Download - IPM for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug · Stink Bug Stink? H. halysinvades structures, and one of the problems is the odor pro-duced. Stink bugs produce odorous secretions, probably

Why More Successful thanNative Stink Bugs

We have many species of nativestink bugs in the U.S. These have

By William Quarles

The brown marmorated stinkbug (BMSB), Halyomorphahalys, is an invasive speciesnative to China, Japan, and Korea.It was first noticed in Pennsylvaniain the late 1990s and was estab-lished in Pennsylvania by 2001.Genetic analysis shows the initialU.S. introduction likely came fromBeijing, China, possibly from ship-ping containers. Populations aregrowing exponentially, and itspreads by hitchhiking on shippingcontainers and vehicles. Adults canfly, which aids local dispersal(Hoebeke and Carter 2003; Nielsenet al. 2013; Lee et al. 2013; Xu etal. 2014). From the original introduction,

the pest has now spread in 13years to 41 states and Canada (Leeet al. 2013; BMSB 2014). Itappeared in Oregon in 2004, andhas been in California since 2005.Large breeding populations haveestablished near Los Angeles andSacramento (Hoddle 2013; BMSB2014; Ingels and Varela 2014). H. halys will eat almost anything.

It attacks more than 170 differentplant species, and prefers to eatmany of the same foods as humans,especially beans, garden vegetables,and tree fruit. It is a threat to com-mercial agriculture, landscapeornamentals, and backyard gar-dens. It is also a structural pest, aslarge populations invade houses,trying to overwinter (BMSB 2014;Lee et al. 2013; Inkley 2012). More than $37 million damage

was done to apples in the mid-Atlantic states in 2010. Growersreacted by a four fold increase inpesticide applications. Pesticidesdisrupted IPM programs and led to

secondary outbreaks of mites,aphids, and scales in orchards(Leskey et al. 2012a). Most pyrethroids had limited

effectiveness, as about one-third ofthe bugs recovered after knock-down. As a result, growers turnedto endosulfan, methomyl, andneonicotinoids. Though more effec-tive, these pesticides have environ-mental problems, including toxicityto bees (Leskey et al. 2012b;Funayama 2012; Quarles 2014a).This article outlines an IPM pro-

gram that will help control thebrown marmorated stink bug(BMSB), while sparing beneficialinsects and bees.

In This Issue

Stink Bug 1Conference Notes 9Calendar 11IPM News 13

Volume XXXIV, Number 3/4 (Published June 2014)

IPM for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Courtesy

B. B

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IPM Cen

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The black pyramid trap, shown here, can be used to monitor brown mar-morated stink bug populations. Bugs are attracted by aggregationpheromones at the top of the pyramid.

1Special

Pheromone Report

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2 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(3/4) Published June 2014

Update

always been rather low level pests.The invasive H. halys is more suc-cessful due to lack of specific natu-ral enemies, reproduction in largenumbers, wide host range, resist-ance to cold weather, effective over-wintering strategies, and increasedsurvival due to global warming (Leeet al. 2013). At crop sites through-out the mid-Atlantic states, H.halys is now the predominant stinkbug pest (Nielsen and Hamilton2009ab).Though there is some predation,

our native parasitoids have not yetadapted to the pest. Reproductionis prolific, as one female can lay anaverage of 240 eggs per generation.H. halys overwinters as adults,emerging in spring to start feedingwhen temperatures exceed 17°C(63°F). Long daylight hours, warmtemperatures, and food lead to sex-ual maturation within about twoweeks. In the Northeast there is onebreeding generation a year, but twogenerations have been seen in WestVirginia, and five generations a yearare possible in tropical climates(Leskey et al. 2012a; Lee et al.2013).

Survive Cold WeatherH. halys is more cold resistant

than most stink bug species nowliving in the U.S. For example,mean winter temperatures of 4°C(39.2°F) will kill 81% of the south-ern green stink bug, Nezara viridu-la, but only 31% of H. halys(Kiritani 2006). U.S. spring popula-tions of H. halys in 2014 were not

reduced by the unusually cold win-ter of 2013 (BMSB 2014). H. halys has effective overwinter-

ing strategies. Most U.S. stink bugsoverwinter in weeds and cropdebris. So crop sanitation and weedremoval can discourage overwinter-ing populations. But H. halys over-winters with a forest theme. Itchooses leaf litter, crawls under-neath tree bark, and can hide inwooded areas that make it more dif-ficult to intercept. And hordes of H.halys invade structures to spendthe winter in comfort (Lee et al.2013).

Increased Survival fromGlobal Warming

Global warming is contributing tothe increase and spread of manypests. Pest ranges are spreading,and early springs increase thenumber of generations a year(Quarles 2007; IPCC 2013). Globalwarming may have contributed toincrease and spread of H. halys.Temperatures in Japan and theU.S. have increased by nearly 1°C(1.8°F) over the last 100 years.When mean winter temperaturesare averaging about 4°C (39.2°F),every 1°C (1.8°F) increase canincrease winter survival rates of H.halys by about 16.5% (Kiritani2006; 2007).

Stink Bug DamageAdult bugs are about the size of a

dime (see Box A), but they are waymore than ten cents worth of trou-ble. H. halys sucks plant juicesthrough a feeding stylet. Injection ofsaliva can cause enzymatic damage,brown spots, surface depression,and mealy consistency in apples.Individual kernels of sweet corn aredestroyed. Bean pods are scarredand deformed. Grape berries aredestroyed, and wine may be tainted.Though most damage is to fruittrees, greater than 20% damage hasbeen seen in pepper, tomato, egg-plant and okra (Leskey et al.2012a). Damage to soybeanincludes deformed seeds, delayedmaturity and reduced yields(Nielsen et al. 2011). H. halys can

The IPM Practitioner is published six times per year by the Bio-Integral ResourceCenter (BIRC), a non-profit corporationundertaking research and education in inte-grated pest management. Managing Editor William Quarles Contributing Editors Sheila Daar

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Adult, H. halys

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also vector diseases such asPaulownia witches’ broom (Lee et al.2013).In the Northeast, adults of H.

