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MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WASTE SERVICES

URBANISATION SCENARIO

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS-

NGO,CBO INVOLVEMENT

JNNURM AND SWM


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URBANISATION AND JNNURM


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GLOBAL URBAN SCENARIO

The making of cities: natural increase and migration:push and pull Almost 1,80,000 people are added to the urban

population each day Most significant urbanisation in Asia (61% of the total

world population; and share in global urban populationhas risen from 9% in 1920 to 48% in 2000, and 53% by2030)

Africa (12% of global population) Latin America: High urbanisation but stabilising

Urban stagnation and aging populations in Europe,Japan It is estimated that there are almost a billion poor people

in the world, of this over 750 million live in urban areaswithout adequate shelter and basic services


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EMERGING URBAN REALITIES

Rapid Urbanisation, especially in metropolitan areas,beyond the cities carrying capacity, puttingtremendous pressure on infrastructure and services

In an urbanizing world, cities will determine theeconomic future of countries. But cities will also face

the challenge of urbanization of poverty. Globalizing economies will accentuate increasing

competition between cities The demographic and economic pressures will

heighten concerns of equity, environment, quality of

life and sustainability Each city is unique. Therefore both the problems and

solutions should be identified locally


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THE INDIAN URBAN CHALLENGE

India has second largest Urban System in theworld, with 310 million people in 5161 cities &towns

Indian cities contribute 55-60% of GDP

1% households without tap water in premisesand several cities have only 2 4 hours ofsupply

43% households without sanitation

23% live in abject poverty 40 million people live in slums 30% households live in single room tenements Urban Infrastructure severely stressed


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MUNICIPALITIES IN DISARRAY

Demographic shift to urban areasunlikely to slow down

Cost of inadequate infrastructure is

enormousUnable to meet rising demand for

services

Unable to raise resourcesConstrained by old fashioned rules and

procedures


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REASONS FOR POOR SERVICES

Population pressure

Absence of long term planning

Governance Issues Inadequate cost recovery

Precarious financial position of ULBs

Poor operation and maintenance ofassets

Inadequate capacities


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JNNURM


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RATIONALE FOR JNNURM

Challenge lies in bridging theInfrastructure deficit

Creating an environment & statutoryframework for smooth transition

Need a departure from Business as

Usual JNNURM: A response to this challenge

Improving O&M of assets


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MISSION STATEMENT

Reforms driven, fast track, planneddevelopment of identified cities with focus on

efficiency in urban infrastructure/servicesdelivery mechanism, community participationand accountability of ULBs towards citizen


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MISSION STRATEGY

Planned urban perspective frameworks for a period of 20-25years (5 Yr updates) indicating policies and strategies ofmeeting fund requirements

Perspective plan should be based on City Development

Plan (CDP) Cities will be required to prepare DPR

Private Sector Participation in development, managementand financing of Urban infrastructure

Funds will be released to State Nodal agency (TUFIDCO) Funds from State/Central Govt will flow directly to the Nodal

agency as Grant

Revolving fund will be created to meet the O&M cost of the

assets created


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JNNURM: THE CONTEXT

Urban Water Supply, Sanitation and Roads willneed about 28,035 Crores for next 10 years

Urban Transport Infrastructure in cities withpopulation more than 1 Lakh will need 207000Crores for next 20 years

It is estimated that over a seven-year period,Urban Local Bodies would require a totalinvestments of Rs. 1,20,536 crores.

JNNURM plans investment of Rs 50,000 croresover seven years

To be matched by State and local governments

Rest to be raised from Private Sector Participation


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MISSION PERIOD

The duration of the Mission is seven yearsbeginning from 2005-06.

SCOPE OF THE MISSION

Major thrust will be on urban infrastructureprojects relating to Watersupply includingsanitation, sewerage, solid waste

management, road network, urban transportand redevelopment of old city areas with aview to upgrading of existing infrastructure


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OBJECTIVES OF JNNURM

3Bring about urbanisationin a dispersed mannerthrough planneddevelopment of cities

4Provision of servicesfor the urban poor

5Redevelopmentof old cities

2Ensure adequate funds tofulfil deficiencies

1Integrated developmentof infrastructureservices in the cities

6Secure effective linkagesbetween asset creation &asset management to makeinfrastructural services self-sustaining

JNNURM seeks to encourage

reforms and fast track planned

development


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JNNURM CONSTITUENTS

Sub-Mission 1: MoUD:

Governance (reform agenda) and

Infrastructure Issues JNNURM in 63 Mission cities

UIDSSMT in Non-Mission cities (IDSMT)

Sub-Mission 2: MoH&UPA BSUP: Basic Services to the Urban

Poor

IHSDP in Non-Mission cities (VAMBAY)


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JNNURM COMPONENTS

Cities/UAs with 4 million plus population (7),1 million plus

population(28) State Capitals and other Cities(selected cities - 30) All other cities to be covered under UIDSSMT and IHSDP

Investment support from GoI : Rs.50,000 Crore over the Missionperiod for both Sub-Missions, UIDSSMT and IHSDP

JNNURM Components Capacity Building component : Initiatives to be undertaken to build

capacities at the State as well as ULB levels to enhance theirabilities to absorb investment component

Assistance for preparation of City Development Plans (CDPs);

Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) ; Training and Capacity Building;Community Participation ; IEC Activities

(5% of Central grant would be set apart for the above and up to 5% ofCentral grant or actual, whichever is less, to be set apart forAdministrative and other expenses)


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CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

A perspective

andvision for thefuturedevelopmentof the city

Where do we want

to go?

