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Page 1: IPM2930 Protest, Power and Resistance in Africa · other instances of protest and resistance in Africa. Each seminar will be grounded in a detailed exploration of the particular case

Adran Gwleidyddiaeth Ryngwladol

Prifysgol Aberystwyth Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University, SY23 3FE

Ffôn/Tel: +44 (0) 1970 622702 Ffacs/Fax: +44 (0) 1970 622709

E-bost: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Gwefan/Website: www.aber.ac.uk/interpol/

IPM2930 Protest, Power and Resistance in Africa

Semester Two, 2011-2012

Module Handbook

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Module convenor: Dr Carl Death Email: [email protected] This module explores African politics and development through forms of protest, based on the premise that it is through the study of specific moments and sites of struggle that broader power relationships can be understood and contested. The module engages with theoretical literature on African politics (ethnicity, neo-patrimonialism, development, democratisation etc) and the politics of resistance (Marx, Gramsci, Foucault, Scott, Tarrow, della Porta etc) through a case study approach, in which specific episodes and struggles are used as the starting point to raise broader questions of Africa’s place within global politics, and the changing nature of the state-society relationship in Africa. All too often Africa is imagined and represented as an ‘empty space’ of international politics: the recipient of aid, the victim of proxy wars and structural adjustment, and wracked by ethnic conflict and venal corruption. These images tend to ignore or underplay the degree to which African individuals and groups exercise agency in international politics, often through forms of resistance, contestation and protest. Africa is not the passive victim of international politics, but rather is a contested site of power relationships, imagination, struggle and movements for development, democracy and security. Africa is a continent of dynamic changes, and economic, political and cultural transformations. This module opens up these understudied aspects of African politics through a number of key case studies, including recent protests in North Africa, as well as historical examples such as Mau Mau in Kenya, Nyerere’s ujamaa in Tanzania, Black Consciousness in South Africa, the civil war in Sierra Leone, trade unions and the pro-democracy movement in Zambia, and the Ogoni in Nigeria. Students are encouraged to research further case studies of other instances of protest and resistance in Africa. Each seminar will be grounded in a detailed exploration of the particular case study, as well as considering broader themes and linking with contemporary African politics. The central focus of the module is on the relationship between state and society, or between rulers and ruled. The module begins by examining a number of theoretical approaches to these topics – both ‘mainstream’ (Marxist, liberal, social movement studies) and ‘alternative’ (African, anti-colonial, poststructuralist) approaches – before applying them to the case studies and historical examples. The overall aim of the module is to consider the degree to which specific African protest and resistance movements have been able, at various times and in various places, to transform state-society and local-global relationships.

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Objectives On completion of this module, students should be able to:

1) critically evaluate the relevance of the theoretical literature on protest, power and resistance for understanding African politics;

2) explain the development and prevalence of neo-patrimonialism, clientelism and authoritarianism on the continent, and the types of resistance they have produced;

3) analyse and communicate the successes and limitations of various types of resistance movements; 4) critically assess the extent to which recent transitions to democracy have transformed state-society

relations; 5) identify, describe and account for instances of conflict, state collapse and warlordism on the

continent; 6) analyse some of the ways in which global forces impact on domestic state-society relations; 7) demonstrate grounded empirical knowledge of a range of specific case studies; and 8) develop appropriate research methods to study protest, power and resistance in Africa

Teaching Methods The module consists of an introduction and 10 two-hour seminars. At the masters level the onus is on students to prepare diligently and thoroughly, and lead seminar discussion. The seminars will involve a range of discussions and activities, and will include student-led oral presentations. Reading There is no textbook that covers the entire module, but the books listed below offer a useful and informative introduction to the topics discussed. A STUDYPACK containing a number of the essential readings is available for purchase at the start of term. As far as possible, the journal articles on the reading list are available on the internet. NOTE: Between the listed sources, the National Library and Hugh Owen collections, the studypack, and internet access to journal articles, there is NO excuse for being unprepared for seminar discussions! Students should also actively seek relevant material beyond the reading list, and the volume of research on all aspects of African politics means you will never be short of something to read.

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General textbooks / overview texts on African politics: Ahluwalia, P. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, (London; Routledge, 2001). Bayart, J.-F. The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London; Longman, 1993). Chazan, N. Lewis, P. Mortimer, R., Rothchild, D. & Stedman, S.J. Politics and Society in

Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1999). Clapham, C. Africa and the International System: The politics of state survival, (Cambridge; CUP,

1996). Ferguson, J. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, (Durham; Duke University

Press, 2006). Harrison G. Issues in the Contemporary Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Dynamics of Struggle

and Resistance, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2002). Hyden G. African Politics in Comparative Perspective, (Cambridge; CUP, 2006). Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism,

(London; James Currey, 1996). Migdal, J.S. Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in

the Third World, (Princeton; PUP, 1988). Parker, J. & Rathbone, R. African History: A Very Short Introduction, (Oxford; OUP, 2007). Rotberg, R.I. and Mazrui, A.A. (eds) Protest and Power in Black Africa, (New York; OUP, 1970). Rothchild, D. & Chazan, N. (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder;

Westview, 1988). Thomson, A. An Introduction to African Politics, (London; Routledge, 2010). General textbooks / overview texts on social movement studies and protest Amoore, L. (ed.), The Global Resistance Reader, (Routledge; London, 2005). Della Porta, D. and Mario Diani, Social Movements: An Introduction, (Oxford; Blackwell, 2006). Keck, M.E. and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics,

(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998). McAdam, D., McCarthy, J.D. and Zald, M.N. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social

Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Melucci, A. Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).

Tarrow, S. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, (Cambridge; CUP, 1998).

There are many more in the library – check them out and let me know if you find any that are particularly useful.

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The studypack The studypack contains key readings from books in short supply or not available in the Hugh Owen. It is not intended to provide the essential core reading for the course. It is a supplementary source for when elements of the core reading are unavailable elsewhere. It contains the following pieces:

1. Mittelman, J. H. and Chin, C.B.N. ‘Conceptualising Resistance to Globalisation’, in L. Amoore (ed.), The Global Resistance Reader, (Routledge; London, 2005), pp. 17-27.

2. Tarrow, S. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, (Cambridge; CUP, 1998), chapter 1.

3. Foucault, M. The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, (tr. R. Hurley) (London; Penguin, 1998), pp. 92-97.

4. Habib, A. and Opoku-Mensah, P. ‘Speaking to global debates through a national and continental lens: South African and African social movements in comparative perspective’, in S. Ellis and I. van Kessel (eds) Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa, (Leiden; Brill, 2009), pp. 44-62.

5. Harrison, G. Issues in the Contemporary Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Dynamics of Struggle and Resistance, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2002), chapter 1.

6. Mazrui, A.A. ‘Postlude: Toward a theory of protest’, in R. I. Rotberg and A. A. Mazrui (eds) Protest and Power in Black Africa, (New York; OUP, 1970), pp. 1185-1196.

7. Kariuki, J.M. ‘Mau Mau’ Detainee: The account by a Kenya African of his experiences in Detention Camps 1953-1960, (Nairobi; OUP, 1963), chapter III ‘The oath’.

8. Wanjaũ, G.W. Mau Mau Author in Detention, tr. P.N. Njoroge, (Nairobi; Heinemann, 1988), chapter 1 ‘The beginnings of tribulations’.

9. Hyden, G. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry, (University of California Press; 1980), chapter 4 ‘Small goes into hiding; Peasants and ujamaa’.

10. Nyerere J.K. Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism, (London; OUP, 1968), chapter 1, ‘Ujamaa – The basis of African Socialism’.

11. Biko, S. I Write What I Like, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1978), especially chapters 5 and 6.

12. Mngxitama, A., Alexander, A. and Gibson, N.C. (eds) Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko, (New York; Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 1-20.

13. Woods, D. Biko, (revised and updated edition) (London; Penguin, 1987), ‘The indictment’, pp. 355 – 376.

14. Ngculu, J. The Honour to Serve: Recollections of an Umkhonto Soldier, (Claremont: David Philip Publishers, 2009), chapter 9.

