5
Udighe: xedi 6
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pata-n
Meaning: part of a weaving machine
Literary Manchu: fatan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pati
Meaning: winter boots
Evenki: hati
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pati(ke)
Meaning: 1 tail fin 2 fish tail
Negidal: xepki: 2
Literary Manchu: fetxe 1, fetxeku 2
Ulcha: pati. 2
Orok: pac^i., pac^i.kke 1,2
Nanai: pac^i:. 1, pac^qi. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paxan
Meaning: bream
Ulcha: pax|a(n)
Nanai: pax|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:
Meaning: part
Evenki: ha:, ha:-n
Even: ha:ni.
Negidal: xa:
Literary Manchu: fa-li
Jurchen: far far (far-ar far-ar) 'separately' (781)
Ulcha: pa-si.; pa:ni. 'some, others'
Orok: po:
Nanai: pa-si.; poani 'some, others'
Oroch: xa
Udighe: xa(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:b-
Meaning: to add
Evenki: ha:w-
Even: ha:w-
Negidal: xa:w-
Ulcha: paji.-
Orok: poi.-
Nanai: poai.-
170Keys of Han
Solon: a:wi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:di
Meaning: separate(ly)
Evenki: ha:di 'some, part of'
Even: ha:di.-n 'some, other'
Literary Manchu: faz^|u 'space between'
Ulcha: pa:z^|i.
Orok: padi.
Nanai: pa:z^|i.
Solon: adi 'some'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:kin
Meaning: liver
Evenki: ha:kin, hakin
Even: ha:qъ.n
Negidal: xa:ki.n
Spoken Manchu: fahun (91)
Literary Manchu: faxun
Ulcha: pa:
Orok: pa:g|a / pa:qa
Nanai: pa:
Oroch: pa:g|a, pa:qa
Udighe: xa`i (Корм. 304)
Solon: a:xi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:kta
Meaning: 1 hill, mound 2 precipice 3 sand bank
Negidal: pakta 1 ( < South.)
Ulcha: pa:qta 2
Orok: paqtai. 3
Nanai: pa:qta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:la-n
Meaning: 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor
Even: ha:linrъ. 1
Negidal: palan 2 ( < South.)
Spoken Manchu: fal@n 2 (454)
Literary Manchu: fala(n) 2
Ulcha: pala(n) 2
Orok: pa:lla(n) 2
Nanai: pala 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:lan
Meaning: bifurcation, fork
Evenki: ha:la:n
Negidal: xalan
Ulcha: xala(n)
Nanai: pa:la
Oroch: xa:la(n)
Udighe: xala(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:lz^|e-
Meaning: to be ashamed
Evenki: ha:lz^|e-
Even: halz^|u.-
Negidal: xalz^|a-
Literary Manchu: f/anc^i-x/as^a-
171Keys of Han
Orok: xalz^|e:-
Nanai: x|alz^|a-
Oroch: xagz^|a-
Udighe: xagz^|a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:nta- / *pe:nte-
Meaning: 1 rainworm 2 flea
Evenki: ha:nteku 2
Nanai: pe:nte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:r-
Meaning: to buy, sell
Even: ha:rat-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:t(i)-
Meaning: 1 to strike, hit 2 clapper, beetle 3 to hew off
Evenki: hatal- 3 (Sakh.)
Negidal: pa:ti. 2 ( < South.)
Ulcha: pa:ti.-c^i.-, pa:ti.-la- 1, pa:ti. 2
Orok: pa:t-c^u.- 1
Nanai: pa:c^i.-c^i.- 1, pac^i. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pebgure (/*pu-)
Meaning: ski stick, circle on ski stick
Evenki: hewgure:
Negidal: xebguje
Ulcha: pegbere(n)
Orok: pebgire
Nanai: fubguru (Bik.)
Oroch: xebbiru 'hook on walking stick'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pebi-
Meaning: to squat
Evenki: hewic^-, hewe:-
Even: hewde:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pec^e-
Meaning: to be tired
Evenki: hec^e-
Even: hec^-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pec^ke-
Meaning: 1 to be surprised 2 strange, wonderful; base, vile
Literary Manchu: fec^exun, fec^uxun 2, fec^iki (n.)
Ulcha: peksi-, peske- 1
Orok: peske- 1
Nanai: pekse- 1
Oroch: peksi-, pekse- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede-
Meaning: 1 to ruddle, mark (deer, by cutting its ear) 2 dirty
Evenki: pedene:- 1 (Kamn.)
Even: hedenin 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede
Meaning: swift, energetic
Negidal: xeden
Nanai: pede
Oroch: xidus (adv.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede:-
Meaning: to ford, cross over
172Keys of Han
Evenki: hede:-
Literary Manchu: fida-, fide-
Solon: edelbu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegdi
Meaning: 1 big, large 2 important
Evenki: hegdi 1
Literary Manchu: fuz^|un 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegu(le)- ( / *po-)
Meaning: young of elk, elk
Evenki: hogloka:n, heglen, hewlen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegu(-n|kte) ( ~ -b-)
Meaning: 1 wart 2 callosity
Evenki: hewum 2, hen|te 1
Even: hen|tъ 1
Negidal: xewu-kte 2, xen|te 1
Spoken Manchu: fux@, fuxu 'wart, knot' (150, 2136)
Literary Manchu: fuxu 1
Ulcha: pukte 1
Orok: peukte 1
Nanai: pu:kte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe(j)m-
Meaning: boots
Evenki: hemc^ure:
Negidal: xemc^ira
Literary Manchu: foz^|i, fomo(c^i)
Jurchen: fom-c^i (556)
Orok: pe:µmo-ni. 'top of boots'
Oroch: xebbire
Solon: xoc^oro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peK-
Meaning: 1 to throw 2 to scatter, strew
Literary Manchu: fax|a- 1
Orok: pektikke- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peK- / *poK-
Meaning: 1 to trample, tread 2 to kick
Evenki: hek- 1, hokc^i-, heki:-, hekc^i- 2
Even: hek- 1, he:ki- 2
Negidal: xeg|i-, xek- 1, xekile:- 2
Spoken Manchu: fuxu- (1610)
Literary Manchu: fexu- 1, f/o:qoc^o-, f/o:qoz^|o- 2
Oroch: xeki- 1
Udighe: xen|de- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pekc^u-
Meaning: acid, astringent
Literary Manchu: fekc^uxun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peKe ( < *puKe ?)
Meaning: nit
Evenki: heke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peku-
Meaning: hot
Evenki: heku
Even: ho"k
173Keys of Han
Negidal: xeku-gdi
Literary Manchu: f/ak/a-n 'heat', f/aqu- 'to warm, dry'
Ulcha: pukeuli 'hot', pe:µkki- 'to bake' ( > Ud. piki-le- id.)
Orok: xekkuli, xekusi ( < Oroch.)
Nanai: peku 'hot', pi.qi.- 'to warm, heat'
Oroch: xeku, xekusi
Udighe: xekuhi
Solon: exu:gdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peku-
Meaning: to be embarrassed, troubled
Evenki: hekir-
Even: hekurun|c^i-
Literary Manchu: fox|odo-, fox|oto-, fexere-; fuqz^|is^a-
Jurchen: fe-xi-lar (373)
Ulcha: peken-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pel-
Meaning: 1 to insult, mock 2 not dare
Evenki: hel- 2
Spoken Manchu: fel@- 'to murder a superior person' (741)
Literary Manchu: fele- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pelbu
Meaning: antropomorphic pendant for women's hair
Evenki: helbu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peli- (/*puli-)
Meaning: 1 to walk 2 to hurry
Evenki: helde- (dial.) 1, helin-(c^e)- 2
Even: ho"l- 1, heli:n|-(c^i)- 2
Negidal: xul- 1, xenindu- 'in a hurry'
Literary Manchu: fel/e- 1
Jurchen: ful-cwi (421) 1
Ulcha: pulikte- 1
Orok: puli- 1, pelin- 2
Nanai: pul-si- 1, penin- 2
Oroch: xuli- 1
Udighe: xuli(hi)- 1, xelin-e- 2
Solon: ul-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pem- / *pim-
Meaning: 1 to wind, be twisted 2 loop on a thread, rope
Even: hemъr- 1, hi.mqan 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pemu-n
Meaning: lip
Evenki: hemun
Even: hemъn
Negidal: xemun
Spoken Manchu: fem@n 'lips' (28)
Literary Manchu: femen
Ulcha: pemu(n)
Orok: pemu(n)
Nanai: pemu
Oroch: xemu(n)
Udighe: xemu(n)
Solon: emme
174Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen/e-kte
Meaning: name of an edible root
Evenki: hen/ekte
Even: hi:.ntъ 'лилия даурская, сарана'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen/-n|en
Meaning: knee
Evenki: henn|en
Even: henn|en
Negidal: hen/n|en
Ulcha: pen/e(n-)
Orok: pene, pen|e(n-)
Nanai: pein|e
Oroch: hen|n|e, hen|en
Udighe: hen|e
Solon: en|e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *penu:- / *punu:-
Meaning: to notice, guess
Evenki: henu:-
Even: he:n-
Negidal: xenu-
Ulcha: punu-
Orok: xenun-
Udighe: xo:no-, xuene- 'to be surprised'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen|-
Meaning: 1 hole in ice or snow 2 to laugh, chuckle
Evenki: hen|ke 1, hen|ne- 2
Even: hen|ke 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pep-
Meaning: 1 locust 2 earth-worm
Literary Manchu: febsexe 1, febg/e 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pepke-
Meaning: grey
Evenki: hepkeme
Even: he:wke:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *per-
Meaning: 1 to esteem 2 to wait
Evenki: heric^e- 1, heru:- 2
Even: her- 1, herut-/-c^- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pere
Meaning: bottom, floor
Evenki: here
Even: her
Negidal: xeje
Spoken Manchu: fer@ (2594)
Literary Manchu: fere
Ulcha: pere(g)
Orok: pereg|, perel
Nanai: pereg, perel
Oroch: xe:
Udighe: xe:
Solon: eri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pere:-
175Keys of Han
Meaning: bumble-bee
Evenki: here:ptin (Вас.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peri
Meaning: abrasion, chafe (on horse's back)
Literary Manchu: feri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *perke-
Meaning: to bind, tie round
Evenki: herke-
Even: herkъ-
Negidal: xejke-
Orok: pitu- 'man's girdle'
Solon: ekke-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *perki-n / *purki-n
Meaning: West
Jurchen: fu-ri-si (591)
Ulcha: perxi(n)
Nanai: perxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peru-
Meaning: thumb
Evenki: hurug|uc^e:n
Even: ho"rъg|ъn
Negidal: xo"jen|en
Literary Manchu: ferxe
Ulcha: poro(n)
Orok: poro(n), pero(n)
Nanai: perxe
Oroch: xo:n|o(n)
Udighe: xue
Solon: orogun, urg|un
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peru-
Meaning: to despair, be troubled
Evenki: heru:-
Even: heri-
Literary Manchu: furu 'angry'
Nanai: peurekpen-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pesin
Meaning: handle
Evenki: hesin
Even: hesъn
Negidal: xesin
Spoken Manchu: fes^@n, fes@n (594)
Literary Manchu: fesin
Ulcha: pesi(n)
Orok: pesi(n)
Nanai: pesi
Oroch: xesi(n)
Udighe: xehi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pet-
Meaning: 1 to pinch 2 to grab 3 to dig, pick 4 to pluck, collect
Evenki: hetu-ke:t- 1
Even: hetъkle- 1
Spoken Manchu: fat@- 1, 4 (1165, 1575)
176Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fata- 1, fete- 3
Ulcha: patarac^i- 2
Nanai: pata- (Он.) 4, fete- (Bik., Kur-Urm.) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pete-
Meaning: 1 to run quickly, hurry 2 to jump (away, off)
Evenki: heteke:n- 2
Even: heteken- 1
Negidal: xetexen- 2
Literary Manchu: finte- 2
Ulcha: peten- 2
Orok: potc^o- 2
Nanai: pete:n- 2
Oroch: xete- 2
Udighe: xetigen-e- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pete-n
Meaning: fate
Literary Manchu: feten
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pet-ke-
Meaning: to fall, drop
Even: hetkъn|c^i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:-
Meaning: to be unable, not dare
Evenki: he:-
Even: he:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:jKe
Meaning: 1 brain 2 forehead 3 top of the head
Evenki: he:je:, heje 2
Even: he:je 3
Negidal: xe:je: 2
Spoken Manchu: fixe (5) 1
Literary Manchu: fexi 1
Ulcha: pe:je 2
Orok: pe:je 2
Nanai: pe:je 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:lbu-
Meaning: to be pregnant
Evenki: he:lbu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:te:
Meaning: 1 seal fat 2 seal skin 3 seal
Evenki: he:te: 1
Even: he:te 1, he:tes 2
Negidal: xe:te: 1, 3
Literary Manchu: fetxi 3
Orok: pe:>te 3, pe:>teske 2
Oroch: xe:te 3, xe:tekse 2
Udighe: xete 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:z^|e-
Meaning: to dance, roundelay
Evenki: he:z^|e-
Even: he:z^|e-
Negidal: xe:z^|en-
Orok: xede (n.)
177Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piabi
Meaning: a k. of sparrow
Evenki: hiwi, Yerb. he:µwi 'клест, снегирь, дрозд ореховый'
Literary Manchu: f/abqu, f/afiqu 'воробей-конопляник'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piaKa
Meaning: 1 diligent, smart 2 disobedient, brave 3 to arouse
Evenki: he:µka 1
Even: hi.qa:r 2
Nanai: pikpu- 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pia-la-
Meaning: 1 part of a cross-bow 2 name of a tree (used for bows)
Negidal: pe:µlaxa 1
Literary Manchu: filan 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pialaki:
Meaning: partridge
Evenki: he:µlaki:
Even: ha":li.ki.
Negidal: xe:µlaxi:.
Literary Manchu: f/elen|ku
Ulcha: pe:µla
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pialki- (/-rk-)
Meaning: 1 to flash (of lightning) 2 lightning 3 to thunder
Evenki: he:µlki- 1, he:µlkin 2 (/-rk-)
Ulcha: pi.c^u.- 1
Nanai: pojqana- 1
Oroch: xa":kki- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pian-
Meaning: 1 appearance, face, colour 2 face side
Literary Manchu: f/an 1
Udighe: p/a"n/ia (Bik.) 2 ( < South.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pianc^i-
Meaning: to crush
Even: henc^ik-
Negidal: xin|c^el-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pian|kV
Meaning: 1 shelf 2 lower tent cover
Even: hie:µn|ku 2
Ulcha: pe:µn|Ga 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *p[ia]ri-
Meaning: 1 to split 2 split, crack
Evenki: hir-ke- 1, hiri-kte 2
Even: hir 2
Literary Manchu: f/ere- 1, f/ere-n, fi-qtu 2
Orok: pi:ri-kte 2
Nanai: pi.ari., Bik. fi.ri.gda mo:ni. 'name of a tree for making bows' ("трескун-дерево")
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piaru
Meaning: 1 worm (in meat) 2 moth 3 beetle
Literary Manchu: f/aru 1
Ulcha: piru(n) 2
Orok: parau. 3
178Keys of Han
Nanai: pi.ro, fi.aro 2
Udighe: pa"u 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pias-
Meaning: stone
Evenki: hise
Ulcha: pe:µs 'крутой, утесистый'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pic^e-
Meaning: to sprinkle, gush forth
Even: hec^e:pkin-
Nanai: pic^ke:- (Он. 331)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pidu- ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: to instigate, cause
Even: hidu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pig-
Meaning: 1 nettle, hemp 2 to peel fibre (from nettle) 3 to spin threads
Evenki: hig|a- 3
Negidal: xi:kte 1
Literary Manchu: f/e 1
Ulcha: pi:kte 1
Orok: pi:kte 1
Nanai: pi:kte 1
Oroch: xi:kte 1, xig-du- 2
Udighe: sikte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pige ( ~ *piage)
Meaning: kite
Evenki: hig|en
Even: huhen, ho"sen
Negidal: xig|e:-c^e:n
Ulcha: pic^u(n)
Orok: pe:µc^andi
Nanai: pi:c^ue
Oroch: xiwoc^o
Solon: ige:se:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pigi-
Meaning: 1 to warm, be warmed 2 to be sun-tanned (of skin)
Evenki: hig|it- 1
Even: hig|ъt- 1
Negidal: xo:- 'пригорать'
Literary Manchu: fo- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pigi-n
Meaning: 1 storm 2 wind
Evenki: xigin 2
Negidal: xig|in / xijin 1
Ulcha: piwsu(n) 1
Orok: sii 1
Nanai: piugi- 1 (v.)
Udighe: si: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pika
Meaning: 1 rear, buttocks 2 naked, with naked buttocks
Evenki: hikan/a 1
Negidal: xi.xan/a 1
179Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: f/aku 2 (207)
Literary Manchu: f/aqu 2
Ulcha: pi.qa 2 (Суник 1985, 225)
Nanai: piqa 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piKen
Meaning: breast bone
Evenki: hiken
Even: hiken
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piKi-
Meaning: to rub
Evenki: hiki-
Even: hi.k-
Negidal: xixi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilakta
Meaning: 1 a k. of hawk 2 a k. of woodpecker
Evenki: hilakta 1, 2
Ulcha: pi.laqta, pe:µlaqta 2
Nanai: pi.laqta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pil(b)-
Meaning: 1 slime 2 to eat raw fish, meat 3 ear pus
Evenki: hilbi 1, hilbika:- 2, dial. pila 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pile-
Meaning: 1 thawed patch 2 open (ground)
Evenki: hile, hileke: 1, -ke:n 2
Even: hilen|e 1
Negidal: xilexe 1
Literary Manchu: fili-ta-x|un 2
Udighe: silen|e-gisi- 'to form (of thawed ground patches)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pile-
Meaning: to dry under the sun
Even: hilъt-
Negidal: xilet-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilki-
Meaning: to rub, smear
Evenki: hilki-
Orok: pikki-
Nanai: pi.lqi.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilti-
Meaning: a k. of wild duck
Evenki: hiltiwir, hiltig|ir
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pim-
Meaning: sign
Evenki: him
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pimi-kte
Meaning: red bilberry
Evenki: himikte
Even: hie:mtъ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pinn|a
Meaning: scar
Evenki: hinn|a
Even: hi.nn|ъ.n
Negidal: xi.nn|an
180Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fix|a 'ulcer'
Orok: pi.na
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi[n/r]a
Meaning: 1 thick needle 2 fish-hook
Evenki: hinna (dial. hinda, hindra) 2
Nanai: bi.nz^|a:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pinu-ki:
Meaning: hazel-hen
Evenki: hinuki:
Even: hiniki
Negidal: xi:nki:
Literary Manchu: f/oxa 'chicken'
Ulcha: pinu
Orok: pinu
Nanai: pimu
Oroch: ximmui, ximui
Udighe: sumugi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pin|ta-
Meaning: to separate (from the herd, flock)
Evenki: hin|tal-
Even: hi:.ntъ.l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piregden
Meaning: a k. of plant
Ulcha: piragda 'чубушник'
Nanai: piregde:n сирень крупная (Сем Ю.А.-Сем Л.И. 1988, 14)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piri
Meaning: steep (slope, bank)
Evenki: hir-ki
Even: hiri-le 'rock, cliff'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pirki- ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: to obtain a callosity
Evenki: hirki-
Even: i.rqъ.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piruge:-
Meaning: to pray
Evenki: hirug|e:-
Even: hirge-
Negidal: xi:g|e:-
Literary Manchu: firu-
Solon: iruge:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pisa-
Meaning: to insert a wedge, to patch
Evenki: hisa:-
Negidal: xi.sa-
Ulcha: pi.sa-
Nanai: pi.sa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pise-
Meaning: 1 seed, offspring; kin 2 millet
Even: hese-n 1 (Okh.)
Literary Manchu: fise-n 1, fisi-ke 2
Ulcha: pikse 2
Nanai: pikse, Kur-Urm. fisxe 2
181Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pise-
Meaning: 1 to make a penthouse 2 penthouse 3 opposite walls from roof to ceiling
Literary Manchu: fise- 1, fiseku, fisen|ge 2
Nanai: pisoa 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pis(k)-
Meaning: 1 crack 2 to prick (with a fish-fork) 3 to split 4 to prick, incise 5 to tear 6 to be torn
Evenki: hismat- 4
Even: hi.sqa:n- 3
Negidal: xi.skan 1, xi.smi.ki.t- 2
Literary Manchu: pes seme 6 (borrowed < South. Tung. or with expressive p-?)
Orok: pesitc^i- 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pisu- / *pusu-
Meaning: to sprinkle
Evenki: husu-
Even: hus-
Negidal: xusi-
Spoken Manchu: fusu- (1658)
Literary Manchu: fisi-, fise-, fusu-
Ulcha: pisuri-
Orok: pisitc^i-, possoli.-
Nanai: pisi-, fisi-, fuksu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pit(a)
Meaning: hard, tough
Evenki: pit ( < South.)
Literary Manchu: fita
Ulcha: pi.tam 'near, close'
Orok: pi.tamz^|i; pit 'just, soon'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pita-
Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to suffer
Evenki: hitac^il- 1
Even: hi:.t- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pix-
Meaning: to winnow, clean, husk
Ulcha: pixunde- ( > Oroch pa":xunde-)
Nanai: fixunde- (Bik.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:be:-
Meaning: to whet, sharpen
Evenki: hi:we:-
Even: hi:w-
Negidal: xi:wu-
Literary Manchu: fojfo-
Ulcha: pi:we-
Orok: pi:we:-
Nanai: pi.a-
Oroch: xi:we 'whetstone'
Udighe: sue 'whetstone'
Solon: i:we 'whetstone'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:l(a)-
Meaning: 1 strap(s) 2 to tug 3 belt 4 bridle
Even: hi.lъ.pъ.n 1
182Keys of Han
Negidal: xi:.la- 2
Literary Manchu: feleku 4
Orok: pi.tu. ( < *pil-tu) 3
Udighe: silipti 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:lu-
Meaning: to soar; to drop (of leaves)
Literary Manchu: f/ele-
Nanai: pi:luen-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poba
Meaning: 1 ten (a bundle of ten squirrels) 2 collection, gathering
Orok: po:wo 1
Nanai: poa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pode-
Meaning: 1 willow 2 elm
Evenki: hedepte 2
Literary Manchu: fodo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poga-
Meaning: to choke, pant
Evenki: hog|o-
Negidal: xog|o-
Literary Manchu: fo-do-
Udighe: xo:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pogz^|V
Meaning: 1 lower part of the back 2 tail
Evenki: hogz^|o: 1, 2
Even: hogz^|i. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poK-
Meaning: 1 to pound, crush, mince 2 to break
Evenki: hoko- 2
Even: hokak- 2
Orok: poqpu.- 1
Nanai: poqpi.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poKa-
Meaning: 1 short 2 sacrum (anat.)
Evenki: hokopc^o 2
Spoken Manchu: f/oh@l@n, f/ohulun 1 (2412)
Literary Manchu: foxolon 'short', faqari 'short-legged', faqac^a 'short one'
Jurchen: fo-xo-lo (691) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pokta
Meaning: road
Evenki: xokto
Even: ho:t
Negidal: xokto
Ulcha: poqto
Orok: pokto
Nanai: foqto
Oroch: xokto
Udighe: xokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pokta
Meaning: cloth, gown
Evenki: hokto
183Keys of Han
Negidal: xokto
Literary Manchu: foqto
Ulcha: poqto
Orok: x|oqto, poqto
Nanai: poqto
Oroch: pokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *polo-kta
Meaning: 1 old, worn out 2 last year's
Evenki: holokto 1
Negidal: xolokto 2
Nanai: polo:qto 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pom-
Meaning: 1 to leave a fresh trace 2 to crawl near 3 to wander 4 scoop
Evenki: homolon- 2
Even: ho:m- 1, homi.n- 3, homъ.qa 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poma:- / *pume-
Meaning: bear
Evenki: homo:ti:, humej
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ponda
Meaning: footwear made of fish skin
Ulcha: pondo
Orok: pondo
Nanai: pondoqto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon/i- / *pen/i-
Meaning: wrinkle, to wrinkle
Evenki: hon/i-, hun/i-
Orok: peni-
Udighe: xen|iem
Solon: xon/e:su.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|dV
Meaning: 1 gudgeon 2 grayling
Ulcha: pun|gu 1
Nanai: pende: 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|ga
Meaning: 1 musk deer 2 musk
Evenki: hon|go 2
Even: hon|gac^an 1
Literary Manchu: fon/o 1
Ulcha: pon|Gol 2
Nanai: pon|Gol 2
Oroch: xon|golo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|ga
Meaning: bud, cone
Literary Manchu: bon|Gu, bon|qo
Ulcha: pon|Gorpi.
Nanai: pon|go 'bush' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *por-
Meaning: 1 to spin, turn round 2 to weave (nets)
Evenki: horol- 1
Even: herelkin- 'to turn into'
Negidal: xoji.l- 1
Spoken Manchu: for@-, foru- 1 (270, 1776)
184Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: foro- 1
Ulcha: pori- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *por-
Meaning: to hit, strike
Spoken Manchu: f/ori- 'to pound, to beat' (1582)
Literary Manchu: fori-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pora-n
Meaning: 1 top (of head), top 2 tuft, forelock
Evenki: xoron 1
Negidal: xojo(n) 1
Spoken Manchu: for@n, forun (2068)
Literary Manchu: foron 2
Ulcha: poro(n) 1
Orok: poro(n) 1
Nanai: poro 1
Oroch: xo:(n) 'space above'
Udighe: xo:(n) 'above' (postp.)
Solon: oro:· 'mountain pass'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pos-
Meaning: 1 to burst, break out 2 through
Literary Manchu: fusxu- 1
Ulcha: pos 2
Orok: pos 2
Nanai: pos, fos 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poske-
Meaning: to kick
Literary Manchu: fesxule-
Orok: poskolo-
Nanai: puskule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pota
Meaning: willow
Orok: potoqto
Nanai: fotox|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:g- / *peg-de-
Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to tear off 3 to prick with an awl 4 awl
Evenki: ho:g|- 1, hegde-li:- 2
Even: heg|dъk- 2
Negidal: xegde-l- 2
Literary Manchu: {fe- 'to mow (grass)'}
Orok: pu:- 3
Nanai: xoi.- 1 (Kur-Urm.)
Oroch: xoi.- 1, xu:-gu 4, xegde- 2
Udighe: xegdeli- 2 (Корм. 307), xuai- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:j-, *po:j-ki- ( > *pia:-ki:-)
Meaning: 1 birch 2 larch 3 swamp, low forest
Evenki: ho:j, dial. he:j 3, he:µ-ki: 2
Even: ha":-ki.ta 2
Negidal: xe:µ-xi-ta, xe:µ-nakta 2
Literary Manchu: f/a 1
Ulcha: pe:µ 1
Orok: pe:µ 1
185Keys of Han
Nanai: pea 1
Solon: oi 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:nn|a- / *pe:nn|a-
Meaning: 1 to crush, crushed 2 to chop
Evenki: ho:n|na-, ho:n|ni:-, hon|- 2
Even: ho:n-, o:nn|a- 2
Negidal: xon|ni.- 2
Ulcha: pen| 1
Orok: pen|, pem 1
Nanai: pen|, pe:n| (adv.) 1
Oroch: xo:n|i- 2
Udighe: xuan|ni- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:r-da-
Meaning: to make an imprinted drawing on birch bark
Evenki: ho:rda-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:si-
Meaning: 1 spark 2 glowing or extinguished coal 3 ray
Evenki: ho:sin 1
Even: hosъ.n 1
Negidal: xosi.nc^a: 2
Literary Manchu: foson 3
Ulcha: posi. 1
Orok: posi.(n) 1
Nanai: posi.· 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:ti-
Meaning: 1 sense 2 to pay attention
Evenki: ho:tiwu:n 1
Even: hoti.c^i.w- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pubi / *pebi
Meaning: nest
Evenki: hug|i; hewe 'шалаш'
Even: hewi
Negidal: xu:g|i:
Spoken Manchu: fei (2299)
Literary Manchu: feje
Udighe: xui
Solon: ubi:, u:wi:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pubu-
Meaning: 1 to saw 2 saw
Evenki: huwu- 1, hu:wun 2
Even: hu:.-na-
Negidal: xo-
Literary Manchu: fufu- 1, fufun 2
Ulcha: pu:.- 1, pu.pu.(n) 2
Orok: pu.pu.-la-, pu:.pu.(n) 2
Nanai: po:- 1, popo 2
Oroch: xu: 2
Udighe: xu 2
Solon: o:gi, u:.gi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puc^e- ( ~ -s^-)
Meaning: 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through
Evenki: huc^e-rge- 1
186Keys of Han
Udighe: pusege- 1 ( < unattested Nan. or Ulch.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puc^i-
Meaning: red willow
Ulcha: puc^ekte
Nanai: fuc^ile (Bik.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pude-
Meaning: 1 to follow along 2 expel an evil spirit
Spoken Manchu: fed@- (1456)
Literary Manchu: fude- 1
Jurchen: fude-mij (410) 1
Ulcha: pude-c^i- 2
Nanai: pude- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *p[u]g-
Meaning: 1 ornament 2 drawing
Evenki: hug|ak 2, hig|erente 1
Orok: pu:ripten|i, pueripten|gi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pugi- / *puki-
Meaning: intestines, stomach
Evenki: hug|i-te / huki-te
Even: huktъ
Negidal: xuxi-n
Ulcha: puku(n)
Orok: puxi(n)
Nanai: puxi
Oroch: xu:ki
Udighe: xug|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pug(i)ju-
Meaning: 1 tinder, tree excrescence 2 convex
Evenki: hujulgen 1
Even: pogu.ra 2 ( < S.-Tung.)
Negidal: pog|ju. 1 ( < S.-Tung.)
Literary Manchu: forz^|in 1
Orok: pugju 1
Nanai: porz^|i. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puje
Meaning: wound, sore
Evenki: huje
Even: huj
Negidal: xuje
Spoken Manchu: fei (708)
Literary Manchu: feje
Ulcha: puje
Orok: puje
Nanai: puje
Oroch: xije, sije
Udighe: sie
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puji-
Meaning: to nauseate
Even: hu.ji.rqi.t-
Literary Manchu: fuja-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puju-
Meaning: to boil
187Keys of Han
Evenki: huju-
Even: huj-
Negidal: xuj-
Spoken Manchu: fei- (348)
Literary Manchu: fuje-
Ulcha: puju-
Orok: puj-
Nanai: puju-
Oroch: xuju-si-
Udighe: xui-hi-
Solon: uji-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puju-
Meaning: 1 plum 2 a k. of bush
Negidal: xujumke 2
Literary Manchu: fojo:ro 1
Jurchen: fojow (107) 1
Nanai: puju 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puj(u)-, *puj-kte
Meaning: 1 small 2 child 3 junior
Evenki: hujuku:n 1, hute 2, huju-digi 3
Even: hut 2
Negidal: xute 2
Literary Manchu: f/an|Gu, fijan|u 3
Ulcha: pikte 2, pu.jan|Gu. 3
Orok: putte 2
Nanai: pikte 2, poja(n|Go) 3
Oroch: xi:tke, xiteke 2
Udighe: site 2
Solon: ute 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puK-
Meaning: completely, all
Literary Manchu: fux|ali
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puk- / *pok-
Meaning: 1 to swell, swollen 2 bubble, blister 3 cracks in skin 4 rough (of skin)
Evenki: hokoripc^u 4
Literary Manchu: fuqa 2
Ulcha: pukte- 1, poqo 2
Orok: pug|ju 1, puqa 2
Nanai: pukc^e- 1, poqa 2, fo-rini (Bik.) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puka
Meaning: 1 henbane 2 fern 3 dry grass for fire
Literary Manchu: fuqtala 2, fuxen 3
Ulcha: poqo 1
Nanai: poqaqa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukc^u-
Meaning: to attack
Evenki: hukc^u-
Even: ho"c^-
Negidal: xokc^o-
Ulcha: xokc^o-
Orok: pokc^e-
Nanai: xukc^u-, fukc^u-
188Keys of Han
Oroch: xokc^o-
Udighe: xokc^o-
Solon: ekc^i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukele:-
Meaning: 1 lie 2 roll down 3 fall
Evenki: hukle:- 1, huke:l- 2
Even: hukle:- 1, hukъl- 2
Negidal: xug|le- 1
Literary Manchu: fuxese- 2
Ulcha: pulu- 2, 3
Nanai: fukulgi- (dial.) 1, puelin- 2
Oroch: xukeli- 3
Solon: ugl/a- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puke:n
Meaning: crop, craw
Evenki: huke:n
Negidal: xu:xe:n
Literary Manchu: fuqa 'navel of animals, musk bag'
Ulcha: poko
Nanai: poqo 'tear follicle' (Он.)