Whereare we

now?

What

are

priority

needs?

What strategies

are required?


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PREPARATION OF CDP

In depth analysis of existing situation

Development of a perspective and vision ofthe city

Formulating a strategy for bridging the gapbetween where the city and where it wishesto go.

Preparing City Investment Plan (CIP) and afinancial strategy.


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FORMULATING A CITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Step 1

City Assessment

Future

perspective and

vision

Strategies for

development

City Investment

Plan

Opportunities

Strengths

Risks

Weakness

Unmet

demand/gap

Direction of change

and expectation

Economic Vision

Services Vision

Options and

strategies

Link with

reform agenda

Criteria for

prioritisation

Estimate level of

investment

Financing

options

Step 2 Step 3 Step 4


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THE CDP IS NECESSARY STEP FOR ACCESSING

JNNURM FUNDS

City Development Plan

Detailed Project ReportsTimeline for Implementation

of Reforms

Apply for JNNURM funds


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FUNDING PATTERN

Centre State Grant ULB/

Parastatals/Loanfrom FinancialInstitution

Cities with 4million pluspopulation

35% 15% 50%

Cities with millionplus but lessthan 4 million

population

50% 20% 30%

Cities in NorthEastern Statesand J&K

90% 10% -

Other Cities 80% 10% 10%


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PERMISSIBLE SECTORS

Water Supply (including Desalination andSewerage)

Solid Waste Management Storm Water Drains Urban Transport Parking spaces on PPP basis Development of heritage areas Prevention and rehabilitation of soil erosion

(only in case of Special Category States) Preservation of water bodies


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NON-PERMISSIBLE SECTORS

Power

Telecom

Health Education

Wage Employment & Staff Components

Administration & Procedures


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IMPLEMENTATION DESIGN

MoUD Sub-mission on Urban Infrastructure andGovernance

State level Nodal Agency

State Level Steering committee

Technical Advisory Group Central Sanctioning & Monitoring Committee

National Steering Group

Procedure for sanction of projects

Project proposals to be sanctioned by the CentralSanctioning and Monitoring Committee in MoUD

Funds to be released in four instalments based onthe terms of the sanction and the MoAs to be signed

by ULBs/ Parastatals, state and Ministry.


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FUNCTIONS OF SLNA

Appraisal of projects submitted by ULBs/Parastatal

agencies Obtaining sanction of State Level Steering Committee

for seeking assistance from Central Government underJNNURM

Management of grants received from Central and StateGovernment

Release of funds to ULBs/Parastatal agencies either asgrant, or soft loan or grant cum loan

Management of Revolving Fund Monitoring physical and financial progress of sanctioned

projects

Monitoring implementation of reform as entered into

MoA


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MANDATORY REFORMS AT STATE LEVEL

Implementation of Seventy Fourth ConstitutionAmendment Act

Enactment of public disclosure law

Enactment of community participation law

Assigning or associating elected ULBs with city planningfunction.

Repeal of Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act.

Reform of Rent Control Laws balancing the interests of

landlords and tenants. Rationalisation of Stamp Duty to bring it down to no more

than 5% within next five years.


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MANDATORY REFORMS AT ULB LEVEL

Accrual-based double entry system of accounting Introduction of system of e-governance using IT

applications like, GIS and MIS for various servicesprovided by ULBs.

Reform of property tax with GIS, so that it becomesmajor source of revenue

Levy of reasonable user charges (Full recovery of 100%O&M charges) Internal earmarking within local body

budgets for basic services to the urban poor Provision of basic services to urban poor including

security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing,water supply, sanitation and ensuing delivery of otheralready existing universal services of the Government foreducation, health and social security.


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OPTIONAL REFORMS

Revision of bye-laws to streamline approval process forconstruction of buildings, development of sites etc

Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion ofagricultural land for non-agricultural purposes

Introduction of Property Title Certification System

Earmarking at least 20-25% of developed land in all housingprojects (both Public and Private Agencies) for EWS/LIG categorywith a system of cross subsidization

Introduction of computerized process of registration of land andproperty

Revision of bye-laws to make rain water harvesting mandatory in allbuildings and adoption of water conservation measures

Bye-laws for reuse of recycled water

Administrative reforms

Structural reforms

Encouraging Public Private Partnership


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MOA FOR REFORMS

Tripartite MOA to be executed by the StateGovernments and Urban Local Bodies with CentralGovernment

Signing of MOA to be a necessary condition toaccess funds under the Mission

MOA would, inter-alia, indicate milestones,commitment, and actions to be taken to implementmandatory and optional reforms at the State & ULBlevel

Note: Any two optional reforms to be implementedeach year by State/ULB/Parastatal


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NATIONAL STEERING GROUP

Minister of Urban Development - Chairman

Minister of UEPA - Co Chairperson

Secretary UEPA - Member Secretary Planning Commission - Member

Secretary Expenditure - Member

National Technical Advisor - Member

Secretary Urban Development - Member -Convener

To steer the mission objectives , a National Steering Committee

was constituted

APPRAISAL AGENCY

Detailed Project Reports will be scrutinised by the technical wing ofthe Urban Development Department