halys feed on apples both early andlate in the season. Eggs are laid onapple, nymphs hatch, then walkaway from apples to another host.After nymphs develop into winteradults in July and August, they flyback to feed on apples. Damage toapples at harvest can exceed 25%in New Jersey and more than 70%in Pennsylvania. Pears and peachesare also damaged (Nielsen andHamilton 2009b; Leskey et al.2012b).In the Northeast, adults are first

found in late April on ornamentalssuch as princess tree, Paulowniatomentosa, and crop hosts such asapple and pear. Egg laying starts atthe end of May, and this coincideswith the first appearance of adultsin blacklight traps (see Monitoringbelow). Egg masses are seen bymid-June. Preferred hosts in Julyare viburnum and ash. Peak

appearance in blacklight traps isin August, showing late seasonmovement of fall adults to feedingsources (Nielsen and Hamilton2009a). Pheromone traps also showpeak populations in August (Weberet al. 2014).H. halys feeds through bark on

trees and ornamentals, leavingweeping holes of exudates.Martinson et al. (2013) found two-thirds of trees surveyed inMaryland had H. halys present, andabout 15% of trees had exudatesfrom feeding injuries. Nativehymenoptera such as paper wasps,yellowjackets and ants feed on theinjuries. This feeding can be viewedas good for native species, or ifthere are a lot of problems with yel-lowjackets, ants, and wasps asstructural pests, a bad thing.

What Makes a Stink Bug Stink?

H. halys invades structures, andone of the problems is the odor pro-duced. Stink bugs produce odorous

secretions, probably to deter preda-tors (Aldrich 1988; Millar 2005).The defensive secretions vary witheach species, but often containunsaturated aldehydes (Borges andAldrich 1992; Noge et al. 2012). Themajor stink chemical of H. halys is(E)-2-decenal. It can be detected inconcentrations of 0.3 microgramsper liter (Baldwin et al. 2014). Stink bug defensive secretions

can actually attract enemies suchas spiders and parasitoids (Aldrichand Barros 1995; Mattiacci et al.1993). As well as defensive secre-tions, stink bugs produce aggrega-tion pheromones, and these may ormay not have a noticeable odor(Weber et al. 2014). Aggregationpheromones are commercially avail-able (see Resources), and are espe-cially useful for monitoring and forattract and kill formulations (seeBox B).

MonitoringMonitoring can be done with

pheromone traps or light traps,

3IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(3/4) Published June 2014 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707

Update

Life stages are eggs, 5 nymphalinstars, and adults. Females lay clus-ters of barrel shaped, white to lightgreen eggs (1.6 mm) every 5-7 dayson the underside of leaves. About 9-16 batches of eggs are laid over a 2-3month period. Batch size averagesabout 28, and lifetime egg productionranges from 100-500, averagingabout 240 (Lee et al. 2013; Medal etal. 2012; 2013; Hoebeke and Carter2003). Adult H. halys are about the size of

a dime, approximately 17 mm (5/8in) long. They have typical stink bug“shield” shape, and are almost aswide as they are long. Adults aremarbled brown in color, antennaehave white bands, and edges of theabdomen have alternating light anddark markings. Nymphs range from2.5 to 12 mm (1/10 to 1/2 in),according to age of instar. Laterinstars have marbled brown bodieswith red, black and white abdomenmarkings and white banded legs andantennae. Only adults have function-al wings, so nymphs must walk

everywhere they go (Ingels and Varela2014; Jacobs 2014).Eggs hatch in 4-5 days, and each

nymphal instar lasts about a week,except the 5th instar continues fortwo weeks. Development from egg toadult is about 1.5 to 2 months.Adults live an average of about oneyear, and overwintering spring adultsusually die after egg laying is com-pleted (Lee et al. 2013). Adults emerge in the spring, spend

about two weeks feeding, then mateand start laying eggs at about theend of May. Eggs hatch in June andJuly, and fall adults have developedby August. Fall adults usually go intoreproductive diapause and start look-ing for overwintering sites inSeptember. These fall adults overwin-ter, emerge next spring, lay eggs anddie in the summer. Life cycle of H.halys is determined by day lengthand temperature. In warmer areas,there can be two or more breedinggenerations each year (Lee et al.2013; Medal et al. 2012; 2013).

Box A. Biology of BMSB

Nymph, H. halys

Empty egg cases, H. halys

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Updatevisual estimation, beat samples andsweep net samples (Leskey et al.2012b; Lee et al. 2013; Nielsen etal. 2013; Nielsen and Hamilton2009b). Blacklight traps are useful to

monitor for adult activity andmobility (see Resources). H. halys ismore active at night, and males andfemales are equally attracted tolight. White light attracts more H.halys than blue light. Blacklightpopulations can provide timing fortaking beat samples (Nielsen et al.2013; Leskey et al. 2012c). Black pyramid traps baited with

pheromones are useful monitoringtools, and they are commerciallyavailable (see AgBio Resources).[See photo on the front page.]Larger traps give better results thansmall ones, and placement on theground is more effective than in atree canopy (Leskey et al. 2012c). Pyramids are about 1.22 m (4 ft)

high, and on top is a 1.9 liter (2 qt)jar containing a lure (see Box B)and a killing strip of pesticide. Inapples, traps were spaced 5 m (16.4ft) from orchard edges, 20-25 m(65.6-82 ft) apart. The black pyra-mid shape is attractive probablybecause bugs mistake it for thetrunk of a tree. Initial tests weredone with MDT aggregation lures(see Box B). Attraction increasedwith the amount of MDT in thelures (Leskey et al. 2012c). Beat samples are used for trees or

woody shrubs. Limbs are tappedthree times with a rubber bat atheight of 1.5 to 3 m (5 to 9.8 ft).Startled insects drop into a canvasbeat sheet 71 cm by 71 cm (28 inby 28 in) (see BioQuip Resources).One early season adult per 10 treescould result in economic damage. Iffirst instar nymphs are found inbeat samples, the tree should bevisually inspected for egg masses(Nielsen and Hamilton 2009b). Sweep nets are better than beat

samples for monitoring soybeans(see Resources BioQuip). But largepyramid traps baited with aggrega-tion pheromones can detect bugsearlier in the season than sweep netsamples. Bugs move into soybeanduring critical bean developmenttimes. The full pod (R4) stage is

most vulnerable, and 4 bugs per0.3 m-row (4 per 1.0 ft-row) couldcause economic damage (Nielsen etal. 2011; Owens et al. 2013).

