LEARNING OUTCOME
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan definisi dan jenis-jenis kemiskinan
Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan penyebab dan akibat dari kemiskinan
Mahasiswa mampu mengukur tingkat kemiskinan baik di tingkat keluarga maupun
masyarakat
Poverty is:
What is poverty?
Think about some of the signs that might alert you to the
presence of poverty, whether in the UK or overseas…
…and try to define poverty in a
sentence.Insufficient food
Inadequate nourishment
Poor housing
Inadequate clothing
No access to clean
drinking water
Poor sanitation
Poor education
Poor health
Unemployment
Vulnerability
Lack of power
Low status
“Persons, families and groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member State to which they belong”.
The European Union’s working definition of poverty is:
Definitions change with time, but this is now the most commonly used
definition of poverty in the industrialised world.
It recognises that poverty is not just about income but about the
effective exclusion of people living in poverty from ordinary living
patterns, customs and activities.
• Accidents and natural disasters, with inadequate insurance
• Family breakdown
• Changes in government policy
• Employment-related problems eg. short-term job contracts, low pay,
decline in local traditional industries, unemployment
• Social exclusion and no access to benefits or inadequate benefits
• Drink and drugs dependency
• Poor health (clinical, medical and emotional)
• Inadequate pensions
• Personal debt
Some causes of poverty in Canada are:
• Unfair trade
• HIV and AIDS
• Debt
• Conflict
• Unfair land distribution
• Natural disasters
• Lack of access to education
Some causes of poverty in developing countries are:
Sebab-sebab KemiskinanFaktor eksternal : Hambatan kelembagaan atau
struktur
Faktor internal : faktor dalam diri seseorang
Pandangan Konservatif:
Kemiskinan diakibatkan oleh nilai-nilai dan
kebudayaan, seperti: malas, boros, tidak punya
rencana, dll.
Pandangan Modern:
1. Pemilikan faktor produksi yang rendah
2. Kualitas SDM rendah
3. Tingkat tabungan rendah
4. Lemahnya jiwa kewiraswastaan
Pola-Pola Kemiskinan
1
1. Persistent poverty
kronis atau turun-temurun
2. Cyclical poverty
siklus ekonomi
3. Seasonal poverty
musiman
2
3
4
4. Accidental poverty dampak bencana alam atau
lainnya
Poverty is complex; many aspects are interconnected.
Some of its causes and effects make a cycle:
Poor farming methods
Poor education
Health care
Low paid job/ no job
Food
Housing
Education
Less money for: Erosion
Poor crop
Less to sell
Hunger
Poverty
Who lives in Poverty?
• Poverty is greatest amongst families with children.
• Single parent families are twice as likely to be poverty as families with two adults.
• On average women have lower incomes than men. Women who are single parents or have given up careers to act as carers are more likely to be in poverty.
• Elderly people are now in a better position because many of them are in houses which are worth a lot of money. Although many elderly do live in poverty.
PENYEBAB KEMISKINAN
•Pengangguran
•Pendapatan rendah
•Umur
•Jenis kelamin
•Suku
•Kebijakan Pemerintah
AKIBAT KEMISKINAN: BIAYA KEMISKINAN
• Kriminalitas
• Fasilitas kesehatan
• Pengangguran
• Investasi penanggulangan kemiskinan
• Perumahan
• Kelaparan
• Pendidikan
• Listrik dan air
• Anggaran penanggulangan kemiskinan
Absolute poverty is measured by comparing a person’s total income against
the total cost of a specific ‘basket’ of essential goods and services. People with
inadequate income to purchase this basket of items are considered to be living
in absolute poverty.
Relative poverty compares a person’s total income and spending patterns with
those of the general population. People with lower income who spend a larger
portion of their income on a basket of goods and services, compared with a
threshold typical of the general population, are considered to be living in
relative poverty.(Source: http://canadianeconomy.gc.ca)
The World Bank defines absolute (or extreme) poverty as living on below US$1 a day, and moderate poverty as living on US$1 - US$2 a day. Based on these figures, half the world’s population – about three billion people - are considered poor, with one in six living in extreme poverty.
How is poverty measured?