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SANCTION OF PROJECTS

Secretary (UD) Chairman

Secretary (UEPA) Member

Secretary, Ministry of Finance(Department of Expenditure)

Member

Principal Advisor (HUD),PlanningCommission Member

Secretary, Ministry of Environmentand Forest

Member

Joint Secretary &FA, Min of UD Member-Convenor

Chief Planner, TCPO Member

Advisor, CPHEEO Member

CMD,HUDCO Member

Secretary of Information Technology Member

Secretary, Home affairs Member

Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee (CS&MC)


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OUTCOMES OF JNNURM REFORM AGENDA

Modern and transparent budgeting, accounting, financialmanagement systems, designed and adopted for all urbanservices and governance functions

City-wide framework for planning and governance will beestablished and become operational

All urban residents will be able to obtain access to a basiclevel of urban services

Financially self-sustaining agencies for urban governanceand service delivery will be established, through reformsto major revenue instruments

Local services and governance will be conducted in amanner that is transparent and accountable to citizens

e-Governance applications will be introduced in corefunctions of ULBs resulting in reduced cost and time of

service delivery processes


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TOOLKIT FOR SWM UNDER JNNURM

Rules and guidelines applicable for the management of MSW

Waste quantification and characterization

Primary elements of municipal solid waste management

Ways to organize solid waste management in city Project financing

Private sector participation in solid waste management

Performance standards in solid waste management Community participation and role of information education and

communication activities in SWM projects

Capacity building in municipal solid waste management


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CRITICISM OF JNNURM

Lack of Peoples Participation in decision making/formulating CDP and CIP, Projects

Mandatory reforms interference in State governmentjurisdiction (anti-74CAA)

Social sectors neglected

Increased Indebtedness of local government

Predominance of Private Sector and Consultants

Infrastructure v/s Poverty (Engineering Solutions)

ULBs reduced to mere implementation of schemesformulated by others


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PROJECT PREPARATION

Project development cycle comprises the following:

(a)Identification of urban infrastructure/ basic services tourban poor projects and their prioritisation.(CDP)

(b) Project scoping.(c) Preparation of a detailed project report.(d) Finalisation of the arrangements for implementation.(e) Sanction of JNNURM assistance.

(f ) Achievement of financial closure.(g) Execution of a Memorandum of understanding (MoA)and other agreements for implementation.


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NGO,CBO IN SWM SECTOR


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INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF SWM

Governmental Organisations Central and State Government agencies Non Governmental Organisations NGOs/CBOs

- Concept- Scope- Methods and Applications in SWM

Joint Venture of Community and ULBS Role of rag Pickers Public Awareness


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GOVERNMENT Government refers to the legislators, administrators, and

arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a stateat a given time, and to the system of government by which they

are organized

The Government of India has three independent branches

namely the executive, the legislature and thejudiciary Based on the distribution of powers between the Central

Government and the State Government there are three lists -

Union list, State list and Concurrent list (powers entertained by

both center and state)

India has adopted parliamentary system of government.

Union list - 97 subjects

Concurrent list -47 subjects

State list -66 subjects

The countr has a federal structure with elected Governments in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislators


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GOVERNMENT

Government of India:

The Government of India , officially known as Union Governmentor sometime referred to as Central Government, is the governingauthority of a federal union of 28 states, 6 Union Territories(administered directly by the Central Government) and a national

capital territory (NCT-Delhi). In spite of having a federal structure and a clear division of

powers and an independent judiciary there is a strong biastowards making the Central Government more powerful than thestate governments.

The President of India is the executive head. He has all theconstitutional powers but exercises them only on the advice of thereal executive i.e. the Prime Minister and his council of ministers.


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Government of India:

India is a bicameral parliament consisting of the Lok Sabha(House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by thecitizens of India. (Total Members 545).

Each Lok Sabha is formed for a term of five years after which it isautomatically dissolved and fresh elections are held.

The members of Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly i.e. thelegislatures of the states and union territories elect 238 membersand the President appoints another 12 members who are expertsin fields of science or arts.

The elected members of the Rajya Sabha serve 6-year term, withone-third up for elections every 2 years.

GOVERNMENT - Legislatures


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Administrative set up in India is perfectly planned into different

administrative divisions at central and state level. Theseadministrative units comprises of a nested hierarchy of country subdivisions.

Union Executive:

The Union executive includes the President, the Vice-President, andthe Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister as the head to aidand advice the President.

Cabinet Secretariat:

The Cabinet Secretariat is under the direct charge of the Prime

Minister and the Cabinet Secretary is the administrative head. The Secretariat assists in decision-making in Government by

ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differencesamongst Ministries/Departments.

Management of major crisis situations in the country and

coordinating activities of various Ministries in such a situation is also

GOVERNMENT- Administrative


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Ministries of the GovernmentThe Government consists of a number of Ministries/Departments, On15 August 1947, the number of Ministries at the Centre was 18.