15. Simpson, T. ‘The role of the African National Congress in popular protest during the township uprisings, 1984-1989’, in W. Beinart and M. C. Dawson (eds) Popular politics and resistance movements in South Africa, (Johannesburg; Wits University Press, 2010), pp. 76-93.

16. Richards, P. Fighting for the Rain Forests: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone, (Oxford; James Currey, 1996), chapter 1.

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The web: The internet contains many useful sources of information on contemporary African politics, movements, and news. In order to relieve the pressure on library resources and practice your research skills, you should make the most of the web, which is also much more up-to date than many books and journal articles. The following websites are good starting points. You will undoubtedly find many more during your research. Use internet resources critically – ask who is writing them and why – and cite any sources fully in your essays. News and country information: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office: www.fco.gov.uk Pambazuka news: www.pambazuka.org BBC Africa: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/africa/ www.oneworld.net http://allafrica.com/ Third World Network: http://www.twnside.org.sg/ Organisations and research institutions: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa: www.codesria.org The Royal African Society: www.royalafricansociety.org Institute of Security Studies: www.iss.co.za World Development Movement: www.wdm.org.uk The Nordic Africa Institute: http://www.nai.uu.se/ The Africa Union: www.africa-union.org NEPAD: www.nepad.org The Commission for Africa: http://www.commissionforafrica.info/ Afrobarometer survey data: http://www.afrobarometer.org/ International Crisis Group http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1098&l=1 The National Library: The National Library houses a number of resources not found in the Hugh Owen, including reference works like Africa South of the Sahara, The Africa Review and Africa Research Bulletin. All students can obtain a reader’s ticket, so please make use of this excellent library and wonderful reading room.

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NOVELS: Africa has a rich literary tradition. Often novels can teach us as much about life, politics and society as academic texts can, and you are advised explore this aspect of Africa in your spare time. Below are a few suggestions: Chinua Achebe (Nigeria) Things Fall Apart Anthills of the Savannah Ngugi wa Thiong’o (Kenya) Petals of Blood The Devil on the Cross Mariama Ba (Senegal) So Long a Letter Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (Nigeria) Purple Hibiscus Half of a Yellow Sun T. Dangarembgra (Zimbabwe) Nervous Condition Camara Laye (Guinea) The African Child Ayi Kwei Armah (Ghana) The Beautyful Ones are not Yet Born Binyavanga Wainaina (Kenya) One day I will write about this place Peter Abrahams (South Africa) A wreath for Udomo J.M. Coetzee (South Africa) Waiting for the Barbarians Disgrace Nadine Gordimer (South Africa) Get a Life Guest of Honour Andre Brink (South Africa) A Dry White Season Wole Soyinka (Nigeria) The burden of memory, the muse of forgiveness J.E. Agualusa (Angola) The Book of Chameleons Other Ryszard Kapuściński The Shadow of the Sun: My African Life Charles Larson Under African Skies: Modern African Stories

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ASSESSMENT AND ESSAY QUESTIONS The module is assessed on the basis of two essays of 4,000 words each. Each essay is worth 50 percent of the overall mark. The deadline for the first essay is 15 March 2012. The deadline for the second essay is 10 May 2012. For both pieces of work e-mail your electronic copy by 2.30pm, and the hard copy is to be submitted by 4.30pm. Please see further guidelines on blackboard on ‘How to hand in your essay’. The first essay (deadline: 15 March 2012) Choose one of the titles listed below. Use examples and the theoretical literature to support your argument.

1. Explain how the power structures implicated in a) British colonialism in Kenya, b) African socialism in Tanzania, or c) Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa, have conditioned the forms of resistance against them.

2. Compare and contrast the successes and failures of any two of the following examples of resistance / protest in Africa: a) Mau Mau in Kenya; b) villagers in Nyerere’s Tanzania; c) Black Consciousness in South Africa; or d) Umkhonto we Sizwe.

3. Assess the usefulness of theories of resistance and protest for comprehending politics in Africa. Focus upon specific authors and empirical cases in your answer.

4. “Protest can itself be an index of change from tradition to modernity” (Mazrui, 1970: 1186). Discuss with reference to Africa.

The second essay (deadline: 10 May 2012) Choose one of the titles listed below, or present your own title (in writing) to me by 23 April 2012 for approval. Use examples and the theoretical literature to support your argument.

1. Assess the degree to which an African protest or social movement (of your choice) has transformed state-society relations.

2. How useful are the concepts of a) class, b) neo-patrimonialism, c) race OR d) gender in explaining power and resistance in Africa?

3. “The postcolonial relationship is not primarily a relationship of resistance or of collaboration but can best be characterized as convivial” (Mbembe, 2001: 104). Discuss with reference to Africa.

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Seminar Programme

1. Introduction [1 hour seminar] 2. Theories of protest, power and resistance I 3. Theories of protest, power and resistance II 4. Colonialism: Mau Mau in Kenya 5. Peasants: Ujamaa in Tanzania 6. Race: Black Consciousness in South Africa 7. Insurgency: The ANC abroad 8. Class: Trade Unions in Zambia 9. Patrimonialism: RUF in Sierra Leone 10. Oil: The Ogoni in Nigeria 11. African Renaissance and the Arab Spring: State-Society Relations Transformed?

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Seminar Programme and List of Readings

1. Introduction [One hour seminar] The first class will be primarily introductory. I will explain how the course will be structured, and what I expect in terms of assessments and class participation. We will have a broader discussion of some of the themes and scope of the course through the lens of the North African revolts of 2010-2011. You are encouraged to draw on material about the Arab Spring already covered in semester I modules, as well as looking at the material below. Essential reading:

1. Dixon, M. ‘An Arab Spring’, Review of African Political Economy, 38(128), (2011), pp. 309-316.

2. Mamdani, M. ‘What does Gaddafi’s fall mean for Africa?’, AlJazeera, 30 August 2011, available at http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/08/201182812377546414.html

Further reading: Ayeb, H. ‘Social and political geography of the Tunisian revolution: The alfa grass revolution’,

Review of African Political Economy, 38(129), (2011), pp. 467-479. Bezabeh, S.A. ‘North Africa’s new unlawful democracies’, OpenDemocracy, 10 November 2011,

available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/samson-bezabeh/north-africa%E2%80%99s-new-unlawful-democracies

Bond, P. ‘Neoliberal threats to North Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, 38(129), (2011), pp. 481-495.

Brahimi, A. ‘Libya’s Revolution’, Journal of North African Studies, 16(4), (2011), pp. 605-624. Bush, R. ‘Egypt: A permanent revolution?’, Review of African Political Economy, 38(128), (2011),

pp. 303-307. Cherstich, I. ‘Libya’s revolution: Tribe, nation, politics’, OpenDemocracy, 3 October 2011, available

at http://www.opendemocracy.net/igor-cherstich/libyas-revolution-tribe-nation-politics Dixon, M. ‘An Arab Spring’, Review of African Political Economy, 38(128), (2011), pp. 309-316. Joffé, G. ‘The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and prospects’, Journal of North African Studies,

16(4), (2011), pp. 507-532. Joya, A. ‘The Egyptian revolution: Crisis of neoliberalism and the potential for democratic politics’,

Review of African Political Economy, 38(129), (2011), pp. 367-386. Nanabhay, M. and Farmanfarmaian, R. ‘From spectacle to spectacular: How physical space, social

media, and mainstream broadcast amplified the public sphere in Egypt’s “revolution”’, Journal of North African Studies, 16(4), (2011), pp. 573-603.

Tandon, Y. ‘Whose dictator is Gaddafi?’ Pambazuka Press, 12 May 2011, available at http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/73153

Zubaida, S, ‘The Arab Spring in historical perspective’, OpenDemocracy, 21 October 2011, available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/sami-zubaida/arab-spring-in-historical-perspective

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2. Theories of protest, power and resistance I Seminars two and three will set the theoretical context for the rest of the course. The theorists and approaches discussed here are intended to be enabling rather than restrictive; you are welcome to draw upon other approaches or theorists in class and in your essays should you wish. However, some theoretical engagement and understanding is expected of all students. In this seminar we will discuss what might be called ‘mainstream’ approaches to protest, power and resistance, broadly conceived. Three particular approaches or frameworks will be discussed: the Marxist tradition; the liberal civil society tradition; and social movement studies. The three items of essential reading correspond to these three approaches or frameworks. Essential reading:

1. Bratton, M. and van de Walle, N. ‘Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa’, Comparative Politics, 24(4), (1992), pp. 419-442.