Physical BarriersRow covers could be effective in a

garden situation. Sticky barriersaround tree trunks could stopnymphs and many adults. Bagshave been used to protect fruit, butthis would be impractical for largeorchards (Lee et al. 2013; Jacobs2013). Netting has been used toprotect houses (see below)(Watanabe et al. 1994).

TrapsSuccessful traps include light

traps and pyramid traps. Lighttraps outside are mostly used formonitoring. Properly placed lighttraps inside may help with reduc-tion of overwintering populations(see Sterling Resources). Pyramidtraps are mostly used for monitor-ing, but the pheromone lures can

be used to cause H. halys aggrega-tions that can be destroyed bybiopesticides (Leskey et al. 2012c). Trap crops may be successful.

Early maturing soybeans have beenused as a trap crop to protect lateseason varieties (Lee et al. 2013).Fall planted triticale, crimson cloverand vetch, and spring planted sun-flower and buckwheat have beenrecommended as trap crops in theSoutheast. Bugs can be removedwith vacuums or sweep nets (Mizell2014).Boxes packed with straw, paper,

or straw mats have been used asoverwintering traps. Slit traps madeof layered wood have also beenused in this way (see below)

(Watanabe et al. 1994; Lee et al.2013).

RepellentsH. halys is repelled by essential

oils. Clove, lemongrass, spearmint,and ylang-ylang oils are nearly100% repellent. Wintergreen, gera-nium, and rosemary are 60-85%repellent. The aggregationpheromone of the spined soldierbug, Podisus maculiventris, is alsorepellent. The pheromone is a mix-ture of alpha-terpineol and (E)-2-hexenal (Aldrich et al. 2007; Zhanget al. 2013). Though essential oils are repel-

lent, they volatilize quickly and donot provide ongoing protection.Effectiveness might be improvedwith encapsulated, slow release for-mulations. Repellents might alsoused in combination with H. halysaggregation pheromones in a “pushpull” strategy to augment masstrapping or increase effectiveness ofattract and kill formulations.

Biological ControlBiological control is an important

component of brown marmoratedstink bug IPM. Since they are notmobile, eggs are the most vulnera-ble stage of H. halys. Though eggshatch within 4-5 days, females layclusters about every 5-7 days, pro-viding a continuous supply of eggsvulnerable to parasitoids and pred-ators for at least 10-12 weeks(Medal et al. 2013).Our native parasitoids have not

yet adapted to H. halys, and para-sitism rates are less than 5%(Aldrich et al. 2007). Classical bio-logical control may provide a solu-tion. The H. halys U.S. introductionlikely came from Beijing (Xu et al.2014). Trissolcus halyomorphae isan effective H. halys egg parasitoidfrom that area. Parasitism rates of20-70%, averaging 50%, are com-mon. The parasitoid overwinters asan adult, and its populations aresynchronized with H. halys. Theparasitoid produces 10 generationsa year. Female to male ratios areabout 5:1, and one female para-sitizes all the eggs in a typical 28egg BMSB cluster before moving on.

Trissolcus halyomorphae

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UpdateT. halyomorphae is identical with T.mitsukurii, which is found in Japan(Yang et al. 2009).Stink bugs produce stinky defen-

sive secretions to deter predators.But birds eat nymphs and adultsanyway (Ingels and Varela 2014).General predators such aslacewings, ladybugs, and piratebugs, Orius sp. feed on H. halyseggs. Predation of H. halys eggs byspiders and bigeyed bugs, Geocorissp. in Maryland soybeans canapproach 50% (Leskey et al. 2012a).Many of the same predators attackour native stink bugs, followingthem from crop to crop (Tillman2010; 2011).Tachinid flies such as Euclytia

flava are attracted by MDT aggrega-tion pheromones. So pheromonemonitoring can increase biocontrolwhen both tachinids and pests aredrawn to the same areas (Aldrich etal. 2007).

BiopesticidesConventional management of

BMSB is multiple applications ofpesticides. However, of 37 pesticidestested, residues of about one-thirdkilled less than 50% of the bugs.Pyrethroids tend to knock themdown, but many bugs recover with-in 7 days (Leskey et al. 2012e). Biopesticides may be just as

effective as more toxic or environ-mentally destructive materials. Aswell as mortality, they can havevaluable sublethal effects. Neem(azadirachtin) formulations act asantifeedants and may decreasefecundity. Pyrethrins are repellentand can be lethal (Lee et al. 2013).The combination of neem andpyrethrins (Azera™) can be used inorganic agriculture (Jacobs 2014). Chitin synthesis inhibitors such

as novaluron and diflubenzuron arenot effective against eggs or adults,but will kill nymphal stages. Spraysapplied during June and July willtarget developing nymphs(Kamminga et al. 2012).Some microbial biopesticides

show promise (Quarles 2013).Chromobacterium sp. (Grandevo®)(see Marrone Resources) is moreeffective than the pyrethroid esfen-valerate and many other conven-

tional pesticides (Leskey et al.2012d). Laboratory tests ofChromobacterium showed 100%mortality against the southerngreen stink bug, Nezara viridula(Martin et al. 2007). The Japanese fungus, Ophio-

cordyceps nutans, specificallyattacks stink bugs (Sasaki et al.2012). Fungi such as Beauveriabassiana or Metarhizium anisopliaeare effective against H. halys (seeResources). Lab tests showed sever-al isolates of B. bassiana, includinga commercial formulation(Botanigard™) gave 100% mortalityto H. halys. Isolates of M. anisopliaeproduced about 85% mortality.MET52™ is a commercial formula-tion of M. anisopliae (see Resources)(Gouli et al. 2012).