Udighe: xugun/a"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukti-
Meaning: to run, gallop
Evenki: hukti-
Even: ho":tu-
Negidal: xukti-
Spoken Manchu: fek@s^i- (1232)
Literary Manchu: feksi- / fekc^e-
Ulcha: pukti-
Orok: pukc^i-
Nanai: pukc^i-
Oroch: xukti-
Udighe: xukti-
Solon: ukteli:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puKur / *puKun
Meaning: cow
Evenki: hukur
Even: ho"ken, ho"ko"n
Solon: uxur 'ox' (possibly < Mong.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-
Meaning: 1 corner (of mouth) 2 cheek 3 inner side of cheek 4 gum 5 cheekbone 6 nose (of animal)
Evenki: hullir 6
Even: hulrъ.n 3
Negidal: xoli.n 1
Literary Manchu: fulz^|in 2
Ulcha: pu:.li. (Sch.) 5, pu.ltu.(n) 3
Orok: pu.lc^i. 3
Nanai: polpi.· 3 , (Bik.) felc^e 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-
Meaning: 1 to grow, blossom 2 shoot, offspring 3 horse-tail (bot.) 4 panicle 5 wild grape
Even: hul 3
189Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fulxu- 1, fulxun 2
Nanai: polan|qa 4
Oroch: xolomu.ktA 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-
Meaning: 1 hump 2 swelling, convexity
Evenki: hulin 1, hulka 2
Even: hu.lъ.n 1
Orok: pulu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pula-
Meaning: red
Evenki: xula-ma,-rin
Even: hu.lan/a:
Negidal: xolajin
Spoken Manchu: f@l@g/an, fulg/an (2419)
Literary Manchu: fulg/an
Jurchen: fula-gian (617)
Nanai: folg/a":(n)
Udighe: xulaligi
Solon: u.la:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pula
Meaning: ash tree, asp tree, poplar
Evenki: hula
Even: hu.l
Negidal: xol
Literary Manchu: fulx|a
Jurchen: fulto 'каштан' (121)
Ulcha: pu.li.
Orok: pu.lu.
Nanai: polo
Oroch: xulu
Udighe: xulu
Solon: u.lu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-
Meaning: root
Spoken Manchu: ful@x@, fuluxu (2145)
Literary Manchu: fulexe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-
Meaning: to be left, surplus
Evenki: hele-, hule-
Even: hul-
Negidal: xule-
Literary Manchu: fulu
Ulcha: pule-
Orok: pule-
Nanai: pule-
Oroch: xule-
Udighe: xule-
Solon: ule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-
Meaning: 1 to open up 2 to burst, break through
Evenki: hulen- 1, hulte- 2
Even: hultъl- 2
190Keys of Han
Negidal: xulexet- 'рыться (в вещах)', xultejkin- 2
Literary Manchu: fonto-, funto- 2
Nanai: poldoli.- 2
Udighe: xulegde- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pulga-
Meaning: 1 to sacrifice 2 alms, charity 3 sacrifice
Evenki: hulga- 1
Literary Manchu: fulexu 2
Udighe: xula 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul(i)gi-
Meaning: to blow
Spoken Manchu: filixi- (2126)
Literary Manchu: fulg/e-
Nanai: fulgi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pulmi-kte
Meaning: midge
Evenki: hunmi:kte
Even: humtъc^en
Negidal: xunmug|ekte
Ulcha: pulte, pumikte
Orok: pulikte, pumikte
Nanai: purmikte
Oroch: pumikte
Udighe: xumukte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puln/e-
Meaning: ashes
Evenki: hulepte:n
Even: hulte:n
Negidal: xule:pte:n
Spoken Manchu: filin|i (493)
Literary Manchu: fulen|gi
Jurchen: fule-n|i (65)
Ulcha: puneqte
Orok: punekte
Nanai: pun/ekte, (dial.) xulefte
Oroch: xulepte
Udighe: xulepte(n)
Solon: ulukte:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-sa
Meaning: blanket, sleeping bag
Evenki: hulla
Even: hu.lrъ.
Negidal: xola
Ulcha: pu.lta
Orok: pu.lta
Nanai: polta
Oroch: xukta
Udighe: xulaha
Solon: ula
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pume- ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: to mix up
Literary Manchu: fumere-
191Keys of Han
Jurchen: fume 'to bundle' (856)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pum-te
Meaning: part of body around the heart
Evenki: humte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/-
Meaning: smell, to smell
Evenki: hun/n|ukte-
Even: hi:nemsi
Negidal: xun
Spoken Manchu: fun|@s@n, fun|@sun 'smelling of an animal, smelling of urine' (435, 2326)
Literary Manchu: fun, fun|san, fun|s^un
Ulcha: pu:(n)
Orok: pu:(n), pu:nig|e
Nanai: pu:·, dial. fu
Oroch: xu:(n), xu:n/
Udighe: xu(n)
Solon: u:.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/-
Meaning: to smoke
Ulcha: punz^|ic^i-, pun/ambu-
Orok: pun-
Nanai: pon|qi.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pundimi
Meaning: midge
Literary Manchu: funz^|ima
Nanai: ponz^|i.mi.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/e-
Meaning: hair
Evenki: hen/ekte 'пыжик (мех молочного олененка)'
Spoken Manchu: fenix@ 'hair, fur'(2, 143, 2282), funig|e
Literary Manchu: fun/exe
Jurchen: fun-ir-xie (497)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pune
Meaning: 1 time, period 2 South
Spoken Manchu: fon 'occasion' (2649)
Literary Manchu: fon 1
Jurchen: fowan (fom-wan) do (81) 1, fAn-ti (592) 2
Ulcha: punele 2
Nanai: fo (Kur-Urm.) 1 ( < Man.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *punn|e-
Meaning: 1 to drive (deer) 2 running deer
Even: hunik 2
Ulcha: pun|ne- 1
Orok: pun|ne- 1
Nanai: pun|ne- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|-
Meaning: mildew
Evenki: hun|na
Negidal: xon|nan-
Spoken Manchu: f@ntan (440)
Literary Manchu: funtan
192Keys of Han
Ulcha: pu.n|da
Orok: pu.n|da
Nanai: pon|da
Oroch: xun|na
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|-
Meaning: 1 to graze, brush against 2 to shake
Evenki: hun|na- 1
Even: hun|ri- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|k- / *pen|k-
Meaning: 1 to fade, exuviate 2 to fall off 3 pale, faded, dark
Even: hen|kъl- 1,2
Literary Manchu: fundexun 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|ku
Meaning: kerchief (for wiping off)
Spoken Manchu: fun|ku 'handkerchief' (246)
Literary Manchu: fun|ku, fu- 'to wipe off'
Ulcha: pon|qo
Orok: pukku
Nanai: pun|ku
Solon: xunku, umku, un|ku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|te
Meaning: other, someone else's
Evenki: hun|tu
Even: ho":ntъ
Negidal: xo"n|to"
Oroch: xonto, xon|to
Udighe: xon|to
Solon: entu:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pupe:-
Meaning: to go away, become separated
Even: hupe:n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-
Meaning: 1 young (boy, child) 2 children 3 family 4 breed
Evenki: hur-ke:n 1, huru: 3, huril 2
Even: hur-ken 1, hurъl 2
Negidal: xujil 2
Literary Manchu: fur-sun 4
Ulcha: purul 2
Orok: purig|e 1, puril 2
Nanai: puri 3, puril 2
Oroch: xi: 2
Solon: ukke:xe:·, urke:xe:· 1, uril 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-
Meaning: 1 to drizzle 2 slush 3 to fall (of first snow) 4 wind (changing its direction)
Even: horu.- 3, hu:.rqa 4
Literary Manchu: furana- 'запылиться'
Orok: pure:- 1
Nanai: puruekme 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-
Meaning: 1 to dive 2 to incline (the head) 3 to bow, incline
Evenki: hur- 1, 2, huric^e- 3
193Keys of Han
Negidal: xuji- 1
Literary Manchu: fura-, furi- 1
Ulcha: purin- 1
Orok: purotc^i- 1
Nanai: purin- 1
Udighe: xuilen- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur- / *per-
Meaning: 1 screw 2 to engrail 3 bore, drill 4 to gnaw (of mice, rats) 5 notch, scar
Evenki: huriwu:k 1, huril- 2, herewul 3; purul- 3 ( < *Nan.)
Literary Manchu: furdan 5
Nanai: furgi- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puraki:
Meaning: 1 wing 2 wing bone 3 feather arista
Evenki: huraki: 1, 2, 3
Even: hu.ri.qi. 2
Negidal: xo.jaxi:. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pure
Meaning: thicket, forest
Evenki: hur, hure
Negidal: xuje:n
Ulcha: pure(n)
Orok: pure(n)
Nanai: pure
Oroch: xue(n)
Udighe: xuenc^e- 'to go hunting'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puri-
Meaning: to wink
Evenki: hurim-
Even: hu.rъ.m-
Negidal: xoji.m-
Nanai: pori.a 'scowling'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puri- / *piri-
Meaning: to dry (over fire)
Evenki: hiriw-, huri-
Negidal: xi:-wun 'woven basket for drying fish or meat over fire'
Literary Manchu: f/arin|g/a-
Oroch: xi 'shelf over fire for drying fish'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *purka
Meaning: lasso
Evenki: hurka
Even: hu.rqъ.
Negidal: xojka
Ulcha: puc^a
Orok: pu.ta
Nanai: pojqa
Oroch: xukka
Udighe: xuka
Han-Tungus-prototype: *purke:-
Meaning: 1 to be bored 2 to be angry
Evenki: hurke:- 1
Even: ho"rken- 1
194Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fuk/e-, fuc^e- 2
Oroch: xokkosi-
Udighe: xokoho (adv.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puru-, *purgu-
Meaning: to crush
Evenki: huru-, hurgu-, horo-
Even: hurun|-, hor-c^a-
Spoken Manchu: furu- 'to chop, to cleave' (1730)
Literary Manchu: furu-
Ulcha: pori-
Nanai: purtu 'crumbs'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pus-
Meaning: 1 to blow, blow out (fire) 2 to fan 3 fan
Evenki: hus- 1
Literary Manchu: fusxe-, fisi(xi)- 2, fusxe-ku 3
Jurchen: fu-sxe-n|u 3 (221)
Nanai: fexse- 'to shake', fexsen|ku 'bellows'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puse-
Meaning: 1 trout 2 black amur (fish) 3 a k. of fish
Even: he:sъmki 1
Literary Manchu: fuseli 3
Nanai: fusuli 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puse
Meaning: reason
Evenki: hohut-, hos^ut- (dial.) 'to be smb.'s equal'
Even: huse
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pusi-
Meaning: to shave, scrape off
Evenki: hus-
Even: hu.s-
Negidal: xos-
Literary Manchu: fusi-
Ulcha: pu.si.-
Orok: pu.si.-
Nanai: posi.-
Oroch: xusi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pusi(-kV)
Meaning: 1 excrescence (on a tree) 2 to swell
Even: ho":skъn- 2
Literary Manchu: fuqsuxu, fusku, fusxu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *put-
Meaning: to roast, grill
Spoken Manchu: fic^ix/al@- 'to singe' (379)
Literary Manchu: fuc^i-x/ala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *put-
Meaning: 1 lap 2 thread, rope
Spoken Manchu: f@ta: 2 (661)
Literary Manchu: futa 2 (Захаров 1079)
Ulcha: putu(n) 1
Nanai: putu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puta-
Meaning: 1 to blaze 2 light of fireflies 3 firefly 4 dark red
195Keys of Han
Evenki: huta-l- 1
Even: huta:-l- 1
Negidal: xotol-xotol 1
Literary Manchu: fataqu 4
Ulcha: pu.ta-lu.- 1, pu.ta-z^|a(n) 2
Orok: pu.tamu. 3
Nanai: potal 1
Oroch: xuta-ra":- 1
Udighe: xuta- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *putaka:n
Meaning: sack, bag
Evenki: hutaka:n
Even: hu.tqan
Negidal: xotaka:n
Literary Manchu: fintax|a
Ulcha: pu.ta(n)
Orok: pu.ta
Nanai: po:tac^a
Oroch: xuta(ka)
Udighe: xuta`a (Корм. 307)
Solon: u.txa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pute:
Meaning: 1 hole 2 to break through 3 nostril
Literary Manchu: feteri 3
Orok: pute: 1, pute:- 2
Nanai: pute:- 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *putumukte
Meaning: 1 honeysuckle, woodbind 2 strawberry
Evenki: hutumukte 1, 2
Even: hutъmtъ 1
Negidal: hutumte 1
Udighe: xutumukte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puturka:
Meaning: 1 heartwood 2 spine
Evenki: hutuka:, dial. hurka 1, 2
Even: hu.tqa 2
Negidal: xojka:n 1, 2
Udighe: xutiga 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puz^|uri
Meaning: root, beginning
Literary Manchu: fuz^|uri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:-
Meaning: 1 to stiffen 2 to fade
Evenki: huwun- 2
Even: hu:- 1, hu:.b- 2
Literary Manchu: fu- 1
Udighe: xuwe- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:-
Meaning: to blow
Evenki: huw-
Even: hu:-
Negidal: xu:w-
196Keys of Han
Ulcha: pu:-
Orok: pu:-
Nanai: pu:-
Oroch: xu:-
Solon: u:-gu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:>c^-
Meaning: to spoil (of food)
Evenki: hu:c^ilke-, huc^ilku-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:g-
Meaning: 1 mad, crazy 2 to have a troubled, disquiet sleep 3 angry bear (not sleeping during hibernation)
Evenki: hu:g|i: 1, hu:g| 3
Even: ho"kъc^en 3
Negidal: xu:g|e:c^e:n 3
Literary Manchu: fux|a-s^a- 2; foqz^|ix/an 'hot-tempered'
Nanai: pue-se- 2
Oroch: xui-si- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:ski-
Meaning: counter, opposite
Evenki: hu:ski:
Even: huwuski
Negidal: hoski:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"g-
Meaning: to flay
Evenki: hig|-
Even: hig|-
Negidal: xig|-
Ulcha: puju-
Orok: puji-
Nanai: puji-
Oroch: si:- (Khad.)
Udighe: si:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"jmur
Meaning: dragon, monster (resembling a constrictor, crocodile or sheat-fish)
Negidal: ximu
Ulcha: pujmu(l)
Orok: pomoi.
Nanai: pujmur
Oroch: ximu, si:mu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"KV-
Meaning: sealine, rope (of horse hair)
Even: hikъr
Orok: pu:la
Nanai: po:r
Oroch: xu:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"n/-
Meaning: 1 jerboa, flying squirrel, mole 2 weasel 3 hedgehog
Evenki: hin/eki: 1
Negidal: xin/exi: 2
Ulcha: puntulc^e 3
Nanai: punc^ilke: 3 ( > Neg. punc^ulke:n id.)
197Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu":si-ke-
Meaning: 1 tablet for writing 2 tablet for cutting tobacco
Even: hi:.sъ.q 2
Literary Manchu: fusixen 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sab-
Meaning: 1 to present gifts 2 to get accustomed
Evenki: sawka- 2
Even: hawqъ.- 2
Negidal: sawli.- 1
Spoken Manchu: s^ioli-, sioli- (1438) 'to invite'
Literary Manchu: soli- 'to call guests; to propose a position'
Ulcha: sau.li.- 1
Nanai: saoli.- 1
Oroch: sawli-, sauli- 1
Udighe: sauli- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabda-
Meaning: to trickle, ooze
Evenki: sawda-
Even: habdъ.-
Negidal: sabda-
Spoken Manchu: sav@d@ (2022, 2021)
Literary Manchu: sabda-
Jurchen: sada-ra
Ulcha: sabda-
Orok: sabda-
Nanai: sabda-
Udighe: sabda-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabga
Meaning: 1 bough, stick (for drying fish) 2 a k. of vice
Nanai: sabGa 1
Oroch: sabba 2
Udighe: sagba 2 (Корм. 280)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sab(i)-
Meaning: 1 sign, omen 2 to plan 3 to mark, make notches
Literary Manchu: sabi 1
Jurchen: sabi-biar (861) 2
Orok: sawi.- 3
Nanai: sowo:c^a 'веха'
Oroch: sawi- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabu-
Meaning: white-fish
Evenki: sawc^a:n
Negidal: sawc^a:n
Ulcha: sawu.
Nanai: sao
Oroch: sau:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabu-
Meaning: 1 to rustle, sound 2 noise, splash
Evenki: sawuda- 1
Nanai: saoGi:· 2
Udighe: safuta- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sag-
198Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to shout, cry 2 to sigh 3 to pity 4 noise, sound
Evenki: sag|iso:- 1, sag|ina:- 2
Even: sag- 2 (Arm.), hagor 4 (Sakk.)
Orok: saGdan- 3
Oroch: sag|iki 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sag-da-
Meaning: 1 senior 2 old 3 old man
Evenki: sagda-g|i: 1
Even: hag|dъ.g| 1
Negidal: sagdi:. 2
Spoken Manchu: sah@d@ 2, 3 (848)
Literary Manchu: saqda 3
Ulcha: saGdi. 2
Orok: saGda 2
Nanai: saGz^|i. 3
Oroch: sagdi 1, 2
Udighe: sagdi 'big'
Solon: sagdi:, saddi: 1, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sagi-
Meaning: 1 to be shy, timid 2 to worry about smth.
Even: hag|ji.n|c^i.- 2
Negidal: sag|i:.ji.n- 1
Nanai: sa:go- (Он.)
Solon: sa:gildi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saj-
Meaning: sandbank
Evenki: sajan| (water above ice along the bank)
Negidal: sai.-c^au.
Ulcha: si.ja(n) 'sand'
Nanai: si.ja 'sand'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saj-
Meaning: 1 dawn 2 to dawn 3 light 4 clear, bright
Evenki: sajiru:l- 2, sajiru:lz^|ari: 1, (dial.) s^ajama 3, ha:jeme 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saja
Meaning: interval (between fingers)
Evenki: saja
Even: haja:ldo 'fingers'
Ulcha: saja(n)
Orok: saja(n)
Nanai: saja
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saji-
Meaning: to make notches
Negidal: saj-
Ulcha: sai.-
Nanai: sai.-
Udighe: sai-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saji-z^|a (~-g-)
Meaning: sieve
Ulcha: sajz^|a
Nanai: sajz^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sajKa
199Keys of Han
Meaning: shin-bone
Literary Manchu: sajx|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saK-
Meaning: 1 icedrift 2 pile, stack 3 foot of a mountain, base of a pillar
Negidal: saksi:. 1
Literary Manchu: saqsax|un 2, saqsan 1, 2; sax|a- 'to pile, accumulate' (Lee 1958, 116)
Ulcha: saqsi. 1
Nanai: saqsi., dial. (with unclear vocalism) so:qsi. 1
Oroch: saksi 1
Udighe: sakta(n) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saKa
Meaning: hunt, hunting
Literary Manchu: sax|a
Jurchen: saxa-da-mij (481)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saka-
Meaning: to shake (of ground)
Nanai: saqa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sakan-
Meaning: 1 pike 2 taimen
Evenki: sakanan 1
Negidal: saxanan 2
Ulcha: sakanu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saka-ri:n, -li:n
Meaning: 1 black 2 dark
Evenki: sakari:n 1
Spoken Manchu: sahelin, sahel/an 2 (2429)
Literary Manchu: sax|al/an 2
Jurchen: saxa-lian (620) 1
Ulcha: sax|ari.(n) 1
Orok: sag|ari./sa:ri. 1
Nanai: sax|ari.· 1, 2
Oroch: sakai 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sak-pi
Meaning: axe
Ulcha: saqpi.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saksa(ki)
Meaning: magpie
Evenki: saksa 'утка-саксан; кулик'
Negidal: saksa 'утка-саксан'
Literary Manchu: saqsax|a, c^aqsax|a
Ulcha: saqsi.
Orok: saqsan
Nanai: saqsi:.
Oroch: saqsan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sak-si-
Meaning: juniper
Literary Manchu: saqsin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sakta-n
Meaning: mat
Ulcha: saqta(n)
Nanai: saqta
200Keys of Han
Oroch: sakta(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saku
Meaning: 1 stale water, muddy water 2 to become turbid, make turbid (of water)
Evenki: s^aka- (Kamn.) 2
Even: saq 1, saqab- 2 (Arm.)
Nanai: saqo / saqu. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saku-
Meaning: a prop (for a kettle)
Literary Manchu: saqura
Nanai: saqora
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saKV
Meaning: 1 dried (of meat, fish) 2 salt
Literary Manchu: saqa 1
Udighe: sa`i 2 (Корм. 280)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sala-
Meaning: to become loose
Oroch: sala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sal-di-
Meaning: cool wind
Evenki: saldin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *salga-
Meaning: 1 interval between legs 2 cross-road 3 to distribute
Evenki: salgan 1
Even: ha:lgъ. 1
Negidal: salga 1
Spoken Manchu: s/arixi, s^/arixi 'crotch' (134)
Literary Manchu: salz^|a 2, sarg/a 1, sala- 3
Orok: salda(n) 1
Nanai: salGa 1
Oroch: sa:ga 1
Udighe: saga 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sali-
Meaning: to esteem, appreciate
Literary Manchu: sali-; sali-n 'price'
Ulcha: salu.-
Orok: sali.-
Nanai: sali.-
Oroch: sa:li-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sali- / *sel-
Meaning: 1 to slight, disregard, neglect 2 to be angry
Evenki: sel- 1
Even: hel- 1
Negidal: sel- 1
Orok: sali- 2
Nanai: sali- 1 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *salk-
Meaning: 1 pole, post 2 frame of a loom 3 paddle on a ski stick
Evenki: salkamc^a 1
Even: halqъ.mc^a 1
Literary Manchu: salx|u 2
Orok: salti.nqo 3
201Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sama:-n
Meaning: shaman
Evenki: sama:n
Even: hama:n
Negidal: sama:n
Spoken Manchu: sam@n (1090)
Literary Manchu: sama(n)
Ulcha: sama:(n)
Orok: sama(n)
Nanai: sama
Oroch: sama(n)
Udighe: sama(n)
Solon: sama:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *samn|i:-
Meaning: fumigation, to fumigate
Evenki: samn|i:-
Even: hamn|i.-
Negidal: samn|i:.-
Orok: samn|i.
Nanai: samn|i.c^i.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sampa-
Meaning: quick
Ulcha: sap, sapa-li.
Nanai: sampar
Oroch: sapa
Udighe: san|mu
Solon: sampal
Han-Tungus-prototype: *san/a
Meaning: bird dung
Negidal: san/an
Udighe: san/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sanz^|ika
Meaning: nose ring
Literary Manchu: sanc^ix|a
Ulcha: sanz^|ax|a
Nanai: sanz^|ax|a
Oroch: sanz^|ax|a, sanz^|ix|a
Udighe: sanz^|eha"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|a-
Meaning: hole, crack
Evenki: san|a:r
Even: han|a:r
Negidal: san|a:
Spoken Manchu: san|@ 'cave' (2361)
Literary Manchu: san|Ga
Ulcha: san|Gali.
Orok: san|Ga
Nanai: san|Gar
Oroch: san|a
Udighe: san|a
Solon: san|a:r
Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|gu-
202Keys of Han
Meaning: to enjoy other people's grief
Literary Manchu: san|gu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|n/an
Meaning: smoke
Evenki: san|n/an
Even: ha:n/
Negidal: san|n/an
Spoken Manchu: s^ian|@n (491)
Literary Manchu: s^an|g/an
Jurchen: can|-gian (619)
Ulcha: san|n/a(n)
Orok: san|na(n)
Nanai: san|n/a(n)
Oroch: san|n/a(n)
Udighe: san|n/a(n)
Solon: san|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|u-n,*san|u-ksa
Meaning: 1 cool 2 hoar-frost
Evenki: san|un 1, san|uksa 2
Even: han|u.t- 'be covered with hoar-frost'
Negidal: san|un 1, saksa 2
Ulcha: saqsa, san|aqsa 2
Orok: san|nu. 1, san|e 2
Nanai: sa:qsa 2
Udighe: san|uha" 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sap-
Meaning: 1 beard, moustache 2 pubic hair
Literary Manchu: sabula 2
Nanai: sapsoqta 1 (Kur-Urm.), safala 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sap-kun
Meaning: root
Even: hopkon
Negidal: sapkun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sapsV
Meaning: bank, shore
Ulcha: sapsi.
Nanai: sapsi.
Oroch: sapsa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sara-
Meaning: to spread out
Literary Manchu: sara-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sara-c^a
Meaning: a k. of plant (mountain barberry?)
Literary Manchu: sarac^a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarga-
Meaning: 1 perch 2 grayling 3 white-fish 4 herring
Evenki: sargaka 1
Negidal: sajgati. 2
Literary Manchu: sarGa nimax|a 3
Ulcha: sarGadi. 2
Orok: saru.kki 4
Oroch: sagati 2
203Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarga-
Meaning: 1 upper layer of dried fish together with the skin 2 armour
Nanai: sargali (Он.) 1
Solon: sarxi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sargi-
Meaning: to splatter (of water, rain)
Evenki: sargi-
Even: hargъ.- 'to snort, pant'
Nanai: sarGi.- (Naikh.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarimi:-
Meaning: 1 to wink 2 eyelash, eyebrow
Evenki: sarimi:- 1, sarimikta 2
Even: harъm- 1, harъmtъ 2
Negidal: saji.mta 2
Spoken Manchu: s/ulimin 2 (17)
Literary Manchu: solmin 2
Ulcha: sarumta 2
Orok: si.r(u.)mu.qta 2
Nanai: sarmaqta 2
Oroch: sa:mikta 2
Udighe: sa:mikta 2
Solon: sammikta, sarmilta, sarmitta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sari-n
Meaning: feast
Spoken Manchu: sarin, s^/arin, s/arin (960)
Literary Manchu: sarin
Nanai: sari.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarpu-
Meaning: needle for weaving nets
Negidal: sapki:.
Literary Manchu: sarba, sarfu, surafu
Ulcha: sarpu.(n)
Orok: salpi. ~ sarpi.
Nanai: sarpol
Oroch: saptu; sapsan|ki 'a k. of needle'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarpuki:
Meaning: chopsticks
Negidal: sapki:.
Spoken Manchu: saf@q@ (570)
Literary Manchu: sabka
Jurchen: sabu(n)xa (257)
Ulcha: salbu.
Orok: sabu:.
Nanai: sarbi:.
Oroch: sappui
Udighe: safugu
Solon: sarpa, sarpo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saru-
Meaning: 1 a sit in boat made like a tent 2 fence
Ulcha: sa:ru.(n) 1
Orok: sari.(n) 1, saru.qa 2
204Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saz^|i:-
Meaning: to condemn
Evenki: saz^|i:-c^a-
Solon: sa:z^|ila:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:-
Meaning: to know
Evenki: sa:-
Even: ha:-
Negidal: sa:-
Spoken Manchu: sa- (1856)
Literary Manchu: sa-
Jurchen: can|-xi (353)
Ulcha: sa:wu.
Orok: sa:-
Nanai: sa:-
Oroch: sa:-
Udighe: sa:-
Solon: sa:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:c^e-
Meaning: to be careful
Evenki: sa:c^e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:ma
Meaning: sign
Evenki: sa:me
Even: ha:m
Literary Manchu: samx|a
Orok: sama-lki.
Nanai: sa:mogda:· 'a talisman placed on the breast of the deceased so that the shaman can recognize him when taking his soul to the other world' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:r-
Meaning: 1 crumbly 2 small, split 3 to rarefy, to weed
Even: sarkama 1
Negidal: saj 2
Literary Manchu: sark/a- 3
Ulcha: sar (bi) 2
Orok: sa:r (bi:) 2
Nanai: sa:r (bi:) 2
Oroch: sar 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebe-
Meaning: 1 ghost (shaman's aid) 2 idol 3 God
Evenki: sewu 1
Even: hewki 3
Negidal: sewen
Ulcha: sewo(n) ~ sewe(n)
Orok: sewe
Nanai: sewe
Oroch: sewe:(n), seweru 1, seweki 2
Udighe: sewe(n) 1, sewexi 2
Solon: sewu:· 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebe
Meaning: 1 inner fat (of animals) 2 to melt fat
Evenki: sewen 1, sewe- 2
205Keys of Han
Even: hewje 'one of bear's names'
Orok: seg|ine 1
Oroch: sewe- 2
Udighe: sewesi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebu-
Meaning: to scatter (e. g. hay for drying)
Literary Manchu: so-, so:- 'to scatter, sprinkle'
Ulcha: seuseli-
Nanai: seuseli-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebz^|e-
Meaning: fun, to have fun
Evenki: sebz^|en
Even: hebz^|e:k-
Negidal: sebz^|en-
Spoken Manchu: sev@z^|@n 'pleasure, enjoyment' (1941), sev@z^|@n|@ 'enjoyable' (1942), sev@z^|@l@ 'to enjoy' (1943)
Literary Manchu: sebz^|en, sebz^|ele-
Ulcha: sebz^|eni
Orok: sebz^|en
Nanai: sebz^|eni
Oroch: sebz^|en-
Udighe: sebz^|en|ke, sebu 'interesting'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seg-
Meaning: 1 to litter 2 litter, mat
Evenki: seg|i:- 1, sekte 2
Even: heg|- 1, heg|tъ 2
Negidal: sek- 1, sekte 2
Literary Manchu: sekte- 1, sekz^|i 2
Ulcha: segdi- 1, segdi 2
Orok: seji- 1, segz^|i(n) 2
Nanai: segz^|i 2
Oroch: segdi 2
Udighe: soktou(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *segep(ke)
Meaning: sable
Evenki: seg|ep
Even: heg|ъp
Negidal: seg|ep
Literary Manchu: seke
Jurchen: sep-ke (191)
Ulcha: se:pe
Orok: seppe
Nanai: se:pe
Solon: segen|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sekse-
Meaning: back of head
Literary Manchu: seksexe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sele-
Meaning: 1 to wake up 2 to rejoice
Evenki: sele- 1
Negidal: sele- 1
Literary Manchu: sela- 2
206Keys of Han
Ulcha: sene- 1
Nanai: sene- 1
Oroch: sene- 1
Udighe: sele- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sele
Meaning: iron
Evenki: sele
Even: hel
Negidal: sele
Spoken Manchu: sel@ (2116)
Literary Manchu: sele
Jurchen: sele (574)
Ulcha: sele
Orok: sele
Nanai: sele
Oroch: sele
Udighe: sele
Solon: sele
Han-Tungus-prototype: *selu-(mi)-
Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 arrow
Evenki: selu, sele 2
Even: helike 2
Negidal: senmu 1, 2
Literary Manchu: selmin, selm/en (also "cock in bird-trap")
Nanai: sermi 1, 2
Oroch: semmi 1, 2
Udighe: sen|mi 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *semesik
Meaning: inner fat
Evenki: semesik
Even: hemehъk
Negidal: semesix
Literary Manchu: semsu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *semke
Meaning: 1 callus 2 to get a callus, wear out 3 rough, rare (of cloth) 4 holey 5 skimmer
Evenki: semke 1, semke- 2
Negidal: semerin|gu 5
Literary Manchu: semejen, semexun 3
Ulcha: semm bi 4
Orok: sempeke 4
Nanai: semm bi: 4
Oroch: semteke 4
Udighe: sempe- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen/e-
Meaning: raw, unripe
Literary Manchu: seni-xun, sen/e-xun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen/u-
Meaning: 1 front (of footwear) 2 footwear 3 heel
Evenki: senteme 2, sun/uki: 1
Even: ho"nki 1
Negidal: sen/oc^hi 3
207Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|gi
Meaning: relative by marriage
Negidal: sen|gi
Jurchen: sei_n|-n|i-n| (328)
Ulcha: sen|gi
Orok: s/en|gi
Nanai: sen|gi (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|Kule
Meaning: garlic
Spoken Manchu: sem@k@l@ 'scallion' (318)
Literary Manchu: sen|gule, sen|kule, semkele
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|ku"re:
Meaning: a k. of bush, багульник
Evenki: sen|kire:
Even: hen|kъje
Negidal: sen|kije:
Literary Manchu: sen|kiri x/an 'назв. растения'
Ulcha: sen|kure
Orok: sekkure
Nanai: se:n|kure
Oroch: sen|ki
Udighe: sen|kie
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|ne
Meaning: 1 gill 2 fringe 3 cock's comb
Evenki: senn|en 1
Even: hen|ne 1, hen|nen 2
Negidal: se:n/n|e 1
Spoken Manchu: s@n|@l@ 'mane; comb, crest' (2280)
Literary Manchu: sen|gele 3,2
Ulcha: sene / sen/e 1, senem bi 'bearded'
Orok: sene 1
Nanai: sejn|e 1
Oroch: sene 1
Udighe: sen|e 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sep-
Meaning: to sway, shake (branches)
Evenki: sepine-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sepe-
Meaning: 1 handful 2 to pinch, take a handful 3 to clutch
Spoken Manchu: sef@r@-, sev@r@- 'to grip, to grasp' (1542); sev@r@k@ 'handful, fistful' (2830)
Literary Manchu: sefere 1, sefere- 2
Nanai: sefele- 3 (Bik.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sepke-
Meaning: 1 to grab (with teeth) 2 to grab 3 to nibble (of fish)
Evenki: sepke- 2
Even: hepku- 2
Negidal: sepkele- 2
Literary Manchu: seke- 3
Ulcha: sekpen- 1
Nanai: sekpen- 1
Oroch: seppe- 3
208Keys of Han
Udighe: sekpene- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *septu / * semtu
Meaning: rust
Evenki: semtu
Negidal: semti
Literary Manchu: sebden
Ulcha: septu-c^e
Orok: septu
Nanai: septu-c^e
Oroch: semtu
Udighe: semtu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sere:-
Meaning: 1 to embroider 2 threads (for embroidering) 3 embroidery
Evenki: sere:- 1, sere: 3
Even: here:- 3
Literary Manchu: sereme 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *serge-
Meaning: 1 gills 2 nose bone
Evenki: sergekte 1
Nanai: sez^|ure 2 (Kur-Urm.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sergu- ( ~ -z^|-)
Meaning: wild garlic
Literary Manchu: sez^|ulen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seri
Meaning: decking, covering
Literary Manchu: sarx|u 'shelf'
Ulcha: seri
Nanai: seri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seri(gi)
Meaning: 1 buttocks 2 coccyx, waist vertebra
Evenki: sergi 2, sirgin (Uchur) 2
Even: heri 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seruk
Meaning: 1 bag 2 dish made of birch bark
Evenki: seruk 1
Even: he:ruk 1,2
Negidal: se:jux 1
Orok: seruku 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sesi-n
Meaning: herd (of deer, wild animals)
Evenki: sesin
Even: hesъn
Negidal: sesin
Literary Manchu: sesi-le-n|ge
Orok: sesi(n)
Nanai: sesi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sesu-
Meaning: to order, ask to do smth.