2. Mittelman, J. H. and Chin, C.B.N. ‘Conceptualising Resistance to Globalisation’, in L. Amoore (ed.), The Global Resistance Reader, (Routledge; London, 2005), pp. 17-27.

3. Tarrow, S. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, (Cambridge; CUP, 1998), introduction and chapter 1.

Further reading: Amoore, L. (ed.), The Global Resistance Reader, (Routledge; London, 2005). Bratton, M. ‘Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa’, World Politics, 41(3),

(1989), pp. 407-430. Carey, S.C. ‘The dynamic relationship between protest and repression’, Political Research

Quarterly, 59(1), (2006), pp. 1-11. Cohen, J.L. ‘Strategy or Identity: New Theoretical Paradigms and Contemporary Social

Movements’, Social Research, 52, (1995), pp. 663-716. Cohen, J.L. and A. Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory, (Cambridge, MA.; MIT Press, 1994). Comaroff, J.L. and Comaroff, J. (eds) Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: Critical

Perspectives, (Chicago; University of Chicago Press, 1999). Cox, R.W. ‘Civil Society at the Turn of the Millennium: Prospects for an Alternative World Order’,

Review of International Studies, 25, (1999), pp. 3-28. Della Porta, D. and Mario Diani, Social Movements: An Introduction, Second Edition, (Oxford;

Blackwell, 2006). Ellis, S. and van Kessel, I. (eds) Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa, (Leiden; Brill,

2009). Harsch, E. ‘Urban protest in Burkina Faso’, African Affairs, 108(431), (2009), pp. 263-288. Keane, J. Global Civil Society? (Cambridge; CUP, 2003). Keck, M.E. and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics,

(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998). Kuumba, M.B. ‘“You’ve Struck a Rock”: Comparing Gender, Social Movements, and Transformation

in the United States and South Africa’, Gender and Society, 16(4), (2002), pp. 504-523.

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Larmer, M. ‘Social movement struggles in Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, 37(125), (2010), pp. 251-262.

Lumumbia-Kasongo, T. Liberal Democracy and its Critics in Africa: Political dysfunction and the struggle for progress, (London; Zed Books, 2005).

Makumbe, M.J. ‘Is there a civil society in Africa?’ International Affairs, 74(2), (1988), pp 305-17. Manji, F. and S. Ekine (eds), African Awakenings: The emerging revolutions, (Cape Town;

Pambazuka Press, 2012). McAdam, D., McCarthy, J.D. and Zald, M.N. (eds.), Comparative Perspectives on Social

Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Melucci, A. Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989).

Monga, C. The anthropology of anger: Civil society and democracy in Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1996).

O’Brien, R., A. M. Goetz, J. A. Scholte, and M. Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements, (Cambridge; CUP, 2000).

Polet, F. (ed) The State of Resistance: Popular struggles in the global South, (London; Zed, 2007), Part III ‘Sub-Saharan Africa’.

Rothchild, D. & Chazan, N. (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder; Westview, 1988).

Scott, J. C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, (New Haven; Yale University Press, 1985).

Scott, J.C. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, (New Haven; Yale University Press, 1990).

Seddon, D. & Zeilig, L. ‘Class and Protest in Africa: New Waves’, Review of African Political Economy, 32(103), (2005), pp. 9-27.

Young, I.M. ‘Activist Challenges to Deliberative Democracy’, Political Theory, 29(5), (2001), pp. 670-690.

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3. Theories of protest, power and resistance II This class builds upon the theoretical approaches discussed in the previous week, and explores three ‘alternative’, postcolonial or more specifically ‘African’ approaches to theorising protest, power and resistance. We will discuss to what degree these approaches constitute genuine alternatives to more mainstream approaches, and whether the location or voice of the theorist matters when trying to understand African politics. Essential reading:

1. Foucault, M. The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, (tr. R. Hurley) (London; Penguin, 1998), pp. 92-97. Also reproduced in L. Amoore (ed.) The Global Resistance Reader, (London; Routledge, 2005), chapter 8.

2. Mazrui, A.A. ‘Postlude: Toward a theory of protest’, in R.I. Rotberg and A.A. Mazrui (eds) Protest and Power in Black Africa, (New York; OUP, 1970), pp. 1185-1196.

3. Nkrumah, K. ‘The motion of destiny’ (1953), in B. MacArthur, The Penguin Book of 20th Century Speeches, (London: Penguin, 1999).

Further reading: Abbas, F. ‘Year of the boomerang? Franz Fanon and the Arab Uprisings’, OpenDemocracy, 11

April 2011, available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/fatin-abbas/year-of-boomerang-frantz-fanon-and-arab-uprisings

Abrahamsen, R. ‘African Studies and the Postcolonial Challenge’, African Affairs, 102(407), (2003), pp. 189-210.

Ahluwalia, P. Out of Africa: Post-structuralism’s colonial roots, (Abingdon: Routledge, 2010). Ahluwalia, P. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, (London: Routledge, 2001). Ahluwalia, P. ‘Post-structuralism’s colonial roots: Michel Foucault’, Social Identities, 16(5), (2010),

pp. 597-606. Bayart, J.-F. ‘Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion’, African Affairs, 99, (2000), pp. 217-267. Cornelissen, S. et al (eds.) Africa and International Relations in the 21st Century, (Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) Crummey, D. (ed.) Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa, (London; James Currey, 1986). Davidson, B. The People’s Cause: A History of Guerrillas in Africa, (Harlow; Longman, 1981). Death, C. ‘Counter-conducts: A Foucauldian analytics of protest’, Social Movement Studies, 9(3),

(2010), pp. 235-251 [paper copies available from my office]. Death, C. ‘Troubles at the Top: South African protests and the 2002 Johannesburg Summit’, African

Affairs, 109(437), (2010), pp. 555-574. Dunn, K.C. and Shaw, T.M. (eds) Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory,

(Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2001). Gibson, N.C. (ed.) Challenging Hegemony: Social Movements and the Quest for a New Humanism

in Post-Apartheid South Africa, (Trenton, NJ, Africa World Press, 2006). Habib, A. and Opoku-Mensah, P. ‘Speaking to global debates through a national and continental

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lens: South African and African social movements in comparative perspective’, in S. Ellis and I. van Kessel (eds) Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa, (Leiden; Brill, 2009), pp. 44-62.

Harrison, G. Issues in the Contemporary Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Dynamics of Struggle and Resistance, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2002).

Fanon, F. The Wretched of the Earth, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967). Kasfir, N. (ed.) Civil Society and Democracy in Africa: Critical Perspectives, (London; Frank Cass,

1998). Krishna, S. Globalization and Postcolonialism: Hegemony and Resistance in the twenty-first

century, (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009). Mamdani, M. and Wamba-dia-wamba, E. (eds) African Studies in Social Movements and

Democracy, (Dakar; CODESRIA, 1995). Mbembe, A. ‘Provisional Notes on the Postcolony’, Africa: Journal of the International African

Institute, 62(1), (1992), pp. 3-37. Mbembe, A. On the Postcolony, (Berkeley; Univ of California Press, 2001). Memmi, A. The colonizer and the colonized, (London: Earthscan, 2003). Mkandawire, T. (ed.) African intellectuals: Rethinking politics, language, gender, and development,

(London; Zed Books, 2005). Pomerolle, M.-E. ‘The extraversion of protest: Conditions, history and use of the ‘international’ in

Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, 37(125), (2010), pp. 263-279. Review of African Political Economy, 37(125), (2010), special issue on social movements in Africa. Tripp, A.M. ‘Women’s Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule: Preliminary

observations from Africa’, Development and Change, 32(4), (2001), pp. 33-54.