Pesticide ReductionsIn soybeans H. halys accumulates

on field edges. Spraying only theperiphery reduces pesticide use by85%, while retaining effectiveness.Most of the damage done in applesand sweet corn is also done inouter rows (Leskey et al. 2012ac)Spray reductions may result from

a knowledge of H. halys behavior.Adults fly up to the trunk of a tree,then walk up the trunk into thecanopy. Since nymphs have nowings, they also walk into thecanopy. Banding tree trunks withpesticides or sticky barriers couldreduce the amount of pesticidesapplied. Pyramid traps baited withaggregation pheromones may alsobe used to lure the pest to discreetlocations, reducing applied pesti-cides (Leskey et al. 2012ac).

A late season attractant for H.halys is the aggregation pheromoneof the related stink bug, Plautiastali. This pheromone, methyl(E,E,Z)-2,4,6 decatrienoate (MDT), isuseful for late season monitoringand mass trapping of H. halys. Thepheromone also attracts other stinkbugs, and acts as a kairomone,attracting stink bug natural ene-mies, such as tachinids and wasps(Cottrell et al. 2014; Aldrich et al.2009; Aldrich et al. 2007; Khrimianet al. 2008). The P. stali pheromone(MDT) is used in the commercialpyramid trap sold by AgBio (seeResources). Addition of murgantiol (10,11-

epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol), the aggre-gation pheromone of the harlequinbug, Murgantia histrionica, makesthe P. stali pheromone more attrac-tive to BMSB earlier in the season.Sterling Intl. (see Resources) usesthis combination for a commercialmonitoring trap (Zhang et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2014ab).

Natural PheromoneThe USDA has recently isolated

the true aggregation pheromonesecreted by H. halys adult males. Amajor component is (3S,6S,7R,10S)-10-11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol(SSRS). This is related to 1,10-bis-

aboladien-3-ol (zingiberenol) whichoccurs in ginger, Zingiber officinale(Weber et al. 2014).A minor component is

(3R,6S,7R,10S)-10,11-epoxy-1-bis-abolen-3-ol (RSRS). The SSRS toRSRS ratio in the naturalpheromone is 3.5 to 1. DonaldWeber of the USDA tested the H.halys pheromone and found mix-tures of these two componentsattract and capture both H. halysadults and nymphs (Weber et al.2014). Addition of the H. halys

pheromone to MDT is synergistic,and the combined mixture (COMB)is attractive throughout the year.The combined lure catches 3-4times more adults and 2-4 timesmore nymphs than MDT alone.COMB is attractive to spring adults,fall adults, and nymphs. Field testsshowed the first H. halys adultsappeared in April, and largest num-bers of adults and nymphs werefound in August (Weber et al. 2014). COMB makes it possible to moni-

tor early season populations, estab-lish economic thresholds for IPM,implement mass trapping, and pro-duce attract and kill formulations.The all-season attractant is a giantstep toward effective, reduced riskIPM management of BMSB.

Box B. Aggregation Pheromones

Leskey et al. (2012c) baited treeswith aggregation pheromones toreduce pesticide applications. Ninetrees in a border row were baitedwith pheromones, then pesticideswere used to destroy the bugs.At temperatures of 21°C (70°F) or

less, Li et al. (2007) achieved an88% reduction in pesticides appliedto trees by beating trees with sticks,causing BMSB to drop to theground. Pesticides were thenapplied to bugs on the soil.

Organic Home GardensH. halys will eat tomatoes, corn,

beans and other garden vegetables.It will also feast on apples, peachesand pears. Shade trees and rosesare part of the menu. A list of 170host plants can be found at thewebsite StopBMSB.org. If there arelarge populations overwintering in

your neighborhood, you may haveto use row covers. Row covers oflightweight polyester or polypropy-lene will protect crops, but you willhave to remove them to allow polli-nation (Nielsen and Hamilton2009a; Ingels and Varela 2014).Fruit tree protection is difficult,

but BMSB prefers to fly up to thetrunk of a tree, then walk up thetrunk into the canopy (Leskey et al.2012c). Sticky barriers around thetrunk might stop nymphs andadults from climbing. Applying a 1ft wide (30 cm) band of naturalpyrethrins around the trunk mightalso prevent colonization.Ultimately, this approach may fail ifadults adapt their behavior and flydirectly into the canopy.

Destroy egg masses on the under-side of leaves starting in June.Hand pick bugs and drop intosoapy water or use a hand heldvacuum cleaner to remove themfrom plants (Ingels and Varela2014).As usual, providing floral

resources for natural enemies suchas lacewings, parasitoids and lady-bugs to encourage biocontrol isworthwhile (Quarles 2014a).

Pheromone Traps in Gardens

Pheromone traps (see Resources)may give early warning, but if pop-ulations are large, trap spillovermay lead to plant damage. Sargentet al. (2014) found that pheromonetraps led to increased bug coloniza-tion and increased damage inMaryland tomatoes. Traps wereplaced near tomato plants. About300 bugs were caught in each trap,but bugs aggregated near the trap,damaging plants nearby and up to6 m (18 ft) away.If you use pheromone traps in

your garden, you should spacethem away from desirable plants.The traps will give you early warn-ing, but you must be prepared tovacuum up the trap spillover, or killthe bugs with least-toxic pesticidessuch as (Azera®).

House InvasionsBrown marmorated stink bugs

are rude guests, as they eat yourgarden and then move in with you.Some houses have seen more than25,000 bugs invade. These bugs flytoward lights, colliding with people.Fortunately, the bugs do not repro-duce or feed while overwintering.They do not bite or carry diseases,but they produce unpleasant smellswhen crushed, and fill a house withexcrement. Proteins associated withthe bugs can cause allergies (Inkley2012; Mertz et al. 2012).Reproduction is prolific. If your

house is invaded by 25,000 H.halys, this group of bugs could pro-duce a summer population ofalmost three million in the immedi-ate vicinity of your home (Lee et al.2013; Kawada and Kitamura 1983).

Overwintering bugs like to hide indark, tight places. Attics arefavorite hideaways. Inkley (2012)found about 60% of the invadingpopulation was in the attic. Therest were captured in the livingspace. Bugs may hide in cracks andcrevices along baseboards, door andwindow trim, and in light fixtures(Toyama et al. 2011; Ingels andVarela 2014).

Exclusion is BestThe best approach is exclusion.

