Iraqis Call on the New Government for Jobs, Services, and Reconstruction
August – October 2018 Survey Findings PUBLIC REPORT
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This material has been funded by the UK government; however the views and opinions
expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies.
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Methodology Overview – 17 August – 1 October 2018
– 3804 face-to-face interviews (14,582 unweighted)
– National, covering 18 governorates; including 102 interviews from IDP camp
– Avg. MOE +/-: 1.6% national; 4.8% Baghdad; 1.8% South (Babil, Basra, Kerbala, Missan, Najaf, Qadisiyah, Wassit); 2.4% West (Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Ninewa, Salahaddin); 3.1% Kurdish Region of
Iraq (KRI)
– Representative by gender, age, education, urban/rural
– Multi-stage cluster sampling; probability proportional to size sampling down to block level in urban areas; simple random sampling at rural village selection and house/individual level
– Half and quarter split samples were used on select questions for testing purposes or to reduce the survey length
– Implementation team: NDI, JPM Strategic Solutions, GQR, IIACSS
– 14th national survey in Iraq conducted by team dating back to 2010; 2nd national survey conducted by team this year
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1. Country mood more pessimistic, driven by increasing frustration in services and lingering job concerns in West and South.
2. Smaller majority perceive security is improving, as concerns toward ISIS or terrorism-related violence increase.
3. Low trust in government institutions and low confidence in elections drive perceptions that Iraq is more divided and drive support for protests.
4. Most see Shia-Sunni relations as improving.
5. Role of women in Iraq at pivot point. Strong demand for equal rights that are not being delivered. Some differences in views by gender.
6. High expectations on government to create jobs, while most see bribes and connections are necessary to get a government job.
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Key findings
Country mood worsens, especially in West
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21 31
19 24 6
78 69
80 75 91
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Baghdad South West KRI
Right direction Wrong direction
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Country mood worsening especially in West Generally speaking, do you think that things in Iraq are going in the right direction, or do you think things are going in the wrong direction?
∆ April ‘18
-10 +12 +3 -1 -8 +10 -26 +28 -2 +3
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Most say country not going in right direction
% saying right direction
Generally speaking, do you think that things in Iraq are going in the right direction, or do you think things are going in the wrong direction?
42 36 32
59
36
56 63 66
39
58
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
Right direction Wrong direction
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But views toward governorates in West more positive And generally speaking, do you think that things in (Province/KRI) are going in the right direction, or do you think things are going in the wrong direction?
∆ April ‘18
-3 +4 +0 +1 -3 +5 -5 +6 +4 -6
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Thinking specifically about your life now compared to 6 months ago, would you say you are more or less satisfied now than compared to 6 months ago?
Thinking specifically about your life, do you expect things to get better for you or worse for you over the next 6 months.
Satisfaction and expectations down outside KRI
42 43 30
56 47
56 56 69
43 47
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
More satisfied Less satisfied
∆ April ’18
-9 +9 -10 +10 -13 +14 -15 +15 +17 -21
54 57 47
66
46 39 38
47
31 37
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
Better Worse
∆ April ’18 -7 +9 -4 +7 -10 +13 -11 +14 +3 -10
Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq. (Access to services like electricity)
80
40
64
59
59
13
57
31
41
38
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
KRI
West
South
Baghdad
Total
Worse Better
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Access to basic services worsening, especially in South ∆ April
‘18 Better
-9
-4
-13 -8 -4
66
61
34
41
47
17
34
56
54
44
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
KRI
West
South
Baghdad
Total Worse Better
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Growing majority in West say reconstruction efforts worse
∆ April ‘18 Better
-9
-10 -5
-10
-16
Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq. (Government’s response to reconstruct areas once occupied by ISIS)
Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq.
Views on other issues, economy reflect worsening mood
81
82
77
63
62
64
15
16
20
30
33
33
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Corruption
Job opportunities
Cost of living
Housing
The justice system
Education
Worse Better
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∆ April ‘18 Better
-2
-6 -3 -2
+3 +0
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2 7 10 11 12
21 29
32 35
39
0 10 20 30 40 50
High prices
Fairness of, access to justice
Sectarianism
Health care services
Infrastructure
Education and schools
Security
Corruption
Basic services—electricity, water
Jobs and unemployment
Now, I am going to read you a list of concerns that some people may have. Please tell me which TWO of these are the most important for the Iraqi government to address.