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4. Colonialism: Mau Mau in Kenya In this class we will use the case study of Kenya, and the Mau Mau revolt against British colonialism, to discuss the ways in which colonialism structured power relations in British East Africa. We will consider what implications colonialism has had for subsequent forms of resistance. The seminar will involve student presentations on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the set texts. Questions to consider whilst reading include:

• In what ways was Mau Mau a product of British colonialism in Kenya? • What repertoires of protest did Mau Mau employ? • Why was Mau Mau demonized by the British colonial state and the white settlers? • How successful was Mau Mau?

Essential reading:

1. Doty, R. L. Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations, (University of Minnesota Press; Minneapolis, 1996), Chapter 5 ‘Resistance in Colonial Kenya’.

2. Kariuki, J.M. ‘Mau Mau’ Detainee: The account by a Kenya African of his experiences in Detention Camps 1953-1960, (Nairobi; OUP, 1963), chapter III ‘The oath’.

3. Lonsdale, J. ‘Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya’, The Journal of African History, 31(3), (1990), pp. 393-421.

Further reading: Ajulu, R. ‘Politicised Ethnicity, Competitive Politics and Conflict in Kenya: A Historical Perspective’,

African Studies, 61(2), (2002), pp. 251-268. Atieno-Odhiambo, E.S. ‘The formative years: 1945-55’, in B.A. Ogot and W.R. Ochieng (eds)

Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940-93, (London; James Currey, 1995). Anderson, D. Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire, (London:

Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005). Anderson, D. ‘Yours in the struggle for majimbo: nationalism and the party politics of decolonisation

in Kenya, 1955-64’, Journal of Contemporary History, 40(3), (2005), pp. 547-64. Barnett, D. and Njama, K. Mau Mau from within: Autobiography and analysis of Kenya’s Peasant

Revolt, (London; MacGibbon and Kee, 1966). Berman, B. Control and Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The dialectic of domination, (London; James

Currey, 1990). Boahen, A. African Perspectives on Colonialism, (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987). Barkan, J.D.. ‘The Rise and Fall of a Governance Realm in Kenya’, in G. Hyden & M. Bratton (eds)

Governance and Politics in Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1992). Buijtenhuijs, R. Mau Mau Twenty Years After: The myth and the survivors, (The Hague; Mouton,

1973). See also foreword by Ali Mazrui. Cooper, F. ‘Mau Mau and the Discourse of Decolonization’, Journal of African History, 29, (1988)

pp. 313-20.

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Davidson, B. The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State, (Oxford; James Currey, 1992), especially chapter 6.

Edgerton, R.B. Mau Mau: An African Crucible, (London; IB Tauris, 1990). Ekeh, P. ‘Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement’, Comparative Studies

in Society and History, 17(1), (1975), pp. 91-112. Elkins, C. Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya, (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005)

[elsewhere called Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya]. Fanon, F. The Wretched of the Earth, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967), ‘On violence’. Freund, B. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800,

(Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1998). Furedi, F. The Mau Mau War in Perspective, (London; James Currey, 1989). Kagwanja, P. ‘Facing Mount Kenya or Facing Mecca? The Mungiki, Ethnic Violence and the Politics

of the Moi Succession in Kenya, 1987-2002’, African Affairs, 102(406), (2003), pp. 25-49. Kagwanja, P. ‘Power to Uhuru: Youth Identity and Generational Politics in Kenya’s 2002 Elections’,

African Affairs, 105(418), (2005), pp.51-75. Kanogo, T. Squatters and the roots of Mau Mau, (London; James Currey, 1987), especially chapter

5 ‘Politics of Protest’. Kershaw, G. Mau Mau from below, (London; James Currey, 1997). See also foreword by John

Lonsdale. Leakey, L.S.B. Mau Mau and the Kikuyu, (London; Methuen, 1952). Lonsdale, J. ‘Explanations of the Mau Mau revolt’, in T. Lodge (ed.) Resistance and Ideology in

Settler Societies, (Johannesburg; Ravan Press, 1986), pp. 168-178. Lonsdale, J. ‘KAU’s cultures: imaginations of community and constructions of leadership in Kenya

after the Second World War’, Journal of African Cultural Studies, 1, (2000), pp. 107-24. Lonsdale, J. and Berman, B. Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa, (London; James Currey,

1992). Lynch, G. ‘Negotiating Ethnicity: Identity Politics in Contemporary Kenya’, Review of African

Political Economy, 107, (2006), pp. 49-65. Maloba, W.O. Mau Mau and Kenya: An analysis of a peasant revolt, (Bloomington; Indiana

University Press, 1993). Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism,

(London; James Currey, 1996). Presley, C. A. ‘Kikuyu women in the Mau Mau rebellion’, in G. Y. Okihiro (ed.) In Resistance:

Studies in African, Caribbean and Afro-American History, (University of Massachusetts Press, 1986).

Presley, C. A. Kikuyu women, the Mau Mau rebellion, and social change in Kenya, (Boulder; Westview, 1992), especially chapters 7 and 8.

Rosberg, C.G. and Nottingham, J. The myth of ‘Mau Mau’: Nationalism in Kenya, (New York; Praeger, 1966), especially chapters 7, 8, and 9.

Shaw, C.M. Colonial Inscriptions: Race, Sex and Class in Kenya, (Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, 1995), Chapter 6 ‘Mau Mau Discourses’.

Wanjaũ, G.W. Mau Mau Author in Detention, tr. P.N. Njoroge, (Nairobi; Heinemann, 1988), introduction and chapter 1 ‘The beginnings of tribulations’.

Young, C. ‘The African Colonial State and its Political Legacy’, in D. Rothchild and N. Chazan (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa, (Boulder; Westview, 1988).

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5. Peasants: Ujamaa in Tanzania In this class we will look at Julius Nyerere’s ujamaa policies in Tanzania, with particular focus on the policy of ‘villagization’. We will address the forms of peasant resistance and foot-dragging it inspired, and discuss the applicability of ‘peasant’ frameworks of analysis in Africa, the ‘infrapolitics’ (Scott, 1985; 1990) of small scale resistance to state power, and the rural/urban divide. The seminar will involve student presentations on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the set texts. Questions to consider as you read include:

• To what degree was ujamaa’s villagisation “a wild and irrational scheme which was bound to fail both the expectations of its planners and the material and social needs of its hapless victims”?

• What does Hyden mean when he describes Tanzanian peasants as ‘uncaptured’? • Did ujamaa have an international dimension? • Which of the theoretical approaches discussed in seminars 2 and 3 are most persuasive for

explaining resistance to ujamaa? Essential reading:

1. Hyden, G. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry, (University of California Press; 1980), chapter 4 ‘Small goes into hiding; Peasants and ujamaa’.

2. Nyerere J.K. Ujamaa: Essays on Socialism, (London; OUP, 1968), chapters 1 and 2. 3. Scott, J.C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition

Have Failed, (New Haven; Yale University Press, 1998), chapter 7 ‘Compulsory villagization in Tanzania’.

Further reading: Abrahams, R.G. (ed.) Villagers, villages and the state in modern Tanzania, (Cambridge: African

Studies Centre, 1985), especially chapter 3, C.M.F. Lwoga, ‘Bureaucrats, peasants and land rights: A villagers’ struggles for self-determination’.

Blommaert, J. ‘Intellectuals and Ideological Leadership in Ujamaa Tanzania’, African Languages and Cultures, 10(2), (1997), pp. 129-144.

Collier, P. et al, Labour and poverty in rural Tanzania, (Oxford; Clarendon, 1986). Coulson, A. Tanzania: A political economy, (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982). Ergas, Z. ‘Why did the ujamaa village policy fail? Towards a global analysis’, Journal of Modern

African Studies, 18(3), (1980), pp. 387-410. Harrison, G. Issues in the Contemporary Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Dynamics of Struggle

and Resistance, (Basingstoke; Palgrave, 2002), chapter 2. Hunter, E. ‘Revisiting Ujamaa: Political Legitimacy and the Construction of Community in Post-

Colonial Tanzania’, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(3), (2008), pp. 471-485. Iliffe, J. A modern history of Tanganyika, (Cambridge; CUP, 1979). Jennings, M. ‘“Almost an Oxfam in Itself”: Oxfam, Ujamaa and Development in Tanzania in the

1960s and 70s’, African Affairs, 101(405), (2002), pp. 509-30.