Pay especial attention to the side ofthe house facing the sunset. Caulkup all holes, make sure that win-dow screens fit tightly. Pay atten-tion to sealing around window airconditioners. Cover attic and foun-dation vents with screens. Makesure the chimney is protected witha screen. Weatherstrip doors, andmake sure each one has functionaldoor sweep (Ingels and Varela2014). In Japan, boxes filled with straw,

paper, or straw mats are used astraps outside to attract overwinter-ing bugs. They also use special“slit” traps of layered pieces of ply-wood. Bugs crawl into the slits cutbetween the boards and aretrapped. One 90 x 90 cm (36 by 36in) slit trap placed on the groundtrapped 2693 bugs (Watanabe et al.1994). Near complete exclusion was

achieved by covering exterior wallswith 1 cm (0.4 in) mesh nettingtreated with pyrethroids. Deetrepellent around windows alsohelped exclude bugs (Watanabe etal. 1994). Deet also repels the lady-bug, Harmonia axyridis, anotherstructural invader (Riddick et al.2004). In the U.S., pheromone trapsare available for use outside thatattract overwintering bugs, reduc-ing the number of invaders (seeSterling Resources).

Do Not Use Pesticides Inside

If they get inside your livingspace, do not use foggers. Any thatyou kill will just be replaced by oth-ers crawling from wall voids. If pes-ticides are applied to kill popula-

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IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(3/4) Published June 2014 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 947076

Update

H. halys damages apples.

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Updatetions in wall voids, large numbersof dead bugs may attract flies andcarpet beetles (Jacobs 2014). The best approach is to use a

vacuum cleaner to remove themfrom your living space. Bugs cangive a vacuum cleaner an odor, sohaving an old one just for this pur-pose is the best idea. Bugs can bekilled by dropping them into soapywater. Live bugs should not bedropped into garbage. Bugs insideare attracted to a light trap. Theseare commercially available (seeSterling Resources). Or you can usea desk lamp over a pan of soapywater as a trap (BMSB 2014).

ConclusionThe BMSB invasion will likely

increase and spread. The invasivepest is favored by prolific reproduc-tion, wide host range, lack of specif-ic natural enemies, cold tolerance,global warming, and overwinteringskills. There can be a short lag timebetween initial invasion and popu-lation explosions. Monitoring isextremely important, andpheromone monitoring can now givean early warning. Biological control of eggs is a

promising approach. Predators inthe U.S. are effective, but para-sitoids have not adapted.Importation of a more effective eggparasitoid may be necessary.Biopesticides are available that canhelp manage populations withoutkilling bees. Special techniquessuch as banding trees, using aggre-gation pheromones in attract andkill formulations, and sprayingperimeters of row crops andorchards can reduce amount ofpesticide applied. Overwinteringtraps and efficient exclusion canreduce the impact of BMSB insidehouses. The brown marmoratedstink bug is not going to go away,but IPM techniques can limit thedamage.

AcknowledgementThe author wishes to thank Erin

Berg for helping with the researchon this article.

William Quarles, Ph.D. is an IPMSpecialist, Managing Editor of theIPM Practitioner, and ExecutiveDirector of the Bio-IntegralResource Center (BIRC). He can bereached by email at [email protected].

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Khrimian, A., P.W. Shearer, A.J. Zhang et al.2008. Field trapping of the invasive brownmarmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys,with geometric isomers of methyl 2,4,6-deca-trienoate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56(1):197-203.

7

Beauveria (Botanigard®)—LaverlamInternational, 117 South Parkmont,PO Box 4109, Butte, MT 59702;406/782-2386. Fax 406/782-9912;www.laverlamint.com. BioWorks Inc.,100 Rawson Road, Suite 205, Victor,NY 14564; 800/877-9443, 585/924-4362, Fax 800/903-2377;www.bioworksinc.com

Chromobacterium (Grandevo®)—Marrone Bio Innovations, 2121Second St., Suite B-107, Davis, CA95618; 877/664-4476, 530/750-2800;www.marronebioinnovations.com

Indoor Light Trap—SterlingInternational, Inc., 3808 N. SullivanRd., Bldg 16, Spokane, WA 99216;800/666-6766, 509/926-6766, Fax509/928-7313; www.rescue.com

Metarhizium (MET52®)—NovozymesBiologicals, 77 Perry Chapel ChurchRd., Franklinton, NC 27525;919/494-3000, Fax 919/494-3450;www.novozymes.com

Neem plus pyrethrins (Azera®)—MGKCompany, 8810 10th Avenue North,Minneapolis, MN 55427; 800/645-6466, 763/544-0341, Fax 763/544-6437; www.pyganic.com;www.mgk.com

Pheromone Baited Black Pyramid Trap(Dead Inn™)—AgBio Inc., 9915Raleigh St., Westminister, CO 80031;877/268-2020, 303/469-9221, Fax303/469-9598; agbio-inc.com

Pheromone Lures—Trécé Inc., PO Box129, Adair, OK 74330; 866/785-1313, 918/785-3061, Fax 918/785-3063; www.trece.com

Pheromone Trap—Sterling, see aboveSweep Nets, Beat Sheets, Black Lights—

BioQuip Products, 2321 GladwickStreet, Rancho Dominguez, CA90220; 310/667-8800, Fax 310/667-8808; www.bioquip.com

Sticky Barriers (Tanglefoot®)—ContechEnterprises, 7572 Progress Way,Delta, BC, CANADA V4G 1E4;604/940-9944, Fax 604/940-9433;www.contech-inc.com

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8

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Update

ical sprays, and mating disruption,”said Nay. In 10 paired almondfields, mass trapping was just aseffective as one hullsplit pyrethroidspray. Mating disruption blocks hadtwo traps per acre (0.4 ha); and atsome levels of infestation, sprayswere neither necessary nor econom-ical.“In order to eliminate ‘insurance’

sprays, thresholds are being testedto remove the fear farmers mighthave with not making an applica-tion,” said Nay.