∆ April 18
-3 +16 -4 -2 +1 -4 +2 +0 -2 -3
Top priorities for the next Iraqi government
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3 14 14
17 17
21 25 26 26
34
0 10 20 30 40
Property/land grabbing Garbage/environment
Healthcare facilities Personal safety
Infrastructure The economy
Schools and education Corruption
Potable water Electricity
Please tell me which TWO of these are the most important for your governorate’s government to address.
∆ April 18 +9
+10 -5
+0 -2
-5
+1 -2
-3 -1
Electricity and water top demand of local government
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Outside of KRI, majority concerned about drinking water Now, I am going to read you a list of environmental concerns that some people may have. Please tell me which two concern you the most?
16
21
26
27
37
67
36
26
46
25
29
32
0 20 40 60 80
Pollution resulting from conflict
Extreme weather, like heat and sand storms
Industry-related air pollution
Lack of water for farming
Lack of sanitation and open sewage
Lack of clean drinking water
KRI Non-KRI
90% in Basra concerned most
about clean drinking water
Government Institutions and Elections Viewed More Negatively
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20 22 17 19 22
72 74 75 76
56
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
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Awareness of government priorities remains low I generally have a good idea what my
local government's priorities are.
I do not have a good sense of what my local government's priorities are.
∆ April ’18
-1 +5 +0 +4 -3 +9 -6 +8 +9 -6
I generally have a good idea what the Iraqi government's priorities are.
I do not have a good sense of what the Iraqi government's priorities are.
18 24 18 18 12
74 73 74 78 64
Total Baghdad South West KRI
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Dissatisfaction with election results, voice to make change I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
Generally speaking, I am happy with the outcome of last May's parliamentary
elections. Generally speaking, I am unhappy with the outcome of last May's parliamentary
elections.
22 24 21 20 30
71 70 73 75
57
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
31 30 37
30
16
62 65 56
67 61
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
The May 2018 election affirms I have a say in the direction of Iraq.
The May 2018 election makes me feel I have little say in the direction of Iraq.
19 17 19 19 21
79 82 78 80 75
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Baghdad South West KRI
Free and fair Not free and fair
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Less than 1 in 5 think elections were free and fair This wave: Do you think the May 2018 Iraqi parliamentary elections were mostly free and fair or mostly NOT free and fair?
April question was: Based on what you know, will the anticipated May 2018 Iraqi elections be mostly free and fair or not mostly free and fair?
∆ April ‘18 -19 +23 -20 +21 -18 +22 -25 +29 -12 +17
6 6 5 8
29 29 27 33 45 49
44 43
67 68 68 65
0
20
40
60
80
Free and fair, strongly Free and fair, somewhat Not free and fair, strongly Not free and fair, somewhat
Baghdad South West Non-KRI WorkingforDemocracyandMakingDemocracyWork 20
Views of fairness of upcoming provincial elections just as poor Based on what you know, will the upcoming provincial elections be mostly free and fair or not mostly free and fair?
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12 20 21
26 28 30
36 38
35 50 51 51 54 58
63 65
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Reinstate suspended IHEC commissioners so they can resume their roles
Parliament establishes a new independent IHEC and commissioners
Permanently replace IHEC with judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council
Revert to manually counting each ballot
Have the United Nations co-manage IHEC
Form official committee to review fraud, prosecute those found guilty of manipulating results
Continue electronic counting, but use int'l audit company to evaluate the technology
Video record the counting of every ballot
A great deal Somewhat
Now I will read you a list of things that could be done to improve confidence in the results for the upcoming provincial elections. For each, please indicate if that action would increase your trust a great deal, somewhat, just a little, or not at all?
Election reforms focused on counting increases trust
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3
7
6
8
12
11
14
24
27
33
35
35
0 10 20 30 40
The Council of Representatives
The Iraqi government
The provincial council
The district council
The Human Rights Commission
The justice system
Trust a lot Trust somewhat
I will now give you a list of institutions. For each, please tell me how much you trust that institution. Do you trust that institution a lot, somewhat, just a little, or not at all?
Low trust in government institutions
∆ April ’18
-7
N/A
-1 -7
-11
-2
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6 10
5 6
1 12
6 5 7
25 29
17 24
12 38
18 22
24
0 10 20 30 40
Older men Older women
Young men Young women
KRI West
South Baghdad
Total Trust a lot Trust somewhat
I will now give you a list of institutions. For each, please tell me how much you trust that institution. Do you trust that institution a lot, somewhat, just a little, or not at all? (Iraqi government)
Trust in Iraqi government drops in West and South
∆ April ’18
-11
+0
-15
-20
-1
-9
-16 -8
-10
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76 82 80
73
57
73 80
71 79
22 17 19 26
32 25
19 26
18 0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Baghdad South West KRI Young women
Young men
Older women
Older men
Approve Disapprove
Strong support for protests Generally speaking, do you approve or disapprove of the most recent public protests throughout Iraq?