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Jennings, M. Surrogates of the State: Non-Governmental Organisations, Development and Ujamaa in Tanzania, (Bloomfield: Kumarian Press, 2008).

Jennings, M. ‘”We Must Run While Others Walk”: Popular Participation and Development Crisis in Tanzania, 1961-9’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(2), (2003), pp. 163-187.

Kelsall, T. ‘Shop Windows and Smoke-filled Rooms: Governance and the Re-politicisation of Tanzania’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(4), (2002), pp. 597-619.

Lal, P. ‘Militants, mothers, and the national family: Ujamaa, gender, and rural development in postcolonial Tanzania’, Journal of African History, 51(1), (2010), pp. 1-20.

Mazrui, A.A. ‘Socialism as a mode of international protest: The case of Tanzania’, in R.I. Rotberg and A.A. Mazrui (eds) Protest and Power in Black Africa, (New York; OUP, 1970).

McHenry, D.E. Tanzania's ujamaa villages: The implementation of a rural development strategy, (Berkley; University of California, 1979).

Mercer, C. ‘Performing Partnership: Civil Society and Illusions of Good Governance in Tanzania’, Political Geography, 22, (2003), pp. 741-763.

Nyerere, J.K. Freedom and Unity: Uhuru na umoja, a selection from writings and speeches, 1952-1965, (London; OUP, 1967), especially chapter 37: ‘Ujamaa – The basis of African Socialism’

Nyerere, J.K. Freedom and socialism: Uhuru na ujamaa, a selection from writings and speeches, 1965-1967, (London; OUP, 1968).

Pratt, C. The critical phase in Tanzania, 1945-1968: Nyerere and the emergence of a Socialist strategy, (Cambridge; CUP, 1976).

Spalding, N. J. ‘State-Society Relations in Africa: An Exploration of the Tanzanian Experience’, Polity, 29(1), (1996), pp. 65-96.

Stöger-Eising, V. ‘“Ujamaa” Revisited: Indigenous and European Influences in Nyerere’s Social and Political Thought’, Africa, 70(1), (2000), pp. 118-143.

Tripp, A.M. ‘Local organizations, participation and the state in urban Tanzania’, in G. Hyden & M. Bratton (eds) Governance and Politics in Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1992).

Von Freyhold, M. Ujamaa villages in Tanzania, (London; Heinemann, 1979). Von Sperber, K. W. Public Administration in Tanzania, (München: Weltforum Verlag, 1970),

especially part C ‘The administrative system and the organization of independent Tanganika’.

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6. Race: Black Consciousness in South Africa In this class we will look at racial politics in apartheid South Africa, focussing on the life, trial and death of Steve Biko. This case enables both an initial discussion of the particular context of apartheid, as well as a lens through which to examine broader ideologies of pan-Africanism, negritude, and Black Consciousness. The seminar will involve student presentations on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the set texts. Questions to consider as you read include:

• To what degree was Black Consciousness “anti-racist racism”? • Biko argued that “one cannot be a racist unless he has the power to subjugate.” Do you

agree? • Ahluwalia argues that negritude “was an important part of the development of a black

awareness and consciousness which eventually paved the way for the liberation of Africa”. Do you agree?

• Does the achievement of a movement’s stated goals – such as the end of apartheid in South Africa – mean it has succeeded?

Essential reading:

1. Biko, S. I Write What I Like, (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1978), especially chapters 5 and 6.

2. Mngxitama, A., Alexander, A. and Gibson, N.C. (eds) Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko, (New York; Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 1-20.

3. Woods, D. Biko, (revised and updated edition) (London; Penguin, 1987), ‘The indictment’, pp. 355-376.

Further reading: Ahluwalia, P. Politics and Post-Colonial Theory: African Inflections, (London; Routledge, 2001),

chapter 1 ‘Negritude and nativism’. Arnold, M. (ed.) The testimony of Steve Biko, (London; Panther, 1984). Beinart, W. and Dubow, S. (eds) Segregation and apartheid in twentieth-century South Africa,

(London; Routledge, 1995). Beinart, W. and Dawson, M.C. Popular Politics and Resistance Movements in South Africa,

(Johannesburg; Wits University Press, 2010), various chapters. Carmichael, S. and Hamilton, C. Black Power, (New York: Random House, 1967). Dubow, S. Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, (Cambridge; CUP, 1995). Durrheim, K. ‘Attitudes towards racial redress in South Africa’, in B. Roberts, M. wa Kivilu, and Y. D.

Davids (eds) South African Social Attitudes, Second Report: Reflections on the Age of Hope, (Cape Town; HSRC Press, 2010). Available at http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2280&freedownload=1

Haddour, A. (ed.) The Fanon Reader, (London; Pluto, 2006). Howarth, D. ‘Complexities of identity/difference: Black consciousness ideology in South Africa’,

Journal of Political Ideologies, 2(1), (1997), pp. 51-78.

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Fanon, F. Black Skin, White Masks, tr. C. L. Markmann, (London; Pluto, 1986). Fredrickson, G.M. Black liberation: A comparative history of Black ideologies in the United States

and South Africa, (Oxford; OUP, 1995). Griffiths, D. and Prozesky, M.L.C. ‘The politics of dwelling: Being white / Being South African’,

African Studies Review, 56(4), (2010), pp. 22-41. Karis, T. and Carter, G.M. From protest to challenge: A documentary history of African politics in

South Africa, 1882-1964, (Stanford; Hoover Institution Press, 1972), see especially Volume II (part 2 and 3), and Volume III (part 1 and 2).

Langley, J.A. Ideologies of Liberation in Black Africa 1856-1970: Documents on modern African political thought from colonial times to the present, (London; Rex Collings, 1979), especially section II.

Laurence, J.C. Race, propaganda and South Africa, (London; Gollancz, 1979). Lodge, T. Black politics in South Africa since 1945, (London; Longman, 1983). Magubane, B.M. The political economy of race and class in South Africa, (London; Monthly Review

Press, 1979). Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism,

(London; James Currey, 1996). Manzo, K. ‘Black Consciousness and the quest for a counter-modernist development’, in J. Crush

(ed), Power of Develoment, (London; Routledge, 1995), pp. 223-246. Marks, S. and Trapido, S. (eds) The politics of race, class and nationalism in twentieth-century

South Africa, (Harlow; Longman, 1987). Marx, A.W. Lessons of struggle: South African internal opposition, 1960-1990, (Oxford; OUP,

1992). Mngxitama, A., Alexander, A. and Gibson, N.C. (eds) Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve

Biko, (New York; Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). Ngubane, J.K. An African explains apartheid, (London; Pall Mall, 1963). Pityana, B. et al. (eds) Bounds of Possibility: the Legacy of Steve Biko and Black Consciousness,

(London: Zed Books, 1991). Reddy, T. ‘Black Consciousness in contemporary South African politics’, in P. Kagwanja and K.

Kondlo (eds) State of the Nation: South Africa 2008, (Cape Town; HSRC Press, 2009). Available online at http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2231&freedownload=1

Sampson, A. Nelson Mandela: The authorized biography, (London: Harper Collins, 1999). Schipper, M. Imagining insiders: Africa and the question of belonging, (New York; Cassell, 1999). Sparks, A. The mind of South Africa, (London; Mandarin, 1991). Wilson, W.J. Power, racism, and privilege: Race relations in theoretical and socio-historical

perspectives, (New York; Macmillan, 1976). Please see me for further resources on Steve Biko from the Biko Foundation.