NOW Pheromone andEgg Traps

“Navel orangeworm (NOW),Amyelois transitella, is the principalinsect pest of California’s multi-mil-lion dollar almond crop,” saidCharles Burks (USDA-ARS, 9611 S.Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648;[email protected]). In

NOW IPM programs, sanitation andearly harvest date are consideredkey cultural practices. Moths aremonitored with pheromone trapsand egg traps to determine when toapply hullsplit sprays.NOW was “previously monitored

using egg traps,” said Burks. But

“egg traps are more labor-intensiveand provide poorer detection” thanpheromone traps. The problem isthat 2-6 weeks can elapse betweenthe capture of male NOW moths inpheromone traps and female egg-laying, the event used to time hull-split sprays. Another complicationis that Kern County has four gener-ations of NOW flights; overwinteringmoths plus three generations.Hence, timing IPM treatmentsbased on pheromone trap catches isproblematic at best.“We used a 4-year data set, col-

lected from 32 1 ha (2.47 a) plotsspread over 220,000 ha (543,632acres) of Kern County, CA to com-pare the phenology of pheromoneand egg traps, and to examine therelationship between counts inpheromone and egg traps and sub-sequent damage.”“These observations suggest that

monitoring with egg traps inalmonds for the first flight onlywould provide useful informationabout risk of navel orangeworminfestation relative to previousyear,” said Burks. “Pheromonetraps are probably sufficient fortiming hullsplit insecticide applica-tions.”

Mexican Fruit Fly 2-Component Lure

“The Mexican fruit fly (MFF),Anastrepha ludens, is a pestspecies of economic importancewith the potential to cause millionsof dollars in damage to citrus andother fruit,” said David Bartels(USDA-APHIS, 22675 N. MoorefieldRd, Edinburg, TX 78541;[email protected]). “Aten week field study was conductedto evaluate the effectiveness of baitstations with GF-120 fruit fly bait(with spinosad) imbedded in a waxmatrix to control MFF.”

“Lures attract flies which thenfeed on the wax matrix, and thespinosad kills the flies as a stomachpoison,” said Bartels. “Spinosad is

Conference Notes

9

9

By Joel Grossman

T hese Conference Highlightsare from the Nov. 10-13,2013, Entomological Societyof America (ESA) annual meeting inAustin, Texas. ESA’s next annualmeeting is November 16-19, 2014,in Portland, Oregon. For moreinformation contact the ESA (3 ParkPlace, Suite 307, Annapolis, MD21401; 301/731-4535;http://www.entsoc.org).

Monitoring and MassTrapping NOW

“Almonds, pistachios and walnutproduction in California was valuedat approximately $5 billion on overa million combined acres (404,686ha) in 2012,” said Justin Nay(Integral Ag Inc, PO Box 537,Durham, CA 95938; [email protected]). Direct and indirectcosts associated with navel orange-worm (NOW), Amyelois transitella,and its management are likely toexceed 2% annually and in severeinfestation years may reach as highas 5%.“Current industry standards for

NOW management are to treat 2-4times per year with organophos-phates, carbamates, pyrethroids,and various new chemistries,” saidNay. Sanitation and removal ofoverwintering host material (mum-mies) is also used. “Very little, ifany, of these management tacticsutilize treatment thresholds oractual measurements of pest densi-ties.”A new monitoring and mass trap

has been developed by PetersonTrap Co. in Visalia CA. GPS/GIS‘heat’ maps of moths per trap allowfor tracking of moth movementbetween blocks. Traps also uncoverflight patterns such as “hill topping,individual field emergence, anddown row versus across row move-ment.”Traps allow evaluation of tactics

such as “mummy sanitation, chem-

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707IPM Practitioner, XXXIV(3/4) Published June 2014 9

Conference Notes

2013 ESA ConferenceSpecial Pheromone Report

Mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens

footsteps, broken trichomes andchemical emissions; plants mayperceive these cues and prime theirdefensive systems against insectattack, said Anjel Helms(Pennsylvania State Univ, 541 ASIbldg, University Park, PA 16802;[email protected]). For example,plants of tall goldenrod, Solidagoaltissima, exposed to the sexpheromone of the male gall fly,Eurosta solidaginis, have strongerinsect defenses [enhanced jasmonicacid pathway induction] and sufferless damage from beetle feeding.Other plants do not “smell” the gallfly, and volatile emissions from E.solidaginis do not prime the defens-es of unrelated plants such assquash or asters.

“This phenomenon appears tooccur between coevolved plant andinsect species” such as goldenrodand the specialist gall fly. Helmsemphasized that the gall fly emis-sions are not HIPVs (Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles) for golden-rod plants. Rather, as a result ofcoevolution, goldenrod plants “per-ceive” the chemicals emitted by thefly. Each of the gall fly pheromonecompounds should be researchedseparately for deterrence of herbi-vore feeding.

Stink Bug AggregationPheromones

The Pentatomidae, known asstink bugs for their volatile scent,has about 5,000 described species,both pests and beneficials such asthe spined soldier bug, Podisusmaculiventris, said Donald Weber(USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705;[email protected]). Male-pro-

duced stink bug aggregationpheromones usually attract bothfemales and nymphs. They can alsoattract stink bug natural enemiessuch as hymenopterous parasitoids,tachinid flies, specialist predatorsand sphecid wasps. (See the leadarticle in this issue.)In Japan, aggregation

pheromones of the brown-wingedgreen bug, Plautia stali, are usedfor monitoring, mass trapping, andauto-dissemination of the ento-mopathogenic fungus, Beauveriabassiana. Plautia stali moves frompines to persimmons. The aggrega-tion pheromone, MDT (methyl(2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate), attractsboth males and females to pottedeggplant trap plants. But there is aspillover effect, and persimmons aredamaged by hundreds of thousandsof stink bugs overwhelming the trapplants. But tachinid fly natural ene-mies are also attracted by the MDT.Hence, the ecology is complex andspatial considerations and pestdensity need to be considered whenusing aggregation pheromones andtrap plants. To protect Georgia cotton fields

from the brown stink bug,Euschistus servus, which migratesin from peanut fields, pheromonetraps can be combined with trapcrop strips of sorghum.An important soybean pest in

southern Japan is redbanded shieldbug, Piezodorus hybneri. Malesemit a pheromone whose majorcomponents include beta-sesquiphellandrene, (R)-15-hexade-canolide, and methyl (Z)-8-hexade-cenoate. Male emissions vary withage and life stage. Diapausingmales produce no pheromone, indi-cating the pheromone is alsoinvolved in sexual communication.To further complicate matters, P.hybneri also responds topheromones of other stink bugspecies.The harlequin bug, Murgantia

histrionica, produces an aggrega-tion pheromone that also attractsthe brown marmorated stink bug(BMSB), Halyomorpha halys. Thus,aggregation of harlequin bugs inborder rows of a mustard trap cropwill protect cole crops, and BSMB