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ministry of Urban Development,Central Public Health Environmental Engineering Organisation(CPHEEO)

Public ServicesUnion Public Service Commission (UPSC) recruits officers for themost important three kinds of public services in the country. Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Indian Police Service (IPS)

Indian Forest Service (IFS)These officers are recruited and trained by the Central Government,and then allotted to different State cadres. There are now 24 Statecadres including three Joint cadres, namely,

(i) Assam and Meghalaya,

(ii) Manipur and Tripura, and



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Constitutional bodies

Constitutional Bodies in India are formed by the Constitutionwhich helps the Government to run properly. Each of thesepermanent or semi-permanent organizations is responsible forthe administration of specific functions

(Planning Commission, Thirteenth finance Commission etc.,)



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The third branch of the government i.e. the judiciary is followed both at

national and state level. The Supreme Court of India at national level.

The High Courts at the state level, and District and Session Courts atthe district level.

The Supreme Court of India has original, appellate and advisoryjurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any disputebetween the Government of India and one or more states, or betweenthe Government of India and any state or states on one side and oneor more states on the other, or between two or more states.

The High Court stands at the head of a State's judicial administration.There are 21 High Courts in the country, three having jurisdiction overmore than one state.

The Union Territories come under the jurisdiction of different State HighCourts. Each High Court comprises a Chief Justice and such other

Judges as the President may, from time to time, appoint.

GOVERNMENT- Judiciary


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Government of Tamilnadu

State government is headed by a Governor. He enjoys nominalpowers. The real power is enjoyed by the Chief Minister who isassisted by a council of ministers

Normally every state assembly consisting of the Assembly andCouncil. (TamilNadu does not have any Legislative council)

The members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by thecitizens of TamilNadu. (Total Members 234).

Each Legislative Assembly is formed term of five years after which it isautomatically dissolved and fresh elections are held.

State government's legislature is bicameral in 6 states andunbicameral in the rest. Lower house is elected with 5 years term,while upper house if exists 1/3 of the members elected every 2 yearswith 6 year term

Cabinet size can be maximum of 15% the number of legislators in

lower house Judiciar has Hi h Court which has urisdiction of the whole state


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Departments

Agriculture

Chief Electoral OfficeCooperativeCommercial TaxesEmploymentEnvironmentFire and Rescue ServicesForestsForensic SciencesGeology and MiningGovernment ExaminationsHandloom, Handicrafts, Textiles andKhadiHealth and Family Welfare

HighwaysMunicipal Administration & WaterSupplyPensionPolicePrisonRegistrationTechnical Education

Organisations

AIDS Control Society

Chennai Metro Water Supply & Sewerage BoardChennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA)

Chennai Museum

Electricity Licencing Board (TNELB)

Electricity Regulatory Commission

Industrial & Technological Consultancy Organisation of

TN (ITCOT)

Khadi and Village Industries BoardNational Informatics Centre- TN Unit

Non-formal and Adult Education- State Resource Centre

(SRC)

Regional Passport Office

Slum Clearance Board

Sports Development Authority

State Institute of Rural DevelopmentState Transport Authority

Tamil Nadu State Aids Control Society (TNSACS)

Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology

Tamil Nadu State Hajj Committee

Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board

Teachers Recruitment Board

TWAD Board - Rain Water Harvesting

Tamil Nadu Rural Bazar

GOVERNMENT - Organisations

State Planning Commission, Third State Finance Commission are some of the constitutional bodies
http://www.agri.tn.gov.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/elections/Default.htmhttp://www.tncu.tn.gov.in/http://www.tnsalestax.com/http://www.employment.tn.gov.in/http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/tamilforensic/http://www.tnmine.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/dge/http://www.tn.gov.in/hhtk/http://www.tn.gov.in/hhtk/http://www.tnhealth.org/http://www.tnhighways.org/http://www.tn.gov.in/maws/http://www.tn.gov.in/maws/http://www.tn.gov.in/dop/default.htmhttp://www.tn.gov.in/police/http://www.prisons.tn.nic.in/http://www.tnreginet.net/http://www.tndte.com/http://tnaids.tn.nic.in/http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/http://www.cmdachennai.org/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/http://www.tnelb.gov.in/http://tnerc.tn.nic.in/http://www.itcot.com/http://www.itcot.com/http://www.khadikraft.com/http://www.tn.nic.in/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://passport.tn.nic.in/http://www.gotn-tnscb.org.in/http://www.sportsinfotn.com/http://www.sird.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/http://tnaids.tn.nic.in/http://www.tanscst.org/http://hajjtamilnadu.org/index.htmhttp://www.tn.gov.in/tnusrb/http://trb.tn.nic.in/http://www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com/http://www.ruralbazar.tn.gov.in/http://www.ruralbazar.tn.gov.in/http://www.tndte.com/http://www.ruralbazar.tn.gov.in/http://www.ruralbazar.tn.gov.in/http://www.ruralbazar.tn.gov.in/http://www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com/http://www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com/http://www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com/http://www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com/http://trb.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/tnusrb/http://hajjtamilnadu.org/index.htmhttp://www.tanscst.org/http://tnaids.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/http://www.sird.tn.nic.in/http://www.sportsinfotn.com/http://www.gotn-tnscb.org.in/http://passport.tn.nic.in/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.src-chennai.com/http://www.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.nic.in/http://www.khadikraft.com/http://www.itcot.com/http://www.itcot.com/http://tnerc.tn.nic.in/http://www.tnelb.gov.in/http://www.chennaimuseum.org/http://www.cmdachennai.org/http://www.chennaimetrowater.com/http://tnaids.tn.nic.in/http://www.tndte.com/http://www.tnreginet.net/http://www.prisons.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/police/http://www.tn.gov.in/dop/default.htmhttp://www.tn.gov.in/maws/http://www.tn.gov.in/maws/http://www.tnhighways.org/http://www.tnhealth.org/http://www.tn.gov.in/hhtk/http://www.tn.gov.in/hhtk/http://www.tn.gov.in/dge/http://www.tnmine.tn.nic.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/tamilforensic/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/http://www.environment.tn.nic.in/http://www.employment.tn.gov.in/http://www.tnsalestax.com/http://www.tncu.tn.gov.in/http://www.tn.gov.in/elections/Default.htmhttp://www.agri.tn.gov.in/