Ulcha: sesu-
Orok: sesu-
Nanai: sesu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sexu-
209Keys of Han
Meaning: sensitive, responsive
Ulcha: sexuli
Nanai: sexur
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:
Meaning: year, age
Spoken Manchu: se: (2725)
Literary Manchu: se
Jurchen: sejn|-n|er (82)
Ulcha: se:
Nanai: se:
Oroch: se:
Udighe: se
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:gV-
Meaning: 1 blood 2 red
Evenki: se:kse 1, (dial.) segz^|en 2
Even: he:s 1
Negidal: se:kse 1
Spoken Manchu: s^in|@ 1 (165)
Literary Manchu: sen|gi 1
Jurchen: sei_n|-n|i (512) 1
Ulcha: se:kse 1, segz^|e(n) 2
Orok: sekse 1, se:gde(n) 2
Nanai: se:kse 1, se:gz^|e 2
Oroch: se:kse 1, segz^|e 2
Udighe: sakea" 1
Solon: se:kc^e 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:m-
Meaning: to be lost
Evenki: se:m-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:me-
Meaning: 1 to get used 2 to accustom, habituate 3 to guess, be suspicious
Evenki: se:me- 1
Even: he:mgi- 2
Literary Manchu: semki- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:n
Meaning: needle hole
Evenki: se:n
Even: he:(n)
Negidal: se:n
Literary Manchu: sen
Ulcha: se(n)
Orok: se
Nanai: se:·
Udighe: sie
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:r
Meaning: thin, rare
Literary Manchu: seri
Ulcha: ser bi
Nanai: se:r
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-
Meaning: 1 to chew 2 to bite
210Keys of Han
Evenki: se:µ- 1
Even: ha":-
Negidal: se:µ- 1
Spoken Manchu: s^ia- 2 (1533)
Literary Manchu: saj- 2
Ulcha: se:µ- 1
Orok: se:µ- 1
Nanai: s/a":- 2
Oroch: sa":- 1
Udighe: sa- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaba- ( ~ -p-)
Meaning: 1 rotten wood 2 to rot, coagulate
Evenki: se:µwaksa 1
Even: ha":wu.s 1
Literary Manchu: s^ubure- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaK-
Meaning: 1 to speak within oneself 2 to respond, call back
Evenki: sikine- 1 (Nep.)
Oroch: sijau- 2
Udighe: sieu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-kan
Meaning: pendants on ear-ring
Negidal: sexan
Orok: seg|a
Nanai: si.qa(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siakta
Meaning: willow
Evenki: se:µkta
Even: ha":t
Negidal: se:µkta
Literary Manchu: sajx|uwa
Oroch: sa"kta, siakta
Udighe: sakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaKu-
Meaning: loop, hinge
Ulcha: s/aqu.(n), se:µx|u.(n)
Nanai: si.ox|or
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siali-
Meaning: diligent, smart, quick
Literary Manchu: silin
Nanai: sa":li.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sian
Meaning: ear
Evenki: se:µn
Negidal: se:µn
Spoken Manchu: s^an, san (25)
Literary Manchu: s^an
Jurchen: sian|-ha (497)
Ulcha: se:µ(n)
Orok: se:µ(n)
Nanai: si.a
Oroch: sa":
211Keys of Han
Solon: s^/e:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siantu
Meaning: fist
Literary Manchu: sinda-x/a- 'to clench fists'
Ulcha: se:µntu.
Orok: se:µttu.
Nanai: si.anto, si.antu.
Oroch: sa":antu, sa"ntu
Udighe: santu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sian|a-
Meaning: 1 burbot 2 eel
Evenki: se:µn|a:n 1
Even: ha":n|ъ.n
Nanai: sa":n|asa, dial. sin|a, sa:na: 1
Udighe: sea" 1, dial. san|asa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-?
Meaning: all
Nanai: s/a":oxo (< Nivkh?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaran|
Meaning: stake
Evenki: se:µran|
Even: ha":rъn|
Negidal: se:µjan|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaru:-
Meaning: 1 lightning, rainbow 2 light
Evenki: se:µru:-n 1
Literary Manchu: s^ari 2
Orok: se:µrro, si.ro 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siasi-n
Meaning: noise, sound
Ulcha: se:µsi.(n)
Orok: se:µsi.(n)
Nanai: si.asi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sib-
Meaning: 1 to turn up (sleeves) 2 to spin, twist 3 to wrap
Evenki: sipku- 3
Even: hipku- 3
Literary Manchu: sibere- 2
Ulcha: si.baru.- 1
Orok: sipku- 3
Nanai: si.bi.ri.- 1
Oroch: sibari- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siba-
Meaning: 1 to smear (with clay) 2 bog, marsh 3 to poultice
Evenki: siwa- 1
Even: hi.wtag| 2
Literary Manchu: s^abarGan gida- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siba-
Meaning: 1 to beat a wedge in 2 wedge
Evenki: siwa- 1, siwaki: 2
Negidal: si.waxi:. 2
Spoken Manchu: s^iva: (683) 'wedge, peg, plug'
212Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: sib/a 2
Ulcha: si.wal 2
Orok: su.wal 2
Nanai: si.war 2
Udighe: soa`i 2 (Корм. 286)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibe-
Meaning: to pull out, pick out, clean a pipe
Negidal: sije-lge-
Literary Manchu: sibi-
Ulcha: sie-sie-
Orok: si:we-
Nanai: sije-si-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibi-
Meaning: to thread
Evenki: s^iwike:me, s^uwike:me 'вышитый бисером' (Sym.)
Negidal: si.wla-
Literary Manchu: sujfun 'awl' ( <*sibi-pun)
Ulcha: si:-
Orok: si:wi-
Nanai: si:-
Oroch: siwi-
Udighe: su:la 'stick for stringing fish (while drying)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibi
Meaning: swallow
Literary Manchu: sibirGan
Jurchen: sih-biar-xun (183)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibige:
Meaning: 1 wolf 2 bear
Evenki: siwige: 1, 2
Even: hewjo", hewje 2
Oroch: si:wi 'a mythical dog'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibsV
Meaning: lentils
Literary Manchu: sisa
Ulcha: siusi
Nanai: siusi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibu-
Meaning: to whisper
Evenki: siwuta:-
Even: hi.wu.lъ.n-
Negidal: si.wu.ta:-
Literary Manchu: s^u-sina-
Ulcha: si.wc^u.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibu-
Meaning: 1 nut tree 2 cone
Evenki: suwukic^i: 1
Nanai: siuc^ixi 2
Udighe: seutigi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sida-
Meaning: 1 young boy 2 young (of a bear, tiger)
Literary Manchu: sidan 1
Udighe: si:z^|`a 2
213Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sidu-
Meaning: to rub off, peel off
Evenki: sidi-
Even: si:.d-
Negidal: sidu-
Literary Manchu: sidu-, s^udu-
Ulcha: si.du.-
Nanai: si.do-
Oroch: si:di-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-
Meaning: 1 to peep, look out, spy 2 to appear
Evenki: sig|in- 1
Even: hie:- 2
Negidal: sig|in- 1
Literary Manchu: s^a- 1
Ulcha: si-len- 2
Orok: si.gbadda- 'to frown'
Udighe: sikpesi-, si:si- 1
Solon: s^/igi:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-
Meaning: interval
Evenki: sigdile:
Even: hidla
Negidal: sigle
Spoken Manchu: s^id@n (2575)
Literary Manchu: si, sidu
Solon: s^/igde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-
Meaning: 1 deep fog, mist 2 to cover (of fog, mist) 3 autumn
Evenki: siglama:t- 2, sig|elese(ni:) 3
Literary Manchu: siGan 1
Udighe: siga- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig- / seg-
Meaning: wild deer
Evenki: segz^|en, dial. sekserge
Nanai: segz^|i 'herd of wild swine'
Udighe: sigisa 'годовалый изюбр'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigde
Meaning: 1 spinal vertebra, sinew 2 file/ 3 mountain ridge
Evenki: sigde 1, 2
Negidal: sigde 3
Ulcha: sigde 1
Orok: sigderi 'yukola'
Nanai: sigde 1
Oroch: sigde 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigdi-pu
Meaning: metatarsus
Orok: sigz^|ipu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigi-
Meaning: ice-hole
Evenki: sigi-le:n 'frazil'
214Keys of Han
Even: hi.g|la:n
Negidal: sig|in ~ sijin
Ulcha: si(n)
Orok: si:(n)
Nanai: si
Oroch: se:µla 'snow crust'
Udighe: si:(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu-
Meaning: 1 to become silent (stop breathing or talking) 2 to stop crying 3 to breathe loudly (of a dog)
Evenki: sig|una- 1, 3
Even: hi.g|- 2
Nanai: sin|c^ien- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu:n
Meaning: sun
Evenki: sig|u:n
Negidal: sig|un
Spoken Manchu: s^un, sun (2033)
Literary Manchu: s^un
Ulcha: siu(n)
Orok: su(n)
Nanai: siu(n)
Oroch: seu(n)
Udighe: su:(n)
Solon: s^/igu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu":
Meaning: thick growth
Evenki: sig|i:
Even: hi.g|i.
Negidal: siwu:
Literary Manchu: s^a, s^uwa
Ulcha: se:µu
Orok: si:.g|i.
Nanai: si.o
Oroch: siz^|ai
Udighe: siz^|a`i, siz^|ampa`i (Корм. 284)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siK-
Meaning: 1 penthouse 2 a bar (under threshhold, into which the door heel is inserted)
Literary Manchu: sixin 1, six/aqu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siKe-
Meaning: short
Literary Manchu: sixete
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sikse
Meaning: evening
Evenki: sikse
Even: hi:sъr
Negidal: sikse
Spoken Manchu: c^ik@se:, c^ek@se: (2712)
Literary Manchu: sikse 'yesterday'
Jurchen: sih-ser (84)
Ulcha: sikse
Orok: ss^ekss^e
215Keys of Han
Nanai: sikse
Oroch: sikse
Udighe: sikie
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sil-
Meaning: 1 yoke belt 2 breakwater 3 dewlap 4 chock-boot 5 breast ornament
Evenki: s^iliptin 'boot straps' (dial.)
Negidal: siliptin 2
Literary Manchu: selxe 3, selxen 4
Ulcha: selc^e 5
Nanai: siliptun 1 (Он.)
Oroch: silipke 2; siliktauka 'interlacement of sledge straps'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sila
Meaning: scarcely
Negidal: si.la
Literary Manchu: sal/an
Ulcha: si.la
Nanai: si.la
Oroch: si:la
Udighe: si:la
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sila(-bun)
Meaning: spit
Evenki: silawun
Even: hi.lu.n
Negidal: si.lawu.n
Literary Manchu: s^olon
Ulcha: si.lopu.(n)
Orok: si.lopu.(n)
Nanai: si.lpo
Oroch: silo:(n)
Udighe: silou(n)
Solon: s^/ila- 'to roast'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sile-
Meaning: dew
Evenki: sile-kse
Even: hi:li
Negidal: sile-kse
Literary Manchu: sile-n|gi
Jurchen: sie-le-un (10), cf. siel-hi 'spring' (48) (2-431)
Ulcha: silemse
Orok: s/ile-s/ke
Nanai: sile-mse
Oroch: silen|se
Udighe: silihe
Solon: s^/iliks^/i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silgu"-
Meaning: to tremble, shake (from fever, cold etc.)
Evenki: silgin-
Even: hilgъn-
Negidal: silgin-
Literary Manchu: s^urge-
Ulcha: silz^|un-
Orok: sildun-
216Keys of Han
Nanai: sirgun-
Oroch: siggina-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silku"-
Meaning: to wash, clean
Evenki: silki-
Even: hilqъ-
Negidal: si.lki.-
Literary Manchu: silg/a-
Ulcha: silc^u-
Orok: siltu-
Nanai: si.lqo-
Oroch: sikki-
Udighe: siki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silu-kta
Meaning: intestine
Evenki: silu-kta
Even: hi.ltъ.
Negidal: si.lta
Orok: si.lu.-qta
Oroch: sulukta
Udighe: sulukta
Solon: s^/ilu.kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silV
Meaning: 1 plate 2 k. of basket
Nanai: si.li.a 1, (Bik.) silfo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silV-
Meaning: helminth, worm
Negidal: silikte
Ulcha: silimbu, silekte
Orok: siloqta
Nanai: silukte
Oroch: silikte
Udighe: silikte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-
Meaning: shadow, dark place
Evenki: simn|un
Even: himn|ъn
Negidal: simn|un
Literary Manchu: silmen
Orok: simgu(n)
Nanai: sin|mu:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-
Meaning: 1 kingfisher 2 a k. of woodpecker 3 a k. of titmouse 4 eagle-owl
Evenki: senneku:n, dial. sendeku:n 2
Literary Manchu: simari, simatun 3
Ulcha: sindi 1
Orok: simiktu 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-
Meaning: to be silent, whisper
Evenki: simu:la:-
Even: hi.mu.n-
217Keys of Han
Negidal: si.mu.-
Ulcha: sim-
Orok: si.mu.-
Nanai: simu-
Udighe: sim-sim
Solon: sin-gada/ 'silently'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *simki-
Meaning: to cough, cough
Evenki: simki-
Even: hie:mkъ-
Negidal: simki-
Ulcha: sin|bi-
Orok: sipki-
Nanai: sin|bi-, simki-
Oroch: simpi
Udighe: simpi-
Solon: simki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sinn|i-
Meaning: 1 to be sorry 2 to offend, do wrong 3 to be poor, distressed 4 mourning 5 sad
Evenki: sin|ni- 1, sini- 3
Negidal: sin/n|in- 1, sin/n|ije- 2
Literary Manchu: sin|gira- 2, sinaGan 4
Jurchen: sin-na-lar 5 (375)
Ulcha: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|u-, sinewli- 3
Orok: sin|gere- 2, si:nedu- 3
Nanai: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|i- 3
Oroch: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|i- 3
Udighe: sunz^|uge-si- 2, sineha" 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|a-
Meaning: 1 pelvis, pelvis bone 2 swelling of deer's joints
Evenki: s^an|alran (Sym.) 1, sin|argaz^|aran 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|a-(ri-)
Meaning: yellow, yellowish
Evenki: sin|ama, sin|ari:n
Even: hi.n|an/a
Negidal: si.n|aji.n
Solon: s^/in|ari
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|ke:
Meaning: dark night
Evenki: sin|ke:
Even: hin|ku
Negidal: sin|kelten
Orok: sikkew, sikkelte
Udighe: sin|keu- 'to shine (of full moon)' (Корм. 286)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|kuti-
Meaning: quiet, silent
Evenki: sin|ti
Even: hi:.ku.ti.
Nanai: sin|c^ien- 'to become quiet, stop talking'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|n/a-
Meaning: big knife (on a shaft)
Negidal: sin|n/a-pun
218Keys of Han
Ulcha: si.nasu.
Orok: si.nasu.
Nanai: si.n|a-so
Oroch: sina-ku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|u-
Meaning: 1 gift 2 to present
Ulcha: si:.n|na(n)- 2, si.n|naqu. 1
Nanai: sin|le-, sun|le- (Bik.) 2, sun|le-ku (Naikh.) 1
Udighe: sun|ula- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si; *su:
Meaning: 1 thou 2 you (your, yours) (pl.)
Evenki: si 1, su: (su-n) 2
Even: hi: 1, hu: (hu-n) 2
Negidal: si: 1, su: (su-n) 2
Spoken Manchu: s^i: (2873) 1, so:, son/ (2874) 2
Literary Manchu: si 1, suwe (suweni) 2
Ulcha: si 1, sue (sun) 2
Orok: si 1, su: (su-n) 2
Nanai: s/i 1, sue (sun) 2
Oroch: si 1, su (su-n) 2
Udighe: si 1, su: (su-n) 2
Solon: s^/i 1, su: (su-n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sip-
Meaning: 1 to knead, squeeze, press 2 to bend under a heavy load
Evenki: sipc^arga- 2
Literary Manchu: sibere- 1
Orok: siperu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sip-
Meaning: 1 oval-shaped, conus-shaped 2 narrow
Literary Manchu: sibsix|un 1, 2
Nanai: sikpi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sipa ( ~ -b-)
Meaning: garlic
Spoken Manchu: suanda: (317)
Literary Manchu: sifa mac^a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sipki-
Meaning: 1 to spy, peep 2 to slander
Evenki: sipkit- 1, sipku- 2
Even: hi.pqъ.- 1
Negidal: si.pki.t- 1
Spoken Manchu: s^if@k/a- 'to study' (1853)
Literary Manchu: sibki- 1
Orok: sipkic^i- 'hide'
Oroch: sippic^i- 1
Solon: s^/irkis^/i:- 'listen, hearken'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir-
Meaning: 1 spring, well 2 to strain, press out 3 to milk
Evenki: sir- 2, 3
Even: hi.r- 3
Negidal: sij- 3
Spoken Manchu: s^eri, seri 1 (2085)
219Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: s^eri 1, siri- 2
Ulcha: si.ri.- 2, 3
Orok: si.ri.- 2, 3
Nanai: sire (Bik.) 1, si.ri.- 2
Oroch: si:- 3
Udighe: sie 'bay with spring water'; si:- 2, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir-
Meaning: to cut, cut out
Evenki: sir-
Even: hir-
Negidal: sij-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir
Meaning: sharp pain (in one's joint)
Ulcha: sir
Nanai: sir
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sira-
Meaning: to sew together, piece down
Evenki: sira-
Even: hirъ.q-
Negidal: si.ja-
Spoken Manchu: s^ira- 'to connect, to tie together, to join' (1699, 1763, 2959)
Literary Manchu: sira-
Jurchen: sir(a)-ru 'inherit' (425)
Ulcha: si.ra-
Orok: si.ra-
Nanai: si.ra-
Oroch: sija-
Udighe: sea"-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-
Meaning: 1 louse 2 helminth 3 worm
Evenki: sirikte 2
Negidal: sekki 3
Ulcha: si.lma 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-
Meaning: sinew, thread
Evenki: sirekte
Even: siren (Arm.)
Negidal: sijekte, sije:n
Spoken Manchu: s^ir@xe: 'fiber' (269)
Literary Manchu: sirge / sirxe, siren
Ulcha: siri, sirekte
Orok: sirekte
Nanai: sirikte (Kur-Urm.), si:re
Oroch: sije, sijekte
Udighe: sie, siekte
Solon: s^/irikte, s^/iritte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-
Meaning: 1 elbow bone 2 shin bone
Evenki: sire:k, sire:ke: 1
Even: hirъmtъ 1
Negidal: sijimte 1
Literary Manchu: sira 2
220Keys of Han
Orok: simuse 'calf of leg'
Nanai: sireme 1
Oroch: simikte 'shoulder bone'
Udighe: simikta, simukta 1
Solon: s^/irmu: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sirk-
Meaning: 1 a small hillock 2 cape
Evenki: sirkun (Uchur) 2
Nanai: sirge 1 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sirpa-kta
Meaning: horse's hair, bristle
Negidal: si.tpakta
Spoken Manchu: s^ika: 'tail horse-hair, horsetail' (2292)
Literary Manchu: siqa
Ulcha: si.rpaqta
Nanai: si.rbaqta ~ si.rpaqta
Oroch: sipakta, si.ppakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru-
Meaning: sand
Evenki: sirugi:
Negidal: sijun
Jurchen: sir-xe (67)
Ulcha: siru(n)
Nanai: siro(n)
Oroch: sija
Solon: s^/irukta:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru
Meaning: span between the big finger and index finger
Literary Manchu: s^uru
Ulcha: siru(n)
Orok: sirobgi, sirogbi
Nanai: siru
Oroch: sijo
Udighe: su"o"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru-
Meaning: to rotate, roll, glide
Evenki: sirun-
Even: hirun-
Negidal: siwun-
Literary Manchu: s^urde-
Orok: siso-lo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sisa-
Meaning: to scrape, grub, rummage, pick out
Literary Manchu: sis^a-
Ulcha: si.sa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sise-
Meaning: 1 to baste 2 list (of clothes)
Literary Manchu: sise- 1, sisexen 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sisi
Meaning: nut
Literary Manchu: sisi, sisiri
Jurchen: sisi (128)
221Keys of Han
Nanai: si.si.qta
Solon: s^/i:s^/ikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sita-
Meaning: 1 be embarrassed, perplexed 2 to tarry
Evenki: sita- 1
Literary Manchu: s^ita- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *site-
Meaning: 1 to soak (intr.) 2 slightly trickling (of woman's milk)
Negidal: site- 1
Ulcha: site- 1
Nanai: sita 2 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sitki:
Meaning: wall, side (of tent)
Evenki: sitki:
Even: hitki
Negidal: sitki:
Solon: s^/i:ttu 'summer panelling (of tent)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *six-
Meaning: 1 hollow vessel, whistle 2 to put into, insert
Negidal: sikc^u- 2
Literary Manchu: siGan / six|an 1
Nanai: si.x|a(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:- ( ~ -u":-)
Meaning: extinguish
Evenki: si:-
Even: hi:-w-
Negidal: si:-w-
Oroch: si:-wi-
Solon: s^/i:-gu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:b-
Meaning: to become hoarse
Evenki: si:w-
Even: hiw-ken-
Negidal: sije-
Ulcha: si:-
Orok: si:-
Nanai: sije-
Udighe: si-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:be
Meaning: horse-tail, swamped ground where it grows
Evenki: si:we:g|
Even: hi:weg|
Negidal: siwu-kte
Literary Manchu: sib/a / sibe
Ulcha: siu-kte
Nanai: siu-kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:, *si:l-se
Meaning: gall
Evenki: si:
Negidal: silte
Spoken Manchu: s^ilixi 'gall bladder' (93)
222Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: silxi
Jurchen: si-li-xi (516)
Ulcha: silte, si:lte
Orok: si:lte
Nanai: silte, silte:
Udighe: silihe
Solon: s^/i:lde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sog-
Meaning: bullfinch
Udighe: sog|dug|u
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sogda-nsa
Meaning: back
Evenki: sogdonno
Udighe: sogdu"ho"
Solon: c^ogdono/ (Ивановский)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sogi-
Meaning: pock-mark
Literary Manchu: sog/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sog-z^|e-
Meaning: wild deer
Evenki: sogz^|on (Тит.)
Udighe: suz^|elihe 'изюбр'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soKa-
Meaning: to scoop, ladle
Evenki: soko-
Even: hu.qu.-
Negidal: soxo-
Ulcha: su:-su-
Orok: so:-
Nanai: so:-lo-
Oroch: soko-
Udighe: so`-lo- (Корм. 287)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sokta
Meaning: 1 yukola (part from fish's back) 2 fat, grease
Negidal: soktou 2
Oroch: soqto 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sol-
Meaning: pine tree
Even: holti.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sol-gi
Meaning: 1 vegetables 2 sprouts (from a root)
Spoken Manchu: s^/og@, s/ogi 'greens, leafy vegetables' (303)
Literary Manchu: sogi 1, solo 2
Jurchen: sol-n|i (524) 1
Ulcha: solz^|i. 1
Nanai: solgi. 1
Oroch: soggixa 1
Udighe: sogu"ho" 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *solu"ki
Meaning: 1 kolinsky 2 ferret
Evenki: solig|a: (dial.) 1
Literary Manchu: silixi / soloxi 2
223Keys of Han
Nanai: sol/u. 1
Udighe: solu"o" 1
Solon: so:ligi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soma
Meaning: tail fin, belly fin
Udighe: somo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soni
Meaning: single, odd
Literary Manchu: soni-x|on, son/o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|a-
Meaning: to weep
Evenki: son|o-
Even: hon|-
Negidal: son|o-
Spoken Manchu: son|@- (190)
Literary Manchu: son|Go-
Ulcha: son|Go-
Orok: son|o-, son|Go-
Nanai: son|Go-
Oroch: son|o-
Udighe: son|o-
Solon: son|o-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|gi-
Meaning: 1 nose 2 tip of nose 3 nose ring
Literary Manchu: son|gix|a, son|gin, sun|gin 2, 3
Jurchen: son|gi (501) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|ka ( ~ *sonn|V-ka)
Meaning: trace
Spoken Manchu: son|q@, son|qu (2384)
Literary Manchu: son|qo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sora
Meaning: basket
Spoken Manchu: sor@ (656)
Literary Manchu: s^oro
Ulcha: soro
Nanai: soro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sora-
Meaning: 1 to be soaked, wet 2 to rinse, wash
Negidal: soj- 1
Literary Manchu: sura- 2
Nanai: soro- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sori
Meaning: 1 fight, battle 2 victim 3 to shoot arrows into each other
Literary Manchu: sori- 3, sori 2
Jurchen: sori (455) 1
Ulcha: sori. 1
Orok: sori.(n) /
Nanai: sori.· 1
Oroch: so:ri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soro-ptun
Meaning: 1 breast bone ramification 2 stomach
224Keys of Han
Evenki: soroptu:n 1
Even: horъ.pъ.n 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sosa-
Meaning: 1 diarrhoea 2 to have diarrhoea 3 birds' dung
Literary Manchu: soso- 2
Ulcha: soso 1
Orok: soso 1
Nanai: soso 3
Oroch: soso 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soti
Meaning: tail fin
Ulcha: soti.
Nanai: soc^i:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:-
Meaning: yellow
Spoken Manchu: sujan, suajan (2423)
Literary Manchu: suwajan, sox|on
Jurchen: so-gian (618)
Ulcha: so:gz^|o(n), som
Orok: sogdo, som
Nanai: soja, so:Gz^|o, so:la:, so:m
Oroch: sogz^|o
Udighe: soligi 'reddish' (of hair)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:
Meaning: very, verily, significantly
Evenki: so: 1
Even: ho: 1
Negidal: so: 1
Oroch: so 'word added after addressing smn.'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:ba
Meaning: bough, stick (for hanging kettle over fire)
Negidal: so:wa
Nanai: sogbin (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:da
Meaning: 1 scoop-net 2 to scoop
Literary Manchu: s^odo- 2, s^odoqu 1
Nanai: so:do: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:k-
Meaning: 1 to err, be mistaken 2 to caper, rough-house
Evenki: so:kto- 1
Even: ho:ta- 1
Orok: soqodo- 2
Nanai: so:do- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:Ka:n
Meaning: 1 copulation 2 to copulate
Evenki: so:ka:n 1
Udighe: soni- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:m-
Meaning: 1 to close 2 to hide
Evenki: so:m- 1
Even: ho:m- 1
Negidal: so:m- 1
225Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: s^/omi-, s/omi- (1556)
Literary Manchu: somi- 2
Jurchen: so-mi-biar (819) 2
Ulcha: somi.- 1
Orok: somi.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:na
Meaning: plait, crest
Literary Manchu: sonc^ox|o, sonoqdon, sonoqton
Nanai: so:no, so:noc^o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:n-n|a- / *so:n-da-
Meaning: young deer, deer calf
Evenki: so:nn|a:
Even: ho:nn|ъ.c^a:n
Negidal: so:nn|a-c^a:n
Orok: so:ndo(n)
Oroch: son|oc^o(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sub-
Meaning: 1 to tie, bind 2 string, rope 3 harness strap 4 mouthpiece
Evenki: suptilgi 2
Even: huhtin| 2, (Arm.) sovar 3
Negidal: sopti.n- 1
Literary Manchu: subexe 2
Ulcha: supsien- 1, su.ptan|Gi. 2, soi 4
Orok: su:- 1
Nanai: sopsi.n- 1, soptan|Gi. 2
Oroch: supti(n) 2, soi. 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sube-
Meaning: 1 end, edge 2 top
Evenki: suwere: 1, 2
Even: hu:re 1, 2
Negidal: suweje: 2
Literary Manchu: subexe 1
Ulcha: suwe 2
Orok: suwe 2
Nanai: suwe, sue 2
Oroch: su-n|e 1, 2
Udighe: sue 2
Solon: sugur 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sube
Meaning: 1 a 1-year-old deer 2 a roe (with thin legs)
Evenki: suju:ke:n 1, dial. s^uwin|en 2
Orok: suwe, sue 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *subgi-
Meaning: steam, smoke
Evenki: subgin
Even: hebgi
Negidal: subgin
Ulcha: subgi(n)
Orok: subgi(n)
Nanai: subgi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *subgu
Meaning: 1 fish skin 2 skin, bark
226Keys of Han
Evenki: subgu 1
Negidal: sobgu. 1
Spoken Manchu: soq@ 2 (145, 2132, 2284)
Literary Manchu: suku 2
Jurchen: su-gu (514) 2
Ulcha: sugbu 1
Orok: subgu/sugbu 1
Nanai: sobGo 1
Oroch: subbu 1
Udighe: sugbu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *subi-
Meaning: 1 false rib 2 rib gristles
Evenki: suwin 1
Even: hi.wi.na 1
Negidal: si.wi.na 1
Literary Manchu: sibexe 2
Udighe: suepti 1
Solon: suv/e:· o":tele: 'short rib'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suc^a-
Meaning: to flee
Evenki: suc^a-
Even: hu.c^-
Negidal: soc^a-
Spoken Manchu: suz^|i- (1231)
Literary Manchu: suz^|u-
Nanai: c^oc^a-
Oroch: c^oc^a-, c^uc^a-
Udighe: susa-
Solon: c^ac^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sudu
Meaning: bulging part of the shin
Literary Manchu: sudu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-
Meaning: 1 spear, arrow 2 fish fork 3 a k. of knife
Ulcha: sugbe 3
Nanai: sugbe 2
Oroch: suggudi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-
Meaning: 1 to place properly 2 to put a child into the cradle
Evenki: sug|i- 1
Orok: su:.g|atc^i.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-
Meaning: 1 breath 2 vapour 3 soul 4 sacrifice 5 hurricane, wind 6 to breathe
Evenki: sug|i: 5, sug|ina- 6
Even: hu.ji. 5
Negidal: sugde 4, sog|i:. 5
Spoken Manchu: suv@dun, suvudun 'air, vapor, steam' (351)
Literary Manchu: suqdun 1,2,3, su 5
Ulcha: sugdu- 'to place a sacrifice before an idol', su:.i. 5
Orok: sugditc^i- 'to place food in front of a deceased', su:.i. 5
227Keys of Han
Nanai: sugdu(n) 2, so:i. 5
Oroch: su:i 5
Udighe: sogdo 2
Solon: so:wi: 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suga-kta
Meaning: wormwood
Negidal: sog|akta
Literary Manchu: suku
Ulcha: soaqta
Orok: su.aqta
Nanai: so:aqta
Oroch: suakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su(g)da-
Meaning: temple; hair on the temples
Literary Manchu: sudan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugele- (/ *segule-)
Meaning: to search, search through
Literary Manchu: suwele-, seole-
Ulcha: sewlu-
Nanai: seule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugen ( ~ -b-)
Meaning: 1 gull 2 heron
Literary Manchu: suwan / suwen 1
Jurchen: su-wen (181) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugule:-n
Meaning: meat prepared for boiling
Evenki: sug|ule:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugz^|a-nsa
Meaning: 1 salmon 2 fish
Evenki: sugz^|anna 1
Even: hu.z^|ъ.nrъ. 1
Negidal: sogz^|ana 1
Ulcha: su.gdata 2
Orok: sundata 2
Nanai: soGdata 2
Oroch: sugz^|asa 2
Udighe: sugz^|eha" 2
Solon: su.gz^|anda 'burbot'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suje-
Meaning: 1 lye 2 liquid strained from wine ferment
Literary Manchu: sujen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sujKu-
Meaning: 1 to curse 2 to caper
Literary Manchu: sujxu- 2 ( > Nan. sujxu-, sojxo- id.)
Nanai: soi.-, (Kur.-Urm.) soqola- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-
Meaning: 1 dry cedar 2 branch 3 stalk (of lily etc.)
Ulcha: suktu 2
Orok: suktu 1, soqto 2
Nanai: su:ktu 2, su:ksu 4 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-
Meaning: pods or buds (of elm tree)
228Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: suqz^|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-
Meaning: 1 to break, crush 2 to harm, spoil 3 edge of ski stick 4 arrow-head
Evenki: suku- 2, sukc^a- 1
Even: hu.c^ak- 1
Orok: su:kpe, su:pke 3
Nanai: sokpi-so 4 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suka-
Meaning: 1 to hang, droop 2 aslant
Literary Manchu: suk/a- 1
Orok: su.qatc^i. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suku-
Meaning: to abut feet (in boat)
Ulcha: suc^epu(n) (n.)
Nanai: sikupu (n.)
Oroch: sukule-
Udighe: suku- 'to kick'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sula-
Meaning: to leave
Evenki: sula- / sula:-
Even: hu.la:-
Negidal: sola-pc^a-
Ulcha: solaoz^|u.-
Orok: su.law-
Nanai: solo:-
Oroch: sulagi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulaki:
Meaning: fox
Evenki: sulaki:
Even: hu.la":
Negidal: solaxi:.
Ulcha: su.li.
Orok: su.li.
Nanai: soli.