BEBERAPA UKURAN KEMISKINAN
Garis Kemiskinan
WORLD BANK: US$ 1 per day : extreme poverty
US$ 1,25 per day
US$ 2 per day
BPS : garis kemiskinan Makanan (GKM) + non makanan (GKBM) : dibedakan antara perdesaan dan perkotaan
Ukuran kemiskinan menurut Sajogya
Kategori Desa Kota
Miskin 320 kg 480 kg
Miskin sekali 240 kg 360 kg
Paling miskin 180 kg 270 kg
1. Hidup dalam rumah dengan ukuran lebih kecil dari 8m2
2. Hidup dalam rumah dengan lantai tanah atau
lantai kayu berkualitas rendah
3. Hidup dalam rumah dengan dinding terbuat
dari kayu berkualitas rendah
4. Hidup dalam rumah yang tidak dilengkapi
dengan WC
5. Hidup dalam rumah tanpa listrik
6. Tidak mendapatkan fasilitas air bersih
7. Menggunakan kayu bakar, arang atau minyak
tanah untuk memasak
8. Mengkonsumsi daging atau susu seminggu sekali
(Jika memenuhi salah
satu kriteria dikategorikan
sebagai “miskin”)
16 Kriteria
RUMAH
TANGGA
MISKIN (BPS)
SOCIAL METRICS MATRIX
Poverty/Social Metrics Index is measured against social metrics cut-offs: 8-15 = non poor
16-23 = poor
24-32 = very poor
Social Metrics: 8 different areas related to poverty:
• Food Security
• Education
• Healthcare
• Housing
• Social Capital
• Empowerment
• Literacy
• Vulnerabilities
Each area is scored based on a corresponding question with four possible answers.
All areas are then totaled to create a poverty/social metrics index
(Jika memenuhi salah satu kriteria dikategorikan sebagai “miskin”)
9. Belanja satu set pakaian baru setahun sekali
10. Makan hanya sekali atau dua kali sehari
11. Tidak mampu membayar biaya kesehatan pada
Puskesmas terdekat
12. Pendapatan keluarga kurang dari Rp. 600.000,‐per bulan
13. Pendidikan Kepala Keluarga hanya setingkat
Sekolah Dasar
14. Memilik tabungan kurang dari Rp. 500.000,‐15. Mempekerjakan anak di bawah umur
16. Tidak mampu membiayai anak untuk sekolah.
16 Kriteria
Kemiskinan
16 Kriteria
RUMAH
TANGGA
MISKIN (BPS)
Indicators 1 2 3 4Food Security Household always has
enough food and the kinds
they want to eat
Household always has
enough food but not always
the food they want to eat
Household sometimes doesn't
have enough food to eat
Household often does not
have enough food to eat
Edcuation Household can support
education for children up to
& including university
Household can support
education for children up to
& including secondary school
Household can support
education for children up to
& including primary school
Household cannot support
education for children even at
the primary school level
Healthcare Household can always afford
the medicine and healthcare
services they need
Household usually can afford
the medicine and healthcare
they need
Household sometimes can not
afford to buy medicine or
healthcare services
Household never can afford
to buy medicine or healthcare
services
Housing Household has all utilities,
including potable water,
electricity, sanitation & phone
Household has 3 of 4 utilities Household has 2 of 4 utilities Household has 1 or no utilities
Social Capital* Client is very involved in
community activities
Client is somewhat active in
his or her community
Client is rarely involved in
community activities
Client never gest involved in
community activities
Empowerment** Client always feels respected Client sometimes feels
respected
Client seldom feels respected Client never feels respected
Literacy Client reads, writes and
performs basic math
Client can perform 2 of 3 Client can perform 1 of 3 Client is not able to perform
any of them
Vulnerabilities*** 0 vulnerabilities within
household
1 vulnerability 2 vulnerabilities 3 vulnerabilities
Social Metrics Matrix
A Simple Poverty Scorecard for IndonesiaNO INDIKATOR
1. Jumlah anggota keluarga (semakin banyak skor makin rendah)
2. Jumlah anggota keluarga berumur 5-18 tahun yang masih sekolah (semakin banyak, skor semakin tinggi)
3. Jumlah anggota keluarga berumur 11 tahun ke atas yang bekerja dan seminggu terakhir tidak bekerja
4. Bahan bakar utama untuk memasak
5. Tipe toilet
6. Jenis lantai rumah
7. Jenis atap rumah
8. Kepemilikan kulkas
9. Kepemilikan sepeda motor
10. Kepemilikan televisi
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