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46 38
52 43
53 52 59
47 54
45
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Young women
Young men
Older women
Older men
Very/somewhat effective A little/not effective
Mixed views on effectiveness of protests Regardless of whether you approve or disapprove of the protests and demonstrations, do you think these protests and demonstrations are a very effective means to influencing the government's actions, somewhat effective, a little effective, or not at all effective in influencing the government's actions?
12 12 10 13 14
85 86 89 83 84
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Young women
Young men
Older women
Older men
Done enough Not done enough
Regardless of whether you approve or disapprove of the protests and demonstrations, do you think the politicians in Baghdad have done enough to respond to the demands of the protestors or have not done enough to respond to the demand of the protestors?
Some weakening in security perceptions
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Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq. (Security)
31 33
38 37
67 25
34 30
35
67 65
59 60
27 74
63 68
62
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Older men
Older women
Young men
Young women
KRI
West
South
Baghdad
Total
Worse Better
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Fewer Iraqis view security as getting better
∆ April ‘18 Better
-16
-14
-16
-13
-23
-16
-20
-13
-12
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But security forces continue to be seen as responsive Now I am going to ask about different groups in Iraq. For each one, please tell me how responsive they would be to you if you need help.
15 28
46 51 56 54
29 55
70 73
79 85
0 20 40 60 80 100
Peshmerga
Federal police
PMUs from other governorates
PMUs only from your governorate
The Iraqi army
Local police
Very responsive Somewhat responsive ∆ April 18
+2
-2
+1
+6
+8
+7
KRI—90%
0 0 1 1 1 1 2 4 18
66
0 20 40 60 80
The federal police
The local police
My family or clan members
PMUs from other governorates
Peshmerga
The Iraqi army
PMUs only from your governorate
Other clans
Local criminals
ISIS and other terrorist organizations
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ISIS continues to be biggest security concern Based on what you know, which ONE of the following do you feel is the biggest threat to your day to day security?
∆ April 18
+8
-2
+2
+0
+0
-1
-4
+0
-1
+0
KRI Concerns: Local criminals: 44%
ISIS, other terrorist orgs.: 42%
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49 50 53 55
23 41 44 50
39
17
71 70 74 74 62 69 69 76
66 54
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI Total Baghdad South West KRI
Very Concerned Somewhat Concerned
Would you say you are very concerned about ISIS and other extremist groups re-emerging in your area, somewhat concerned, just a little concerned, or not at all concerned about ISIS and other extremist groups re-emerging in your area?
Would you say you are very concerned about violence in your community getting worse over the next 6 months, somewhat concerned, just a little concerned, or not at all concerned about violence in your community getting worse over the next 6 months?
High and growing violence concerns, especially in South
∆ Very/somewhat, April’18
+10 +13 +20 +8 -12 +13 +9 +22 +13 -10
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21 18 15 25
33 20 17 18 20
28
45 40 34 52
71
45 42 39 43
69
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI Total Baghdad South West KRI
Very Concerned Somewhat Concerned
As you know, many people have differing opinions about the PMUs. We want to gain a better understanding of these views. Based on what you know, how concerned are you about members of the PMUs committing violence?
How concerned are you about members of the Iraqi Army and Security Forces committing violence? Would you say you are very concerned, somewhat concerned, just a little concerned, or not at all concerned?
Concerns also increase for PMUs and Army violence
∆ Very/somewhat, April’18
+4 +5 +12 +4 -19 +10 +10 +20 +6 -14
70
48
67
73
12
46
27
26
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Worse Better
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More say tribal violence getting worse Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq. (Violence between tribes)
KRI
West
South
Baghdad
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5
5
5
9
12
28
31
0 10 20 30 40
Retribution for ISIS fighters and families
Involvement in illegal activities, such as smuggling
Competition over resources, such as water
Manipulation by armed groups
Manipulation by political parties
Easy access to weapons
Too many jobless youth
Now, to something else. Some say that tension among tribes in some parts of Iraq has increased lately. I am going to read you a list of potential causes of violence between tribes in Iraq. Please tell me which ONE of these do you think is the biggest cause of violence between tribes in Iraq.