Oroch: sulaki
Udighe: sula`i (Корм. 289)
Solon: su.laki, su.laxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suldu-
Meaning: 1 to uproot 2 to tear
Evenki: sullu- (suldu-) 1
Even: hu.lraq- 1
Negidal: solol- 1
Nanai: sulde:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suli-
Meaning: to sharpen, sharp
Evenki: sul-
Even: ho"l-
Negidal: sul-
Literary Manchu: s^ulixun
Ulcha: suli-
Orok: suli-
229Keys of Han
Nanai: suli-
Oroch: sulu-
Udighe: sulu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suli-
Meaning: 1 hump 2 back 3 mane 4 nape
Evenki: suli:n 1, 2
Ulcha: suni 3
Orok: suli 4
Nanai: soli:, solg|on|to, sog|li:n 3
Oroch: su:li 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulu
Meaning: 1 rogue 2 to mock
Ulcha: sulu 1, sulu-de- 2
Orok: su.lu.-da- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulu:-n
Meaning: flame
Evenki: sulu:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sum-
Meaning: grass or berry names
Evenki: sumun|i 'шикша (ягода-водяница'
Literary Manchu: somina orxo 'a grass name'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sum-
Meaning: name of a wormwood-like plant
Literary Manchu: sumpa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sume-
Meaning: to hide, conceal
Evenki: sumet-
Even: hum-
Negidal: sume:t-
Ulcha: sumec^i-
Nanai: sumec^i- (Он.)
Oroch: sumec^i- 'whisper'
Udighe: sumemesi- 'whisper'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sumu-
Meaning: sinew
Evenki: sumu
Even: hum
Negidal: sumu
Spoken Manchu: suvu 'tendon' (170)
Literary Manchu: sube
Ulcha: sumul
Orok: sumu ~ xumu
Nanai: sumul
Oroch: sumu(l)
Udighe: sumul(i)
Solon: sumul
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sumu
Meaning: wet snow, rain with snow
Evenki: sumu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suna
Meaning: dog rope
Evenki: suna
230Keys of Han
Even: hu:.n|kan
Literary Manchu: suna
Ulcha: su.na
Orok: suna
Nanai: sona
Oroch: su:na 'shaman's posterior belt'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|el
Meaning: menstruation blood, dried blood
Evenki: hun|el (dial.)
Even: hun|e:l, Arm. sun|ol
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|ni:-
Meaning: tussock (in a swamp)
Evenki: sun|ni:ke:g|, sumni:ke:g|
Negidal: semkeg|
Ulcha: sun|pu(n)
Orok: sun|c^i
Nanai: sun|pu, sumku, sun|ku(n)
Oroch: sompo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|ta
Meaning: deep
Evenki: sun|ta
Even: hu:.ntъ
Negidal: son|ta
Ulcha: su.n|ta
Orok: su.qta
Nanai: son|ta
Oroch: sun|ta
Udighe: sun|ta
Solon: su:.nta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sup-
Meaning: 1 to prick 2 prickly thorn, bush 3 to stick into
Evenki: sup- 1, supire: 2
Negidal: sup- 1, supukta 2
Literary Manchu: sifi- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sup-
Meaning: 1 to gather in a crowd 2 completely 3 all
Evenki: sup- 1, suwu:l 3
Negidal: sup 2
Ulcha: sup 2
Orok: sup 2
Nanai: sup 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *supti-
Meaning: 1 to leave behind 2 to stay behind
Evenki: supti- 1
Even: hu.ptu.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sura (sora)
Meaning: 1 flea 2 to lay eggs in deer's nose 3 insect laying eggs in deer's nose 4 bumble-bee 5 eggs of flies, insects 6 pollen
Evenki: soro- 2, soron|ki / seren|ki 3, soroptun / sereptin 4
Negidal: so:ja 1
Spoken Manchu: suran 1 (2254)
Literary Manchu: suran 1, sorok/a 4, sere 5
231Keys of Han
Ulcha: su.ra 1, sora 6
Orok: su.ra 1
Nanai: sora 1, 6
Oroch: su:a 1
Udighe: sua 1 (Корм. 288)
Solon: sora 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *surba-kta
Meaning: pimple, ulcer, scab
Evenki: surbakta
Even: hu.rbъ.t
Literary Manchu: surgi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sure
Meaning: wise
Spoken Manchu: sur@ (1991)
Literary Manchu: sure
Jurchen: su-re (753)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *surka
Meaning: fang
Evenki: surka
Even: hu.rqъ.
Negidal: sojka
Literary Manchu: suc^un wejxe
Ulcha: su.c^a
Orok: su.tta
Nanai: soi.qa
Oroch: sokka
Udighe: suka
Han-Tungus-prototype: *surki
Meaning: pregnant female animal
Evenki: surki
Literary Manchu: suc^i
Orok: suc^i
Nanai: surki
Udighe: suki (Корм. 288)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suru-
Meaning: to go away
Evenki: suru-
Even: ho"r-
Negidal: so"jiwuk 'dowry' ( = Evk. suru:wuk, Evn. ho"ruk)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suru
Meaning: cave, lair
Evenki: suru
Even: ho"r
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suse / *susu
Meaning: 1 disorder, mess 2 abandoned village
Negidal: susu 2
Literary Manchu: suse 1, susu 2
Ulcha: suse 1, susu 2
Orok: su 2
Nanai: suse 1, susu 2
Oroch: susu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suse:-gde
232Keys of Han
Meaning: a k. of plant (willow with yellow bark)
Oroch: suse:gde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sut-
Meaning: 1 to scatter, throw about 2 to hit out, push out
Evenki: sutiga:- 2
Literary Manchu: sota- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suz^|aki:
Meaning: cat
Evenki: suz^|aki: (Urm.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suz^|a-ku
Meaning: 1 stick, prop, support 2 ski stick
Evenki: suz^|ax 2
Negidal: su.z^|ax| 1
Spoken Manchu: suz^|a- 'to support, to hold up' (1642)
Literary Manchu: suz^|aqu 1, suz^|a- 'to support'
Orok: su.z^|aqu. 1
Nanai: soz^|a 'a gun support', soz^|aqo 'a hanger made of three poles' (Он.)
Udighe: suz^|u-fine- 'to stand on one's elbows and knees'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:-
Meaning: 1 to mark 2 sign
Evenki: su:- 1
Even: hu.-g|a:r 2
Literary Manchu: so 'omen'
Nanai: su: 'talisman' (Он.)
Oroch: su:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:n-
Meaning: 1 to stretch out 2 become lean 3 stretched (adv.) 4 to faint, lie without consciousness
Evenki: su:n- 1
Even: hu.n- 1
Negidal: sun|-gumz^|i 3
Literary Manchu: sun|-gi- 2
Ulcha: sun|-guz^|a- 4
Orok: sun- 4
Nanai: sun|-gure 3
Oroch: sun|guremdi 3
Udighe: su:.n|i:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:n
Meaning: clothes
Evenki: su:n
Negidal: su:n
Orok: so:(n) ~ su:(n)
Solon: su:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:r-
Meaning: 1 different kinds of grass 2 fragrant 3 stinking
Literary Manchu: surx|o, sursen, surseri 1, sur 2
Ulcha: so:ri. 3
Nanai: so:ri. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"ku"-
Meaning: 1 turbid, muddy 2 swamp
Evenki: siki 1
Even: hi.qu. 1
233Keys of Han
Negidal: si.xi:. 1
Nanai: suku 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|ke
Meaning: beetle
Nanai: sun|ke
Udighe: sin|ke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|ke:-
Meaning: 1 luck (in hunting) 2 hunter's talisman 3 hunters' protecting spirit
Evenki: sin|ke:n 1
Negidal: sin|ke:n 2,3
Ulcha: sun|ke(n), su(n) ~ se:(n) 2
Orok: sukke(n) 2
Nanai: su: ~ su 2
Oroch: sin|ke(n) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|u"-
Meaning: 1 frost, hoar-frost, snow grains 2 cold
Evenki: sin|i-kse 1
Even: hi:n|ъ-lgъn 1
Literary Manchu: su(n|)- 'to be covered by frost'
Jurchen: siun|-hun (91) 2
Nanai: sun|gu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"r-
Meaning: 1 to creak, screak 2 to shout, cry
Evenki: sirgi- 1
Spoken Manchu: sur@-, suru- 2 (192)
Literary Manchu: sure- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"r-
Meaning: 1 yellowish, greyish 2 reddish 3 white (horse)
Even: hi.ran|an 1
Literary Manchu: suru morin 3
Nanai: su:r- 2 (Он.)
Udighe: si: 'yellow paint'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^asi-kan ( ~ -i-, -u"-)
Meaning: a k. of soup
Literary Manchu: s^asix|a(n), s^as^an, sase
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^a:k-
Meaning: 1 white 2 wall-eye
Literary Manchu: s^ax|un 1, 2
Ulcha: c^a:gz^|a(n) 1, c^aqi. 2
Orok: tagda(n)
Nanai: c^a:Gz^|a 1, c^a:qi. 2
Udighe: cagz|a 1 (Корм. 309)
Solon: c^ig|a/ 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^a:(n|)-
Meaning: white, become white
Spoken Manchu: s^/an|an (2426)
Literary Manchu: s^an|g/an, s^a-li-bu-
Jurchen: can|-gian (619)
Ulcha: c^a-m, c^a-li.n-
Nanai: c^a:-m, c^a:-la: bi
Oroch: c^a:-m
Udighe: c^a-m bie, c^a-li-gi
234Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^a:ta ( ~ c^-)
Meaning: burned coals, ashes
Evenki: c^a:ta:
Negidal: c^a:ta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^erin
Meaning: helmet visor
Literary Manchu: s^erin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^[e]s^e-
Meaning: to scatter, spatter
Evenki: c^ic^ewe:-
Negidal: sesexen- 'to flow, stream'
Literary Manchu: sisa-
Nanai: c^ic^ike:le-; Bik. sese-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^[i]c^u-ka:n
Meaning: wagtail, small bird
Evenki: c^ic^aka:n
Even: c^asqu.n
Negidal: c^i.c^axi.n
Spoken Manchu: c^ic^ike: (2239)
Literary Manchu: c^ec^ike
Jurchen: sihc^ixie 'sparrow' (158)
Ulcha: c^i.c^o(n)
Nanai: c^i.c^o:·
Oroch: c^ic^oku
Udighe: cikcigi (Корм. 310)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ic^ukta
Meaning: a young domestic animal
Evenki: c^ic^uha (Barg.) 'domestic goat'
Literary Manchu: suc^utu 'a 2-year-old foal'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ig-
Meaning: 1 to freeze, get cold 2 cold
Evenki: c^ig- (dial.) 1
Spoken Manchu: s^ahurun, sahurun 2 (2061)
Literary Manchu: s^axurun 2
Jurchen: siun|hun 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^iKe:-n
Meaning: urine
Evenki: c^ike:n
Even: c^ikъn
Negidal: c^ixe:n
Spoken Manchu: s^ik@ (108)
Literary Manchu: sike
Ulcha: c^ige(n) / c^e:(n)
Orok: c^ie(n)
Nanai: c^ie
Oroch: c^a":-c^i- 'urinate'
Udighe: cige (Корм. 310), c^ea"-kta- 'urinate'
Solon: s^/ixe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^im- ( ~ c^-)
Meaning: 1 ligament 2 to enlace, enmesh
Evenki: c^imbo:- 2
Even: c^i:mъt 1
235Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ime-
Meaning: to soak; suck
Even: c^i.mъ.l-
Literary Manchu: s^ime-
Ulcha: c^ime-
Nanai: c^ime-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^imuc^ken
Meaning: small finger
Evenki: c^imc^ike:n
Even: c^imc^en
Negidal: c^i:.mkan
Spoken Manchu: s^/umuxun 'finger' (73)
Literary Manchu: simxun, s^umxun
Ulcha: c^omoc^on
Nanai: c^umc^ue
Oroch: c^omoc^ko
Udighe: cimca`a (Корм. 310)
Solon: cimitki/, c^ime\rki/
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^i:ri-
Meaning: red copper, bronze
Evenki: c^i:rikte
Even: c^i:rit
Negidal: c^i:jikte
Literary Manchu: sirin
Jurchen: [ci]ri (573)
Ulcha: c^i:rikte
Orok: c^irikte
Nanai: c^i:rikte
Oroch: c^i:kte
Udighe: cikte (Корм. 310)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^oba- ( ~ -p-)
Meaning: narrow
Literary Manchu: s^ofojo:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^oba- ( ~-p-)
Meaning: 1 wrinkle 2 to wrinkle
Evenki: c^oworo:- 2
Literary Manchu: s^ufa- 2, s^ufan 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^oKa-
Meaning: 1 one-eyed 2 be purblind, sandblind 3 to shut eyes, blink
Evenki: c^okoti:, c^okoro 1
Even: c^oqan|i. 1
Negidal: c^oktoxo 1
Literary Manchu: sogi- ~ soxi- 2
Ulcha: c^o:qto 1
Orok: toqto 1
Nanai: c^o:mian- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^om-
Meaning: 1 deep 2 scoop 3 to pour water over oneself 4 to submerge, fall under ice
Evenki: c^omko 2
Even: c^umku- 3
Spoken Manchu: s^umin, sumin 1 (2617)
236Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: s^umin 1
Jurchen: cu-mi-gi (695) 1
Udighe: c^ompo- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^on|-
Meaning: 1 hole, hollow, cave 2 pool, pond
Even: c^o:n|i.n 2
Negidal: c^on|doxo 1
Literary Manchu: s^onto, s^un|ku 1
Ulcha: c^o:n|do: 1
Orok: ton|do 1
Nanai: c^on|do: 1
Oroch: c^on|do:, c^on|doko 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^opa-
Meaning: 1 claws 2 to claw
Evenki: c^owo-mo 1, c^owi:la:- 2
Negidal: c^owo-ki: 1
Spoken Manchu: sov@r@q@, sov@r@qu 'claw' (2288); s^ov@r@-, sovuru- 'to grab' (1541)
Literary Manchu: s^oforo 1, s^oforo- 2
Nanai: cofola- (Bik.) 'to compress'
Oroch: c^opokto 1, c^opoktolo- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^os^a-
Meaning: 1 to arrange hair in a bunch 2 bunch, knot of hair
Literary Manchu: s^os^o- 1, s^os^ox|on 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^o:la
Meaning: 1 soup 2 juice
Literary Manchu: s^ula 2
Ulcha: c^o:lo(n) 1
Nanai: c^o:lo 1
Udighe: c^olo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^o:n|-
Meaning: 1 scoop, box, dishes 2 place for dishes
Evenki: c^o:n| 1, c^o:n|a:l 2
Even: c^o:n|a:l 2
Negidal: c^o:n|al 2
Literary Manchu: s^an|s^ax|a 1
Ulcha: c^un|ne 1
Orok: c^on|ol 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^o:ra
Meaning: pole, tent made of poles
Evenki: c^o:rama
Even: c^o:ra
Negidal: c^o:rami.
Literary Manchu: s^uruqu 'boat pole', s^uru- 'to swim using poles'
Nanai: c^o:ro
Udighe: c^o:lo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^ugle-
Meaning: 1 water bucket made of birch bark 2 woven basket
Evenki: c^ug|len 1
Literary Manchu: s^ulxu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^uK-
237Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 chisel 2 to carve, engrave 3 to hit (with horns), butt, strike 4 notches on bow ends
Literary Manchu: s^uki- 3, s^ukun 4
Nanai: c^uktuli- 2 (Он.)
Oroch: c^u:ku, tu:ku 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^umi ( ~ c^-)
Meaning: 1 foreland, shallow place 2 tussock
Evenki: c^umi 1, c^umdike:n, c^ummike: 2 (Вас. 529)
Negidal: c^u.mi.xa:n 1
Udighe: simb/o 2 (An.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^upa- (~c^-)
Meaning: to suck
Evenki: c^upku- 'suck out'
Negidal: c^opon- 'kiss', c^u.pka- 'soak'
Oroch: c^op(o)ko- 'kiss'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^us^u
Meaning: 1 copper 2 dark red
Evenki: c^uc^in 2
Even: c^u.c^u.rmi. 1
Spoken Manchu: sus@, s^us^@ (fian) 'violet, purple' (2425)
Literary Manchu: s^us^u 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u:kse
Meaning: juice
Evenki: c^u:kse
Even: c^u:s
Negidal: c^u:xse
Literary Manchu: s^ugi(n) ~ s^uxi(n)
Orok: su:kse ~ tu:kse
Oroch: c^u:kse
Udighe: c^u"o"n|ki
Solon: su:rc^e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u:m-
Meaning: 1 bag 2 sack
Evenki: c^e:mpu, c^emtu, c^empuli, c^ompuli 2
Literary Manchu: s^uma, s^uman 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u"ru"- (/*s^uru"-)
Meaning: 1 to rip (with claws) 2 to whet; rip off (skin, flesh) 3 knife for carving ornaments
Evenki: c^uri- 1
Literary Manchu: s^uru- 2
Ulcha: c^u:re(n) 3
Nanai: c^u:rue 3
Solon: s^/iru.xa:· 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u":ba
Meaning: 1 to spin, twist (threads) 2 thread 3 fringe
Evenki: c^i:wa- 1, c^i:wa 2
Even: sewa 2 (Arm.)
Negidal: c^i.wa- 1, c^i.wa 2
Literary Manchu: s^uwase 3
Oroch: c^iwa 2
Udighe: c^ua 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^u":je
238Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 needle of a coniferous tree 2 a hair fallen out 3 to become intertwined (of hair, fur) 4 branch, firewood 5 a needle made of horn 6 fetlock
Evenki: c^i:je 1, 2
Even: c^i:.ja- 3
Negidal: c^i.ja 2
Literary Manchu: suja, sujax|a 4, sujx|on / sojx|on 5, sojlo 6
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta-
Meaning: that
Evenki: tar, tari
Even: tar
Negidal: taj
Spoken Manchu: ter@ (2878)
Literary Manchu: tere
Ulcha: ta:wu., ti.
Orok: tari
Nanai: taja
Oroch: ti:, tei
Udighe: tei, teji
Solon: taja:, tari
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tab-
Meaning: to pick up, collect
Evenki: taw-
Even: taw-
Negidal: taw-
Ulcha: tawc^u.-
Nanai: tao-san-
Oroch: taw-
Udighe: tai-
Solon: tawiz^|a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tabsa-
Meaning: to caper
Evenki: tawha-, tapsa:n-
Even: tawsa-
Orok: tapsi.c^i.-
Nanai: tapsani 'get away from me!' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tabu-
Meaning: fur footwear
Evenki: tawur, taubun
Even: te:wun
Nanai: toa-ma `a k. of footwear made of fish skin' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taga-
Meaning: to hitch, become entangled
Evenki: tag|a-
Negidal: ta:-
Spoken Manchu: ta- (420, 1647)
Literary Manchu: ta-
Ulcha: ta:-
Orok: ta:-
Nanai: ta:-
Oroch: ta:-
Udighe: ta-
Solon: ta:-wu:.-
239Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tagda-
Meaning: 1 to be angry 2 to be amazed
Negidal: tagda- 1
Literary Manchu: taqda- 2
Ulcha: taGda- 1
Orok: taGda- 1
Nanai: taGda- 1
Oroch: tagda- 1
Udighe: tagda- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tagdi:-
Meaning: to pull out, tear out, uproot
Evenki: tagdi:-
Even: ta:d-
Negidal: tagdi.-
Literary Manchu: tadu-, tadura-
Ulcha: taGdi.-
Nanai: tadora-
Udighe: tagdi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKa-
Meaning: 1 completely 2 until, for a while
Literary Manchu: taqa 2
Jurchen: ta-ka (434) 2
Solon: taxati 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *takti-ka:n
Meaning: 1 cedar 2 yew 3 fir
Evenki: taktika:n 1
Literary Manchu: taqta mo: 3
Udighe: taktig|a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKu-
Meaning: to shamanize
Negidal: takoc^-
Nanai: tao-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taku-
Meaning: to repair
Evenki: taku-
Even: taq-
Ulcha: taqu.-
Orok: ta:wc^i.-
Nanai: taGo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKura-
Meaning: 1 to use 2 to send on service
Spoken Manchu: taqur@-, taquru- (1615) 1
Literary Manchu: taqura- 2
Jurchen: tah-xew-ra-xaj (401) 2
Udighe: t`aula- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taK(V)
Meaning: salt, bitter substance
Even: taq
Negidal: daksun
Literary Manchu: taqan 'mustard'
Oroch: daksu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *talgi:-g ( ~ -u":g)
240Keys of Han
Meaning: brushwood, forest with brushwood
Evenki: talgi:g|
Even: ta:lgi.g|
Negidal: talgi.x
Han-Tungus-prototype: *talpi
Meaning: thigh, hip
Ulcha: tarpi.
Orok: talpi., tali.pu.
Nanai: talpi.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tama-
Meaning: 1 to pay 2 price
Evenki: tama- 1
Even: tam- 1
Negidal: tama- 1
Ulcha: tama- 1
Orok: tama- 1
Nanai: tama 2
Oroch: tama- 1
Udighe: tama- 1
Solon: tama- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tama-
Meaning: to gather, collect
Literary Manchu: tama-
Nanai: tama-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tami-
Meaning: 1 to munch 2 to inhale 3 to swallow
Evenki: tam- 1
Even: tam- 2
Negidal: tamanc^i.- Nanai: tami.- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tamV-
Meaning: shed, cover (for a hut)
Even: tamana
Nanai: tami.xi.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tann|a-
Meaning: to capture, plunder
Even: tann|ъ.n-
Negidal: tann|an-
Orok: ta:na-
Udighe: tan|asi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|-
Meaning: to read, count
Evenki: tan|-
Even: tan|-
Negidal: ta:n|-
Oroch: tan|a":-, tan|i-
Udighe: tan|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|a
Meaning: bone (whitened from time)
Evenki: tan|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|gu
Meaning: hundred
241Keys of Han
Negidal: tan|gu.
Spoken Manchu: tan|@ (2781)
Literary Manchu: tan|gu
Jurchen: tan-gu (663)
Ulcha: tan|Gu.
Orok: tan|Gu.
Nanai: tan|Go
Oroch: tan|gu
Udighe: tan|gu
Solon: tangu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|gura-
Meaning: 1 to bow (in front of gods while praying) 2 to tell fairy-tales
Even: tan|ra:n- 2
Literary Manchu: tanz^|ura- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|u-
Meaning: 1 jackdaw 2 bird
Literary Manchu: tan|Gux|a 1
Nanai: tan|Gu.x|a 1
Udighe: tuni 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap
Meaning: through
Evenki: tapamnak
Even: tabdi.c^
Negidal: tap
Ulcha: tap
Orok: tap
Nanai: tap
Solon: tawakki- 'to pierce'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap-
Meaning: to become dirty
Evenki: tapara:-
Oroch: tapti 'clay'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap-
Meaning: to encourage, advise
Spoken Manchu: tav@l@- 'to soothe, to console, to comfort' (1506)
Literary Manchu: tafula-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *targa
Meaning: 1 beaver 2 tiger's cub
Literary Manchu: tarGan 2
Ulcha: tarGa 1
Nanai: tarGa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tarmi:
Meaning: a k. of duck
Evenki: tarmi:
Negidal: tajmi:.
Literary Manchu: tarmin n/exe
Ulcha: tarmi.
Nanai: tarmi.
Oroch: tauma":
Udighe: tauma"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tasaka
242Keys of Han
Meaning: tiger
Spoken Manchu: tas@h@ (2214)
Literary Manchu: tasx|a
Jurchen: tasxa (136)
Solon: tasax
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tata-
Meaning: to stop, make a camp
Literary Manchu: tata-
Jurchen: tata- (286)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tatki-
Meaning: to hit the target
Nanai: tatki.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taxi
Meaning: knee, knee cap
Literary Manchu: tak/a
Ulcha: tax|i.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:kan
Meaning: log, causeway
Evenki: ta:ken
Even: ta:qъ.n
Negidal: ta:kan
Literary Manchu: tux|an
Orok: to:, to:g|o
Nanai: ta:qa
Oroch: ta:ka
Udighe: ta` (Корм. 292)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:ksa
Meaning: clay
Evenki: ta:ksa
Even: ta:s
Negidal: ta:ksa
Ulcha: toaqsa
Orok: to:qso
Nanai: toaqsa
Udighe: takea"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:lgi-
Meaning: 1 far from the shore, open sea 2 bay 3 quiet sea surface 4 to become quiet (of wind, weather)
Evenki: ta:lgu- 4
Even: talargъ.n- 4, talgi.n 2, 3
Literary Manchu: talGan 3
Ulcha: talz^|i. 1
Orok: talda 1
Nanai: talgi.a 1, talGa 2, tali.-tali. 3
Oroch: tagga-la, tagga-si 1
Udighe: taga" 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:n-
Meaning: to stretch, pull
Evenki: ta:n-
Even: ta:n-
Literary Manchu: tan|giqu 'device for stretching the bow string'
Ulcha: tu.an-
243Keys of Han
Orok: to:n-
Nanai: toan-
Oroch: ta:na-
Udighe: tana-
Solon: tan-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:xVr
Meaning: 1 shell, shelled animals 2 crab-octopus 3 horned beetle
Evenki: ta:kre 3
Literary Manchu: tax|ura 1
Ulcha: tajra 1
Orok: ta:x|a 2
Oroch: taira 1
Solon: ta:xir 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb-
Meaning: to put, place
Evenki: tew-
Even: tew-
Negidal: tew(u)-
Literary Manchu: tebu-
Ulcha: tew-c^i-
Orok: tewe- / teu-
Nanai: teu-
Oroch: tewu-, teu-
Udighe: teu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb-
Meaning: 1 rags 2 tail on shaman's belt
Evenki: tewduke: 1
Solon: tabxa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb-
Meaning: 1 to graze (of deer) 2 to protect
Evenki: tewej- 1
Udighe: tegbese- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tede:-
Meaning: to relate, transmit
Evenki: tede:w-
Negidal: tedew-
Literary Manchu: todo-lo 'omen, admonition'
Orok: tede- 'to notice'
Oroch: tedu- 'teach'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tege-
Meaning: to sit
Evenki: tege-
Even: tъg|-
Negidal: teg|et-
Spoken Manchu: te- (505)
Literary Manchu: te-
Jurchen: teh-biar (423)
Ulcha: te:wu
Orok: te:-
Nanai: te:si.-
Oroch: te:-
Udighe: te:-
244Keys of Han
Solon: tege-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tege:-r /-n
Meaning: 1 lower edge 2 edge
Evenki: teg|e:r (dial. teg|e:n) 1
Negidal: teg|en 1
Literary Manchu: ten 2
Ulcha: tene 'beginning'
Orok: te:(n) / teg|e(n) 1,2
Nanai: te:· 2
Oroch: te: 1
Udighe: te:(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teje-
Meaning: 1 to live 2 to be quiet, rest
Evenki: tiwa:n- 1
Even: tiwnъ- 2
Negidal: tejewan- 1
Literary Manchu: teje- 2
Nanai: tein- 2
Oroch: te:n|kuc^i- (caus.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teke-
Meaning: to tear, burst
Evenki: teke:-
Even: tъkъk-, tъkъl-
Ulcha: teke:-
Nanai: teke:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tekti
Meaning: thick (of liquids)
Negidal: tekti
Ulcha: tekti(n)
Nanai: tekc^i
Oroch: tekse
Udighe: tekti
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tel-
Meaning: 1 to cock (a cross-bow) 2 to spread a carcass, to skin 3 spreader
Evenki: telbe- 1, telge- 2
Even: telgъ- 2
Negidal: telge- 2
Ulcha: telz^|ec^i- 2
Orok: telde- 2, telbe 3
Nanai: telgec^i- 2
Oroch: tegge- 2
Udighe: tegesi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *telbe
Meaning: dirt, dirty
Negidal: telbe
Ulcha: telbeni
Orok: telbenuli
Udighe: telbeni
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teme-
Meaning: 1 big needle 2 axle 3 sledge stick 4 net 5 to hang the net
Evenki: temek 3
245Keys of Han
Negidal: teme 1, temti 4
Literary Manchu: temene ulme 1, temun 2, tomoo 1
Ulcha: temti 4
Orok: temetc^i 'черпалка'
Nanai: temc^iku 4, temnegu- 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *temi-
Meaning: to grope
Evenki: temi-
Even: temi-
Negidal: temikte-
Ulcha: temuru-
Orok: temiri-
Nanai: temiri-
Udighe: teme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *temu-
Meaning: 1 in vain 2 barely, scarcely
Evenki: tomoku:n 1
Ulcha: tembu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ten|-
Meaning: to flutter, shake, wave; throw; jump
Literary Manchu: ten|gelz^|e-, ten|ki-, ten|ne-
Jurchen: tin|-da-mai 'to release' (400)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ten|er- / *ton|or-
Meaning: 1 a k. of butterfly 2 spider
Negidal: ton|orawki:. 1
Orok: te:nen|z^|i, tegenenz^|i 2
Oroch: ten|eje 2
Udighe: ten|e 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tep-
Meaning: 1 to hit (with a heavy object); to kill (a deer) 2 to trample 3 to dance 4 to cut through 5 to shoot
Evenki: tepu:- 1, tepte- 2, tepti- 4
Even: tepsen|ni:- 2
Negidal: tepekele- 5
Nanai: tepete- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tepe-
Meaning: 1 to catch fire, to burn 2 to burn through
Spoken Manchu: tiav@- 1
Literary Manchu: tefe- 2
Nanai: tepe- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tepku
Meaning: sheath, sack
Evenki: tepku
Even: tъpkun
Negidal: tepke
Literary Manchu: tebku 'uterus'
Orok: tupo
Oroch: tekpu, tepku
Udighe: tekpu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ter-
Meaning: falcon, hawk
Even: te:rn|a, tern|e:
246Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terbe ( ~ *turbe)
Meaning: name of an edible plant
Evenki: terwe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terge-
Meaning: 1 deerskin, cloth made of deerskin 2 footwear made of deerskin
Evenki: tergekse 1
Even: tergъs 1
Negidal: tergemi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terge-
Meaning: 1 to think 2 to doubt
Evenki: terge- 1
Ulcha: terge- 2
Nanai: tergede- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terin
Meaning: back of axe
Evenki: terin
Even: terъn
Negidal: tejin
Literary Manchu: teru ; anus'
Orok: terkile- 'hit with back of axe'
Nanai: teri(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *texe:n
Meaning: root, foundation
Evenki: teke:n, teke:r
Even: teken
Negidal: teken
Ulcha: texe
Orok: tekke(n)
Nanai: texe
Oroch: teke(n)
Udighe: te:ge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:b-
Meaning: to set, place
Evenki: te:w-
Even: te:w-
Literary Manchu: teben {'prop'}
Jurchen: tej-bew {'set up, supported'} (437)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:b-
Meaning: 1 to catch up with 2 to walk behind 3 to run in leaps
Evenki: te:wul- 1
Even: tewut- 2
Udighe: tau-ma"na- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:be-
Meaning: 1 to catch 2 to embrace
Evenki: tewe- / te:we:- 1
Even: tew- 1, tewel- 2
Negidal: tewen- 1
Spoken Manchu: tiv@l@-, tevil@- (1494)
Literary Manchu: tebel/e- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:l-
Meaning: to sober up, come to one's senses
247Keys of Han
Evenki: te:l-
Even: tel-
Orok: te:li-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:mu
Meaning: 1 raft 2 boat
Evenki: te:mu 1
Even: tem 1
Negidal: tem 1
Literary Manchu: temc^iku 2
Ulcha: temu(n) 1
Orok: temu 1
Nanai: temu 1, temc^ie 2
Oroch: temmu 1, temtig|e 2
Udighe: temtige 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:n|-
Meaning: 1 plain, lowland 2 low bank 3 pool 4 wide lake
Evenki: te:n 1, ten|ki: 1
Even: ten|kъ 'forest'
Negidal: ten| 2
Literary Manchu: ten|gin 4
Orok: ten|esi 'mountain pass'
Nanai: te:n|ki 3
Oroch: ten|ki 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:rge:-
Meaning: pool, swamp
Evenki: te:rge:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:ri:
Meaning: 1 couple, pair 2 equal
Evenki: te:ri: 1
Even: te:ri 1
Negidal: te:ji: 1
Nanai: terini 2
Oroch: te:ji: 1
Udighe: tie 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tia- (*taj-)
Meaning: to swim, float
Evenki: ti:- / c^i:- `to slip, slide'
Even: ta":-
Negidal: te:µc^u-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiaku
Meaning: 1 hen 2 quail
Even: ta":qc^aqa 2
Spoken Manchu: c^oqo: 'chicken' (2198)
Literary Manchu: c^oqo 1
Jurchen: tixo (161) 1
Nanai: c^i.qo 1
Oroch: c^oko 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiam-
Meaning: sledge bow
Negidal: te:µmka:n
Ulcha: te:µmbu.