10

produced by a naturally occurringbacterium, Saccharopolyspora spin-osa, and is considered an organicinsecticide that can be used byorganic growers. Laboratory bioas-says indicated that at least 24 to 48hours are required for the stomachpoison to immobilize or kill adultflies.”“Bait stations contain a two-com-

ponent lure consisting of putresineand ammonium acetate to attractadult MFF,” said Bartels. Bait trapMFF mortality was over 90% after aweek; versus under 10% for con-trols.Bait stations may be especially

useful in residential yards wherefruit often remains on the trees yeararound. They may also be useful asa tool for organic growers.

SPLAT RepellentsWhen citrus and guava are inter-

planted there is very little Asian cit-rus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri,or huanglongbing disease, saidAgenor Mafra-Neto (ISCA Tech,1230 Spring St, Riverside, CA92507; [email protected]).Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), acrushed guava sulfur compoundthat is cheap and easily obtained,was formulated into the amor-phous, flowable SPLAT®(Specialized Pheromone and LureApplication Technology) matrix.SPLAT sprays dry into long-lasting,slow-release dollops. In 35-tree testblocks in Florida, as well as inBrazil, SPLAT® DMDS repelledAsian citrus psyllid (see IPMP34(1/2) IPM for Asian CitrusPsyllid).Verbenone, antiaggregation

pheromone of the mountain pinebeetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae,was formulated as SPLAT® Verb toprotect pine forests from this barkbeetle. EPA has given unconditionalorganic registration for the WesternStates, except California which hasits own separate regulatory system,said Mafra-Neto.

Plants “Smell” PestPheromones

Insects provide a variety of cluesto their presence on plants, such as

Conference Notes

10


Conference Notes

H. halys adult

N. E

astern

IPM Cen

ter, StopBMSB.org

the periphery of the plantation tointercept beetles that might invadethe area.”In Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia, Hook

RPW was applied under hot, aridconditions in a 14 ha (35 acre) dateplantation at 250 points/ha (100points/acre). Hook RPW pointsources were individually placed atthe bottom of standard buckettraps to better measure (weekly)weevil numbers attracted andkilled.Weevil captures were not signifi-

cantly different between the HookRPW and plots treated with FBPT.Hook RPW could substantiallyreduce the cost of an areawide IPMprogram.

European Corn BorerPheromone Races

“European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis, was introducedfrom Europe to New England inbroom corn near a broom factory inEverett, MA some time from 1909-1913, most likely in 1910...and wascausing serious damage to corn by1914,” said Thomas Sappington(USDA-ARS, Iowa State Univ,Genetics Bldg, Ames, IA, 50011;[email protected]).After its introduction, it then spreadwestward, into and across the CornBelt, reaching Iowa in the 1940sand the foot of the RockyMountains by the late 1970s. There are ECB races that are

“partially reproductively isolated,”said Sappington. “The Z and Epheromone races are characterizedby different dominant racemic iso-mers in their sex pheromoneblends. The Z-race is widespreadeast of the Rockies, while the E-race is restricted to the easternU.S., with only low proportions of Emoths as far west as Ohio.”There are also ECB races based

on voltism (number of generationsper year). “There is B for bivoltine(=multivoltine) or U for univoltine(one brood per season),” saidSappington. The B race can exhibit1-5 generations per year dependingon latitude and environmental con-ditions. The U race produces onlyone generation per year regardless

11

will be attracted to harlequin bugaggregation pheromone. MDT syn-ergizes the attraction (see the leadarticle in this issue).The spined soldier bug, a benefi-

cial predator, has an aggregationpheromone that attracts males,females, adults and nymphs. Inpotatoes, the aggregationpheromone keeps the predator infields to eat Colorado potato beetles.Similarly, the aggregationpheromone keeps soldier beetles intomato fields to eat cabbage loop-ers.

Red Palm WeevilPheromones and Areawide

IPM“The red palm weevil (RPW),

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is aninternal tissue borer reported toinfest 40 palm species worldwide,”including date palms in the MiddleEast, said Lyndsie Stoltman (ISCATech, 1230 Spring St, Riverside, CA92507; [email protected]). Pheromone traps have beenused to monitor and mass trapRPW in areawide management pro-grams. However, these conventionalfood-baited pheromone traps(FBPTs) must be installed and rou-tinely serviced. Frequent servicingof FBPTs becomes cumbersome andcostly, especially at a higher trapdensity. Hook™ RPW is an attract and kill

formulation containing RPWpheromone and a contact insecti-cide in an amorphous and flowablepaste. The paste can be applied viadisposable plastic syringes, caulk-ing guns and various spray tech-nologies. “When applied as discretedollops (2-4 g), red palm weevils ofboth sexes are highly attracted toHook RPW point sources. Weevilscontacting Hook RPW point sourcesreceive a lethal dose of insecticide.”Red palm weevils that contact theHook RPW dollop become seden-tary, and die within a few hours.“It is preferred that Hook RPW be

applied to a non-host surface suchas wooden stakes placed betweenpalm trees,” said Stoltman. “We rec-ommend applying a higher densityof Hook RPW point sources around


Conference Notes CalendarJune 19-21, 2014. 71st Annual Convention, PestControl Operators of CA. Harrah’s, Las Vegas,NV. Contact: www.pcoc.org

June 19, 2014. Sustainable/Organic Practices.Pala Mesa Resort, Fallbrook, CA. Contact: SteveBeckley, [email protected]

July 24-26, 2014. Mid-Atlantic Conference,NPMA. Wrightsville Beach, NC. Contact:NPMA, www.npmapestworld.org