Unemployment, access to weapons cause tribal violence
Iraq divided, but not specifically sectarian
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68 60 66 63
95
29 34 32 35 4 0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Baghdad South West KRI WorkingforDemocracyandMakingDemocracyWork 35
Large majority see Iraq more divided than unified I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
Iraq is mostly a divided country.
Iraq is mostly a unified country. ∆ Apr’18
+18 -18 +17 -20 +21 -20 +19 -19 +4 -3
21 18 18 23 25
52 41
56 54 53
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI WorkingforDemocracyandMakingDemocracyWork 36
Majority feel other components get more services I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
I generally feel that my component gets its fair share of services.
I feel that other components get more services than they should.
∆ April ’18
-3 +1 -4 -4 -5 +10 -7 -1 +6 -11
80
74
34
12
41
28
22
15
7
7
64
85
52
66
78
83
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Sectarianism
Relations between Sunni and Shia
Sectarianism
Relations between Sunni and Shia
Sectarianism
Relations between Sunni and Shia
Sectarianism
Relations between Sunni and Shia
Worse Better
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Division not on sectarian lines; Sunni-Shia relations seen as improving Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq.
KRI
West
South
Baghdad
∆ April ‘18 Better
-7
-8
-5
-13
+0
-10
+2
-2
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Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq. (Relations between the Kurdistan Regional Government and the central government.)
Perceptions of relations with KRG slightly improving
65
38
51
40
47
17
53
31
51
39
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
KRI
West
South
Baghdad
Total
Worse Better ∆ April ‘18 Better
+6
+12
+1
+8
+8
Iraqis and job creation
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91
78
78
85
82
6
20
19
15
16
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
KRI
West
South
Baghdad
Total Worse Better
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Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq. (Job opportunities)
Job opportunities continue to be viewed as worsening
∆ April ‘18 Better
+3
+4
+8
+0
+6
47 42
51 50 45
38 43
32 34 39
0
20
40
60
Total Men Women Less than intermediate
educ.
Intermediate +
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Pluralities want government jobs over private jobs I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
The government should play an active role in increasing jobs in the country by
increasing government jobs. The govt's role should help private sector by creating a coherent legal framework,
eliminating corruption, & boosting spending on infrastructure.
What Iraq needs most right now is more jobs created by the government.
48 44
52 51 47
37 43
32 33 39
0
20
40
60
Total Men Women Less than intermediate
educ.
Intermediate +
What Iraq needs most right now is more jobs created by private companies and
businesses.
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20
21
23
24
33
32
38
13
20
25
25
28
30
54
0 20 40 60
Reduce the paperwork needed to create new companies
Incentivize employers to hire more women
Focus on creating jobs outside the oil sector
Establish vocational training centers throughout Iraq
Provide incentives to businesses that hire new employees
Ensure positions are filled on merit, not quota/connections
Create more government jobs
Non-KRI KRI
Now I am going to read you a list of things the next government of Iraq could do to improve the country's employment situation. Please tell me which TWO of these would be most important to improve the country's employment situation?
Focus on government jobs to reduce unemployment
26 24 26 30 20
68 70 67 67 71
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
24 30 23 23 21
70 65 70 74 71
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
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In public and private sector, you need to know right people I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
You are likely to get a public sector job if you are the most qualified candidate.
You are most likely to get a public sector job if you know the right people.
You are likely to get a private sector job if you are the most qualified candidate.
You are most likely to get a private sector job if you know the right people.
70 70 70 71 66
25 25 24 26 22
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
69 71 69 71 59
28 26 28 28 28
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI
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Bribes and connections for government jobs I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
To get a government job you need to pay a bribe.
To get a government job you usually do not need to pay a bribe.
To get a government job you need to have connections.
To get a government job you usually need to have a strong resume.
Some openness to women rights, but with limits
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57 70
52 59
48 51 62
77 81 71 77
89
72 82
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Baghdad South West KRI Men Women
Yes, strongly Yes, somewhat
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Strong support for “equal rights” for women as a concept Generally speaking, do you think that men and women should have equal rights in Iraq? Yes or no?
56
53
54
31
30
38
41
39
61
65
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Women's rights (women)
Women's rights (men)
Women's rights (total)
Participation of women in politics
Participation of women in public life
Worse Better
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Majority perceive women’s rights as getting worse Now, I will read you a list of issues. Please tell me if you think this issue is getting better or worse in Iraq.
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Majority think Iraq stronger with women in workforce Now for something different. I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
Iraq would be stronger if more women entered the workforce.
It is not culturally appropriate for women to pursue jobs outside the house.