Orok: c^i.mbo
248Keys of Han
Nanai: c^i.amboa
Oroch: te:µmbua
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiap
Meaning: extremely, completely
Nanai: ti.ap
Oroch: tiap
Udighe: tofu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiar-
Meaning: to melt (fat), roast
Even: ta":r-
Negidal: te:µj-
Spoken Manchu: c^ar@- (382)
Literary Manchu: c^aru-
Orok: c^i.ru.-
Nanai: c^i.ro-
Oroch: tiru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tias-
Meaning: quite, completely
Negidal: te:µs
Ulcha: te:µs
Orok: tes
Nanai: ti.as
Oroch: ta":s, tias
Udighe: tea"si
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tibn|a
Meaning: male deer, elk
Evenki: tin|er
Ulcha: t/an|a
Oroch: tipan|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tige ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: dish(es)
Evenki: tig|e
Negidal: tige
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiki-
Meaning: to fit, be placed into
Ulcha: tiki-
Nanai: c^i.qi.-
Oroch: tiki-
Udighe: tixi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiKi ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: hair on skin
Evenki: tikikta
Even: ti:ken
Negidal: ti.kta
Oroch: tikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti-kte
Meaning: louse
Spoken Manchu: c^ixe: (2255)
Literary Manchu: c^ixe
Ulcha: tiqte
Orok: tikte
Nanai: c^ikte
249Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiKu-n-, *tiKu-l-
Meaning: to be angry
Evenki: tikul-, tikun-
Even: ti.qu.l-
Solon: tegul-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tilka-
Meaning: to splatter, overflow
Evenki: tilka-
Even: ti.lqъn-
Ulcha: c^i.lc^an-
Nanai: c^i.lqa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tim-
Meaning: 1 calm (of weather) 2 calm, silent 3 to speak silently, move lips 4 night silence (in the forest)
Evenki: temelken 4
Even: ti.mъ.rъ.n 1, timne- (folkl. ti:nme-) 3
Nanai: c^i.mo-c^i.mo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *timre
Meaning: 1 crumbs 2 flour made of dried meat
Evenki: timre
Even: ti:mrъ
Negidal: timne
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tip-
Meaning: 1 to rise (of dust, smoke) 2 dirt, smear (with dirt, clay)
Evenki: tipi:- 1, tipa- 2
Negidal: ti.p- 2
Spoken Manchu: c^iva- 2 (2440)
Literary Manchu: c^ifa- 2
Ulcha: c^i.ptan 2
Orok: c^i.pa 2
Nanai: c^i.pc^a 2
Oroch: tipa 2
Udighe: tefakta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tire:-
Meaning: to press, insert, make a support
Evenki: tire:-
Even: tiruke-
Negidal: tije:-
Literary Manchu: c^ir-ge-
Ulcha: tire-
Orok: c^ire-
Nanai: c^ire
Oroch: tije-
Solon: tir(e)-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tirga ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: midday
Evenki: tirga
Even: ti.rgъ.n
Negidal: ti.dga
Oroch: tigga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tirgi:-
Meaning: 1 to walk 2 (to ride) quickly 3 easily gliding
250Keys of Han
Evenki: tirgi:- 1
Literary Manchu: c^ir (seme) 2
Nanai: c^irgiliec^igde (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiru-
Meaning: head pillow
Evenki: tiru:
Even: tiru
Negidal: tiju:
Spoken Manchu: c^unuku (520)
Literary Manchu: c^irku
Ulcha: tireptu(n)
Orok: tireptu(n)
Nanai: c^iren|ku
Oroch: tireptu(n)
Udighe: tiu, tieu
Solon: teru
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiru-kse
Meaning: fish roe
Evenki: tirukse, tire:kse
Even: ti:s
Negidal: tise
Literary Manchu: c^erguwe, c^erxuwe
Orok: tersu 'нерестилище'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tisu:-
Meaning: 1 to clear the way for a caravan; help a child learn to walk 2 to drive deer
Evenki: tisu:- 1
Even: ti.sъ.sъ.n- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:-
Meaning: to become full (of moon)
Evenki: ti:-
Negidal: ti:.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:-
Meaning: to deprive, take away
Evenki: ti:-
Even: te:µ-
Negidal: ti.-z^|ajama `thief'
Ulcha: ti:-
Nanai: c^i:-
Udighe: ti:-
Solon: ti:-n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:nu-
Meaning: yesterday
Evenki: ti:newe
Even: ti:niw
Negidal: ti:nuwej
Orok: c^ine / c^in/e:
Oroch: tinew
Udighe: tinenen|i
Solon: ti:nug|, ti:nuge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *toga
Meaning: fire
Evenki: tog|o
251Keys of Han
Even: tog|
Negidal: tog|o
Spoken Manchu: tua: (476)
Literary Manchu: tuwa
Jurchen: towi (21)
Ulcha: tawa
Orok: tawa
Nanai: tao
Oroch: to:
Udighe: to:
Solon: togo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *togar
Meaning: big span
Evenki: tog|or
Even: tog|ъ.r
Negidal: tog|oj
Literary Manchu: to:
Ulcha: tawali
Nanai: tawar
Oroch: to:
Udighe: to:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tokta-
Meaning: 1 to hit, knock 2 to chop 3 sound of knocking
Evenki: tokto- 1,2
Even: towta- 1,2
Negidal: tokto- 2
Literary Manchu: toq seme 3
Ulcha: tu.qtu.ri- 1
Nanai: tokto- 2
Oroch: tokto- 1
Udighe: tokto- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tola-
Meaning: to kindle (a torch)
Literary Manchu: tolo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tola
Meaning: frog eggs
Negidal: tolo
Oroch: tolo
Udighe: toli
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tolga
Meaning: sleigh (with dogs)
Evenki: tolgoki:; tolgodo:- 'to go in a sleigh'
Negidal: tolgoxi.·
Nanai: tolki.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tolki-n
Meaning: dream
Evenki: tolkin
Even: tolqъ.n
Negidal: tolki.n
Spoken Manchu: t/olixin (529)
Literary Manchu: tolgin / tolxin
Jurchen: tol-xin (356)
252Keys of Han
Ulcha: tolc^i.(n)
Orok: tolc^i.(n)
Nanai: tolki.·
Oroch: tokki
Udighe: to`si- 'to dream' (Корм. 296)
Solon: tolkis^/i:- 'to dream'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tomka-
Meaning: 1 to spin 2 thread
Evenki: tomko- 1
Even: tomko- 1
Negidal: tomko- 2
Literary Manchu: ton|Go 1
Jurchen: to-n|o (250) 1
Ulcha: ton|pi.- 1
Orok: toqpo- 1
Nanai: tompo- 1
Oroch: tompo- 1
Udighe: tompo- 1
Solon: ton|xo- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tomka-n
Meaning: boat made of planks
Evenki: tomkon
Even: to":mkin 'oar'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|-
Meaning: 1 to bend (a branch) 2 cradle's bow 3 cylindric vessel
Evenki: ton|o- 1
Literary Manchu: tun|gi 'a k. of bow'
Nanai: ton|ma 2
Udighe: tun|z|a` 3 (Корм. 297)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|al-
Meaning: 1 round 2 smth. round
Evenki: ton|ollo 2
Even: ton|ъ.lrъ. 2
Negidal: ton|gulikin 1
Orok: ton|Golto 'loop'
Nanai: ton|gokpi.a 1
Oroch: tun|epke 'ring'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|da
Meaning: straight, honest, true
Evenki: ton|no
Negidal: ton|no
Spoken Manchu: tond@ (2376, 2484)
Literary Manchu: tondo
Jurchen: ton|-do (407)
Ulcha: ton|do
Orok: ton|do
Nanai: ton|do
Oroch: ton|no(n)
Udighe: to:n|do
Solon: tondo:xo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *top(V)g-
253Keys of Han
Meaning: knee
Evenki: tuwnuke, tug|unuke 'ankle bone'
Spoken Manchu: t/ovix/a, t/ov@g/a: (136)
Literary Manchu: tobg/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tora-ki: (~-u":)
Meaning: boar
Evenki: toroki:
Negidal: toroki:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tox-
Meaning: 1 wheel, hoop 2 to go round, turn round 3 curved, bent
Evenki: tokor- 2, tokc^ika- 3
Negidal: toxoj- 2, tokc^oka 3
Literary Manchu: tox|oro 1
Orok: to:roli.- 'to grind'
Nanai: toxoriqo 'pulley' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *toxan
Meaning: button, buckle
Negidal: toxon
Literary Manchu: tox|on
Ulcha: tox|o(n)
Orok: toqo, tox|o(n)
Nanai: tox|o
Udighe: toho
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:Ki:
Meaning: elk
Evenki: to:ki:
Even: to:ki.
Negidal: to:ki:.
Literary Manchu: tox|o
Ulcha: to:
Orok: to:
Nanai: to:
Oroch: to:ki
Solon: to:xi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:lg-
Meaning: 1 deep place close to the bank 2 whirlpool 3 backwater
Evenki: to:lga: 1, dial. to:lga:n 2
Even: to:lgu 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:lga-
Meaning: 1 to stop 2 to collide
Evenki: to:lga- 1
Orok: toldoqpi.n- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:li
Meaning: belt, strap for trousers
Evenki: to:l
Literary Manchu: toli
Udighe: tolixe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:l-po-
Meaning: sinciput, top of head
Orok: tolpomu.
Nanai: to:rpoa
254Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:ma
Meaning: a k. of plant similar to potato
Oroch: to:ma
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:ri:-
Meaning: 1 wages, dowry 2 to hire
Evenki: to:ri: 1
Even: tori. 1
Negidal: to:ji:. 1
Spoken Manchu: t/uri- 2 (968)
Literary Manchu: turi- 2, turigen, turixen `rent'
Ulcha: tori.(n), turi(n) 1
Orok: tori. 1
Nanai: tori. 1
Oroch: toji 1
Udighe: toi 1
Solon: turgunde:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:sa-
Meaning: white spot on animal's forehead
Evenki: to:sa-la:n, dial. to:ha-kta
Literary Manchu: tosi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuba
Meaning: jackdaw, rook
Ulcha: towa, tu.wa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tube-
Meaning: 1 fruit 2 berry 3 blue-berry
Evenki: tewukte 2
Even: tъwtъ 2
Negidal: tewu-kte 2
Spoken Manchu: t/uf@xi, t/uv@xi: 1 (323)
Literary Manchu: tubixe 1
Jurchen: tuwi-xe (525) 1
Ulcha: tuikte 3
Nanai: c^uikte 3
Oroch: c^ikte 3
Udighe: teukte 3
Solon: tuwik 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tubu- ( ~ -p-)
Meaning: 1 to step, trample 2 stirrup 3 track
Evenki: tu:(w)- 1
Even: to":- 1
Negidal: tu.asan 3
Literary Manchu: tufon, tufun 2
Jurchen: tuw-fu (231) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuc^u- / *c^uc^u-
Meaning: 1 to scrape (skin) 2 scraper
Evenki: c^uc^u-le:- 1, c^uc^u-n 2
Even: c^o"t-le- 1, c^o"c^u-n 2
Negidal: c^oc^o- 1, c^oc^on 2
Orok: tottolo- 1, totto-, tuttu- 2
Nanai: tuc^u-le- 1, tuc^u 2
Oroch: c^oc^o-lo- 1, c^oc^o(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tude-
255Keys of Han
Meaning: to be constipated
Evenki: tude-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuga- (~ -b-)
Meaning: 1 to see 2 to check 3 to beware
Even: tewun|c^i- 3
Spoken Manchu: ta:- 1 (173)
Literary Manchu: tuwa- 1
Jurchen: tonz^|u-lar (804) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tugde-
Meaning: to reach
Ulcha: tugdi-
Oroch: tugde-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuge-
Meaning: 1 cloud 2 winter
Evenki: tu:ksu, tu:kse 1, tug|e 2
Even: to"g|ec^in 1, tug|e-ni 2
Negidal: tokso 1, tuwe, tug|e 2
Spoken Manchu: tukusu (2009), t/uxi (2010)
Literary Manchu: tugi 1, tuweri 2
Jurchen: tuje-n|i (6), tu-e-li 2
Ulcha: tewekse 1, tue 2
Orok: teweske 1, tuwe 2
Nanai: tukse 1, tue 2
Oroch: tokso 1, tuwe, tue 2
Udighe: toko" 1, tue 2
Solon: tukc^u 1, tugu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tujba-
Meaning: adze, scraper
Even: ti.baq
Literary Manchu: tujbalaqu, tujpan
Ulcha: tu.jba(n)
Nanai: tojba
Oroch: ti:ba
Udighe: ti:bo, tuibo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuju-
Meaning: 1 to give 2 to give a feast
Evenki: tuju- 2
Even: to"j- 2
Negidal: tojo- 2
Literary Manchu: tuwe-de-, teo-de- 'to resell, exchange'
Jurchen: tuju-xe 1 (428)
Ulcha: tuju- 2
Orok: tojo- 2
Nanai: tuju- 2
Oroch: tojo- 2
Udighe: tuju- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuK-
Meaning: 1 prop (in a tent) 2 bars, shelves (in a wooden baking device)
Evenki: tukta 1
Even: toqъ.ru.qan 1
Literary Manchu: tuqda 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuKala / -ra
256Keys of Han
Meaning: wild onion, Lilienzwiebel
Evenki: tukala
Even: to"kъr
Negidal: toxoj
Literary Manchu: tuk/a(n) da
Oroch: tokoi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuki-
Meaning: to fish
Ulcha: tu:kic^i- 'рыбачить ночью в узкой протоке ставной сетью'
Nanai: tukiec^i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuksa-
Meaning: 1 to run 2 hare
Evenki: tuksa- 1, tuksa-ki: 2
Even: tu:.s- 1
Negidal: toksa- 1, toksaki:. 2
Literary Manchu: toqsaqa 'bastard'
Ulcha: toqsa 2
Orok: tu.qsa- 1, tu.qsa 2
Nanai: toqsa 2
Oroch: tuksan 2
Udighe: tukea"- 1, tuksa 2
Solon: tu.kc^a:n- 'jump, leap', tu.tc^axi, tu.rc^axi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuKu-
Meaning: 1 calf, young of deer 2 to bear
Evenki: tuku-c^e:n 1
Even: tu:- 2
Literary Manchu: tuqs^an 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuku- ~ *taku-
Meaning: funnel (for pouring liquid)
Ulcha: tuqu.(n), taqu(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-
Meaning: 1 to wade 2 to cross (a mountain ridge)
Evenki: tuldun- 2
Orok: tolo- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-
Meaning: 1 to promise 2 to contemplate 3 plan, intention
Even: tuleg- 1, tulbajal- `look at smth. peacefully'
Literary Manchu: tulbi- 2, tulbin 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-
Meaning: 1 to tear out, lose (horns) 2 to tear out 3 large torn ram skin
Evenki: tulduli- 2
Even: tu.ldъ.q- 1
Literary Manchu: tulxu 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tule-
Meaning: to skewer; to set up
Evenki: tule-
Even: tul-
Negidal: tule-
Ulcha: tule-
Orok: tule-
Nanai: tule-
257Keys of Han
Oroch: tule-
Udighe: tule-
Solon: tulu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tulge
Meaning: wolf
Solon: tu:lge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuli:-
Meaning: exterior, external side
Evenki: tuli:-n
Even: to"l-de-
Negidal: tulgi-
Spoken Manchu: tiuli- (2590, 3028)
Literary Manchu: tul-gi-
Jurchen: tuli-le (601)
Ulcha: tuli
Orok: tulie(n)
Nanai: tulie
Solon: tulergi, tul-de:li:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tulu ( ~ u")
Meaning: horse's breast
Literary Manchu: tulu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tum-
Meaning: 1 clever 2 to understand
Evenki: tumnac^i: 1
Negidal: tumku-n 1
Oroch: tumne- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tumin
Meaning: spittle
Evenki: tumin
Even: tumnin
Negidal: tomon
Udighe: tumin|i- 'to spit out'
Solon: tomi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tumn|u-
Meaning: top of head
Evenki: tun|ulke:n, temulke:n
Even: ten|elek, tun|elek
Spoken Manchu: tun|un
Nanai: tembilku
Oroch: tumaxa
Udighe: temuge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu-n/ga
Meaning: five
Evenki: tunn|a
Even: tu.nn|ъ.n
Negidal: ton/n|a / tun|n/a
Spoken Manchu: sunz^|a: (2739)
Literary Manchu: sunz^|a
Jurchen: cunz^|a (640)
Ulcha: tu.n/z^|a
Orok: tu.nda
Nanai: tojn|ga
258Keys of Han
Oroch: tun|a
Udighe: tun|a
Solon: ton|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-
Meaning: 1 lake 2 backwater
Evenki: tun|er 1, tun|uke 2
Even: to"n|e:r 1
Negidal: to"n|e:r 1
Literary Manchu: tun|gu 'abyss, deep place'
Udighe: ton|i, tun|i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-
Meaning: 1 to warn 2 to know 3 to tell
Evenki: tun|ni:- 1, tun|e- 2
Literary Manchu: ton|gi- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|de (~-r-)
Meaning: willow
Ulcha: tun|de
Orok: tun|de
Nanai: tun|de
Oroch: tun|de
Udighe: tun|de
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|ke
Meaning: 1 cover of kettle 2 roof
Spoken Manchu: tuxe: 'pan lid, kettle lid' (586); tug|e 2
Literary Manchu: tuxe 1
Nanai: tun|ke 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-si-
Meaning: 1 bear's head 2 bear's forehead 3 name of a mythical predator (fox-like, devouring tigers and dragons)
Evenki: tun|suku 1
Negidal: texseke 2
Literary Manchu: tun|situn 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tup-
Meaning: 1 excrescence on a tree trunk 2 saddle bow
Evenki: tupuka 1
Orok: tu.pqa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tupi-
Meaning: to spit, spittle
Spoken Manchu: c^iv@l@- (36, 408)
Literary Manchu: c^ife-le-
Ulcha: ti.pu.(n)
Orok: tu.pi.n
Nanai: topi.n-
Oroch: tupin-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tupi ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: woven basket
Literary Manchu: tubi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tur-
Meaning: 1 to be born, grow 2 to go out 3 herd of deer during coupling 4 bear family
Evenki: turku- 2, turi: 3
Even: to"ri 4
Spoken Manchu: tiuc^i- 'emerge, appear' (1184)
259Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: tuc^i- 1, 2
Jurchen: tuj-ti-mij (714) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tura:ki:
Meaning: crow, rook
Evenki: tura:ki:
Even: tu.rъ.qi.
Negidal: tora:xi:.
Nanai: tora:ki.
Oroch: tuaxi, tuwaki
Udighe: tua`i
Solon: tura:ki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ture:-
Meaning: to curse; to speak
Evenki: ture:-
Even: to":re-
Negidal: tu:je:-
Solon: tu:re:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turga-
Meaning: prop, support
Evenki: turga
Even: to.r
Negidal: tojga, tuju
Ulcha: tu.z^|aku.
Nanai: tojGa
Oroch: tugia- 'to prop'
Udighe: tuga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turgun
Meaning: reason, cause
Evenki: turgun
Spoken Manchu: turuxun (2915)
Literary Manchu: turgun
Jurchen: tu-ru-wen-
Ulcha: turgu(n)
Nanai: turgu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turi-
Meaning: 1 gooseberry; black currants 2 peas, beans
Evenki: turikta 1
Literary Manchu: turi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turki
Meaning: sleigh, narta
Evenki: turku
Even: tu.rqi.
Ulcha: tu.c^i.
Orok: tu.tc^i.
Nanai: toki.
Oroch: tukki
Udighe: tuxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tur-ku-
Meaning: 1 to jump 2 to swoop (of a wind gust)
Evenki: turku- 1
Udighe: tuku- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turku-
260Keys of Han
Meaning: to get caught (in a trap, net)
Evenki: turku-
Negidal: tojki.-
Ulcha: tu.c^u.-
Orok: tu.tu.-
Nanai: tojqo-
Oroch: tokko-, tukku-
Solon: tu.kku.ta:· bi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turku- / *turke-
Meaning: be unable
Evenki: turku-
Even: turku-
Negidal: tujku-
Ulcha: teten-
Orok: teten-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turu
Meaning: pole, mast; sacred pole, place
Evenki: turu
Negidal: tojo
Spoken Manchu: tura: 'post' (460)
Literary Manchu: tura
Jurchen: tur-ra (208)
Ulcha: tu.ra
Orok: toro
Nanai: toro, tora
Oroch: tu:
Solon: to"ro" 'door-post'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turV
Meaning: 1 earth 2 lump of earth
Evenki: tur 1(dial.)
Even: to":r
Negidal: tu:j 1
Nanai: tur-qa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tut[a]-
Meaning: to run
Evenki: tutu- 'crawl away'
Even: tut-
Negidal: tutu- 'crawl'
Ulcha: tu.tu.-
Orok: tu.ta-
Nanai: tutu-
Oroch: tutu-
Udighe: tutu-
Solon: tute-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuta-
Meaning: to stay, remain
Spoken Manchu: tuta- 'to stay behind, to remain behind' (1180)
Literary Manchu: tuta-
Jurchen: duta-xun (720)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuta-ril-
Meaning: to get scabs
261Keys of Han
Evenki: tutaril-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tute-
Meaning: sword, spear
Evenki: tuteke:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tux-
Meaning: to take into arms
Evenki: tuk-
Even: to.k-
Ulcha: tu:wu-le-
Nanai: tuxi-si-
Udighe: tugele-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:kre
Meaning: 1 clavicle 2 upper rib
Evenki: tu:kre 1
Even: to"kъr 1
Negidal: tuxse 2
Udighe: tuhe 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:ri:-
Meaning: 1 to hold, support 2 support (n.)
Evenki: tu:ri:-n 1
Even: to"r- 1
Negidal: tuju 2
Ulcha: turu-wen- 1
Orok: toro-n|olo- 1
Nanai: turi-n-,turu:- 1
Oroch: turi- 1
Solon: teru:· 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:te-
Meaning: a 4-year-old elk
Evenki: tu:teke:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"gde-le:-
Meaning: 1 to cross a bridge 2 bridge, log
Evenki: tigdele:-, digde- 1, tigdele:n 2
Even: tildraun 2
Orok: tugdule 2, tugdule- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"jn|e(-pun)
Meaning: staff
Evenki: tijewun
Even: tijun
Negidal: tijewun
Spoken Manchu: teifun (676) 'walking stick, staff'
Literary Manchu: tejfun
Ulcha: tinepu(n)
Orok: tein|geptu(n)
Nanai: tunepu
Oroch: tijo:, tijeu(n)
Udighe: tiu, tieu(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"K-, *tu"gde
Meaning: 1 rain 2 to fall, drop
Evenki: tigde 1, tik- 2
Even: ti:d 1, tik- 2
Negidal: tigde 1, tik- 2
262Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: tuxe- 2
Jurchen: tu-ho- 2
Ulcha: tugde 1, tu:- 2
Orok: tugde / tugz^|e 1, tu:- 2
Nanai: tugde 1, tu:- 2
Oroch: tigde 1, ti:- 2
Udighe: tigde
Solon: tiki- 2, tegde- 'to rain'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"ksa
Meaning: house cover made of birch bark
Evenki: tiksa
Even: ti.s
Negidal: ti.ksa
Literary Manchu: tuqsa
Ulcha: tu.i.qsa
Nanai: ti.sa (Kur-Urm.)
Oroch: tuksa
Udighe: tukea", tuka"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"la-
Meaning: 1 to become exhausted 2 to stop growing, weaken 3 to miss time, opportunity
Evenki: tila- 1
Even: ti.l- 2
Literary Manchu: tuli- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"pa, *tu"p-ken
Meaning: 1 nail, peg 2 (finger)nail
Evenki: tipken 1
Even: tipkir, tipken 1
Negidal: tipke:n 1
Ulcha: tukpe(n) 1
Orok: tupke(n)/-kpen 1
Nanai: tukpe 1
Oroch: tipa 2, tippe 1
Udighe: tikpe(n) 1
Solon: tikke:su 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"re:-(kse)
Meaning: boot-top
Evenki: tire:kse
Negidal: tijekse
Literary Manchu: ture
Ulcha: turekse
Orok: tureske
Nanai: turekse
Oroch: tijekse
Udighe: tiehe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"ru"
Meaning: straps
Evenki: tiri:
Even: ti.ri.
Literary Manchu: turu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u-
Meaning: 1 this 2 that
Spoken Manchu: eva: (2620, 2884) 1
263Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: u-ba 1
Udighe: u-ti 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ub(u)-
Meaning: 1 to panic 2 to quarrel
Evenki: upc^u- 2
Nanai: obosa- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uc^-
Meaning: 1 case, fate 2 time, season
Even: u.c^i.q 1
Literary Manchu: uc^uri 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uc^e-
Meaning: diarrhoea
Evenki: uc^en
Negidal: uc^el- (v.)
Ulcha: uc^e
Nanai: uce (Bik.)
Udighe: use
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uc^ik(te)
Meaning: 1 sheath 2 ornaments on sheath
Literary Manchu: uc^iqa 1
Orok: uc^ikte 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uda-
Meaning: 1 pregnant 2 to bear calves 3 first-born child 4 birth pains 5 placenta
Evenki: udaja 4, udac^a:n 5
Even: odandra"- 2
Negidal: odi.n 1
Orok: u.di.ma 3
Oroch: udama 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *udi:-
Meaning: 1 to ornament 2 ornament
Evenki: udi:- 1
Negidal: uditkan 2
Orok: uz^|i 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *udu-n
Meaning: rain (with wind)
Evenki: udun
Even: u.dъn
Oroch: udu(n)
Solon: u.du.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-
Meaning: 1 above, up 2 to mount
Evenki: ug|i: 1, ug|- 2
Even: o"g|ъ- 1, u:- 2
Negidal: uvi- ~ ug|i- 1, okc^a-la:- 2
Literary Manchu: ve-si- 1
Jurchen: wi-si (594) 1
Ulcha: uji- 1, u:.- 2
Orok: ui, uwu 1, u:.- 2
Nanai: uwu-j 1, o:- 2
Oroch: ui-si 1, u:- 2
Udighe: ui- 1, u:-na- 2
264Keys of Han
Solon: ug|e-sxi: 1, ugu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-
Meaning: 1 gall 2 to rot 3 rotten
Evenki: ug|i: 1, ug|le:- 2
Even: ugo 1, u:l- 2
Orok: u:g|ledixe 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-da-
Meaning: 1 dry larch 2 building made of dry larch 3 boat
Evenki: ugdal 1, ugda:n 2, ugda-ksa 3
Even: u.dan 2
Negidal: ogda 3, ogdan 2
Ulcha: u.Gda 3
Orok: u.Gda 3
Nanai: oGda 3
Oroch: ugda 3
Udighe: ugda 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uge:(r)- / *ug-be(n)
Meaning: 1 wave 2 jet 3 river rift
Evenki: u:g|e 1, dial. uwe:, uwge-
Negidal: uwe: 1, ubge-n 3
Literary Manchu: were-n 2
Ulcha: ugbe(n) 3
Nanai: we 1, ugbe 3
Oroch: uwe 1, 2
Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), ue 1, 2, ugbe(n) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ugi(r)-
Meaning: 1 herd 2 pasture 3 yard 4 gate 5 garden
Evenki: ujur 2 (Nep.), ug|uwa, uwuwa 1 (Olk., Tng.)
Even: ujire: 4
Orok: ujru 2
Udighe: uhi (Корм. 303), uji 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ugi:
Meaning: few
Evenki: ug|i:-kun
Negidal: og|i:.
Ulcha: oi.
Orok: oji
Nanai: oi.
Oroch: uji
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uji-
Meaning: to bind, knot together
Evenki: uj-
Even: uj-
Negidal: uj-
Ulcha: ui-
Orok: uj-
Nanai: ui-
Oroch: uji-, uju-
Udighe: uji-pti 'a k. of rope'
Solon: uji-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ujKam
Meaning: 1 mountain ram 2 a k. of horned animal
265Keys of Han
Evenki: ujam 1
Even: u.jama 1
Negidal: ojamka 2
Literary Manchu: wejxen 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uju-
Meaning: alive
Spoken Manchu: veixun (695)
Literary Manchu: wei-xun
Ulcha: uju(n)
Orok: uju(n)
Nanai: uju
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ujV
Meaning: to swim (of birds)
Evenki: uju-,uju-kta-
Negidal: oji.-jan-
Orok: onno:-
Nanai: on/oan-, ojana-
Udighe: wujan-, ujan-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uK-
Meaning: 1 to get wet, wet 2 to wash
Evenki: uksu- 1
Even: oqti.- 2
Ulcha: uksi- 1
Nanai: uksi- 1
Oroch: uksi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uK-
Meaning: 1 unity, accord 2 kin; successors
Literary Manchu: uxe 1, uqsun 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uki:
Meaning: crib, fish-pot, fish basket
Evenki: uki:
Even: u:kit
Negidal: uxi:
Literary Manchu: uku
Nanai: uki
Oroch: uki
Udighe: uki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uKu-
Meaning: 1 female 2 daughter-in-law
Evenki: uku-c^e:n 1
Even: uki 1
Negidal: uxi 1
Literary Manchu: uki 1, uxen 2
Ulcha: we-c^e(n) 1
Orok: uwe-c^e(n) 1
Nanai: we-c^e 1
Oroch: we:c^ke 1
Udighe: guasa` 1 (Корм. 223)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ul-
Meaning: to sew
Evenki: ulli:-
Negidal: uli-
266Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: ifi- (271)
Literary Manchu: ufi-, ifi-
Ulcha: urpi-
Orok: ulpi-
Nanai: ulpi-
Oroch: ippi-, uppi-
Udighe: ulihi-
Solon: uldi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula-
Meaning: 1 to soak, wet 2 river
Evenki: ula- 1
Even: u.l- 1
Spoken Manchu: ula: 'large river' (2090)
Literary Manchu: ulGa- 1, ula 2
Jurchen: ula (49) 2
Orok: u.la- 1
Nanai: u.lari.ko: (dial.) 'wet'
Udighe: ula- 1
Solon: u.lakku:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula
Meaning: 1 hemp 2 millet
Literary Manchu: olo 1
Nanai: ula 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula-n
Meaning: 1 frazil 2 glade, polynia
Evenki: ula:n 1
Negidal: olan 2
Ulcha: ula(n) 2
Nanai: ola 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule-
Meaning: good
Literary Manchu: ulin 'goods'
Ulcha: ule(n)
Orok: ulin|ga
Nanai: ule:· (Он.)
Udighe: uligdiga` 'beautiful' (Корм. 301)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule:-
Meaning: to boil
Evenki: ule:-
Even: o"le:-
Negidal: ule:-
Ulcha: ulu-si-
Orok: ule:-
Nanai: ulu-
Udighe: olokto-
Solon: o"lo":-, ulo":-, elo":-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule:k
Meaning: lie
Evenki: ule:k
Even: o"le:k
Negidal: o"lo"x
Literary Manchu: uluken
267Keys of Han
Oroch: oloki- (v.)
Solon: o"lo":x, elo":x
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ulgu-ki:
Meaning: chipmunk
Evenki: ulguki:
Ulcha: ulz^|i
Nanai: ulgi
Oroch: ugguka":
Udighe: ugz^|ixi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ulgumV (/*ulmugV)
Meaning: 1 pheasant 2 gull
Evenki: umn|e:ti: 2
Even: o":mn|e:ti 2
Negidal: o"mo"ti 2
Spoken Manchu: ol@h@m@, ol@hum@ 1 (2250)
Literary Manchu: ulx|uma 1
Jurchen: ulhu-ma (188) 1
Ulcha: olGoma 1
Nanai: olGomi. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uligan
Meaning: pig
Negidal: olgi.n
Spoken Manchu: v@l@g/an (2195)
Literary Manchu: ulg/an
Jurchen: ulhian (162)
Ulcha: orgi.(n)
Orok: orgi.(n)
Nanai: olgi.a
Udighe: wage
Solon: ulge:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:-
Meaning: to feed
Evenki: uli:-
Even: uli-
Literary Manchu: ulebu-
Nanai: uli-
Udighe: ulikte 'sacrificial fat' (Корм. 301)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:-
Meaning: 1 to row 2 oar
Evenki: uli:- 1, uli:wun 2
Even: u.li.n- 1, u.li.wu.n 2
Negidal: oli.n- 1
Nanai: ulbe(n) 2
Udighe: ulimagda 'big delved boat
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:n-(kta)
Meaning: wild apple
Evenki: uli:kta 'wild apple', ulukta 'bird-cherry'
Literary Manchu: uli 'pear; rowan'
Ulcha: unikte
Nanai: un/ikte
Udighe: ulin|kie
Solon: uli:tte
268Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ul-(k)se
Meaning: meat
Evenki: ulle
Even: ulъd
Negidal: ule
Ulcha: ulse
Orok: ulise
Nanai: ulekse
Oroch: ukte
Udighe: ulehe
Solon: uldi, ulde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uma-kta
Meaning: 1 brier 2 a sp. of berry 3 cornel
Even: umtъ.c^an 2
Literary Manchu: umpu 3
Ulcha: omaqta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ume- / emu-
Meaning: one
Evenki: umu:n
Even: o"mъn
Negidal: emen
Spoken Manchu: em@ (2734)
Literary Manchu: emu
Jurchen: emu (636)
Ulcha: u.m
Orok: umu:ke
Nanai: emu(n)
Oroch: om
Udighe: omo
Solon: emu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *um(i)-
Meaning: to drink
Evenki: um-
Negidal: om-
Spoken Manchu: iomi- (403)
Literary Manchu: omi-
Jurchen: umi-La (534)
Ulcha: u.mu.wu.
Orok: umi-
Nanai: omi-
Oroch: imi-
Udighe: umi-
Solon: ime-, imi-, emu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *umi:-
Meaning: to gather
Evenki: umi:w-
Even: u.mi.w-
Literary Manchu: im/a-
Ulcha: u.mu.c^i.-
Orok: u.mmu.-
Nanai: omo:-
Oroch: umu-
269Keys of Han
Udighe: u:mu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *umu-
Meaning: hole, nest
Evenki: umde:-k, umuk
Even: umre:ke:n, u.mak
Negidal: omu.
Ulcha: omon
Orok: omo
Nanai: omo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *umu:-kta
Meaning: egg
Evenki: umu:kta
Even: u.mtъ.
Negidal: omu.kta
Spoken Manchu: um@han (332)
Literary Manchu: umx|an, umGan
Ulcha: omu.qta
Nanai: omaqta
Oroch: umukta
Udighe: umukta
Solon: u.matta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *unde(ken)
Meaning: 1 board 2 horizontal pole in the house 3 house covering
Evenki: une, uneke:n 3
Even: unen 'dwelling place', dial. unipkin 2
Literary Manchu: undexen 1
Orok: une 3
Nanai: undexe
Oroch: un/i 3
Udighe: waneha" 2
Solon: unexe:· 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un/i ( ~ u"-)
Meaning: small river, brook
Ulcha: u.n/i.
Orok: un/i 'river'
Nanai: on/i.
