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CLASSIFICATION OF

CELL1

7KINGDOM

Check this outPendidikan Kimia Non Reguler 2010

DEFINITION OF CELL

A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

EXAMPLES OF CELLS

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

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Cell based on nucleus

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

PROKARYOTIC

Do not have structures surrounded by membranes

Few internal structures

One-celled organisms, Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Types of Cells

EUKARYOTIC

Contain organelles surrounded by membranes

Most living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

Types of Cells

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EUKARYOTIC

• Animal

• Plant

• Protist

• Chromista

• Eumycota

PROKARYOTIC

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

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Cell

Unicellular Multicellular

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CELL

U N I C E L L U L A R

• Unicellular organisms are those that contain just one single cell

• Unicellular organisms are mostly prokaryotes

• Unicellular organisms are usually smaller or unvisible to the naked eye

M U LT I C E L L U L A R

• Multicellular organisms are those living organisms that are made up of more than one cell

• Multicellular organisms are mostly eukaryotes

• Multicellular organisms are visible to the naked eye

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UNICELLULAR

• Chromista

• Eumycota

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

MULTICELLULAR• Plantae

• Animal

• Protists

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CELLS EXTRACT ENERGY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT

Cell Autotrophs are cells can utilized sunlight as an energy source

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

• Protists

• Plantae

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Cell Heterotrophs are cells obtain energy from food

• Animalia

• Chromista

• Protists

• Eumycota

• Eubacteria

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CLASS

IFIC

ATION IN

RESPIRATIO

N

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AEROBIC

ANAEROBIC

DIFFERENT BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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AEROBIC ANAEROBICis respiration that require oxygen (O2

is anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen (O2).

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

occurs in the cytoplasm

is used to breakdown organic compounds into inorganic compounds

occurs for decomposition of organic compounds

produces more energy produces less energyproduces 36 ATP produces 2 ATP

AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

KINGDOM PLANTAE KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM PROTISTA KINGDOM ARCHABACTERIA KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

KINGDOM FUNGI P K N R 1 0 15

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KINGDOMS

PLANTAE

ANIMAL

FUNGIPROTISTA

BACTERIA

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THE

PLANT

KINGDOM

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KINGDOMS PLANTAE

All plants are eukaryotic autotrophs making food from sunlight through photosynthesis. There are, however, a few species that are both autotrophs and heterotrophs. Plants have cell walls made of cellulose.

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THE PLANT KINGDOM

This kingdom has organisms that are multi-cellular, have cell walls and chlorophyll, produce their own food, and don’t physically move from one place to another.

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P K N R 1 0http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“TYPICAL” PLANT CELL

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KINGDOM

ANIMALI

A

“TYPICAL” ANIMAL CELL

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

~ CHARACTERISTICS ~

Multicellular

Eukaryotic with no cell walls

Heterotrophs (consumers)

~ CHARACTERISTICS ~

Have a nervous system to respond to their environment

Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food

Most animals develop from a zygote becoming a blastula

A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled space forming a hollow ball of cells called a gastrula.

KINGDOM

PROTI

STA

If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists.

All protists have a nucleus and are therefore eukaryotic.

Protists are either plant-like,

animal-like or fungus-like.

http://vilenski.org/science/safari/classifyall/eukaryotic.html

Plant-like protists are autotrophs – they contain chloroplasts and make their own food.

Animal-like and fungus-like protists and are heterotrophs.

Protozoans are animal-like protists (heterotrophs) grouped according to how they move.

The word protozoa means "little animal." They are so named because many species behave like tiny animals—specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food.

All protozoa digest their food in stomach-like compartments called vacuoles <vac-you-ohls>. As they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use.

Protozoa range in size from 1/5,000 to 1/50 of an inch (5 to 500 µm) in diameter. They can be classified into three general groups based on how they move.

FUNGI

KINGDOM Mysterious Molds

Mildews

And Mushrooms

Charateristic of Fungi

EukaryoticNon-Vascular organismUnicellularCell walls similar in structure to plants but different in chemical composition

Heterotrophic

Heterotrophic saprobes – cells of hyphae secrete digestive enzymes and absorb products of Digestion

Cell wall made of chitin - a polysaccharide with added nitrogen group

Characteristics of Fungi

Hypha - filamentous body - forming mycelial mat - each hypha is composed of a chain of cells with or without separating septa

Nuclear mitosis - all stages of mitosis go on within the nucleus - followed by nuclear division and then cell division

FUNGI ARE NOT PLANTS

Plants make their own food (sugars) from light

FUNGIAbsorb food from plants or other substrates (things they

grow on)

FUNGIReproduce with spores

PLANTS Reproduce with seeds

YEASTS ARE A TYPE OF FUNGUS

Yeasts grow by budding

Yeasts are present almost everywhere

Budding yeasts

FUNGI

CHROMISTA EUMYCOTA

CHROMISTA

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHROMISTA

• At some stage or other of their lives most members form cells with two flagella that are attached to the side of the cell rather than to either end.

• Many Chromista are unicellular or form colonies in which the cells function individually.