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7. Insurgency: The ANC abroad In this class we will look at the ANC in exile in the period following the Soweto Uprising (1976) and the death of Steve Biko (1977). The activities of Umkhonto we Sizwe raise questions about the relationships between mass struggle, social movements, and armed insurgency. The role of violence, secrecy, authority, and guerrilla warfare in popular struggles will also be addressed. The broader international context of the struggle to end apartheid, and the beginning of the transformation, will be discussed. The seminar will involve student presentations on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the set texts. Questions to consider as you read include:

• How did the ANC’s experiences of exile affect the organization? • How important was violence to anti-apartheid resistance, and was it justified? • What consequences did the experiences of violent struggle and exile have for South Africa’s

subsequent political culture? • In the ANC’s 100th year (1912-2012) how is it presenting the history of South Africa?

Essential reading:

1. Lodge, T. ‘State of exile: The African National Congress of South Africa, 1976-86’, Third World Quarterly, 9(1), (1987), pp. 1-27.

2. Ngculu, J. The Honour to Serve: Recollections of an Umkhonto Soldier, (Claremont: David Philip Publishers, 2009), chapter 9.

3. Simpson, T. ‘The role of the African National Congress in popular protest during the township uprisings, 1984-1989’, in W. Beinart and M. C. Dawson (eds) Popular politics and resistance movements in South Africa, (Johannesburg; Wits University Press, 2010), pp. 76-93.

Further reading: Alden, C. Apartheid’s last stand: The rise and fall of the South African security state, (Basingstoke;

Macmillan, 1998). Barrell, H. MK: The ANC’s Armed Struggle, (London; Penguin, 1990). Bernstein, H. The Rift: The exile experience, (London; Cape, 1994). Couper, S.E. ‘“An Embarrassment to the Congresses?”: The Silencing of Chief Albert Luthuli and

the Production of ANC History’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 35(2), (2009), pp. 331-348.

Dorman, S. ‘Post-liberation Politics in Africa: Examining the Political Legacy of Struggle’, Third World Quarterly, 27(6), (2006), pp. 1085-1101.

Ellis, S. ‘The ANC in exile’, African Affairs, 90, (1991), pp. 439-447. Ellis, S. ‘Mbokodo: Security in ANC camps’, African Affairs, 93(371), (1994), pp. 279-298. Ellis, S. and Sechaba, T. Comrades against Apartheid: The ANC and the South African Communist

Party in Exile, (London; James Currey, 1992), especially chapter 2 ‘The spear of the nation’. Gumede, W. M. Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC, (Cape Town; Zebra Press,

2005), especially chapter 2 ‘Mbeki’s path to power’.

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Hassim, S. ‘Nationalism, feminism and autonomy: The ANC in exile and the question of women’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 30(3), (2004), pp. 433-455.

Herbst, J. ‘The prospects for revolution in South Africa’, Political Science Quarterly, 103(4), (1988), pp. 665-685.

Jordan, P. ‘The African National Congress: From Illegality to the Corridors of Power’, Review of African Political Economy, 100, (2004), pp. 203-212.

Karis, T. and Carter, G.M. From protest to challenge: A documentary history of African politics in South Africa, 1882-1964, (Stanford; Hoover Institution Press, 1972), Volume III, pp. 645-698.

Legum, C. The battlefronts of Southern Africa, (New York: Africana Pub. Co., 1988). Lodge, T. Black politics in South Africa since 1945, (London; Longman, 1983), chapter 12

‘Revolutionary exile politics, 1960-1975’ Mamdani, M. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism,

(London; James Currey, 1996). Mandela, N. ‘South Africa’s Future Foreign Policy’, Foreign Affairs, 72(5), (1993), pp. 86-97. Mandela, N. Long Walk to Freedom, (London; Abacus, 1995). Marks, S.M. Watching the wind: conflict resolution during South Africa's transition to democracy,

(Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000). McKinley, D.T. The ANC and the liberation struggle: A critical political biography, (London; Pluto,

1997). Price, R.M. The Apartheid State in Crisis: Political Transformation in South Africa, 1975-1990,

(Oxford; OUP, 1991). Sampson, A. Nelson Mandela: The authorized biography, (London: Harper Collins, 1999). Simpson, T. ‘Military combat work: The reconstitution of the ANC’s armed underground 1971-76’,

African Studies, 70(1), (2011), pp. 103-122. Slovo, J. ‘South Africa – No middle road’, in B. Davidson, J. Slovo and A.R. Wilkinson, Southern

Africa: The new politics of revolution, (Harmondsworth; Penguin, 1976). Sparks, A. Tomorrow is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa’s Road to Change,

(Chicago; University of Chicago Press, 1996). Suttner, R. ‘Culture(s) of the African National Congress of South Africa: imprint of exile

experiences’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 21(2), (2003), pp. 303-320. See also http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/pdf/raymondsuttner/Imprint%20of%20Exile%20Experiences.pdf

Suttner, R. The ANC Underground, (Cape Town; Jacana, 2008).

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8. Class: Trade Unions in Zambia In this class we will look at the transition to multiparty democracy in Zambia in the 1980s and 1990s, built on the back of the trade union movement (ZCTU) and the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD). This topic combines a focus on the applicability of class analysis to Africa, with an initial assessment of the wave of democratisation which swept the continent in the early 1990s. The seminar will involve student presentations on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the set texts. Questions to consider as you read include:

• What is ‘class’ and what constitutes a ‘class perspective’? • How might we interpret Zambia’s transition to democracy from the 1980s to the 1990s from

a class perspective? • What does a class perspective bring into focus; and what does it leave invisible? • What did multiparty democracy really change in Zambia?

Essential reading:

1. Bartlett, D.M.C. ‘Civil society and democracy: A Zambian case study’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 26(3), (2000), pp. 429-446.

2. Larmer, M. ‘Reaction and Resistance to Neo-Liberalism in Zambia’, Review of African Political Economy, 32(103), (2005), pp. 29-45.

3. Southall, T. ‘Zambia: Class formation and government policy in the 1970s’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 7(1), (1980), pp. 91-108.

Further reading: Abrahamsen, R. Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa,

(London; Zed, 2000), especially chapter 5 ‘Whose democracy?’ Aké, C. Democracy and Development in Africa, (Washington; Brookings Institute, 1996). Aké, C. ‘The Democratisation of Disempowerment in Africa’, in J. Hippler (ed) The Democratisation

of Disempowerment: the problem of democracy in the Third World, (London; Pluto, 1995). Bratton, M. & van de Walle, N. ‘Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa’, Comparative Politics,

24(4), (1992), pp. 419-442. Brown S. and Kaiser, P. ‘Democratisations in Africa: attempts, hindrances and prospects’, Third

World Quarterly, 28(6), (2007), pp. 1131-1149. Bujra, J. ‘Class Relations: AIDS & Socio-economic Privilege in Africa’, Review of African Political

Economy, 33(107), (2006), pp. 113-129. Burawoy, M. ‘Consciousness and contradiction: A study of student protest in Zambia’, The British

Journal of Sociology, 27(1), (1976), pp. 78-98. Burnell, P. ‘The party system and party politics in Zambia: Continuities past, present and future’,

African Affairs, 100(399), (2001), pp. 239-263. Chazan, N., Lewis, P. et al, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner,

1999), chapters 3 & 4. Cohen, R. ‘Class in Africa: Analytical Problems and Perspectives’, The Socialist Register, (1972),

pp. 231-255.

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Diamond, L. ‘Class Formation in the Swollen African State’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 25(4), (1987), pp. 567-96.

Diamond, L., Linz, J.J. & Lipset, S.M. (eds) Democracy in Developing Countries, (Volume 2: Africa), (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 1988).

Eriksen, K. ‘Zambia: Class formation and détente’, Review of African Political Economy, 9, (1977), pp. 4-26.

Fatton Jr, R. ‘Bringing the Ruling Class Back In: Class, State and Hegemony in Africa’, Comparative Politics, 20(3), (1988), pp. 253-264.

Ferguson, J. Expectations of Modernity: Myths and meanings of urban life on the Zambian Copperbelt, (Berkley; University of California Press, 1999).