Oroch: un/i
Udighe: un/i "An/uj river"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un/n|u-
Meaning: to smell
Evenki: unn|u-
Even: unn|u-
Negidal: un/n|u-
Ulcha: un/e-
Orok: unene-
Nanai: ujne-
Udighe: un|efe- (Корм. 303)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-
Meaning: 1 pit, hole 2 lair, den
Evenki: un|ulu 1
Negidal: on|olo 1
Literary Manchu: on|Gola, un|Gala 1, un 2
270Keys of Han
Ulcha: on|Golo 1
Nanai: on|Golo 1
Oroch: on|go 1
Udighe: on|go 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-
Meaning: 1 to cry, weep 2 to sing
Evenki: un|a- 2, un|ki:- 1
Even: u.n|/a":-u.n|/a": 1 (onom.)
Nanai: un|gu- 'to say, tell' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-se, *un|nu-
Meaning: 1 palate 2 sinew in deer's neck 3 aorta, breast bone 4 Adam's apple, craw 5 region under the shoulderblade
Evenki: un|re:n 2, unn|un 1
Even: o"nn|ъlъk, un|ne 3
Negidal: u:n|ele 4
Orok: un|ele 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *upa
Meaning: flour
Negidal: opa
Spoken Manchu: ufa: (294)
Literary Manchu: ufa
Jurchen: wu-fa (531)
Ulcha: upa
Orok: upa
Nanai: opa
Oroch: upa
Udighe: ufa
Solon: u.g|o:·, uon 'bread'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *upa
Meaning: adze
Literary Manchu: efexun
Nanai: ofali, ufali
Oroch: upa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *upsi
Meaning: 1 shaman clothes 2 belt made of badger's skin
Negidal: upsi 1
Ulcha: upsi 1
Nanai: ufsi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *upVkte
Meaning: 1 lung(s) 2 down, light feather(s) 3 spleen 4 brisket (of a bear)
Even: o"bdъ 3
Negidal: opkoli. 4
Spoken Manchu: ufuxu 1 (85)
Literary Manchu: ufuxu 1
Ulcha: upte 2
Orok: upukte 2
Nanai: upulte 2, upke 3 (Kur-Urm.)
Oroch: upukte 2
Udighe: ofokto 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ur
Meaning: 1 male 2 elk (2 y. old) 3 1-year-old deer
271Keys of Han
Evenki: ur 1, urikc^a:n 2
Negidal: ojc^a:n 2
Literary Manchu: urges^en 3
Nanai: ojc^a 2
Oroch: uric^a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ura- / *ur-ke
Meaning: 1 become covered by top (of milk) 2 (milk) top, cream 3 door
Evenki: urke 3
Even: urkъ 3
Negidal: ujke 3
Spoken Manchu: uc^i: 3 (451)
Literary Manchu: oro- 1, oroqu 2, uc^e 3
Ulcha: uc^e 3
Orok: ute 3
Nanai: ujke 3
Oroch: ukke 3
Udighe: uke 3
Solon: ukke, urke 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure-
Meaning: 1 to grow 2 sprout 3 bush
Evenki: uruktu 3
Literary Manchu: ursan 2
Jurchen: uru-xe 'ripe' (539)
Nanai: ure- 1, urekte 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure:-
Meaning: 1 truth 2 to justify 3 to agree
Evenki: ure:- 3
Even: o"re- 3
Negidal: uje:- 3
Literary Manchu: uru 1, urgin 'sample, form'
Jurchen: uru-le-be (831) 2
Solon: urubu- 'to learn (of soldiers)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure:-
Meaning: 1 to be similar, resemble 2 similar
Evenki: ure:- 1
Even: ure:c^ 2
Orok: urexe 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uri
Meaning: 1 stomach, belly 2 breast collar 3 inner fat 4 maw 5 upper layer of yukola
Evenki: ur, uri-gde 1; uri-ptun 2; orik 4
Even: ur 1, orъqъn 3
Negidal: uji-pun 2
Ulcha: uru-ptu(n) 2
Orok: uritte 'fish belly'
Nanai: ori.x|ta 5
Solon: orxi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uri:-
Meaning: to scoop, dig out
Evenki: uri:-
Even: uri-
Negidal: oji.-
272Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: wara-
Orok: uri-
Nanai: ori.c^i.-; ori. 'scoop'
Udighe: ui-
Solon: oru:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uru-
Meaning: to enjoy, be merry
Evenki: uru:wsi:-
Even: o"rus-
Spoken Manchu: uruxun 'joy' (1929)
Literary Manchu: ur-gun 'joy'
Jurchen: wur-hul-z^|e-rie (372)
Orok: uru-lz^|ini-
Solon: urun-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uru:-
Meaning: 1 to gather, collect 2 crowd, gathering
Evenki: uru:w- 1, uru:wu: 2
Negidal: oju.w-
Orok: uru-
Solon: oru.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *us-
Meaning: 1 herd, flock 2 game, wild animal
Evenki: usun|a 1
Even: u.su. 1
Ulcha: uselte 2
Orok: uselte 2
Nanai: uselte 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *us(a)
Meaning: 1 bad 2 to become sad 3 hate 4 guilt, crime 5 to be sick 6 to be unable, not want
Evenki: usa 1, use:- 5, use:-c^e- 6
Even: u.s 1,4, o"se- 5, 6
Negidal: osa 1
Spoken Manchu: usa- 'to be sad, to grieve' (1933)
Literary Manchu: osx|a 1, usa- 2
Jurchen: usu-g|a-buren (384) 3
Ulcha: osisi- 6
Nanai: osisi- 6
Han-Tungus-prototype: *usi:-
Meaning: 1 to bind 2 belt, rope, binding 3 to lace
Evenki: usi: 2, usi:- 1
Even: usi 2, us- 1
Negidal: usi: 2
Literary Manchu: us^e 2, us^e- 3
Ulcha: uesemse 2
Orok: ussi- 1
Nanai: use 2
Oroch: usi 2
Udighe: uhi 2
Solon: us^/i: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ute:-n
Meaning: house, dwelling
Evenki: uten
273Keys of Han
Even: u:te:n
Negidal: u:te:n
Orok: utemi
Oroch: u:tec^eken
Udighe: utuli, utulu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *util-
Meaning: to understand
Even: u.tъ.l-
Negidal: oti.l-
Literary Manchu: utulixequ 'unattentive'
Ulcha: u.ti.li.-
Orok: uttuli.-
Nanai: otoli.o-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *utumuk
Meaning: back of head
Evenki: utumuk
Even: o"to"mo"ho"k
Orok: utumu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *utu-n / -r
Meaning: 1 swamp 2 tundra 3 low bushes
Evenki: utun 1, 2
Orok: uterikte 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:n/i-
Meaning: to shamanize
Negidal: u:n/i-
Orok: u:nz^|in-
Nanai: un-
Oroch: un/i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:re
Meaning: 1 worm 2 snake
Evenki: u:re 1
Negidal: uje 1
Ulcha: were(n) 2
Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), uje
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:ri-
Meaning: recently, formerly
Evenki: u:r, u:ri
Even: o":r
Negidal: uj
Orok: o:ra-pc^i
Oroch: uja-da
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"b-
Meaning: 1 to hate, abhor 2 to panic 3 to be ashamed
Evenki: ibz^|a- 3
Spoken Manchu: uv/a- 'to dislike' (1904)
Literary Manchu: ub/a-, ib/a- 1
Nanai: obosa- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"l-
Meaning: 1 fistula, hollow nutshell 2 anus
Even: i.mni. 2
Literary Manchu: ulu 1
Oroch: i:lmini 2
274Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"l(k)e-
Meaning: 1 to measure 2 to understand 3 to transmit, relay, teach
Evenki: ilke- 1
Even: ilke:- 1
Negidal: ilke:t- 1
Spoken Manchu: ulixi- 2 (1860)
Literary Manchu: ulxi- 2, ula- 3
Jurchen: uli- 3
Nanai: ilkec^i- 1 (Kur-Urm.)
Oroch: ile:c^i- 1
Udighe: ilewesi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"n-
Meaning: 1 notch on an arrow 2 scar, mark (on face) 3 wrinkle (on face)
Evenki: inn|u 3
Even: i.nn|atu. 2
Literary Manchu: wen 1
Nanai: u:· 1 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"re:-kte
Meaning: 1 larch 2 rod, willow rod
Evenki: ire:kte 1
Even: ire:t 1
Negidal: ije:kte 1
Ulcha: urekte 2
Orok: urekte 2
Nanai: urekte 2
Oroch: ijekte 2
Udighe: jakta 2
Solon: ire:kte, ire:tte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"se
Meaning: 1 seed 2 to grow 3 field ready for ploughing
Evenki: isew- 2
Even: isu- 2
Negidal: isew- 2
Spoken Manchu: usu: 1 (330, 1158, 2143)
Literary Manchu: use 1, usi-n 3
Jurchen: use 1, usi-in (50) 3
Ulcha: use 1
Nanai: use 1
Oroch: usi 1
Udighe: jehu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"t-
Meaning: 1 to ferment bread 2 jam, cream
Evenki: itke- 1
Literary Manchu: uta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u":(g)-
Meaning: to knead, press
Evenki: i:-
Even: i:-
Negidal: i:-
Literary Manchu: uje-
Nanai: ui-
275Keys of Han
Oroch: ibbe 'soft'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *wa:- ( = *eba:-)
Meaning: to kill
Evenki: wa:-
Even: wa:-, ma:-
Negidal: wa:-
Spoken Manchu: va:- (739)
Literary Manchu: wa-
Jurchen: wa-du-lar (459)
Ulcha: wa:wu.
Orok: wa:-
Nanai: wa:-
Oroch: wa:-
Udighe: wa:-
Solon: wa:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-
Meaning: 1 to buy 2 to complain, start a lawsuit
Literary Manchu: x|abs^a- 2
Ulcha: x|apsi.- 2
Orok: x|aw- 1, x|apsi.- 2
Nanai: x|apsi.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-
Meaning: to rub, wipe off
Evenki: aw-
Even: aw-
Negidal: aw-
Ulcha: x|a:wu.-
Orok: x|aw-
Nanai: x|ao-
Oroch: au-
Udighe: au-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-
Meaning: 1 to go mad 2 evil spirit 3 to grizzle 4 to be angry, clamorous
Evenki: awu:l- 4
Even: awu.r- 4
Literary Manchu: abura- 4
Ulcha: x|au.n, x|abdari. 2, x|au.n- 1
Orok: x|au.-s 'замертво'
Nanai: x|ao 'dizziness', x|oan- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xabda(-nsa)
Meaning: leaf
Evenki: abdanna
Even: ebdъnrъ
Negidal: abdana
Spoken Manchu: af@h@ (2137)
Literary Manchu: abdaxa / afaxa
Jurchen: ha-[bxa] (119)
Ulcha: x|abdata
Orok: xamdata
Nanai: x|abdata (Nkh.), x|aftaca (Bik.)
Oroch: abdasa
276Keys of Han
Udighe: abdeha"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xabu-l-
Meaning: to swell
Evenki: awul-
Even: awu.l-
Negidal: awu.l-
Literary Manchu: ajbi-
Ulcha: x|au.li.-
Orok: x|awli.-
Nanai: x|aolo-
Udighe: auli-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)abu-z^|an-
Meaning: to gape, open mouth
Negidal: awz^|an-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)abu"-
Meaning: stem, stalk
Evenki: ag|i(n)
Even: ag|
Negidal: ag|i.(n)
Literary Manchu: af/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xac^in
Meaning: 1 kind, sort, variety 2 various
Spoken Manchu: hac^in 1 (2558)
Literary Manchu: x|ac^in 1
Jurchen: ha-c^e-jin 'thing'
Ulcha: x|ac^i.(n) 1
Orok: x|atc^i.(n) 2
Nanai: x|ac^i.· 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xac^u-kan
Meaning: kettle
Literary Manchu: x|ac^ux|an, x|anc^ux|an
Ulcha: x|ac^oa(n)
Orok: x|ac^u.g|a(n)
Nanai: x|ac^ox|a
Oroch: xac^ua(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xadaga-
Meaning: to turn back, move back
Evenki: adag|a:-
Even: adag|-
Negidal: adag|a:n-
Ulcha: x|adan-
Nanai: x|ada:n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xadu"-
Meaning: to be worn out, become thin, fragile
Evenki: adi:n|- 'to diminish'
Even: ad-
Orok: xadu.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aju:
Meaning: knucklebone
Evenki: aju:, aju:ka:n
Solon: aju:.xa:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaK-
277Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to tear off, separate
Negidal: aki.- / kaki.- 1
Ulcha: x|aqpa-lu.- 2
Orok: x|aqpa- 2
Nanai: x|a:Ga- 1, x|aqpa:- 2
Udighe: akpinda- 1, kakpaligi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aK-
Meaning: to become rotten, bitter
Literary Manchu: aqs^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aK-
Meaning: 1 to menstruate 2 dirt 3 rust, mould 4 to rust, mould
Evenki: akapc^u- 1
Even: oqu., aqu:.sa 3, oqu:.-, aqu:.- 4
Solon: aku. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aKa(k)ta
Meaning: cross-bow, bow
Even: akata, akota
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xakta-
Meaning: 1 to castrate (a deer) 2 castrated deer
Evenki: akta- 1, aktaki: 2
Even: a:t- 1, ata 2
Negidal: aktawc^a: 2
Orok: x|aqta 2
Nanai: x|aqta- 1, x|aqtaqto 2
Solon: attamal 'testiculi'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaku-kan (/*k-)
Meaning: doll
Ulcha: x|aqu.a(n)
Orok: x|oqo(n)
Nanai: aqoa
Oroch: xakua
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xala-
Meaning: tug, belt
Evenki: alag|
Even: al
Negidal: ala, alan
Ulcha: x|ala
Orok: x|ali.
Nanai: x|ala
Oroch: ala
Udighe: ala
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ala
Meaning: tasty, sweet
Evenki: ala
Even: alъ.qe:µ
Negidal: alagdi.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xala:-
Meaning: to wait
Evenki: ala:-c^-
Even: alac^-
Negidal: ala:c^-
Spoken Manchu: iali- (1439, 3034)
278Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: al/a-
Ulcha: xala-c^i.-
Orok: xala:-c^i.-
Nanai: xala-c^i-
Oroch: ala:-c^i-
Udighe: ala-si-
Solon: ala:s^/-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)al-dan
Meaning: frazil (in spring, close to the shore)
Negidal: aldan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaldi-
Meaning: to hack, polish
Evenki: aldi-
Even: aldъ.-
Negidal: aldi.-
Literary Manchu: anz^|i-
Ulcha: x|aldi.-
Orok: x|alz^|i.-
Nanai: x|alz^|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)algi-n
Meaning: otter (male)
Negidal: algi:.
Literary Manchu: algin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xali:-
Meaning: bog, swamp
Evenki: ali:kta 'тальник (на гольцах)', 'поросль (на
гари)'
Literary Manchu: x|ali
Orok: x|a:lc^i.
Nanai: x|alo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xalu-
Meaning: snow (falling in flakes)
Evenki: alunti
Negidal: altami.
Orok: x|alu.qta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xalu-kta
Meaning: 1 membrane, dandruff 2 birch bark
Evenki: alukta 1
Even: altъ 1
Negidal: alta 1
Literary Manchu: alx|uwa 1, alan 2
Orok: x|alu.qta 1
Nanai: x|aloqta 1
Oroch: alukta 1
Udighe: alu, alukta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *[x]amu:-
Meaning: 1 faeces, dung 2 to defecate 3 snuff, thief (in a pipe)
Evenki: amu:-n 1, amu:-n- 2
Even: amu. 3
Negidal: amu.n 1, amu.t- 2
Spoken Manchu: ham@ (100) 1, ham@t@- (101) 2
Literary Manchu: x|amu 1, x|amu-ta- 2
279Keys of Han
Ulcha: amu. 1, amc^i.- 2
Orok: amu.(n) 1, amu.- 2
Nanai: amo 1, am-c^i.- 2
Oroch: amu. 1
Udighe: amu- 1, amukta- 2
Solon: amu.· 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an(d)ikta
Meaning: mint; name of a geranium-like plant
Evenki: ani:, anikta
Negidal: ani:.kta 'willow-herb'
Oroch: anikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an(d)u-
Meaning: 1 to accuse 2 to tease
Evenki: anu:- 1
Negidal: anut- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an|uli:
Meaning: deer skin (with fading hair)
Evenki: an|uli:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xap-
Meaning: fish bladder
Evenki: kapata
Negidal: a:pi.
Ulcha: x|a:pa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapina(bu)
Meaning: wasp, bee
Ulcha: x|apuna
Orok: x|api.nawu.(n)
Oroch: xapinu
Udighe: afuna`u (Корм. 209)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)apka:-
Meaning: oak tree
Negidal: apka:-kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xap-ki-
Meaning: to strangle, throttle
Evenki: apki-
Even: apqъ.-
Negidal: apku.-
Orok: x|aqpi.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapki-
Meaning: to block, partition
Negidal: apki:.
Ulcha: x|aqpali.
Orok: x|aqpe: ~ x|apqe:
Nanai: x|aqpi.-
Udighe: afikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapsa
Meaning: 1 box 2 bag 3 delved boat
Evenki: awsa 1, 2
Even: awsъ. 2
Negidal: awfsak 1
Literary Manchu: absa 1, 3
Orok: x|apsaw 2
280Keys of Han
Nanai: xapsio (Он.) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapu- ~ *xopu-
Meaning: foam
Literary Manchu: x|ofon ~ x|afun
Udighe: afuti
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ar-
Meaning: 1 shoot, bud; fang 2 tooth of a saw 3 a flower name
Evenki: arga:-wa:kte 3 (?)
Spoken Manchu: ar@h@n (625) 2
Literary Manchu: arGan 1,2, arsun 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)arabgi:
Meaning: larva of a gad-fly
Evenki: arawgi:
Even: arъ.bgъ.n
Negidal: aji.bgi.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xara-musa
Meaning: thigh covers, stockings
Evenki: aramus
Even: arъ.mrъ.
Negidal: ajmos
Orok: x|amu.sa
Oroch: am(u)su
Udighe: amuhi
Solon: aramus^
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarba
Meaning: 1 shallow place, shoal 2 shallow 3 ebb, ebb-tide 4 to become shallow
Evenki: arba 1,2
Even: arbati. 1
Negidal: ajba- 4
Ulcha: x|alba 2
Nanai: x|arba 1,2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xargan
Meaning: chock (for processing fish skins)
Nanai: x|az^|Ga (Kur-Urm.)
Oroch: xaiga(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xar-ku"-
Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to sting
Evenki: arki- 2
Even: arqъ.- 2
Negidal: ajki.- 2
Ulcha: x|ac^o- 1, 2
Orok: x|a:tu.-la- 2
Nanai: x|ajqo- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarpu-
Meaning: 1 to sweep 2 fan 3 broom
Evenki: arpul- 1, arpuki: 2
Even: arpaki. 2
Negidal: atpu.- 1, atpu.xi.· 2
Literary Manchu: arfuqu 2
Ulcha: x|arpu.- 1, x|arpu. 3
Orok: x|arpu.ri.- 1, x|arpu. 3
281Keys of Han
Nanai: x|apoli.- 1, x|apol 3
Oroch: appu- 1, appu(i) 3
Udighe: akpu- 1, akpun|ku 2, 3
Solon: arpuku 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarpu- / *xarpi-
Meaning: 1 to rasp, plane 2 plane, knife
Negidal: atpu.gda 2
Orok: x|alpi.n- 1
Nanai: x|arpi.c^i.- 1
Oroch: appili 2
Udighe: afili 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasa-
Meaning: to pursue, drive
Evenki: asa-
Even: asi.-saw-
Negidal: asa-
Literary Manchu: asax|a fasax|a 'in a hurry'
Ulcha: x|asa-
Orok: x|asa-
Nanai: x|asa-si.-
Oroch: asa-
Udighe: aha-
Solon: asa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasa-ki:
Meaning: wing
Evenki: asaki:
Even: asi.qi.
Negidal: asaxi:.
Spoken Manchu: as@h@ 'wing, fin' (2293)
Literary Manchu: asx|a
Ulcha: x|asali.
Orok: x|asa
Nanai: x|asar
Oroch: asi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasi:-kta
Meaning: fir-tree
Evenki: asi:kta
Even: asta
Ulcha: x|asta
Orok: x|asi:qta
Nanai: x|asi.kta
Oroch: asikta
Udighe: ahikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)asu-
Meaning: 1 to chop, cut off 2 to bite
Evenki: asu- 2
Literary Manchu: asix/a- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasu-
Meaning: 1 net, trap 2 to fish
Spoken Manchu: as@ 1 (664)
Literary Manchu: asu 1
Ulcha: x|asc^u.- 2
282Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:n-gi-
Meaning: other, other side
Even: a:n|i.li.
Negidal: an|i.-li.
Ulcha: x|an|Gi.-la
Orok: x|an|ne:
Nanai: x|an|Gi.a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:n|ga-kura
Meaning: 1 elder 2 red bilberry
Ulcha: x|an|Gaqu.ra 1
Orok: x|an|Gattu.ra 1
Nanai: x|a:n|Goa 1
Oroch: an|an|ka": 1
Solon: an|ara:ldi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:ri-
Meaning: border, hem
Ulcha: x|a:ri.c^a
Nanai: x|a:ri-, x|a:ric^a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebe-
Meaning: 1 bay 2 lake
Evenki: ewere:n 1
Negidal: ewejen 2
Ulcha: xewe(n) 2
Orok: xewere(n) 1
Nanai: xewe 1, 2
Oroch: ewe 1
Udighe: ewe 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebi:- / *kupi:- / *xupi:-
Meaning: 1 to play 2 jolly, merry 3 to pity 4 to humiliate
Evenki: ewi:- 1, ewle:n- 3
Even: ewi- 1, ewe 2
Negidal: ewi:- 1
Spoken Manchu: ifi- 1 (1357)
Literary Manchu: efi-, ef/e- 1
Ulcha: xupi- / kupi- 1
Orok: xupi- 1
Nanai: xupi- / kupi- 1, xeule:n- 4
Oroch: ewi:-
Solon: ugi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebti-
Meaning: rib
Evenki: ewtile:
Even: ewutle
Negidal: ewtile
Spoken Manchu: ef@c^i (84)
Literary Manchu: ebc^i
Ulcha: xeuntile, xeuptile
Orok: xewc^ile
Nanai: xeuc^ile
Oroch: eutile, eutule
Udighe: euntile
Solon: o":tele:
283Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebu-
Meaning: 1 side 2 across, traverse, to the side
Evenki: ewunki: 2
Even: ewunki 2, ewutle 1
Negidal: ewunki 2
Jurchen: xe-bew 2 (603)
Ulcha: xeundi 2
Orok: xeundei 2
Nanai: xeunz^|i 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eburen
Meaning: corpse
Literary Manchu: u:ren, oren, eoren
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xedu"-n
Meaning: wind
Evenki: edin
Even: edъn
Negidal: edin
Spoken Manchu: udun (2052)
Literary Manchu: edun
Jurchen: hedu-un (5)
Ulcha: xedu(n)
Orok: xedu(n)
Nanai: xedu(n)
Oroch: edi(n)
Udighe: edi(n)
Solon: edi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xegu"n
Meaning: nine
Evenki: jeg|in
Even: ujun
Negidal: ijeg|in
Spoken Manchu: uin, ujun (2743)
Literary Manchu: ujun
Ulcha: xuju(n)
Orok: xuju(n)
Nanai: xuju
Oroch: xuju(n)
Udighe: jeji
Solon: jegi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeje-
Meaning: 1 to sink 2 to float, flow
Evenki: eje- 1
Even: eje:n- 2
Negidal: eje:-n- 2
Spoken Manchu: ei- 'to flow, to overflow' (1807)
Literary Manchu: eje- 2
Ulcha: xeje-n- 2
Orok: xeje-n- 2
Nanai: xeje- 2
Oroch: eje- 2
Udighe: eje- 2
Solon: eji- 2
284Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xel-
Meaning: 1 bat 2 flying squirrel 3 swallow
Evenki: elduki: 1
Even: elduki 2, 3
Ulcha: xele 1
Orok: xelei 3
Nanai: xelegdexi, xeregdepi 1
Oroch: xelegduki 1
Udighe: elugduge 1
Solon: eligde:· 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xelde-gde ( -gz^|e)
Meaning: a k. of fox
Negidal: xeldegde ( < South. Tung.)
Ulcha: xeldegz^|ie(n)
Orok: xeldegde, xeldekte
Nanai: xeldegz^|e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eleke:-s
Meaning: at first, in the beginning
Evenki: eleke:s
Even: elъkъs
Negidal: elexes
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xelgen/e
Meaning: 1 waist 2 interval
Evenki: en|en/e: 1
Even: en|ъn/ 1, e:lgъ 2
Negidal: en|en/e: 1
Ulcha: xen|gi 1
Orok: x|en|geje 'armpit'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)elke:n
Meaning: 1 wild deer 2 domestic deer
Evenki: elke:n 1
Even: ie:lken, elken 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeln/i
Meaning: mortar
Literary Manchu: xel/en
Ulcha: xen/i
Nanai: xen/i ( > Neg. xen/i)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)elu:-
Meaning: 1 to hatch 2 egg
Evenki: elu:- 1
Even: oln|a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemer
Meaning: 1 sharp 2 easy going
Evenki: emer
Even: emъr
Negidal: emejigdi
Ulcha: xomburu(n) 2
Orok: xemberu 1,2
Nanai: xemberu 2
Oroch: xemberu 2
Udighe: emei 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemn|e
285Keys of Han
Meaning: wide
Evenki: emn|e
Even: emn|ъ
Negidal: emn|e
Ulcha: xem, xum 'all'
Orok: xemge
Oroch: emme
Udighe: en|me
Solon: emme
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemu-gde
Meaning: 1 belly 2 intestines
Evenki: emugde 2
Even: emdъ 2
Negidal: emugde 1
Ulcha: xemde 1
Orok: xemugde 2
Nanai: xemde 1
Udighe: emugde 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen/e
Meaning: dull side of blade
Ulcha: xen/e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ene-ku":
Meaning: sheath, scabbard
Evenki: eneki:
Even: en/ki
Negidal: enexi:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)enn|e-
Meaning: young of deer, horse (one year old)
Evenki: en|neke:n
Even: e:nken
Negidal: en|nexe:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en-te-
Meaning: 1 to beware 2 attentively, slowly
Even: ente- 1, e:ntukuke:n 2
Literary Manchu: entexeme 'always, eternally'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen/u"-
Meaning: light (not heavy)
Evenki: en/i:-mku:n, en/um
Even: ejim
Negidal: en/imkun
Literary Manchu: eni-xun
Ulcha: xen/u
Orok: xen/u-mi
Nanai: xen/u
Oroch: xen/imi
Udighe: enimese` (Корм. 314)
Solon: enikku:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|-
Meaning: 1 free 2 to walk out into open space
Evenki: en|i:- 2
Ulcha: xen|gel(i) 1
Nanai: xen|gel 1
286Keys of Han
Udighe: en|ez^|i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en|e:-
Meaning: to peer, investigate
Even: en|e:li-, en|e:t-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en|ge
Meaning: beak
Literary Manchu: en|ge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|(-gu-)
Meaning: to be burnt
Evenki: en|gure:-
Nanai: xe:n|gi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|gu-kte
Meaning: wild onion
Evenki: un|ukte, en|ukte
Even: en|ut
Negidal: en|ukte
Literary Manchu: un|ge, en|gule
Ulcha: xez^|ikte
Nanai: xez^|ukte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xep-
Meaning: 1 to sprinkle 2 to get wet
Evenki: epe-, epti- 1
Even: eb- 1,2, e:pte- 1
Negidal: epti- 1
Literary Manchu: ebe- 2
Orok: xepic^c^i- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xepe/u-
Meaning: to break, destroy
Evenki: ew-
Spoken Manchu: efel@ (1660)
Literary Manchu: efule-, efele-
Nanai: xepu-li-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xereki:
Meaning: frog
Evenki: ereki:
Even: eriki
Negidal: ejexi:
Literary Manchu: erxe
Ulcha: xere, xereke
Orok: xere
Nanai: xere
Oroch: e:ki
Udighe: e:xi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xerekte
Meaning: skin
Evenki: erekte 'skin, bark'
Even: ertъ
Negidal: ejekte
Ulcha: xerekte
Orok: xerekte
Nanai: xerekte
Oroch: e:kte
287Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xere:-
Meaning: 1 around 2 to walk around, turn around
Evenki: ere:li: 1
Even: erъl- 2
Negidal: eje:l- 2
Ulcha: xereli- 2
Orok: xereli- 2, xere-li 1
Nanai: xeri- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)erge
Meaning: a k. of box
Evenki: erge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeri-
Meaning: 1 price 2 wake, ritual celebration (after death) 3 payment to a judge
Even: e:ri 1
Nanai: xerge 2, xeru: (Он.) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeri- / *xeru-
Meaning: 1 to rake up 2 to sweep
Evenki: eru- 1
Even: er- 1
Negidal: ej- 1
Literary Manchu: eri- 2
Ulcha: xeru- 1
Orok: xeri- 1
Nanai: xeti- 1 (*xer-c^i-)
Oroch: ei- 1
Udighe: eju, ejeu 'shovel'
Solon: eru:· 'shovel'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xesi-n
Meaning: string in net edge
Spoken Manchu: xes^@n, xes@n 'brim; strap' (2606)
Literary Manchu: xes^en 'edge (of net etc.)'
Ulcha: xesi(n)
Nanai: xesi
Oroch: xesi(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xete-
Meaning: 1 to overcome, win 2 to be stubborn, contend 3 to fulfil, accomplish
Evenki: ete- 3
Even: et- 1
Negidal: etic^e- 2, ete- 3
Spoken Manchu: et@- 'to win' (803)
Literary Manchu: ete- 1
Jurchen: hete-xe (794) 1
Ulcha: xete- 1
Orok: xete- 1
Nanai: xete- 1
Oroch: ete- 1
Udighe: ete- 1
Solon: ete- 1, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eti-
Meaning: 1 old man 2 father-in-law
Evenki: eti-rke:n 1, etki: 2
288Keys of Han
Even: eti-ke:n 1, etki 2
Negidal: eti-xen 1, etki: 2
Solon: etikke:· 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)etu-
Meaning: strong, hard
Spoken Manchu: et@xun (2501)
Literary Manchu: etu-xun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xetu"-
Meaning: to tear apart
Evenki: eti-
Even: eted-
Ulcha: xetu-li-
Orok: xetu:-
Nanai: xetu-li-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xez^|e-
Meaning: to rip, unrip
Evenki: ez^|e-
Even: ez^|-
Negidal: ez^|e-
Ulcha: xez^|e-li-, xez^|e-c^e-
Orok: xede-c^i-
Nanai: xez^|e:- (intr.) (Он.)
Oroch: ez^|e-ti-
Udighe: ez^|e-si-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xe:ri:-
Meaning: to shout, call
Evenki: e:ri:-
Even: e:ri-
Negidal: e:ji:-
Jurchen: xeRse-be 'language' (762)
Ulcha: xe:r-si-
Nanai: xe:r-si-
Solon: e:ri:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xia (*xai)
Meaning: 1 what 2 who
Evenki: e:µku:n 1, e:µ 2
Even: a":q 1
Negidal: e:µxun, e:µkun 1, 2; e:µwa 1
Spoken Manchu: ai 1 (2896)
Literary Manchu: ai / ja 1, 2
Ulcha: x|aj 1
Orok: xai 1
Nanai: x|ai. 1
Solon: i: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iag-
Meaning: cold (sickness), influenza
Evenki: e:µg|
Even: a":g| 1
Negidal: e:µg|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xial-
Meaning: 1 coal 2 black
Evenki: e:µlla 1
289Keys of Han
Even: a":lrъ 1
Negidal: e:µla 1
Spoken Manchu: jac^in| 2 (2427)
Literary Manchu: jac^in 2, jax|a 1
Jurchen: hia-xa (66) 1
Ulcha: se:µlta 1
Orok: se:µlta 1
Nanai: si.alta 1
Oroch: (i)jakta 1
Udighe: jalaha 1
Solon: ilge, ilc^i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiap-
Meaning: 1 deer calf 2 deer herd
Evenki: e:µvka:n 1
Even: a":vqan 1, a":vta 2
Negidal: e:µvka:n 1
Orok: se:µpo, se:µpu.g|a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iaru:-n
Meaning: 1 shoulder bone 2 cubit, measure of length 3 ridge of deer's shoulder bone
Evenki: e:µru:n 1, 2
Even: a"rъ.n 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiba-gda
Meaning: ash tree
Negidal: i.wagda
Literary Manchu: ibadan
Ulcha: si.waGda
Nanai: si.waGda
Oroch: iwagda
Udighe: jog|da
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xidar
Meaning: bitter, acid, biting
Evenki: idari-pc^u
Even: i.dъrsi.
Negidal: i.dasi
Literary Manchu: idars^a- 'to feel chest pain'
Ulcha: si.darsi.
Orok: si.da:ru.li.