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NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS A Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted

organization created that operates independently from any

government. The term originated from the United Nations (UN) in

1945 with provisions in Article 71 ofChapter 10 of the United Nations

Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are neithergovernments nor member states.

Used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the

government and are not conventional for-profit business

In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by

governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by

excluding government representatives from membership in the

organization
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The UN introduced the term "NGO" to distinguish between theparticipation of international private organizations andintergovernmental specialized agencies. According to the UN, allkinds of private organizations that are independent fromgovernment control can be recognized as "NGOs.

NGOs also need to be non-criminal and non-profit An NGO as "an independent voluntary association of people

acting together on a continuous basis for some common purposeother than achieving government office, making money or illegalactivities.

Two main types of NGOs are recognized according to theactivities they pursue:

- Operational NGOs

- Campaigning NGOs.

NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS


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OPERATIONAL NGO

Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small scale change directly through

projects.

They mobilize financial resources, materials and volunteers to createlocalized programs in the field.

They hold large scale fundraising events, apply to governments andorganizations for grants and contracts in order to raise money forprojects

They operate in a hierarchical structure; with a main headquartersstaffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keepaccounts, report, and communicate with operational fieldworkers whowork directly on projects

They deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associatedwith the delivery of services and welfare, emergency relief andenvironmental issues. (Categorized into relief-oriented versusdevelopment-oriented)

They can be community-based, national or international. The definingactivity of operational NGOs is implementing projects


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NGO type can be understood by orientation and level ofco-operation.

NGO type by orientationCharitable orientation;

Service orientation;ParticipatoryEmpowering orientation;

NGO type by level of co-operationCommunity- Based Organization;City Wide Organization;National NGOs;International NGOs

NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS


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COMPAIGNING NGO ADVOCACY NGO Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of

professional members who are able to keep supporters informed,and motivated.

They must plan and host demonstrations and events that will keeptheir cause in the media.

The Campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large scale change

promoted indirectly through influence of the political system.

They must maintain a large informed network of supporters who canbe mobilized for events to garner media attention and influencepolicy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holdingdemonstrations.

Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights,women's rights, children's rights.

The primary purpose is to defend or promote a specific cause. Asopposed to operational project management, these organizations

typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society


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COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS

Community based organizations (CBO's) are nonprofit groupsthat work at a local level to improve life for residents that operatewithin a single local community. The focus is to build equalityacross society in all streams - health care, environment, quality ofeducation, access to technology, access to spaces andinformation for the disabled

CBO's are typically, and almost necessarily, staffed by localmembers - community members who experience first hand theneeds within their neighborhoods. Besides being connected

geographically, the only link between staff members and theirinterests is often the desire and willingness to help

These "bottom-up" organizations are more effective addressinglocal needs than larger charitable organizations


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NGO ON ENVIRONMENT ASPECT

International NGO" (INGO) is first given inresolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27,1950: it is defined as "any internationalorganization that is not founded by aninternational treaty". The vital role of NGOs andother "major groups" in sustainabledevelopment was recognized in Chapter 27 ofAgenda 21, leading to intense arrangements fora consultative relationship between the UnitedNations and non-governmental organizations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development


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MILLINEUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Goal 1:- Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Target 1:- Halve proportion of people income less than $1 a day during 1990-2015

Target 2:- Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

Goal 2:- Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 3:- Ensure that by 2015,children will be able to complete full course of primary schooling

Goal 3:- Promote gender equality and empower women Target 4:- Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and all levels

of

education by 2015

Goal 4:- Reduce Infant Mortality Target 5:- Reduce by 2/3 between 1990 and 2015, the under five mortality rate

Goal 5:- Improve maternal Health Target 6:- Reduce by 3/4 between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio

Goal 6:- Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases Target 7:- Have halved by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Target 8:- Have halved by 2015 and began to reverse the incidence of Malaria &other major

diseases


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MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Goal 7:- Ensure Environmental sustainability

Target 9 :- Reverse loss of environmental resources

Target 10:- Halve proportion people without safe drinking water by 2015

Target 11:- Improve lives of 100 Million slum dwellers

Goal 8:- Develop a Global partnership for development

Target 12-18 :- Develop further an open, rule based, predictable, nondiscriminatory

trading and financial system (includes a commitment to good

governance, development and poverty reduction etc.,


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POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

(NREGS): Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY): (restructuring of the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana(SJSRJ):

- provide gainful employment to the urban unemployed andunderemployed poor, by encouraging the setting up of self-employment ventures and also by providing wage employment byutilizing their labour for creation of useful public assets.

i) The Urban Self-Employment Programme (USEP).

ii) The Urban Women Self-help Programme (UWSP) whichtargets urban poor women self-help groups.

iii) Skill Training for Employment Promotion

iv) The Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP).

v) The Urban Community Development Network (UCDN).