Gertzel, C. (ed.) The dynamics of the one-party state in Zambia, (Manchester; MUP, 1984). Gibson, C.C. ‘Of Waves and Ripples: Democracy and Political Change in Africa in the 1990s’,

Annual Review of Political Science, 5, (2002), pp. 201-221. Good, K. ‘Zambia: Back into the future’, Third World Quarterly, 10(1), (1988), pp. 37-53. Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.) Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress, (Boulder; Lynne

Rienner, 2004). Ihonvbere, J.O. Economic crisis, civil society and democratization: The case of Zambia, (Trenton,

N.J.; African World Press, 1996), especially chapter 3 ‘Civil society and democratization in Zambia’.

Nordlund, P. Organising the Political Agora: Domination and democratization in Zambia and Zimbabwe, (Uppsala, Uppsala University Press, 1996).

Panter-Brick, K. ‘Prospects for democracy in Zambia’, Government and Opposition, 29(2), (1994), pp. 231-247.

Scott, I. ‘Middle class politics in Zambia’, African Affairs, 77(308), (1978), pp. 321-334. Seddon, D. & Zeilig, L. ‘Class and Protest in Africa: New Waves’, Review of African Political

Economy, 32(103), (2005), pp. 9-27. Sklar, R. ‘The Nature of Class Domination in Africa’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 17(4),

(1979), pp. 531-552. Southall, T. ‘Zambia: Class formation and détente: A comment’, Review of African Political

Economy, 12, (1978), pp. 114-9. Tordoff, W. (ed.) Politics in Zambia, (Manchester; MUP, 1974). Zeilig, L. (ed.) Class struggle and resistance in Africa, (Cheltenham; New Clarion Press, 2002).

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9. Patrimonialism: RUF in Sierra Leone In this class we will look at the civil war in Sierra Leone in the 1990s, especially focussing on the rise of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). Although this very complex conflict can be interpreted in many ways – most frequently as a ‘collapsed state’ or ‘greed-fuelled’ conflict over diamonds – we will examine Paul Richard’s claim that it was, at least in part, a reaction against patrimonial forms of authority in Sierra Leone. The seminar will involve student presentations on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the set texts. Questions to consider as you read include:

• Was the conflict caused by a “crisis of patrimonialism”? • What role did ‘youth’ play in the conflict? • What repertoires of protest and resistance were employed by the rebels? • To what degree was the RUF the “product of the intellectual anger of an excluded educated

intellectual elite”? Essential reading:

1. Abdullah, I. ‘Bush Path to Destruction: The Origins and Character of the Revolutionary United Front /Sierra Leone’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(2), (1998), pp. 203-235.

2. Bøås, M. ‘Liberia and Sierra Leone – Dead Ringers? The logic of neopatrimonial rule’, Third World Quarterly, 22(5), (2001), pp. 697-723.

3. Richards, P. Fighting for the Rain Forests: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone, (Oxford; James Currey, 1996), intro and chapters 1 and 2.

Further reading: Abdullah, I. (ed.) Between democracy and terror: The Sierra Leone civil war, (Dakar; CODESRIA,

2004). Abdullah, I. (ed.), Youth, Culture and Violence: the Sierra Leone civil war, (Dakar; CODESRIA,

1998). Baker, B. and May, R. ‘A sustainable peace? Sierra Leone’, in O. Furley and R. May, Ending

Africa’s Wars: Progressing to peace, (Aldershot; Ashgate, 2006). Ballentine, K. and Sherman, J. (eds) The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and

Grievance, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2003). Bayart, J-F The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, (London; Longman, 1993), chapter 2. Berdal, M. ‘Beyond Greed and Grievance – And not too soon …’ Review of International Studies,

31, (2005), pp. 687-698. Berdal, M. and Malone, D. M. (eds) Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars,

(Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2000). Blundo, G. and De Sardan, J.P.O. (eds) Everyday Corruption and the State: Citizens and Public

Officials in Africa, (London; Zed Books, 2006), especially chapters 3 and 4. Bøås, M, ‘Marginalised youth’, in M. Bøås and K.C. Dunn, African Guerillas: Raging against the

machine, (Boulder; Lynne Rienner, 2007), chapter 3. Bratton, M. and van de Walle, N. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime transitions in

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comparative perspective, (Cambridge; CUP, 1997), Chapter 2 ‘Neopatrimonial Rule in Africa’.

Chabal, P. & Daloz, J-P. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, (Oxford; James Currey, 1999).

Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A. ‘On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(1), (2002), pp. 13-28.

Cramer, C. ‘Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War,’ World Development, 30(11), (2002), pp. 1845-1864.

de Sardan, J.P.O ‘A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), (1999), pp. 25-52.

Ellis, S. ‘Liberia 1989-1994: a study of ethnic and spiritual violence’, African Affairs, 94(375), (1995), pp. 165-97.

Ellis, S. The Mask of Anarchy: The destruction of Liberia and the religious dimension of an African civil war, (London; Hurst, 1999).

Fanthorpe, R. ‘On the Limits of Liberal Peace: Chiefs and Democratic Decentralization in Post-War Sierra Leone’, African Affairs, 105(418), (2006), pp. 27-49.

Gberie, L. A dirty war in West Africa: The RUF and the destruction of Sierra Leone, (London; Hurst, 2005).

Hoffman, D. ‘The Civilian Target in Sierra Leone and Liberia: Political Power, Military Strategy and Humanitarian Intervention’, African Affairs, 103, (2004), pp. 211-226.

Hoffman, D. ‘Disagreement: Dissent politics and the War in Sierra Leone’, Africa Today, 52(3), (2006), pp. 3-22.

Jackson, R. H. & Rosberg, C. G. Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant, (Berkley; University of California Press, 1982).

Keen, D. Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone, (Oxford; James Currey, 2005). Lawrence, P. ‘Collier on War and Peace: Statistics in Command’, Review of African Political

Economy, 111, (2007), pp. 168-175. Murphy, W.P. ‘Military patrimonialism and child soldier clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra

Leonean civil wars’, African Studies Review, 46(2), (2003), pp. 61-87. Reno, W. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone, (Cambridge; CUP, 1995). Richards, P. ‘Video and Violence in the Periphery: Rambo and War in the Forests of Sierra Leone-

Liberia’, IDS Bulletin 25(2), (1994), pp. 88-93. Richards, P. ‘New political violence in Africa: Secular sectarianism in Sierra Leone’, GeoJournal,

47, (1999), pp. 433-442. Zack-Williams, A.B. ‘Sierra Leone: The Political Economy of Civil War 1991 – 1998’, Third World

Quarterly, 20(1), (1999), pp. 143-162.

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10. Oil: The Ogoni in Nigeria In this class we will look at the struggles which have raged in the Niger Delta (Nigeria) for several decades. The campaigns of Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) will provide a focussed case study, from which perspective we will also consider struggles in the delta before and since. The seminar will involve student presentations on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the set texts. Questions to consider as you read include:

• What were the advantages and disadvantages for MOSOP and the Ogoni in framing their struggle through the discourses of environmentalism and human rights?

• More recent protests in Nigeria have been far more violent – e.g. MEND and Boko Haram. Have these been more successful than MOSOP?

• Where should the people of the Niger Delta focus their protests: Shell, the Nigerian state, regional elites, international civil society, or elsewhere?

Essential reading:

1. Bob, C. ‘Marketing Rebellion: Insurgent Groups, International Media and NGO Support’, International Politics, 38, (2001), pp. 311-334.

2. Obi, C. ‘Structuring transnational spaces of identity, rights and power in the Niger Delta of Nigeria’, Globalizations, 6(4), (2010), pp. 467-481.

3. Osaghae, E.E. ‘The Ogoni Uprising: Oil politics, minority agitation, and the future of the Nigerian State’, African Affairs, 94(376), (1995), pp. 325-344.

See also the video and resources at http://wiwavshell.org/ Further reading: Agbola, T. and Alabi, M. ‘Political economy of petroleum resources development, environmental

injustice and selective victimization: A case study of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria’, in J. Agyeman, R.D. Bullard, and B. Evans (eds) Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World, (London; Earthscan, 2003).

Alagoa, E.J. Uses of hindsight as foresight: Reflections on Niger Delta and Nigerian history, (Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Onyoma Research Publications, 2004).