Nanai: si.darsi.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xigdi-
Meaning: to comb
Evenki: igdi-
Even: i.d-
Negidal: i.gdi.-
Literary Manchu: iz^|i-
Jurchen: hir-di-xun 'comb' (549)
Ulcha: sigdu-
Orok: sigdi-
Nanai: sigz^|i-
Oroch: igdi-
Solon: idda-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)igz^|a-
290Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 yellow 2 grey
Evenki: igz^|a-ma, -rin 1
Even: i.g|z^|aqa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xil-
Meaning: 1 loop for a billet on deer's neck (to keep him from straying) 2 fur collar 3 halter, headstall
Evenki: inman, inmar 3, ilte: 1
Even: i.nmъ.r 3
Literary Manchu: ilten 2
Ulcha: sini 2
Orok: sinni 2, si.lma 3
Oroch: sili 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xila-
Meaning: to blossom, flower
Evenki: ila-, ilag|a
Negidal: i.lag|a-, i.lag|a
Spoken Manchu: il@ha: (2139)
Literary Manchu: ila-, ilx|a
Jurchen: hil-g|a (118)
Ulcha: si.la-, si.la
Orok: si.la-, si.lla
Nanai: si.la-, si.laqta
Oroch: ilakta
Udighe: ila-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ila-
Meaning: to burn, kindle
Evenki: ila-
Negidal: i.la-
Literary Manchu: jila-
Oroch: ila-
Udighe: ila-
Solon: ila-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ile ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: person
Evenki: ile
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ilga-
Meaning: 1 diligent 2 brave 3 handsome 4 crafty 5 to develop, become firm
Evenki: ilga-n 1,2,3,4
Even: i.lgъ.rъ.lbъ.- 5
Spoken Manchu: il@damun|@ 'good-looking, prim' (2525)
Literary Manchu: ildamu 3,4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xil(i)-
Meaning: to plait, braid
Evenki: ilc^a-
Even: i.lc^a:-
Negidal: i.lc^a-
Ulcha: si.lu.-
Orok: si.li.-
Nanai: si.li.-
Oroch: ilic^a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xilkun
Meaning: summer salmon
291Keys of Han
Evenki: ilkun
Negidal: i.lku.n
Ulcha: si.lc^i.n
Nanai: si.lki.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiln|u"
Meaning: tongue
Evenki: inn/i
Even: ienn|ъ
Negidal: in/n|i
Spoken Manchu: ilen|@, iln|i
Literary Manchu: ilen|gu
Jurchen: hilen|-n|u (499)
Ulcha: sin/u
Orok: sinu
Nanai: s/irmu, sin|mu
Oroch: in|i
Udighe: in|i
Solon: in|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)im-
Meaning: 1 gown 2 a k. of ritual hat
Literary Manchu: im/antu 2
Oroch: imz^|a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xima-n|sa
Meaning: snow
Evenki: imana
Even: i.mъ.nrъ.
Negidal: i.mana
Spoken Manchu: niman|@ (2025)
Literary Manchu: niman|gi
Jurchen: hima-n|i (17)
Ulcha: si.mana, si.mata
Orok: si.mana, si.mata
Nanai: si.mana, si.mata
Oroch: imasa
Udighe: imaha
Solon: imanda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ximn|e-kte
Meaning: bird-cherry
Evenki: inn|e:kte
Negidal: imn|emke:n
Literary Manchu: jen|ge
Ulcha: sin/ekte
Orok: sin|ekte
Nanai: sin|e:kte
Oroch: imepe
Udighe: in|ofo
Solon: in|ekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ximu:-n|kse
Meaning: fat
Evenki: imu:kse
Even: imrъn, imdъn
Negidal: imukse
292Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: imen|gi
Jurchen: ji-miun|-n|u (526)
Ulcha: simse
Orok: simure
Nanai: s/imukse
Oroch: imukse
Udighe: imoho
Solon: imukc^e, imuc^c^e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xinda-?
Meaning: come
Orok: sinda-/xinda-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xin/-n|a-
Meaning: hair, fur
Evenki: inn|akta
Even: i.nn|ъ.t
Negidal: enn/akta
Literary Manchu: in|Gax|a
Ulcha: si.n/akta
Orok: si.naqta
Nanai: si.n|aqta
Oroch: in|aqta
Udighe: in|akta
Solon: in|akta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)in|a:
Meaning: 1 sand (on a shallow place) 2 pebbles 3 small stone 4 shallow place
Evenki: in|a: 1, 2
Even: i.n|a 1, 2
Negidal: i.n|a: 2
Spoken Manchu: n/un|/an, n/ohun 1 (2111)
Literary Manchu: jon|gan 1
Oroch: in|o 2
Udighe: in|o 4
Solon: in|a: 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xin|u":-
Meaning: 1 cold 2 to freeze
Evenki: in|inipc^u 1
Even: in|ъn/si 1
Negidal: in|inigdi 1
Ulcha: sin|gun- 2
Orok: sin|gu:- 2
Nanai: si:n|gu- 2
Oroch: in|en/i 1
Udighe: in|inihi 1
Solon: inigigdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ipke-
Meaning: to order, tell, lure
Evenki: ipku-, ipke-
Even: ipkъn-
Udighe: ikpele- (Корм. 237)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ir-
Meaning: dandruff
293Keys of Han
Even: irit
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xir-
Meaning: 1 wild deer 2 to rub horns 3 *'newborn animal' > 'new'
Evenki: irki, ire: 1, irkeki:n (dial.) 3
Even: irc^e-, irkъ- 2
Negidal: ijun 1, iskekin 3
Spoken Manchu: ic^e: 'new' (2544)
Literary Manchu: iren 1, ic^e 3
Jurchen: hi(i_)c^e (85) 3
Ulcha: suru(n) 1, sic^eu(n) 3
Orok: sitc^e- 2, sitc^e- 3
Nanai: siru 1, s/iku(n) 3
Oroch: iju 1, ikken 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ir- ~ (x)u"r-
Meaning: ancient, former
Even: ir-be:t
Negidal: ij
Solon: ire:kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xirege
Meaning: file
Evenki: ireg|e:
Even: irge
Negidal: i:g|e: ~ ijeg|e:
Ulcha: siru
Orok: si:ro
Nanai: siru
Oroch: jo
Udighe: jue
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xirga-
Meaning: gad-fly
Evenki: irgakta
Even: i.rgъ.t
Negidal: i.jgakta
Spoken Manchu: iz^|a: (2262)
Literary Manchu: iz^|a
Ulcha: si.z^|aqta
Orok: si.z^|i.qta
Nanai: si.Gaqta
Udighe: iga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ise-
Meaning: 1 to crush 2 to beat 3 to butt, quarrel
Evenki: is^e- (dial.) 1
Negidal: isi-kte- 1
Literary Manchu: isele- 2
Oroch: isa":mec^i- 'перетягивать (друг у друга, держась за противоположные концы веревки, - игра)'
Solon: is^/ilz^|i- 'to contest'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xisi-
Meaning: 1 larch 2 cypress
Evenki: ismama 1
Even: i.sъ.g| 'forest'
Negidal: i.s, i.sma 1
294Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: isi 1
Jurchen: hisi (105) 2
Ulcha: sisi 1
Orok: si.si. 1
Nanai: si.si. 1
Oroch: isi 1
Udighe: ihi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)it-
Meaning: 1 shallow place 2 ditch
Literary Manchu: itan 1
Solon: i:tra: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ite
Meaning: board (on bottom of the birch-boat)
Evenki: ite
Negidal: i:te
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iti
Meaning: 1 custom, order 2 to organize, prepare 3 occasion
Evenki: iti(n) 1, itig|a:- 2
Even: i.tqa 1, i.tu.-, i.tъ.g|- 2
Negidal: i.tqa 1
Oroch: i:ti 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:b-
Meaning: handle (of axe), shaft (of arrow)
Even: iw-den
Ulcha: si:
Orok: si:
Nanai: si:
Oroch: i:
Udighe: i: (i_i)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:Keri
Meaning: 1 spine, spine marrow 2 bone
Evenki: i:ke:ri 1
Even: ikъri 2
Negidal: i:xej 2
Literary Manchu: ikursun 1
Ulcha: sieri 1
Orok: se:ri 1
Oroch: ikei 1
Udighe: ixe 'кожа, пленка (темного цвета вдоль хребта рыбы); боковина рыбьей тушки с хребтом и хвостом' (Корм. 240)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:(l)-
Meaning: to pass
Evenki: ilte(n)-
Even: ie-, iel-
Negidal: ilten-
Ulcha: si:-
Orok: si:-
Nanai: si:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:ru"-kte
Meaning: ant
Evenki: i:rikte
Even: hi:rit
295Keys of Han
Negidal: i:kte
Spoken Manchu: jur@ imah@ (2268)
Literary Manchu: jerxuwe
Ulcha: sinono
Orok: sirukte
Nanai: silukte (contaminated with *silV- 'ant')
Oroch: i:kte
Udighe: ikte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ob-
Meaning: 1 to become spoiled (of meat) 2 to get tired, exhausted 3 to get poor
Evenki: obdo- 1
Even: obdъ.- 2
Negidal: obolo- 3
Literary Manchu: uba- 1, obdoqo jali 'spoiled, tasteless meat'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xobani:
Meaning: armpit
Evenki: og|oni:, owon/i:
Even: og|ni., owni.
Negidal: og|oni.
Literary Manchu: obix/a jali 'meat from the region of shoulderblades'
Ulcha: x|awa(n)
Orok: x|awani.
Nanai: x|awani.
Solon: owoni:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xobu-r / *xebu-r
Meaning: coffin
Spoken Manchu: hov@ (752)
Literary Manchu: x|obo
Ulcha: xeuli
Nanai: xeur, xewur
Udighe: xau
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xod-
Meaning: to end, finish
Evenki: od-
Even: od-
Spoken Manchu: vaz^|@-, vaz^|i- (1759)
Literary Manchu: waz^|i-
Ulcha: x|odi.-
Orok: x|oz^|i.-
Nanai: x|oz^|i-
Oroch: odi-
Udighe: wadi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)odinsa
Meaning: 1 summer skin of deer 2 to fade (of skin)
Evenki: odinna 1
Even: odъ.ndъ.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)odu
Meaning: wonder
Evenki: odu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok-
296Keys of Han
Meaning: to sing
Even: og|ъ.t-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oKi-
Meaning: place where skin is cut off from deer's shank
Evenki: oki:-kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xol- / *xul-
Meaning: 1 dance, move in dancing 2 climb down, out (from a vehicle, boat) 3 bend (of a river) 4 to walk around, turn round
Evenki: olo-nmu:- 1, uli-sin 3
Even: u.li.na 3
Negidal: oli.-si.n- 4
Ulcha: x|olon- 2, x|o:li.- 4
Orok: x|u.lon- 2, x|o:li.- 4
Nanai: xulun- 2, xo:li.- 4
Oroch: xolon-o- 2 ( < Orok.), uli- 4
Udighe: xoli- 4 ( < Nan.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xola-
Meaning: oak
Nanai: xoron|kola
Oroch: olon|ki:
Udighe: olon|ko"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xola-
Meaning: 1 dirt 2 to sully
Literary Manchu: x|ojla- 2
Ulcha: xolo- 2
Orok: x|oloqto 1
Nanai: x|olo- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)olbu-
Meaning: soul of the dead; shadow
Evenki: elbu, olbu-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolda-ksa
Meaning: 1 bark 2 board 3 coffin
Evenki: oldaksa, uldaksa 1, 2
Even: oldu.s 3
Negidal: oldokso 3
Ulcha: x|oldoqso 2
Orok: x|oldoqso 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolda-n
Meaning: 1 side 2 thigh
Evenki: oldo:n 1, 2
Even: olda:n 1
Negidal: oldon 1
Ulcha: x|oldo(n) 1
Orok: x|oldo(n) 1
Nanai: x|oldo 1
Oroch: ogdo(n) 1
Udighe: ogdo(n) 1
Solon: oldo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolga
Meaning: 1 to dry 2 dry
Evenki: olgo- 1, olgokin 2
Even: olgъ.- 1, olgъ.qъ.n 2
297Keys of Han
Negidal: olgo- 1, olgokin 2
Spoken Manchu: ol@h@-, ol@hu-1 (1814), ol@h@ 2 (1815)
Literary Manchu: olGo- 1, olx|on 2
Ulcha: xolz^|o(n) 2
Orok: xoldoxo 2
Nanai: x|olGo- 1, x|olGoqto /u. 2
Oroch: oggipta 1
Udighe: ogo- 1, ogo`u 2 (Корм. 274)
Solon: olgo- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xol-sa
Meaning: 1 fish 2 boiled fish
Evenki: ollo 1
Even: olrъ. 1
Negidal: olo 1
Ulcha: xolto(n) 2
Orok: xolto 2
Nanai: xolto 2
Oroch: okto 2
Udighe: oloho 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xoma-
Meaning: tent, summer-house
Negidal: omo:xa:n
Ulcha: x|omi.ra(n)
Nanai: x|omara
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xomi:-
Meaning: 1 hunger, hungry 2 drought 3 to be hungry
Evenki: omi:-kin 1
Even: omъ.t- 3
Negidal: omi.xi:.n 1
Literary Manchu: omi-n 1, 2
Ulcha: x|omc^i.- 3
Nanai: x|omi. 1, 2
Udighe: omisi- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)on-
Meaning: 1 to search (for lost deer) 2 to wait 3 domestic reindeer trained for searching wild deer
Evenki: oni:- 1, ondo:gdo 3
Even: o:nmъ.t- 2, onda:- 1, ondad 3
Negidal: ondogdo 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xondari
Meaning: wall mat
Negidal: xondoj ( < South.), onara-wu 'полка вдоль нар'
Ulcha: x|ondori.
Orok: x|ondori.
Nanai: x|ondori.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xon/i-
Meaning: sand, dirt
Even: on/i.n|
Orok: xon|oqto
Oroch: on/okto
Udighe: on/okto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xonta-kta
298Keys of Han
Meaning: hemp
Evenki: onokto
Literary Manchu: x|unta
Ulcha: x|u.ntax|a
Nanai: x|ontaxa
Oroch: onokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xon|a-
Meaning: 1 nose 2 front part (of boat) 3 nose bridge
Evenki: on|okto 1
Even: on|ъ.t 1
Negidal: on|okto 1
Spoken Manchu: xon|q@ 2 (1272)
Literary Manchu: x|on|qo 2
Ulcha: x|on|qo 2
Nanai: qon|toro 1, x|ondax|a 3, x|o:n|qo 2
Oroch: xon|ko 2 (possibly < Manchu)
Solon: onokto 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)or-
Meaning: 1 red bilberry 2 black currant
Evenki: ora:n|l/a: 1
Even: o:rba:t 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xorin
Meaning: twenty
Evenki: orin
Negidal: oji.n
Spoken Manchu: orin (2754)
Literary Manchu: orin
Jurchen: horin (655)
Ulcha: x|ori.(n)
Orok: x|ori.(n)
Nanai: x|ori.·
Oroch: oi
Udighe: waji
Solon: ori
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oru-
Meaning: to flame up
Evenki: orumna-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xosi:-kta
Meaning: 1 to scrape 2 claw, finger-nail
Evenki: osi:- 1, osi:kta 2
Even: osi.- 1, ostъ. 2
Negidal: osi:.- 1, o:tta 2
Spoken Manchu: was@q@l@m, was@qulu- 'to scratch, to claw' (1574)
Literary Manchu: wasixa 2
Ulcha: x|osi.- 1, x|osta 2
Orok: x|osi.- 1, x|osi.qta 2
Nanai: x|osaqala- 1, x|osaqta 2
Oroch: xosi- 1
Udighe: wahi- (Корм. 218) 1, wai-li- 1, waikta, wahikta 2
Solon: os^/i:- 1, u.s^/i:kta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ot-
Meaning: to shout, cry
299Keys of Han
Evenki: otutka-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xoz^|a-
Meaning: 1 edge, end 2 slanting, slant
Evenki: oz^|o 2
Even: oz^|an- 2
Negidal: oz^|o- 2
Spoken Manchu: uz^|an 1 (2605)
Literary Manchu: uz^|an 1
Orok: x|odo- 2
Nanai: x|oz^|i.a- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oz^|u
Meaning: oestrum
Even: oz^|u.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)o:b-
Meaning: 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off
Evenki: o:vda- 1
Spoken Manchu: ov@-, ovu- (1691) 3
Literary Manchu: obo- 3, obon|gi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:li:
Meaning: raven, crow
Evenki: o:li:
Even: oli.nz^|a
Negidal: o:li:.
Nanai: x|oli:.
Oroch: oli
Udighe: wali
Solon: ol/e:, oli:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:ri-kta
Meaning: excrements (of deer)
Evenki: o:rikta
Even: o:ri.t
Orok: xori.qta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:sa
Meaning: 1 skin from deer's feet 2 animal's paw
Evenki: o:sa 1
Even: o:sъ.l 1
Negidal: o:sa 1
Spoken Manchu: vas^@q@, vas@q@, vas^@qu, vas@qu 2 (2287)
Literary Manchu: os^oxo 2
Ulcha: x|osoli. 1
Orok: x|oso 2
Nanai: x|o:so: 2, x|o:sol 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:si-kta
Meaning: star
Evenki: o:si:kta
Even: o:si.qat
Negidal: o:sikta
Spoken Manchu: us^iha: (2037)
Literary Manchu: usixa
Jurchen: hosi-xa (12)
Ulcha: xosta
300Keys of Han
Orok: wasi.qta
Nanai: xosaqta (диал.)
Oroch: xosakta
Udighe: waikta, wahikta
Solon: o:s^/ikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ub-ga:
Meaning: burrow, hole
Evenki: ubga:
Even: u.bgu.q, dial. o:wa
Negidal: obga- 'пролезать под снегом (о птицах)'
Literary Manchu: o 'armpit'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xubgu
Meaning: vein, artery
Evenki: ug|
Even: ug|
Negidal: ubgu
Orok: x|obGoli.
Solon: o:g 'heart'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xub(u)te
Meaning: 1 touchwood 2 rotten, to rot
Evenki: upte 2
Even: ut- 2
Negidal: ukte 1, ukte-
Literary Manchu: ibte, ibete 1
Ulcha: xute 1
Orok: xu:te 1
Nanai: xu:te 1
Oroch: u:te 1
Udighe: ute 1
Solon: u:telde 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-)
Meaning: 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn
Evenki: uc^in- 2
Even: u.c^an|kat- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uc^a-
Meaning: to stumble
Evenki: uc^awan-
Even: u.c^c^on|c^i.-
Negidal: oc^ag|an-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuda
Meaning: 1 to buy, hire 2 to lend 3 trade 4 to trade, barter
Evenki: udi- 2
Spoken Manchu: uda- (1409)
Literary Manchu: uda- 1
Jurchen: xu-da-sia-maj (418) 4
Ulcha: x|u.da 3
Nanai: x|uda 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xude-ki:
Meaning: board for cutting skins; a stick for sewing
Evenki: udeki:
Even: udeki
Negidal: udexi
301Keys of Han
Ulcha: xude
Orok: xude(n)
Nanai: xude
Oroch: udeki
Udighe: udexi (Корм. 300)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xugdi
Meaning: 1 wide 2 capacious
Ulcha: xugdi 1
Orok: xugz^|i 1
Nanai: xugz^|i 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuge
Meaning: 1 frame, poles round the hearth 2 board on edge of bed 3 first lower log in house, threshold
Evenki: ug|e 3
Even: u: 1
Negidal: ug|e 2
Ulcha: xue 2
Orok: xue, xuwe 1
Nanai: xue 2
Udighe: we:, ue (Корм. 219), we, ue 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuja
Meaning: a k. of fish
Orok: x|ojodo 'кунджа', x|ojo 'таймень'
Nanai: x|ojz^|a 'sheat-fish'
Oroch: ojo 'кунджа'
Udighe: ojo 'кунджа'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuK-
Meaning: 1 to peel (bark, rind) 2 peels, rind
Evenki: uk- 1
Even: u.q- 1
Negidal: okli:- 1
Ulcha: x|oGdi.qta 2
Oroch: uki- 1
Udighe: ukki- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uK-
Meaning: 1 ice-hole, glade 2 river rift 3 river
Evenki: uktel 1, uksi 2
Even: oqa:t 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ukt-
Meaning: 1 weeping, grief 2 angry 3 to insult
Literary Manchu: uqtu 1, uqtun 2
Oroch: ukta- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uk-ti-
Meaning: to be hungry
Evenki: ukti-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuku-
Meaning: to wrap
Evenki: ukuli:-
Even: uk-
Negidal: uxil-
Literary Manchu: uxu-
Jurchen: hu-xun-mij am-si-da-lar 'to contain' (764)
302Keys of Han
Ulcha: xuku-
Orok: xukulitc^i-
Nanai: xuku-
Solon: uxuli:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uKu-
Meaning: hill
Evenki: ukuri:
Literary Manchu: uquda, uqada
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uKu-
Meaning: 1 weak 2 stupid
Literary Manchu: uxu-ken 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuku-n / *kuku-n
Meaning: breast (fem.)
Evenki: ukun
Even: o"kъn
Negidal: o"xo"n / o"ko"n
Spoken Manchu: oh@ 'armpit'(67)
Literary Manchu: oxo, oGo 'armpit'
Ulcha: kue(n), kuku(n)
Orok: qu:(n), qo:(n)
Nanai: ku:(n)
Oroch: oko(n)
Udighe: koso` (Корм. 251)
Solon: uxu 'milk'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulbu"-
Meaning: to bind, to arrange
Evenki: ulbu-
Even: ulbъ-
Negidal: ulbul- 'to move in a tandem'
Orok: ulbumz^|i 'in a tandem'
Nanai: xuelbi-
Oroch: ubbuna-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuldu"
Meaning: 1 warm 2 to heat 3 flame
Evenki: uldi 3
Spoken Manchu: venz^|exun, venz^|@xun 'agreeably warm' (2058)
Literary Manchu: wenz^|e- 2
Ulcha: xuldu 1, xuldu:- 2
Orok: xuldu 1
Nanai: xul'd'i 1
Udighe: ugdi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xule-
Meaning: 1 canal, ditch, duct 2 whirlpool 3 pool
Even: u:l, ulgin 3
Literary Manchu: ule-n 1
Orok: xulu-pti 2
Nanai: xuler 'pit in river bottom' (Он.)
Oroch: u:le 1
Udighe: u:le 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xule:-
Meaning: to dig
Evenki: ule:-
303Keys of Han
Even: ul-
Negidal: ule:-
Literary Manchu: uldefun 'wooden shovel'
Ulcha: xule-
Orok: xule-
Nanai: xule-
Udighe: ule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulgu-
Meaning: reed
Evenki: ulgukta
Negidal: ojgokto
Spoken Manchu: ol@h@ (2157)
Literary Manchu: ulx|u
Ulcha: x|olGaqta
Orok: xu.ldu.qta
Nanai: x|olGoqta
Oroch: ugukta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uli-n
Meaning: chest, chest bone, collar bone
Evenki: ulin
Even: o"lken
Literary Manchu: ulxun, ulku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulki-
Meaning: 1 to mix, stir 2 support for feet in a boat
Evenki: ulki:- 1, ulki 2
Even: u.lqu.- 1
Negidal: ulki 2
Literary Manchu: urki 2
Orok: xulc^i 2
Oroch: ukki 2
Udighe: uki 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuln|u-
Meaning: navel
Evenki: un|ure:
Even: inn|o", in|n|o"
Negidal: un|n/o-n
Spoken Manchu: ulun|u (94)
Literary Manchu: ulen|gu
Ulcha: xujmu
Orok: xu:nu
Nanai: xujmu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulu-ki:
Meaning: squirrel
Evenki: uluki:
Even: o"liki
Negidal: o.lo.xi:
Literary Manchu: ulxu
Ulcha: xolo
Orok: xolo / xulu
Nanai: xulu
Oroch: oloki
Udighe: oloxi
304Keys of Han
Solon: uluxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum-
Meaning: 1 to soak 2 to besmear (face)
Evenki: umi:- 1
Even: umi- 1
Literary Manchu: x|umara- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum-
Meaning: lean, weak
Evenki: umda:n
Even: u.mnaku.
Ulcha: x|omdo(n), x|u.mdu.(n)
Orok: x|u.mana
Nanai: xumdu
Oroch: umana
Solon: u.mina:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuma:-n,-kin, *xum-nu
Meaning: 1 marrow 2 metatarsus
Evenki: uma:n, uma:kin 1
Even: u.mъ.n 1, u:.nmъ. 2
Negidal: oman 1, onmu. 2
Spoken Manchu: um@han| (332) 1
Literary Manchu: umGan, umx|an 1, umuxun 2
Ulcha: xoma(n) / xu.ma(n) 1
Orok: xu.ma(n) 1, xu:mnu: 2
Nanai: xoma 1
Oroch: uma(n) 1, umnu 2
Udighe: uma(n) 1
Solon: u:.ma:· 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum(p)-
Meaning: 1 to soften 2 smth. rotten 3 softened birch bark 4 rotten birch
Evenki: umdu- 1, ubguc^e: 4
Negidal: umdus-umdus 2
Nanai: x|omdo (Naikh.) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xumu-
Meaning: upside down
Evenki: umuski:
Even: umuski:
Negidal: umne-pki:
Literary Manchu: umusixun
Ulcha: xumesi
Orok: xumusei
Nanai: xumesi
Oroch: umse-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xumu-
Meaning: to dig, bury
Negidal: umu-
Spoken Manchu: umu- 'to burry, to fill' (1747)
Literary Manchu: umbu-
Ulcha: xumu-
Orok: xumu-
Nanai: xumu-
305Keys of Han
Oroch: umu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun/a-
Meaning: 1 ladle 2 thimble 3 finger 4 wooden bucket
Evenki: un/aptun 2, un/aka:ptun 3
Even: u.n/an 2, u.n/iqъn 3
Negidal: onka:n 1, on/axa:n 3
Spoken Manchu: xuni 'wooden pail' (580)
Literary Manchu: xun/o 4
Ulcha: x|on/a(n) 1
Orok: x|u.n/a 1
Nanai: x|on/a 1
Oroch: un/a 1, un/aka(n) 3
Udighe: un/a` 3, un/a`ptin 2 (Корм. 302)
Solon: u.naxa:· 1, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)unda-
Meaning: 1 sinew on the back 2 belt
Evenki: una: 1
Even: a"inapin 'украшение на переднике'
Negidal: o:nan 1, on/apun 2
Literary Manchu: unda 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun/i-
Meaning: to envy, become sick of envy
Evenki: uni-
Even: o"n/-
Negidal: un/i-
Ulcha: xun/i-
Nanai: xun/i-
Udighe: un/i- 'to become sick'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xunz^|i-
Meaning: 1 wooden quiver 2 a vessel made of birch bark
Evenki: unz^|ika:n 2
Nanai: xonz^|i (Он.) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)un|-
Meaning: head (of kin, clan), chief
Spoken Manchu: un|an (1012)
Literary Manchu: un|gu, un|Ga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|-da-
Meaning: ice crust on snow
Evenki: un|nan
Even: u:.nъ.n
Negidal: o:n|nan
Literary Manchu: undan
Nanai: x|on|da
Udighe: un|na; on|o- 'to freeze'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|i:-kta
Meaning: blood vessel
Evenki: un|i:kta
Even: u.n|tъ.
Negidal: on|ta:, on|ikta
Ulcha: x|on|Gi.qta
Orok: x|u.mu.qta
Nanai: x|on|gi.qta
306Keys of Han
Udighe: umakta, umukta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|ke- / *kun|ke-
Meaning: to bow
Evenki: un|ke:-
Negidal: ken|ket-
Spoken Manchu: xen|kil@-, xin|kili- 'to kowtow' (1446)
Literary Manchu: xen|gile-
Jurchen: ken|-ke-le-mij (751)
Ulcha: ken|kele-
Nanai: ken|kele-
Udighe: xen|ki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|Vl-
Meaning: 1 worm 2 grub
Evenki: un|ul 1
Even: un|ъl 1, 2
Negidal: un|il 2
Spoken Manchu: imah@, nimah@ 1 (2173)
Literary Manchu: um/axa / im/axa 1
Jurchen: wu-mia-xa (166) 1
Orok: xun|guli 2
Nanai: xun|guli 2
Oroch: umuli 2
Udighe: un|ulu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xup-
Meaning: 1 all 2 to gather
Evenki: upkat 1, upu:re:- 2
Negidal: opkal 1
Ulcha: x|u.pala- 2
Orok: x|upala- 2
Nanai: x|opala- 2
Oroch: x|upala- 2
Udighe: ufal, ufalahi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xup-
Meaning: film on fish eggs
Nanai: xuperemse
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)upara-
Meaning: to neglect, mistake
Spoken Manchu: ufar@- (1761)
Literary Manchu: ufara-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xupu-n|ksa
Meaning: soot
Evenki: uwuksa
Orok: xumesike
Nanai: xufekse
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xupuru
Meaning: 1 rift (in river) 2 bridge
Evenki: o:ran 1
Jurchen: hufuru 2 (Doerfer MT 136)
Nanai: xurfu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xur-
Meaning: 1 bear 2 gopher 3 bear's flesh (as food) 4 young tarbagan
Evenki: urike 2, urka- 3
307Keys of Han
Even: u.rka- 3, urgeg|e 4
Negidal: ujguli 1
Ulcha: xuz^|uli 1
Nanai: xujgulue 1
Oroch: ugguli 1, urike 'fox-seal'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xur-
Meaning: 1 to copulate (of deer) 2 to be jealous
Evenki: orgoli:- 2; uri:-n 'rival (in love)'
Even: u.rli.- 2
Negidal: ojali.- 2
Ulcha: x|oralsi.- 2
Orok: x|u.rali.- 2, x|ori.- 1
Nanai: x|oralsi.- 2
Oroch: xora" 'one of two wives'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ur-
Meaning: to dry (meat)
Evenki: urgan- 1
Literary Manchu: uc^a-lax|a jali 'dried meat'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ur-
Meaning: piebald (horse)
Literary Manchu: urlu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xura-kta
Meaning: 1 bark 2 outer skin
Even: u.rtъ. 1
Literary Manchu: urix|a 2
Ulcha: xu.raqta 1
Orok: x|u.raqta 1
Nanai: x|oraqta 1
Udighe: wakta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xura:-
Meaning: to save, be saved, recover
Evenki: ura:-
Even: u.r-
Negidal: ojaji.-
Ulcha: x|ora-
Orok: x|u.ra-
Nanai: x|ora-
Oroch: uwa-, uja-
Udighe: wajagi- (Корм. 217), uja-
Solon: u.rgi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xure:
Meaning: mountain
Evenki: ure
Even: urekc^en
Negidal: uje:
Spoken Manchu: vexe: 'stone, rock'(2110)
Literary Manchu: wexe 'stone'
Jurchen: h(i)ur-xe (52) 'stone'
Ulcha: xure(n)
Orok: xure
Nanai: xure(n)
Oroch: uwe, ue
308Keys of Han
Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), we, ue
Solon: ure
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurge
Meaning: heavy
Evenki: urge
Even: urgъ
Negidal: ujgegdi
Spoken Manchu: uz^|in (2848)
Literary Manchu: uz^|en
Jurchen: hu(i_)z^|e (395)
Ulcha: xuz^|euli
Orok: xude:
Nanai: xuige
Oroch: ugge
Udighe: ugehi
Solon: uggerdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuri-
Meaning: grey
Evenki: uri-m
Negidal: o:ji.n
Ulcha: x|oj-pu.(n)
Nanai: x|o:-gz^|o, (Он.) xo:rbor
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurid-
Meaning: a vessel for berries
Evenki: uridi:k
Nanai: x|ordax|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uri:-
Meaning: station, dwelling place
Evenki: uri:-ki:t
Even: o"rikit
Solon: uri:le
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurk-
Meaning: 1 soot 2 sulphur
Literary Manchu: xurku 2
Ulcha: x|orx|i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurke-
Meaning: belly (of fish)
Even: o"kenre
Negidal: ujkene
Ulcha: xuc^e(n)
Nanai: xujke
Oroch: ukkese
Udighe: ukihe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurum-sa
Meaning: 1 earwax 2 tobacco ashes
Evenki: urumn|a: 1
Even: u.ru.mrъ. 1
Negidal: ojomn|a 1
Ulcha: x|oromsa 1
Orok: x|oropsa 1
Nanai: x|oromsa 1, 2
Udighe: un|a" 1
309Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurumu"-
Meaning: short
Evenki: urumku:n
Even: urumkun
Negidal: ujumku:n
Ulcha: xurmi
Orok: xurdumi
Nanai: xurm'i.
Oroch: u:mi
Udighe: umasa` (Корм. 302)
Solon: uru:n|ku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuru:
Meaning: 1 hoof 2 handful
Evenki: uru:n 1, uru: 2
Ulcha: x|u.ru. 2
Orok: x|u:.ru. 1, x|u.ru. 2
Nanai: x|o:ro 1, x|oro 2
Oroch: u:-n|ki 1
Udighe: u: 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusa-kta
Meaning: milt, roe
Evenki: uhakta (dial.)
Negidal: o:sakta
Literary Manchu: usata
Ulcha: x|osaqta
Nanai: x|osaqta
Udighe: wahakta (Корм. 218), wajakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusi-kta
Meaning: 1 acorn 2 oak-tree 3 big nut
Evenki: usikta 2
Literary Manchu: usix|a 3
Nanai: x|osaqta 1
Udighe: uhikta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusu- / *xuse-
Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 weapon (for throwing) 3 snare
Evenki: use: 2
Even: us 2
Negidal: use 2
Literary Manchu: wesen 3
Ulcha: x|osoli. 2
Nanai: x|osoli. 1
Oroch: usuli 2
Udighe: wuhende- 'to throw (weapon)'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xus^i / *kus^i
Meaning: knife
Evenki: uc^i
Literary Manchu: kus^i
Ulcha: kuc^e(n)
Orok: kuc^e(n)
Udighe: kusige
Solon: usxe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xus^i:- ( ~ -c^-)
310Keys of Han
Meaning: to twist, roll, entangle
Evenki: uc^i:-
Even: u.c^-
Negidal: oc^-
Ulcha: x|oc^i.a-
Orok: x|u.tc^i.-
Nanai: x|oc^i.-
Udighe: usi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ut-
Meaning: 1 old 2 earlier, before 3 old age
Evenki: utaka:n 3; utu 1, ute:le 2
Even: ute 1, o":tel 2
Negidal: ute:le 2
Udighe: uteli 2
Solon: utaci 'grandfather'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utinn|e
Meaning: wood fire
Evenki: utinn|e
Even: uto"n|n|o"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xutu-
Meaning: to itch
Evenki: utuni-
Even: u.tu.n/-
Negidal: otoxon-
Ulcha: x|otu.rsi.-
Nanai: x|otorsi.-
Oroch: xutunsi-
Udighe: utunihi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utu, -ke
Meaning: 1 knife on a shaft 2 a k. of arrow
Evenki: utu, utut 2, utke:n 1
Even: o"tken 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utur-
Meaning: to reel, turn round
Evenki: utur-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuz^|a
Meaning: 1 trace, track 2 to trace, follow tracks
Evenki: uz^|a 1, uz^|a- 2
Even: u.z^| 1, u.z^|- 2
Negidal: oz^|a 1
Ulcha: xoz^|a- 2
Nanai: xoz^|a- 2
Oroch: uz^|a- 2
Udighe: uz^|a- 2
Solon: u.z^|i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuz^|u"k
Meaning: 1 urinary bladder 2 anus
Evenki: uz^|ik 1
Even: uz^|ik 1
Negidal: uz^|ix 1
Ulcha: xuz^|u 1
Orok: xudu(g|u:) 1
311Keys of Han
Nanai: xuz^|u 1
Solon: uz^|ixi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:(be)
Meaning: membrane scraper
Evenki: u:
Even: o:.