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POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES

Swarna Jayanti Shahari RozgarYojana(SJSRJ)Under SJSRY, the Community Based Organisations include

- Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs),

RCVs

- Neighbourhood Committees(NHCs)

(Association of women from NHGs in same ward)

- Community Development Society (CDS)

- (Association of all NHCs at town level

Basic Services for Urban Poor(BSUP)


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KUDUMSHREE CBO in Kerala

Innovative poverty reduction initiative with communityparticipation

Partnership of the State Government, Central Government, LocalGovernment, the national Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development(NABARD) and community A three tier CBO to implement urban Based services, Urban basic

Services for the Poor programmes

- Neighbourhood Group (NHG)

- Area Development Society (ADS)

- Community Development Society (CDS)

Supported by UNICEF

(Prosperity of the family)

ActivitiesHR DevelopmentCommunity HealthSolid Waste managementEducation

BalasabhaMicro financeDestitute rehabilitation-AshrayaBhavanashree- housing schemeLease land farming


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KUDUMSHREE in Solid Waste Management

Initiated innovated enterprises Clean Kerala Business Women from the poor families become members are engaged for

door to door collection of MSW and transportation to the transitpoints

Solid Waste Collection enterprises is highly beneficial- as ameans of livelyhood to the urban poor and finally solveenvironmental problems

For Collection of waste from a household they charge Rs.30/-month

Every women member earning around Rs.6000/- per month

121 Kudumbashree solid waste management groups in operationin 18 ULBs of Kerala state

Fill up the existing gap of solid waste collection and segregation

without any additional financial burden


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SEWA - CBO in Gujarat

Country's first co-operative of ragpickers founded by the

Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA)

The co-operative, popularly known as Saundarya SafaiMandli (SSM), felicitated its founder and president ofGujarat state women's Sewa co-operative federation, Lalita

Krishnaswami. They also identified their problems andsought to find suitable and durable solutions

Shri Mahila Sewa Sahakari Bank - SEWA Bank, a separatebank of poor self-employed women workers was established

at the initiative of 4,000 self-employed women workers inthe year 1974. The bank is owned by the self-employedwomen and policies are made by their own elected board.Today it has 51,000 depositors and working capital of Rs.10crores.


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SEWA - GUJARAT

The Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) was born

in December 1971, and after a long-drawn official battleSEWA was registered as a trade union in April 1972.

The SEWA Bank was established in 1974 as a separatebank of the poor, self-employed women workers at the

initiative of 4,000 self-employed women workers. Theseself-employed women workers included ragpickers,hawkers, vendors and home-based workers

Under Slum Networking programme in Ahmedabad, SEWA

workers engaged in collection of solid waste from thehouseholds

SEWA workers engaged in recycling business in Gujarat


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EXNORA- TAMILNADU Exnora International is a non-governmental environmental

service organization started in 1989 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu,

It focuses on preserving nature and preventing environmentaldegradation.

The name Exnora is derived from excellent, novel and radicalideas in solving environmental problems by involving those who

caused the problem-community.Activities

The organization provides street cleaning services through about17,000 street beautifiers.

The street cleaning service includes collection of garbage athomes, sorting at pickup, composting organic waste, andgenerating income for the "street beautifiers" through the sale ofrecyclables.

Environmental Training Institute conducts training programmesfor school teachers on biodiversity, climate change, and solid,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_club


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EXNORA- TAMILNADU

ExNoRa INTERNATIONAL (N G O) is aVoluntary Non-governmental, Non-political, Non-profit 'GLOBAL HEADENVIRONMENTAL SERVICEORGANIZATION'.

'EXNORA INNOVATORS CLUB' (NGO'sBranch) are situated in various towns andvillages.

Community based organizations the'CIVIC EXNORA' (CBO) are located in

different Streets and Areas. The service at the grass root level is

carried out by a miniature 'Home BasedOrganization', the home grass rootchapters 'HOME EXNORA' (HBO) atdwellings (House, flat etc,)

Clean Beach


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EXNORA GREEN PAMMAL- TAMILNADU

A

Joint Venture

with

NGO & Public

by

ULB


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SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT INPAMMAL MUNICIPALITY

EXNORA GREEN PAMMAL (EGP)- TAMILNADU


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About EGP

A Non-Governmental Voluntary OrganizationEstablished in 1994

It is registered under the SocietiesRegistration Act 1860 and donations to theCentre are exempt from income-tax under

section 80G of the Income Tax Act.

M t EGP


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Manpower at EGPStaffs

1. Administration (2)2. Accounts (2)3. Programme Managers (6)4. Field managers (10)5. Supervisors (20)6. Extension (4)

7. Security (4)8. Gardner's (3)9. Field workers (626)

Research Partners : MCRC, Anna University

External support and advisors(3) (HR,Audit & legal)

International partners (EWB, Australia) (1)


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Exnora Green Pammal is service provider to

Pammal Municipality

EGP Focus Areas

1. Energy2. Environment

3. Bioresources and Biodiversity

4. Empowering of Women

5.Livelihood Promotion

Primary Collection


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y

Secondary Collection


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y

Example of Primary and SecondaryCollection in Pammal Municipality


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Collection in Pammal Municipality

Ward No 3

No of Streets 36

No of Workers (with cycle rickshaw) 5

Truck Driver 1

Cleaner 1

Secondary Collection points 2

Action Plan of Primary andS d C ll ti i P l


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Secondary Collection in PammalMunicipality

Anna Salai Main Road

Meeting Point : Water Tank

Starting pointOom parasakthi St.