64 68 62 68 55 57
72
55
72
30 29 32 26 34 37
23
39
23 0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI Urban men Urban women
Rural men Rural women
38 36 40 42 30
44 30
49
32
55 58 53 54 60 49
63
46
63
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI Urban men Urban women
Rural men Rural women
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Men more resistant to women working when jobs limited Now for something different. I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
If jobs are limited, men should have more of a right to a job.
Both men and women should have an equal opportunity to get most jobs.
42 44 43 35
52 40
47 33
44 52 51 52
61
33
54 45
62 49
0
20
40
60
80
Total Baghdad South West KRI Urban men Urban women
Rural men Rural women
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Majority prefer a lesser role for women in government, business I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
Women and men should have equal roles in running the government/ businesses and industry.
Men should have a greater role in running the government/business and industry.
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Only young women more likely to say they can represent themselves Now for something different. I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
Only women can sufficiently represent the interests of women in politics.
Men can sufficiently represent the interests of women in politics.
38 40 35
39 40 38 43
36 35
45 50 47 48
26
47 41
50 43
0
10
20
30
40
50
Total Baghdad South West KRI Young men
Young women
Older men Older women
26
24
22
57
19
21
46
51
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
The party leader
Party's accomplishments
Suggestions from family
The individual candidate
Women Men
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When it came time to vote in the May 2018 election, which of the following were the TWO main factors that determined how you voted?
Women twice as likely to vote based on family suggestions
32 37
30 31 32 33 33 32 27
15 11 14 10
34
13 17 13 16
53 52 55 59
33
53 50 54 56
0
20
40
60
Total Baghdad South West KRI Urban men Urban women
Rural men Rural women
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More blame families than society for holding women back Now for something different. I'm going to read you some pairs of statements and, for each one, I want you to tell me which statement comes closer to your point of view.
Society as a whole does more to prevent women from achieving more.
Individual families do more to prevent women from achieving more.
Both/Neither
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23 29
35 31
40 44
41 50 52
58 61
56 63
71 69
82
42 54 55 57
66 70 71
75 82
87 89
92 92 92 94 96
0 20 40 60 80 100
Travel alone wherever and whenever they want
Be part of the Iraqi police
Be a prime minister
Join a political party
Be a minister in the federal government
Marry whomever they want
Work as many hours as they want
Make a higher salary than their husbands
(non-KRI) Run for office in the provincial elections
Run own large business with men & women employees
Run their own business
(KRI) Run for office in KRI
Become a community activist implementing local
Have a government job
Become an advocate for women's rights
Get a university degree
Should be able, strongly Should be able, somewhat
Now I am going to ask you about various things that women in Iraq could do in society and politics. For each one, please tell me if think a woman should be able to do that activity or should a woman not be able to do that activity?
Most resistance to women traveling, in police, as PM
Difference women –men, Able, strongly
+9 +3 +9
+13 +11 +13 +11 +3
+15 +8 +8 +1 +8 +7 +3 +11
WorkingforDemocracyandMakingDemocracyWork55
35 31
41 50
29 27
36 47
39 37
46 61
35 28
39 38 38
33 45
54
55 57
71 75
47 54
63 69
61 62
80 84
55 51
64 67
59 61
76 78
0 20 40 60 80 100
Be a prime minister Join a political party
Work as many hours as they want Make a higher salary than their husbands
Be a prime minister Join a political party
Work as many hours as they want Make a higher salary than their husbands
Be a prime minister Join a political party
Work as many hours as they want Make a higher salary than their husbands
Be a prime minister Join a political party
Work as many hours as they want Make a higher salary than their husbands
Be a prime minister Join a political party
Work as many hours as they want Make a higher salary than their husbands
Should be able, strongly Should be able, somewhat
Now I am going to ask you about various things that women in Iraq could do in society and politics. For each one, please tell me if think a woman should be able to do that activity or should a woman not be able to do that activity?
Total
Young women
Young men
Older women
Older men
Gender divides on salary, work hours, political activities
WorkingforDemocracyandMakingDemocracyWork 56
30
42
49
21
34
43
61
73
83
39
53
68
0 20 40 60 80 100
Travel alone whereever and whenever they want
Be a prime minister
Marry whomever they want
Travel alone whereever and whenever they want
Be a prime minister
Marry whomever they want
Should be able, strongly Should be able, somewhat
Now I am going to ask you about various things that women in Iraq could do in society and politics. For each one, please tell me if think a woman should be able to do that activity or should a woman not be able to do that activity?
Kurds more liberal on women travel, marriage, PM
KRI
Non-KRI
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