Bob, C. ‘Political Process Theory and Transnational Movements: Dialectics of Protest among Nigeria’s Ogoni Minority’, Social Problems, 49(3), (2002), pp. 395-415

Forrest, T. Politics and Economic Development in Nigeria, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). Frynas, J.G. ‘Political Instability and Business: Focus on Shell in Nigeria’, Third World Quarterly,

19(3), (1998), pp. 457-478. Frynas, J.G. ‘Shell in Nigeria: A Further Contribution’, Third World Quarterly, 21(1), (2000), pp. 157-

164. Frynas, J.G. Oil in Nigeria: Conflict and litigation between oil companies and village communities,

(New Brunswick; Transaction Publishers, 2000). Haynes, J. ‘Power, politics and environmental movements in the Third World’, Environmental

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Politics, 8(1), (1999), pp. 222-242. Iklegbe, A. ‘Civil society, oil and conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: Ramifications of civil

society for a regional resource struggle’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(3), (2001), pp. 437-469.

Ikelegbe, A. O. ‘The perverse manifestation of civil society: evidence from Nigeria’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(1), (2001), pp. 1-24.

Khan, S.A. Nigeria: The Political Economy of Oil, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). Klare, M. & Volman, D. ‘America, China & the Scramble for Africa’s Oil’, Review of African Political

Economy, 108, (2006), pp. 297-309. Le Billion, P. ‘The political ecology of war: Natural resources and armed conflict’, Political

Geography, 20(5), (2001), pp. 561-584. Lewis, P.M. ‘Nigeria: Elections in a Fragile Regime’, Journal of Democracy, 14(3), (2003), pp. 131-

144. Maier, K. This House Has Fallen: Nigeria in Crisis, (London: Penguin Books, 2000). McLuckie, C.W. and McPhail, A. (eds) Ken Saro-Wiwa: Writer and Political Activist, (Boulder; Lynne

Rienner, 2000), Obi, C. ‘Global, state and local intersections: Power, authority and conflict in the Niger Delta oil

communities’, in T. M. Callaghy, R. Kassimir, and R. Latham (eds) Intervention and transnationalism in Africa: Global-local networks of power, (Cambridge: CUP, 2001).

Obi, C. ‘Globalization and local resistance: The case of Shell versus the Ogoni’, in L. Amoore (ed.), The Global Resistance Reader, (Routledge; London, 2005), chapter 26.

Obi, C. ‘Enter the Dragon? Chinese Oil Companies & Resistance in the Niger Delta’, Review of African Political Economy, 35(3), (2008), pp. 417-434.

Saro-wiwa, K. A Month and a Day: A Detention Diary, (Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 1995). Saro-wiwa, K. Genocide in Nigeria: the Ogoni Tragedy, (Port Harcourt: Saros International

Publishers, 1992). Watts, M. ‘Nature as artifice and artifact’, in Braun, B. and Castree, N. (eds) Remaking Reality:

Nature at the Millenium, (London: Routledge, 1998). Watts, M. ‘Petro-violence: Community, extraction and political ecology of a mythic community’, in

N.L. Peluso and M. Watts (eds) Violent Environments, (Ithaca: Cornell, 2001), chapter 8. Watts, M ‘Resource curse? Governmentality, oil and power in the Niger Delta’, Geopolitics, 9(1),

(2004), pp. 50-80.

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11. African Renaissance and the Arab Spring: State-Society Relations Transformed? In this class we will place the struggles and movements we have examined so far in the broader context of the discourses of ‘African Renaissance’ and transformation which have been articulated in the last decade. These discourses are closely linked to the so-called ‘South African miracle’, and their broader applicability both within and beyond South Africa’s borders are debateable. However, one could also link the revolts and revolutions in 2010-2011 in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya to a revival of African protest. This final class will put African protest and social movements into their global context, which arguably includes a rise in transnational protest and the emergence of new social forces. The seminar will involve a group discussion on the topic. We will also work in small groups addressing questions relating to the entire module. Questions to consider as you read include:

• Are the protests we have examined on this course distinctively ‘African’ in any way? • Which theoretical perspectives have been most useful to understand them? • To what extent have these protests transformed state-society relations in their local

contexts? Essential reading:

1. Manji, F. ‘African awakenings: The courage to invent the future’, in Manji, F. and S. Ekine (eds), African Awakenings: The emerging revolutions, (Cape Town; Pambazuka Press, 2012), pp. 1-18.

2. Saul, J.S. ‘Africa: The Next Liberation Struggle?’ Review of African Political Economy 30(96), (2003), pp.187-202.

3. Vale, P. and Maseko, S. ‘South Africa and the African Renaissance’, International Affairs, 74(2), (1998), pp. 271-287.

Further reading: Abbas, F. ‘Year of the boomerang? Franz Fanon and the Arab Uprisings’, OpenDemocracy, 11

April 2011, available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/fatin-abbas/year-of-boomerang-frantz-fanon-and-arab-uprisings

Adésínà, J.O. et al (eds) Africa and development challenges in the new millennium: The NEPAD debate, (London; Zed Books, 2006).

Ahluwalia, P. ‘The Struggle for African identity: Thabo Mbeki’s African Renaissance’, African and Asian Studies, 1(4), (2002) pp. 265-277.

Ajulu, R. ‘Thabo Mbeki’s African Renaissance in a Globalising World Economy: The Struggle for the Soul of the Continent’, Review of African Political Economy, 28(87), (2001), pp 27-42.

Ballard, R. et al, (eds.), Voices of Protest: Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa, (UKZN Press; Scottsville, 2006).

Ballard, R., Habib, A., Valodia, I. and Zuern, E. ‘Globalization, marginalization, and contemporary social movements in South Africa’, African Affairs, 104(417), (2005), pp. 615-634.

Beinart, W. and Dawson, M.C. Popular Politics and Resistance Movements in South Africa, (Johannesburg; Wits University Press, 2010).

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Cheru, F. African Renaissance: Roadmaps to the Challenge of Globalization, (London; Zed Books, 2002).

Gevisser, M. A legacy of liberation: Thabo Mbeki and the future of the South African dream, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).

Gibson, N.C. (ed.) Challenging Hegemony: Social Movements and the Quest for a New Humanism in Post-Apartheid South Africa, (Trenton, NJ, Africa World Press, 2006).

Habib, A. ‘State-Civil Society Relations in post-Apartheid South Africa’, in J. Daniel, A. Habib and R. Southall (eds) State of the Nation 2003-2004, (Cape Town; HSRC Press, 2003) – free download from http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2055&freedownload=1

Harrison, G. ‘Bringing political struggle back in: African politics, power and resistance’, Review of African Political Economy, 28(89), (2001), pp. 387-402.

Hassim, S. ‘Voices, hierarchies and spaces: Reconfiguring the women’s movement in democratic South Africa’, Politikon, 32(2), (2005), pp. 175-193.

Hope, K.R. ‘From Crisis to Renewal: Towards a Successful Implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’, African Affairs, 101(404), (2002), pp. 387-403.

Leysens, A.G. ‘Social forces in Southern Africa: Transformation from below?’ Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(1), (2006), pp. 31-58.

Martin, W.G. ‘Africa’s future: From North-South to East-South?’ Third World Quarterly, 29(2), (2008), pp. 339-356.

Mbeki, T. ‘I am an African’ speech delivered in Cape Town, (1996) http://www.soweto.co.za/html/i_iamafrican.htm

McDonald, D.A. ‘Ubuntu bashing: The marketisation of “African values” in South Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, 37(124), (2010), pp. 139-152.

Ottoway, M. ‘Africa’s New Leaders: African Solution or African Problem?’ Current History, (1998), pp. 209-213.

Pieterse, E. and Meintjies, F. (eds) Voices of the Transition: The Politics, Poetics and Practices of Social Change in South Africa, (Sandown; Heinemann, 2004).

Zuern, E. ‘Democratization as liberation: Competing African perspectives on democracy’, Democratization, 16(3), (2009), pp. 585-603.