Kanagi st.

Barathithasan st.

Sivaji St.Balaji st

T.R. Mani st.

Nethaji St.Ending Point

Periyar St.

Secondary Collection Point

Starting pointAnnipesent St.

Anantha Raman St

NSK st

Kulothunken st

Sunderavadivalu st

Pallavan st. Ending Point

Chearan st.

Starting pointCheethalai Chathanar St.

Suriamman Kovil st.

Kasthuri Bai St.

Kanchi Munusami st

Thiruvaluvar st

Arumugam st

Aravinder st. Ending poi

Route Map


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p

Secondary Collection points

Green Ambassadors Meeting point

Vermi Compost Canter


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p

VISVESAPURAM SHED PAMMAL MUNICIPALITY

Vermi Compost Centre


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pPre Curing the Organic waste Vermi Compost Process

Various Stage in Manual Production ExOrCo Product

Plastic Segeregation


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g g

Plastic shredders and products made out


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of waste plastic

Plastic recycling


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Plastic recycling

Energy


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Energy

1.Solid Waste into Biogas For PowerGeneration

2.Biomass Charcoal Briquettes for alternative

fuel

WASTE TO ENERGY


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Biogas to Power Generation


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EGP -Methodology

Collection of food, slaughter &

municipal solid wastesGrinding of waste

Anaerobic digester (25m3 )

Producer gas CH4, CO2

For lightning For cooking

Organic manure for

agriculture

Collection of different solid,


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domestic wastes

Overview of Biogas reactors


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Overview of Biogas reactors

Domestic waste feeding, Anaerobic pre-digester


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digester,Bio-reactor and digested slurry

Biogas engine, Scrubber and Gascollector


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collector

Individual Bio Gas


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WASTE to ENERGY


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Methane for LightningMethane for Cooking

Conclusion


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Conclusion

1. The plant, with its capacity of 250kgs of organic

waste per day, is expected to produce 25cum of

biogas per day.

2. The generator has a capacity of 5kW per day.

3. In practical terms, it should be possible to run up

to 50 street lights for approximately 6 hours per

day.

4. Additionally, some extra gas will be available to

use for cooking purposes.


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ry ng- sun ry ng


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Sorting out

Fabrication of kilns


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A portable cylindrical structure with the top cut out to place thechimney. The drum size is about 100 cm height and 150 cm width

made

Carbonization process


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Char collection process


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Binder preparation & mixing


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Starch boilingCarbonized char

Binder mixin with Carbonized char

Briquetting Machines


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Briquette type: Cylindrical

Production : 12kg/hr

Briquette type: Cylindrical

Production : 5 kg/hr

Briquettes production Through Machine


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Briquettes

Charcoal pouring Briquettes outlet

Briquettes drying

Dried briquettes


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q

Charcoal briquettes

1. Long cooking time

2. High-end product

3. High calorific value

4. Consistent quality

5. Very long burn

6. Made with natural components

Value added product on Sambirani(I ) ll t


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(Incense ) pellets

Table showing the particulars of theSWM acti ities in Pammal


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SWM activities in Pammal

Population Covered 100,000

Average Total Waste (Kg/per day) 25,110Bio degradable (Kg/per day) 12,500

Average Recyclables (Kg/per day) 1,200

Average Compost Produced (Kg/per day) 1200

Average Dry leaves Converted into Briquettes(Kg/per day)

1,000

Average Food Waste used for producing Bio gas(Kg/per day)

250

Average waste dumped (Kg/per day) 6660

Average waste diverted (Kg/per day) 18450

% of total waste not land filled 70%

Per capita waste (Kg/per day) 0.25%

Total Corbon emission reduced


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Bio Gas : 96 tons

Other Recyclable : 5182 tons

KULITHALAI MODEL


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KULITHALAI MODEL

SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT an effort by Kulithalai Municipality

ProfileKULITHALAI MODEL


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Extent : 11.61 sq kmPopulation : 26161

No of Households :6950No of wards : 24Total Qty of MSW : 9 MTSanitary workers : 70

KULITHALAI MODEL

MUNICIPALITY OR PEOPLE TO BLAME?


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SMALL INITIATIVES.


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BRIEFING THE PLAN TO THE COUNCILLORS AND

SANITARY STAFF


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LAUNCHING OF THE SUSTAINABLE SWM PROGRAMME


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SWM INFORMATION CARD


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LINK VOLUNTEERS


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ROUTE MAP WITH PARTICIPATORYAPPROACH


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BEHAVIOURIAL CHANGE!!!


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GREEN SQUAD


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AWARENESS TO THE RESIDENTS


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AWARENESS TO SCHOOL STUDENTS


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AWARENESS TO SCHOOL STUDENTS

PLEDGE BY THE RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS


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PRE-PROCESSING WITH SPRAYING OF BIOINOCULUMS


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WINDROW COMPOSTING


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VERMICOMPOSTINGTANK, HEAP & BRICK

METHOD


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WASTE IS WEALTH!!!