Negidal: u:
Ulcha: xu:e
Nanai: xue
Udighe: u:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:kte
Meaning: nit
Evenki: u:kte
Even: o":t
Negidal: u:kte
Ulcha: xuktu
Orok: xuktu
Nanai: xuktu
Udighe: ukte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:l-
Meaning: to sound, resound
Evenki: u:l-ta-
Even: u:.l-dъ.-
Negidal: ol-bu.n-
Ulcha: xol-di.-
Orok: xu.l-bu.n-
Nanai: xo:l-z^|i.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:n/e:-
Meaning: 1 to bind (a pack, to a pack) 2 long wool (for binding, felting) 3 silk string (for binding) 4 knot (on a thread)
Evenki: u:n/e:- 1
Even: o":n/e- 1
Literary Manchu: un/e-le 2, un/e-ri 3
Orok: xunikte 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u:rkan-
Meaning: to lose consciousness, be knocked out
Evenki: u:rkan-
Even: u:.rqъ.n-
Negidal: ojkan-
Udighe: ukana-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"j(k)e
Meaning: horn
Evenki: ije
Even: i:j
Negidal: i:je
Spoken Manchu: vi:x@ (32, 2279)
Literary Manchu: weixe / uixe
Jurchen: huje-xe (602)
Ulcha: xuje
Orok: xuje
Nanai: xuje
Oroch: ije
312Keys of Han
Udighe: je:
Solon: i:je
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"l-
Meaning: 1 to lend 2 to change, exchange 3 to barter 4 to supply 5 to borrow
Evenki: ildu- 1
Negidal: i.ldu.- 1
Spoken Manchu: hulas^@- 2 (1425)
Literary Manchu: x|ulas^a- 3
Jurchen: xu-la-gi (833) 2
Nanai: x|olasi.- 2, (Bik. x|olsi.-)
Oroch: igdu-mac^i- 4
Udighe: idu- 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"lme
Meaning: needle
Evenki: inme
Even: inmъ
Negidal: inme
Spoken Manchu: unu: (266)
Literary Manchu: ulme
Jurchen: hiul-me (249)
Ulcha: xulme(n)
Orok: xulme
Nanai: xurme
Oroch: imme
Udighe: in|me
Solon: imme
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"m-
Meaning: 1 strap, tie 2 to girdle
Evenki: imenne 1
Even: imъnru 1
Negidal: imenne 1
Literary Manchu: im/ele-, um/ele- 2
Solon: imende 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"ni:-
Meaning: to carry on the back
Evenki: ini:-
Even: inu-
Negidal: ini:w- 'навьючить'
Literary Manchu: unu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"r-
Meaning: to ripen
Evenki: ir-
Even: ir-
Negidal: ij-
Spoken Manchu: ur@-, uru- (391)
Literary Manchu: ure-
Ulcha: xuru-
Orok: xuri-
Nanai: xuru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rbe
Meaning: spawn, to spawn
313Keys of Han
Evenki: irbe
Ulcha: xulbi-
Nanai: xurbe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"reme:- ( ~ -i-)
Meaning: to visit, come as a guest
Evenki: ireme:-
Negidal: ijeme:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rgi-
Meaning: 1 to raise, feed 2 food, food supply
Evenki: irgi:- 1, irgise 2
Even: irgъ- 1, issъ 2
Negidal: iggi- 1,isse 2
Spoken Manchu: uz^|i- 1 (2338)
Literary Manchu: uz^|i- 1
Ulcha: xujse 2
Orok: xujse 2
Nanai: xujgie- 1, xujgese 2
Oroch: iggi- 1, iggixe 2
Udighe: igisi- 1
Solon: iggi-, irgi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rgu"
Meaning: tail
Evenki: irgi
Even: irgъ
Negidal: i:g|i / idgi
Spoken Manchu: unc^ix@n, unc^/ux/un, iunc^/ux/un (2291, 2607)
Literary Manchu: unc^exen
Ulcha: xuz^|u
Orok: xudu
Nanai: xuigu
Oroch: iggi
Udighe: igi
Solon: iggi, irgi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"se
Meaning: 1 hunter 2 man 3 male 4 to be anxious, worry about smth.
Evenki: isegdin 1, is^iganil- (V-L) 4
Even: iseg|de 2
Negidal: isegdin 1
Ulcha: xuse(gdi) 2
Orok: xusenne 2
Nanai: xuse 3
Solon: is^/ige:- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"se-
Meaning: to vomit
Evenki: ise-
Even: is-
Negidal: ise-
Ulcha: xuse-
Orok: xuse-
Nanai: xuse-
Oroch: ise-
314Keys of Han
Solon: is^/iri:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":- (*xu"b-)
Meaning: to sound
Evenki: i:-
Even: i:-
Negidal: i:-
Ulcha: ujsi-
Orok: uji-
Nanai: xuj-si-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":kte
Meaning: tooth
Evenki: i:kte
Even: i:t
Negidal: i:kte
Spoken Manchu: vi:x@ (32)
Literary Manchu: weixe
Jurchen: juj-xe (495)
Nanai: xukte(le)
Oroch: ikte
Udighe: ikte
Solon: i:tte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":nc^e:-n
Meaning: elbow
Evenki: i:c^e:n
Even: iec^en
Negidal: i:c^e:n
Ulcha: unc^e(n)
Orok: u:ite
Nanai: xujc^e
Oroch: i:c^o(n)
Solon: i:nc^e:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ab-
Meaning: 1 arrow for a cross-bow, bolt 2 anvil 3 hammer
Even: z^|a:bdaw 3
Ulcha: z^|abdu.(n) 1, z^|au.du. 2
Nanai: z^|abdu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|abdar
Meaning: a big snake
Evenki: z^|abdar
Even: z^|abdъ.
Negidal: z^|abdan, z^|abdar
Spoken Manchu: z^|av@z^|i 'python' (2272)
Literary Manchu: z^|abz^|an
Ulcha: z^|abda(n)
Orok: dabda
Nanai: z^|abz^|a
Oroch: z^|abda
Udighe: z^|abda
Solon: z^|agda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|abuka
Meaning: ear-flaps, headgear
Ulcha: z^|awa
315Keys of Han
Nanai: z^|au.a
Oroch: z^|awa, z^|auka
Udighe: z^|auga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|agari
Meaning: bear's head; bear (3 y. old)
Evenki: z^|ag|ari
Negidal: z^|ag|askac^a:n
Literary Manchu: z^|ajra 'медведица (самка медведя-муравьеда)'
Nanai: z^|a:ri.
Udighe: z^|a:i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|agda
Meaning: pine-tree
Evenki: z^|agda
Even: z^|ag|dъ.
Negidal: z^|agda
Spoken Manchu: z^|ah@d@, z^|ah@da: (2158)
Literary Manchu: z^|aqdan
Ulcha: z^|agda
Nanai: z^|a:Gda
Solon: z^|agda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|al-
Meaning: 1 to overflow (of sea, river) 2 to be agitated, wave (of sea) 3 spirit - master of the sea
Evenki: z^|alki- 2
Even: z^|a:l-, z^|a:lqab- 1
Negidal: z^|alalgun 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ala-n
Meaning: 1 joint 2 shoe straps 3 generation; world 4 plummet
Evenki: z^|alan 1, z^|alaptun 2
Even: z^|alъ.n 1, z^|alъ.pki.r 2
Negidal: z^|alan 1, z^|alaptin 4
Spoken Manchu: z^|al@n 1 (75)
Literary Manchu: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Jurchen: z^|a-la-an (848) 3
Ulcha: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Orok: dala(n) 1, 3
Nanai: z^|ala 1, 3
Oroch: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Udighe: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ali-
Meaning: 1 spittle, saliva 2 to wet with spittle, take into mouth
Evenki: z^|aliksa 1, z^|alma- 2
Even: z^|alsъ. 1
Negidal: z^|alsa 1, z^|alma- 2
Ulcha: z^|i.lau.qsa 1
Orok: z^|elusqa 1
Nanai: z^|i.loqsa 1
Oroch: dileske, duluksa 1
Udighe: z^|aleha" 1
Solon: z^|alikc^i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ali-kta
316Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 hawthorn 2 willow
Evenki: z^|alikta 1
Negidal: z^|a:lta 1
Ulcha: z^|atala 2
Orok: da:taqta 1
Nanai: z^|alaqta 2
Udighe: z^|alikta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|alka
Meaning: 1 fine snow 2 to fall (of fine snow)
Negidal: z^|alka- 1, z^|alka 2
Udighe: z^|aka- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|alu(-m)
Meaning: full
Evenki: z^|alum
Even: z^|alu.-
Negidal: z^|alum
Spoken Manchu: z^|alu: (2629)
Literary Manchu: z^|alu-
Jurchen: z^|aw-lu-xa (726)
Ulcha: z^|alu.(n)
Orok: dalu.mz^|i.
Nanai: z|alo
Oroch: z^|alu-
Solon: z^|alu.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|amu
Meaning: brier
Spoken Manchu: z^|am@r@ (2166)
Literary Manchu: z^|amu, z^|amuri
Udighe: z^|amukta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|an|(g)-
Meaning: 1 be in need, straitened 2 loan, as a loan
Literary Manchu: z^|an|Gala- 1
Solon: z^|an-da, z^|an-c^i 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|apa-
Meaning: to catch, take hold
Evenki: z^|awa-
Even: z^|aw-
Negidal: z^|awa-
Spoken Manchu: z^|af@-, z^|av@- (1522, 1539)
Literary Manchu: z^|afa-
Jurchen: z^|afa-biar (364)
Ulcha: z^|apa-
Orok: dapa-
Nanai: z^|apa-
Oroch: z^|awa-
Udighe: z^|awa-
Solon: z^|awa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|apka
Meaning: 1 shore 2 space, interval, crack 3 near
Evenki: z^|apka 1
Even: z^|apqъ. 2
Negidal: z^|apka 2
317Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: z^|aqa- 'to make cracks, intervals'
Ulcha: z^|aqpa 3
Orok: daqpa / dapqa 2
Nanai: z^|aqpa 2, 3
Oroch: z^|appa 2, 3
Udighe: z^|akpa- 'to pile up'
Solon: z^|akka 1, z^|ikka 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|aPku
Meaning: quiver
Literary Manchu: z^|abqu
Ulcha: z^|apau.(n)
Nanai: z^|afu.
Oroch: z^|apku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|a-pkun
Meaning: eight
Evenki: z^|apkun
Even: z^|apqъn
Negidal: z^|apku.n
Spoken Manchu: z^|aqun (2742)
Literary Manchu: z^|aqun
Jurchen: z^|a(h)kun (643)
Ulcha: z^|aqpu(n)
Orok: z^|aqpu.(n)
Nanai: z^|aqpo
Oroch: z^|appu(n)
Udighe: z^|akpu(n)
Solon: z^|akku.·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ari-kta
Meaning: hawthorn
Ulcha: z^|araqta
Nanai: z^|ari.qta
Oroch: z^|arakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ari-n
Meaning: for, for the sake of
Evenki: z^|arin
Literary Manchu: z^|alin
Solon: z^|a:ri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|axar(a)
Meaning: gravel, pebbles
Literary Manchu: z^|ax|ara, z^|ax|ari
Nanai: z^|ax|ar
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|a-
Meaning: to carry on back
Spoken Manchu: z^|/az^|i- (1606)
Literary Manchu: z^|az^|a-
Nanai: z^|az^|a-
Solon: z^|iz^|a:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|i-
Meaning: cheekbone
Literary Manchu: z^|az^|in
Ulcha: z^|az^|i.qta
Nanai: z^|an|z^|i.x|ta
318Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|i- (~-ia-)
Meaning: 1 to heap up 2 thicket
Literary Manchu: z^|az^|i- 1, z^|az^|ixi, z^|az^|uri 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|iki
Meaning: a k. of fish
Negidal: z^|ac^i.n 'big pike'
Literary Manchu: z^|az^|igi, z^|az^|ixi 'судак'
Nanai: z^|az^|i.x|i.· 'верхогляд'
Oroch: z^|adigi 'name of a fish'
Udighe: z^|oz^|ug|o 'sea goby'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|a:m-
Meaning: 1 argument, quarrel 2 to argue
Literary Manchu: z^|aman 1, z^|amara- 2
Nanai: z^|a:mora 1, z^|a:mora- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ec^e-n
Meaning: boundary; border
Spoken Manchu: z^|ec^@n (1033)
Literary Manchu: z^|ec^en
Jurchen: z^|ei_-c^en (44)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|eje
Meaning: 1 sharp point, blade 2 sharp
Evenki: z^|eje 1
Even: z^|ej 1
Negidal: z^|eje 1
Literary Manchu: z^|ejen 1
Jurchen: z^|o-n-be (801) 2
Ulcha: z^|eje 1
Orok: deje 1
Nanai: z^|eje 1
Oroch: z^|eje 1
Udighe: z^|e: (Корм. 232), z^|ie 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|eki
Meaning: always, constantly
Negidal: z^|ek
Ulcha: z^|ek-z^|ek
Nanai: z^|ek
Oroch: z^|e, z^|eki
Udighe: z^|e 'at this time'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|el-
Meaning: 1 to become quiet (of a sound), hidden 2 to miss
Evenki: z^|eliw- 2
Even: z^|e:l- 1
Negidal: z^|eliw- 2
Nanai: z^|elu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|el-
Meaning: 1 name of a plant 2 juniper
Evenki: z^|ulkire:, z^|ulke ( < *z^|elu-ke?) 2
Literary Manchu: z^|elmin 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ele- / *z^|elu-
Meaning: 1 lie, deceit 2 secret
Evenki: z^|elum 2
Even: z^|elъm 2
319Keys of Han
Negidal: z^|elum 2
Literary Manchu: z^|ele 1, z^|endu 2
Ulcha: z^|ele(n) 1
Orok: z^|ele(n) 1, z^|elum-
Nanai: z^|ele 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ele-ki:
Meaning: ermine
Evenki: z^|eleki:
Even: z^|iliki
Negidal: z^|elexi:
Literary Manchu: z^|elken
Ulcha: z^|ieli(n)
Orok: z^|el/ei
Nanai: z^|eli
Oroch: z^|eleki
Udighe: z^|elexi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|em- ( ~ -ia-)
Meaning: orbed, spheric
Evenki: z^|embeme
Negidal: z^|en|ge-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|emku
Meaning: swamp, a k. of swamp plant
Evenki: z^|emku
Negidal: z^|en|ku
Orok: z^|empu
Nanai: z^|en|ku
Udighe: z^|empu (Корм. 236)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e-p-
Meaning: to eat
Evenki: z^|ep-, z^|eb-
Even: z^|eb-, z^|ep-
Negidal: z^|ep-
Spoken Manchu: z^|e- (392)
Literary Manchu: z^|e-
Jurchen: z^|e-fu (535)
Ulcha: z^|epuwu
Orok: deptu-
Nanai: z^|eb-, z^|ep-
Oroch: z^|epte-
Udighe: z^|o-, z^|e-, z^|epte-
Solon: z^|eg-, z^|eb-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|erin
Meaning: edge
Literary Manchu: z^|erin
Ulcha: z^|erin
Nanai: z^|eri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ese:
Meaning: custom
Evenki: z^|ese:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:k- (*z^|iak-)
Meaning: 1 fitting 2 to fit
Negidal: z^|e:k 1, z^|e:k- 2
320Keys of Han
Ulcha: z^|e:k 1
Orok: z^|i:k, z^|e:k 1
Nanai: z^|e:k 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:lge
Meaning: crack, narrow passage
Evenki: z^|e:lge
Nanai: z^|elge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:ri-
Meaning: to boast
Ulcha: z^|eru-
Orok: de:ri:-
Nanai: z^|e:ri-
Oroch: z^|eri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i- ( ~ *di-)
Meaning: to come
Spoken Manchu: z^|i- (1172)
Literary Manchu: z^|i-
Jurchen: di-xexe-gi (678), di-hul (712)
Ulcha: diwu
Nanai: z^|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|iab-
Meaning: to respond, answer (a call, request)
Evenki: z^|a:w-
Even: z^|a:w-
Spoken Manchu: z^|av@-, z^|avu- (1292)
Literary Manchu: z^|abu-
Orok: darra-
Oroch: z^|a:-
Udighe: z^|ieu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|iaka
Meaning: 1 coin, money 2 valuables, things
Evenki: z^|aka 2
Negidal: z^|axa 1, 2
Spoken Manchu: z^|iha: (1412) 1
Literary Manchu: z^|ix|a 1, z^|aqa 2
Jurchen: z^|ie-xa (575) 1, z^|a-xa 2
Ulcha: z^|aqa 2
Orok: z^|aqa, z^|aqqa 2
Nanai: z^|aqa 2
Oroch: z^|aka 2
Solon: z^|aka 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ian-
Meaning: 1 to burn, blaze 2 to extinguish 3 to heat 4 torch 5 glowing coals
Evenki: z^|a:nn|e- 1
Literary Manchu: jan|Ga 4
Orok: dandalli.- 2
Nanai: jan|Gor/a- 3
Udighe: z^|an|a 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|(i)arami ( ~ d-)
Meaning: otter
Orok: darami.(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ibge
321Keys of Han
Meaning: slow, sluggish; miserly
Literary Manchu: z^|ibge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ig-
Meaning: 1 running fast; race horse 2 to streak
Evenki: z^|ig|ar 1
Even: z^|i.g- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ija- / *z^|ije- ( ~ -g-)
Meaning: 1 millet 2 porridge
Negidal: z^|a:kta 1
Spoken Manchu: z^|e: bel@ 'millet (Setaria italica)' (286)
Literary Manchu: z^|e 1
Jurchen: che-(po-le)
Nanai: z^|iekte 1
Oroch: z^|iekte, z^|ekte 1
Udighe: z^|akta 1
Solon: z^|akta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ila-
Meaning: swift (not freezing) river current, ice-hole
Literary Manchu: z^|ilan, z^|ulan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ild-
Meaning: 1 to glance, be wide open (of eyes) 2 star 3 big-eyed
Evenki: z^|ildara:n-, z^|ildarga- 1, (Kamn.) z^|ildawki: 2
Even: z^|i.ldaku. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|in|
Meaning: very, extremely, really
Evenki: z^|in|
Negidal: z^|in|
Literary Manchu: z^|in, z^|in|
Ulcha: z^|in|
Orok: z^|in|
Solon: z^|in|-ki 'real'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|in|-
Meaning: 1 to understand 2 attentive, conscious
Evenki: z^|iktew- ( < *z^|in|-ktew-) 1
Ulcha: dinile 2
Nanai: z^|in|ire, z^|iksi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ip-
Meaning: 1 to be pinched, stopped (as a saw in the wood) 2 to stick into, stop up 3 dense(ly)
Evenki: z^|ipteme 3
Even: z^|i.pqu.n 3
Negidal: z^|i.p 3
Literary Manchu: z^|ifubu- 1, z^|ife- 2
Ulcha: z^|ip 3
Orok: z^|ip 3
Nanai: z^|ip 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ip-ku- ( ~ -u"-)
Meaning: to dusk
Even: z^|ipku-
Negidal: z^|ipku-, z^|ipkil-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ipu-c^a:n
Meaning: fur coat (worn on bare body)
322Keys of Han
Evenki: z^|ipuc^a:n
Spoken Manchu: z^|if@c^a:, z^|iv@c^a: 'fox fur coat' (225)
Literary Manchu: z^|ibc^a(n)
Solon: z^|ibc/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ir-
Meaning: 1 dense, without intervals 2 close, near
Literary Manchu: z^|ira 1
Ulcha: z^|i.z^|a 2 ( < *z^|ir-g-)
Nanai: z^|i.z^|a 2 ( < *z^|ir-g-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ir-
Meaning: a very big number
Literary Manchu: z^|iri, z^|irun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|irA
Meaning: anvil
Evenki: z^|ira
Negidal: dije:-n
Literary Manchu: z^|erin
Ulcha: dere(n)
Nanai: z^|ire:·
Oroch: darasu, deresu
Udighe: z^|ile, z^|i:le (Корм. 233)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i:-
Meaning: to cut off a slice, slice
Evenki: z^|i:-
Even: z^|i-
Negidal: z^|i 'piece of meat'
Ulcha: z^|u:-
Nanai: z^|i.lax|a 'small piece'
Oroch: z^|i:-
Udighe: z^|i:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i:b
Meaning: house, dwelling
Evenki: z^|u:
Even: z^|u:.
Negidal: z^|o:
Literary Manchu: z^|eofi 'round hovel thatched with straw or birch bark'
Ulcha: z^|u:.(g|)
Orok: du:.-qu.
Nanai: z^|o:
Oroch: z^|u(g)
Udighe: z^|ugdi
Solon: z^|u:g|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|oba-
Meaning: to suffer, be poor
Evenki: z^|owo- / z^|og|o-
Even: z^|ow- / z^|og|-
Negidal: z^|obo-
Spoken Manchu: z^|ov@-, z^|ovu- (1944)
Literary Manchu: z^|obo-
Jurchen: z^|o-bo-hun (844) 'grief, sorrow'
Ulcha: z^|obo-
323Keys of Han
Orok: z^|obbo-
Nanai: z^|obo-
Oroch: z^|obo-
Udighe: z^|o:-
Solon: z^|owo-, z^|ogo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|obga
Meaning: 1 harpoon 2 to cut, cut out
Evenki: z^|ewge 1
Negidal: z^|obgo 1
Literary Manchu: z^|o-, z^|o:- 2
Ulcha: z^|oGbo 1
Orok: z^|obbo 1
Nanai: z^|obGo 1
Oroch: z^|obbo 1
Udighe: z^|ob`o; z^|ogbo 1 (Корм. 233)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|obi
Meaning: a k. of fish (salmo lenoc)
Negidal: z^|ojo; z^|owlatka:n 'a small taimen'
Nanai: z^|oi.
Udighe: z^|u"iso, dial. z^|aun|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ola
Meaning: stone
Evenki: z^|olo
Even: z^|ol
Negidal: z^|olo
Ulcha: z^|olo
Orok: z^|olo
Nanai: z^|olo
Oroch: z^|olo
Udighe: z^|olo
Solon: z^|olo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ori-
Meaning: 1 to take aim 2 to show
Spoken Manchu: z^|/ori- 'to point to' (1341)
Literary Manchu: z^|ori- 1, 2
Orok: z^|ori.- 1
Nanai: z^|ori.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:
Meaning: gall
Evenki: z^|o:
Even: z^|o:
Negidal: z^|o:
Orok: z^|o:
Nanai: z^|o:l
Oroch: z^|o:
Udighe: z^|o: (Корм. 233)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:m- (/ *z^|o:n-)
Meaning: to remember
Evenki: z^|o:n-, z^|o:m-kit-
Even: z^|o:n-, z^|o:man-
Negidal: z^|on-
Literary Manchu: z^|o-, z^|ono-
324Keys of Han
Ulcha: z^|ombu.-
Orok: do:ndu.-
Nanai: z^|o:mbo-
Oroch: z^|o:mbu-
Udighe: z^|on|i-
Solon: z^|o:n-, z^|o:mu:.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:n|i-
Meaning: to resound, echo; to imitate
Even: z^|o:n|i.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uba-n
Meaning: ten
Evenki: z^|a:n
Even: z^|a:n-nu.
Negidal: z^|a:n
Spoken Manchu: z^|uan (2744)
Literary Manchu: z^|uwan
Jurchen: z^|uwa (645)
Ulcha: z^|u.wa(n)
Orok: z^|o:n
Nanai: z^|oa
Oroch: z^|a:(n)
Udighe: z^|a:(n)
Solon: z^|a:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ube-
Meaning: two
Evenki: z^|u:r
Even: z^|o":r
Negidal: z^|u:l
Spoken Manchu: z^|u: (2736)
Literary Manchu: z^|uwe
Jurchen: z^|uwe (637)
Ulcha: z^|uel(i)
Orok: du:
Nanai: z^|u:, z^|uer
Oroch: z^|u:
Udighe: z^|u:
Solon: z^|u:r
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ubu ( ~ -g-)
Meaning: for, for the sake of
Evenki: z^|ug|u ~ z|uwu
Even: z^|uwu
Negidal: z^|uwu-du:
Literary Manchu: z^|u-lefun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|udakta / *z^|edukte
Meaning: 1 piece of meat (without bones) 2 tree mushroom
Evenki: z^|edukte, dial. dedukte 1
Orok: du.daqta / z^|u.z^|aqta 2
Oroch: dudakta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|udura
Meaning: a pig (looking like a wild grey or white pig)
Literary Manchu: z^|udura
325Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u-ga
Meaning: in summer, summer
Evenki: z^|ug|a
Even: z^|u.wu.ni.
Negidal: z^|oa
Spoken Manchu: z^|/uari (2727)
Literary Manchu: z^|uwari
Jurchen: z^|uha (268)
Ulcha: z^|u.a
Orok: du.wa
Nanai: z^|oa
Oroch: z^|uwa
Udighe: z^|ua
Solon: z^|u.ga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugde-n
Meaning: alder
Evenki: z^|ugden
Even: z^|o":de:keg|, z^|ogdakag|
Negidal: z^|ugde:n
Literary Manchu: z^|uqden, z^|ekde 'a k. of tree'
Orok: z^|uegde
Oroch: z^|ugde(n)
Udighe: z^|ugde(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugd[u]-
Meaning: to hit, push, kick
Evenki: z^|ugdu:-
Negidal: z^|u:kte-
Literary Manchu: z^|oqz^|a-
Nanai: z^|ugz^|ukule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uge-
Meaning: wasp, bee
Evenki: z^|ug|uk(te), z^|uwuk(te), z^|uwun
Even: z^|ewъt
Negidal: z^|ewekte, z^|eg|ekte
Nanai: z^|ewe
Solon: z^|u:kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uge:-
Meaning: to exchange
Evenki: z^|ug|e:-lge-
Even: z^|ug|e:n-met-/c^-
Negidal: z^|ug|e-t-
Literary Manchu: z^|uwe-n 'debt'
Jurchen: z^|ui_-mu-sun- 'to lend' (443)
Ulcha: z^|ue-c^i-
Orok: due-li-
Nanai: z^|ue-c^i-
Oroch: z^|uwe-c^i-
Udighe: z^|ue-si-
Solon: z^|ugut-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugu:-
Meaning: to carry, transport
Evenki: z^|ug|u:-
326Keys of Han
Even: z^|ug|u-
Negidal: z^|ug|u-
Spoken Manchu: z^|o:- (1239)
Literary Manchu: z^|uwe-
Orok: du:-ri-
Oroch: z^|u-si-
Udighe: z^|u:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ujar-
Meaning: bitter, acid
Evenki: z^|e:µri-pc^u
Even: z^|u.i.r, z^|u.ji.r
Negidal: z^|ojaji.-gdi.
Spoken Manchu: z^|/us^/uxun (431)
Literary Manchu: z^|u-s^u-xun
Ulcha: z^|u.ju.r-si.
Orok: du:.re
Nanai: z^|ojor-si.
Oroch: z^|ui-si
Udighe: z^|u:hi 'sour' (Корм. 235)
Solon: z^|is^/il- 'to turn sour'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uK-
Meaning: to stop
Even: z^|o"kъr-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uke
Meaning: 1 hardly, barely 2 simple, usual
Evenki: z^|upke:ki: 'enough'
Spoken Manchu: z^|ukun 'on bad terms, bad' (2507)
Literary Manchu: z^|uken 1, 2, z^|uki 'enough'
Ulcha: z^|uke(n) 1
Nanai: z^|uke:· 1
Oroch: z^|ukke, z^|uke 1
Udighe: z^|uke 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uke
Meaning: ice
Evenki: z^|uke
Even: z^|o"k
Negidal: z^|uxe
Spoken Manchu: z^|uxe:, z^|uxu: (2029)
Literary Manchu: z^|uxe
Jurchen: z^|u-xe (272)
Ulcha: z^|u:, z^|ue
Orok: duwe, duke
Nanai: z^|uke; z^|ogbor 'piece of ice on earth'
Oroch: z^|uke
Udighe: z^|ugde (Корм. 235), z^|uge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uku-
Meaning: 1 road 2 corner
Negidal: z^|oxon 2
Spoken Manchu: z^|oh@n 1 (1244)
Literary Manchu: z^|uGun 1
Jurchen: z^|u-huj (57) 1
Ulcha: z^|oqo(n) 2
327Keys of Han
Nanai: z^|oqo 2
Oroch: z^|oko(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uku-n
Meaning: otter
Evenki: z^|ukun
Even: z^|o":kъn
Negidal: z^|uxin
Orok: do:kso
Nanai: z^|uku(n)
Oroch: z^|u:ku(n)
Udighe: z^|ugu
Solon: z^|u:xu:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ul-
Meaning: wedge
Evenki: z^|ulamaptin
Even: z^|ulъmtin|
Ulcha: z^|ilemec^e
Udighe: z^|olomopti (Корм. 234)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ule
Meaning: front, front part
Evenki: z^|ule:
Even: z^|ul
Negidal: z^|ul-le:
Literary Manchu: z^|ule-ri; z^|ulkun 'hollow under neck'
Jurchen: z^|ule (z^|ule-le) (598)
Ulcha: z^|uli
Orok: duli, dulde
Nanai: z^|ule
Oroch: z^|ule:-du
Udighe: z^|ule: (Корм. 235), z^|ulie
Solon: z^|ulde:-du
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ulV-
Meaning: 1 smooth 2 naked
Evenki: z^|ula:-kin 2
Even: z^|u.laqqan 2
Solon: z^|ulu-bre:x 1, z^|u.la:xi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ulz^|i-
Meaning: chain
Negidal: z^|ulz^|ixe:n
Ulcha: dulz^|i(n)
Orok: dulz^|ig|e
Nanai: z^|ulz^|ie:
Oroch: z^|ugga"(n), z^|ugz^|e(n) 'chain; rope for binding animals'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|un-
Meaning: pulse, vein
Literary Manchu: z^|un
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|up(u)ku
Meaning: hollow under neck
Evenki: z^|upku
Negidal: z^|ipkun
Literary Manchu: z^|ofox|o 'wedge, gore, denticle'
328Keys of Han
Nanai: z^|upku 'otter's breast'
Udighe: z^|okpo 'breast bow'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ur-
Meaning: to stand still
Even: z^|u.r-u.l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|urga- / *z^|urge-
Meaning: 1 ethic, moral 2 honest 3 brave 4 justice
Even: z^|urri 3
Spoken Manchu: z^|ur@han 4 (1041)
Literary Manchu: z^|urGan 4, z^|urGanGa 2
Oroch: z^|ugge 1
Solon: z^|u.rgana 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|urku
Meaning: 1 rapid, swift stream 2 fairway
Even: z^|u.rqu. 1
Negidal: z^|ojku. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uru:-, *z^|ura-n
Meaning: 1 to draw 2 a scratch, line
Evenki: z^|uru:- 1
Negidal: z^|ojan 2
Spoken Manchu: z^|/uz^|/u-, z^|/uz^|/i- 1 (1315, 2380)
Literary Manchu: z^|iz^|u- 1
Ulcha: z^|u.ra(n) 2
Nanai: z^|ora 2
Oroch: z^|urara 'striped'
Udighe: z^|u:nda- 1
Solon: z^|uri:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uti:
Meaning: sweet
Evenki: z^|uti:
Even: z^|ut
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uz^|a-
Meaning: 1 to quarrel 2 niggling, peddling
Literary Manchu: z^|uz^|u-ra- 2
Ulcha: z^|u.z^|a- 1
Nanai: z^|oz^|a- 1
Oroch: z^|uz^|a- 1
Udighe: z^|uz^|a- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u"ksi- / *z^|u"kte
Meaning: 1 blue-berry 2 berry
Evenki: z^|iksin|e: 1, z^|ikte 2
Negidal: z^|ikte 1
Literary Manchu: duqsi 1
Ulcha: z^|uste 1
Orok: dusikte 1
Nanai: z^|usikte 1
Oroch: z^|ikte 1
Udighe: z^|ikte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u":(n)-
Meaning: to grit teeth
Evenki: z^|i:n-
Literary Manchu: z^|u(n)-
329Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: {*mi(a)re:-}
Meaning: to marry
Evenki: mire:-
Even: mierъn-
Negidal: mije:n-
Ulcha: miren-
Orok: mi:ren-
Nanai: marin- (dial.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: {*sil-
Meaning: 1 to choose 2 to test 3 to promise, warn, report
Evenki: sinma- 1, silba- 3
Even: hi:.nmъ.- 1, hi.lbъ.- 3
Literary Manchu: simne- 2
Orok: si.lma- 1
Solon: s^/ilba:- 3
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