• The cells of some Chromista form cell walls of cellulose-like substances that correspond chemically to those of plants to a certain extent, but many others form external skeletons that contain silica or calcium carbonate.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EUMYCOTA

All are eukaryoticMost are filamentousSome are unicellularProtoplasm of a hypha or cell is surrounded by a rigid wall

Many reproduce both sexually and asexually

Their nuclei are typically haploid and hyphal compartments are often multinucleate

All are achlorophyllousAll are chemoheterotrophic (chemo-organotrophic)

KINGDOM

MONERA

BACTERIA

KINGDOM MONERACommonly called bacteria

• All monerans are unicellular

• monerans are prokaryotes

Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms surrounded by a membrane and cell wall that LACK membrane bound organelles

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7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell

• Capsule

• Cell wall

• Ribosomes

• Nucleoid

• Flagella

• Cytoplasm

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Capsule


keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells

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Cell wall


Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell

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Ribosomes


cell part where proteins are made

Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs

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Nucleoid


a ring made up of DNA

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Flagella


a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion

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Pilli


hollow hair-like structures made of protein

allows bacteria to attach to other cells.

Pilli-singular Pillus-plural

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Cytoplasm


clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

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BACTERIA

They are found almost everywhere:

-water -air

-soil -food

-skin -inside the body

-on most objectsBacteria - small one celled monerans

Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment

CHARACTERISTICS OF MONERA

Monera can be divided into two main groups:

1) Archaebacteria- “ancient” bacteria- live in extremely harsh

conditions

2) Eubacteria- “true” bacteria

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Bacteria

Archabacteria

Eubacteria

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CHARACTERISTICS ARCHAEBACTERIA

• Unicellular• Microscopic• Cell wall does not have

peptidoglycan

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ARCHAEBACTERIA

ARCHAEBACTERIA (ANCIENT)

Can be divided into 4 groups:

1. Methanogens “methane producers”

2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers”

3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals”

4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”

Produce methane

Live where there is no oxygen

Found in intestines of many mammals

Found in swamps – causes the “rotten egg” smell

METHANOGENS

THERMOACIDOPHILES

Live in extremely hot and acidic waters

Often found in hot springs

Ex. Yellowstone National Park

CHEMOSYNTHESIZERS

Use inorganic compounds as source of energy (instead of sun)

Inorganic = compounds containing sulfur, iron, nitrogen (not carbon!)

Process called oxidation

Use energy to change carbon dioxide into organic food molecules

Live in harsh environments (e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean floor)

EXTREME HALOPHILES

“salt loving”

Live in water up

to ten times saltier than

sea water

Found in places like

the Dead Sea

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Methanogens Live in oxygen free environments, produce methane (CH4).

Thermoacidophiles Live in water than is very hot and acidic (pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs

Chemosynthesizers Make carbohydrates using inorganic compounds as energy source, live in hot sulfur vents on ocean floor

Extreme Halophiles Live in extremely salty places, grow in water up to ten times saltier than the ocean

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EUBACTERIA

• Doesn’t have membrane• Unicellular• Microscopic• Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

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CHARACTERISTIC

EUBACTERIA

Divided into three groups:

1. Gram-positive Bacteria

2. Gram-negative Bacteria

3. Cyanobacteria

Have thick cells walls.

Turn purple when put through a special series of stains called “gram-staining.”

Includes a wide variety of bacteria such as those causing strep throat and tetanus (lockjaw). GRAM-POSITIVE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gram_Stain_Anthrax.jpg

GRAM-NEGATIVEHave an extra layer of fat outside cell wall.

Appear pink after gram-staining.

Includes bacteria such as E.coli and the bacteria that causes whooping cough.

GRAM-POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE

CYANOBACTERIA

Perform plant-like photosynthesis.

Release oxygen.

Used to be called “blue-green” algae

Toxic to animals.

EUBACTERIA

Gram-positive Bacteria Have thick walls made of protein-sugar complex, turn purple when stained

Gram-negative Bacteria

Have extra layer of lipid outside cell wall and turn pink after staining

Cyanobacteria Gram-negative monerans that perform photosynthesis (like plants) and release oxygen

NOW

SEVEN KINGDOM

QUESTIONS

1. Dyah: pengelompokan fillum dalam protista berdasarkan apa?

2. Dwi: pembeda arcaebacteria dan eubacteria?

3. Dian: dasar penggolongan cromista apa? Mengapa oomycota termasuk Chromista?

4. Tatik: 5 kingdom dibagi berdasarkan tingkatan organisme, susunan sel, organisme mencari makanan?

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ANSWERS

1.

2. Perbedaannya pada tempat hidupnya, dinding selnya, dan cara hidupnya. Archaebacteria hidup di tempat ekstrim, dinding selnya tidak mempunyai peptidoglycan, dan cara hidupnya heterotrof . Eubacteria tidak dapat hidup di tempat ekstrim, dinding selnya mempunyai peptidoglycan, cara hidupnya secara heterotrof, autotrof, chemotrotof.

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Protista mirip hewan

Memiliki flagel sebagai alat gerak

Protista mirip tumbuhan

Memiliki kloroplas sehingga dapat berfotosintesis seperti tumbuhan

Protista mirip jamur Memiliki cara reproduksi yang sama seperti jamur dengan menggunakan sporangium

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ANSWERS

3. Pengelompokkan Chromista dengan Eumycota itu dapat berdasarkan habitatnya, karena Oomycota hidup di air. Oleh karena itu Oomycota termasuk Chromista sedangkan jamur yang lain hidup di darat maka dalam satu kingdom yaitu Eumycota.

4.

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Kingdom

Susunan sel

Jenis sel Cara memperoleh makanan

Animalia Eukariotik Multiselular Heterotrof

Plantae Eukariotik Multiselular Autotrof

Bacteria Prokariotik Uniselular Autotrof

Protista Eukariotik Multiselular Heterotrof

Fungi Eukariotik Multiselular Heterotrof

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THANK

YOU

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