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SEGREGATION.SALE OF RECYCLABLES


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SEGREGATION SALE OF

RECYCLABLES


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SEGREGATION SALE OF

RECYCLABLES


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INNOVATIVE GIMMICKS


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HAND IN HAND- TAMILNADU


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Hand in Hand - in the year 2002 with an initial focus on child labourelimination, education, and the empowerment of women.

The organisation has been in operation since 1988, initially workingin Kancheepuram District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu

Hand in Hand is currently involved in implementing an IntegratedCommunity Development Project for poverty reduction with five

interconnected and interdependent sectors: Child labour elimination and education with 70 transit schools

Self Help Groups and Microfinance for enterprise and job creation.By June 2008, 310,428 poor women have been organized andtrained.

Citizens Centres to strengthen democracy on a grassroots level.1022 centres with libraries and IT facilities are up and running

Medical camps and awareness campaigns to improve health levels.Programs include medical camps, facilitation of household latrines.

Environmental protection via solid waste management include

SUKUKI EXNORA INTERNTIONAL -ANDRAPRADESH


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Sukuki Exnora is a Hyderabad based NGO associated with SolidWaste Management Activity since 1998.

Promoting the idea of Decentralized Zero Waste Managementincluding methods of composting and recycling.

Implemented projects of Zero Waste Management at BHEL,AMR-APARD(Andhra Pradesh Academy of Rural Development),

GHM (Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation). They have been invited to make presentations at ASCI

(Administrative Staff College of India), ESCI(Engineering StaffCollege of India), IIIT(Indian Institute of Information Technology),APNGC(Andhra Pradesh National Green Corps), GHMC and anumber of corporate entities.

Organizing events Clean Indiaand Green LeafAwardssince2007 with the objective of promoting efficient methods of SolidWaste Management.

SWM IN OTHER CITIESBh id i S h D lhi


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Bhagidari Scheme- Delhi

The Delhi Government instituted the Bhagidari Scheme for

ensuring close cooperation of the Residents WelfareAssociation (RWAs), civic agencies and the governmentfrom January 1, 2004..

The Municipal Commissioner of Delhi announced a system

by which segregated garbage from homes would betransported to municipal bins

Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF)- Bangalore

SWM has been outsourced to private agencies who provide

the infrastructure right from workers, their uniforms andcaps, bins, trolleys and vehicles. The Workers have beengiven strict instructions not to collect the waste fromhouseholds if it is not segregated. Their areas of

responsibility are clearly demarcated along with their

SWM IN OTHER CITIESI di id l ff rt M h r htr


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Individual effort - Maharashtra

A 39 year old bank cashier, Ms. Asha Shivajirao Bhise, left her job

and took up vermi-composting in a big way during 2004 with aninvestment of Rs. 15 lakhs and harvested 20 tonnes of compost in 40days, which was picked up by farmers within days.

Mumbai Initiative

Clean Mumbai Foundation has taken up solid waste managementwith the help of corporate sector. A Ward comprising (Cuffe Parade,

Nariman Point, Strand / Colaba, Museum, Paltan Road Bora Bazar,Ballard Estate and Churchgate / Marine Drive) has been selectedand collection system has been organised and the wet garbage istaken to selected sites in parks that would have composting pits.

As there are high rise residential buildings without any space forgarbage disposal, the residents provided funds for makingrectangular brick tanks around trees on the lane pavements. Wetkitchen waste deposited and covered.The waste turns into compostby the aerobic process and provides essential manure to the trees.

RAG PICKERS


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Dumpyard in Guwahati

Delhi dumpsite

RAG PICKERS


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Ghazipur dump yard

Ragpicker on the Yamuna River

RAG PICKERS- RECYCLERS


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A man removes metal from circuit boards in a workshop

RAG PICKERS


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RAG PICKERS


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Rag picker , a person who collects reusable or recyclable materialsthrown away by others to sell or for personal consumption

About 300,000 ragpickers in Delhi and 3,00,000 in Mumbai of whicharound 1,20,000 are under the age of 13 , the base of a largerecycling pyramid, handling between 9 to 15 % of the MSWgenerated

There are a range of material which are picked up and recycled bythis sector. (plastics, paper, glass, and metals)

For every hundred residents of Delhi, there is one personengaged in recycling.

Ragpickers mostly live either in slums (usually the shop of a kabari),

on footpaths or inside dustbins. Their access to basic amenities arepoor, and few essential services are provided for them

The informal sector has an important role because it is able toundertake recycling of most recyclable materials, which themunicipality cannot.

RAG PICKERS


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The countrys rag pickers have expressed absolutehappiness in

having found mention in a rule notified by the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests (MoEF), the first time they have beenrecognised under Plastic Waste (M&H) Rules,2011

There are an estimated 15 lakh men and women who are livingthrough garbage and landfill sites looking for material they can

sell to small, unorganised scrap dealers who then recycle them.

As they are unorganised, their main complaint is that authoritiesoften bar them from landfill sites and garbage collection areas,which for them means a loss of income and livelihood.

The ragpickers associations from 17 cities across India have nowformed an alliance in Pune.

About 200 ragpickers from the Alliance of Indian Waste pickers(AIW) gathered near Ahmedabad for the first national conference


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