August 8-10, 2014. NOFA Summer Conference.UMass, Amherst, MA. Contact: ChristineRainville, 508/572-0816; www.nofasummercon-ference.org

August 10-15, 2014. 99th Annual ConferenceEcological Society of America. Sacramento, CA.Contact: www.esa.org

August 9-13, 2014. Annual Conference AmericanPhytopathological Society (APS). Minneapolis,MN. Contact: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St.Paul, MN 55121; 651-454-7250; [email protected]

September 21, 2014. Bird Conservation AllianceMeeting. St. Louis, MO. Contact: Steve Holmer,Bird Conservation Alliance, 202-88-7490;[email protected]

September 30, 2014. Deadline ApplicationEcological Horticulture, Center for Agroecology,Santa Cruz, CA. Contact: CASFS, UC SantaCruz, 831-459-3240; [email protected]

October 21-24, 2014. PestWorld, NPMA AnnualMeeting. Orlando, FL. Contact: NPMA, 10460North St., Fairfax, VA 22030; 800-678-6722;www.npmapestworld.org

November 16-19, 2014. Annual ESA Meeting.Portland, OR. Contact: ESA, 10001 DerekwoodLane, Suite 100, Lanham, MD 20706; 301/731-4535; http://www.entsoc.org

January 21-24, 2015. 34th Annual EcoFarmConference. Asilomar, Pacific Grove, CA.Contact: Ecological Farming Association,831/763-2111; [email protected]

February, 2015. Annual Conference, AssociationApplied Insect Ecologists, Monterey, CA.Contact: www.aaie.net

February, 2015. Annual Meeting Weed ScienceSociety of America. Lexington, KY. Contact:www.wssa.net

February, 2015. 26th Annual Moses OrganicFarm Conference. La Crosse, WI. Contact:Moses, PO Box 339, Spring Valley, WI 54767;715/778-5775; www.mosesorganic.org

March 2015. California Small Farm Conference.Contact: www.californiafarmconference.com

March 24-26, 2015. 8th Intl. IPM Symposium.Salt Lake City, UT. Contact: Elaine Wolff,[email protected]

Conference Notesseason, physiological status, nutri-tive conditions, and bean cultivar.More is produced when bean bugsfeed on soybean seeds and plantparts together, versus feeding onlyon seeds or only on plant parts.

Boll Weevil ExtendedRelease Pheromone

“With the exception of SouthTexas, the boll weevil, Anthonomusgrandis, has been eradicated from

all cotton production areas in theU.S.,” said Charles Suh (USDA-ARS, 2771 F&B Rd, College Station,TX, 77845; [email protected]). “However, programs continueto operate pheromone traps inthese eradicated areas to detectpotential re-infestation of weevils.”In order to reduce trapping costs,the trap servicing interval wasextended from a weekly schedule toa three-week interval. The extendedinterval was made possible by thedevelopment of an extended releasepheromone lure.Standard lures contain ~10 mg of

grandlure (synthesized pheromone),and can last two weeks. Extendedrelease lures contain ~25 mg ofgrandlure plus ~30 mg of eugenol,and last three weeks. To furtherreduce trapping costs, a 4-weektrap servicing interval is beingsought. Monthly servicing requiresa new, longer-lasting lure.Grandlure has increased 50% in

price the past two years, makingincreased lure doses uneconomical.“Development of a dispenser thatreleases pheromone in a controlledmanner may be a more efficient andeconomical approach,” said Suh.“In collaboration with Scentry

Biologicals Inc., efforts were initiat-ed in 2012 to develop such a dis-penser.”“Our ultimate goal is to develop a

dispenser loaded with 25 mg ofgrandlure that releases at least 4mg of grandlure per week duringthe first three weeks and at least 2mg during the fourth week of agingunder a broad range of environmen-tal conditions,” said Suh.

Leafroller 4-ComponentSex Pheromone

Chilean fruit leafroller, Proeuliaauraria (Tortricidae), is an economi-cally important pest of vineyardsand varied crops “due to its quar-antine status and increasing severi-ty of infestations,” said TomislavCurkovic (Univ de Chile, Casilla1004, Santiago, Chile;[email protected]). “Two com-pounds produced by females inabdominal tissue were identified inthe late 1970s as (E)-11-tetradecen-l-yl acetate (E11-14OAc) and (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14OH), and amixture of these compounds wasproven to be attractive to males inthe field. Based on these results,the bait for monitoring of P. aurariain Chile is a lure developed forPlatynota idaeusalis (TBAM; tuftedapple bud moth), a species notpresent in Chile, which contains 10mg of a 1:1 mixture of those com-pounds.”To produce a better pheromone,

pheromone glands of P. aurariafemales were extracted, producingthree active compounds; and insome cases a fourth. Field experi-ments with varying ratios of thefour active compounds showed thata 4-component mixture containing1% Z11-14OAc was the mostattractive treatment, whereas theblend with 4% Z11-14OAc did notdiffer from the control. All 3-compo-nent blends were less attractivethan the 4-component mixture with1% of Z11-14OAc.Identification of these “biologically

active minor compounds” is a steptowards formulation of an optimizedpheromone blend more specific forthe Chilean fruit leafroller. This“paves the way for formulation of

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of photoperiod or temperature. TheB race is now widespread in NorthAmerica except perhaps in thenorthernmost part of the ECBrange.

Multiple Generations and Colonization

“Geographic spread of ECB wasrelatively slow for several decades,”said Sappington. An unpublishedUSDA report from 1955 noted: “Foralmost twenty years the area ofinfestation increased at a very slowrate....During the late thirties somechange took place which resulted ina second generation...Shortly afterthe establishment of two genera-tions per year, the borer began tospread rapidly westward and north-ward.”“Taken together, evidence from

the early ECB literature on voltin-ism and range expansion suggeststhat the BZ race of ECB, currentlythe most widespread and destruc-tive race in North America, wasintroduced independently fromEurope sometime in the mid to late1930s.”

Bean Bug AggregationPheromone

Bean bugs, Riptortus pedestris,are pests of beans, peas, lentils,chickpeas, and other crops, saidHyo-Seob Shin (Chungnam NationalUniv, 99 Daehakro, Yuseung Gu,Daejeon 305-764, South Korea;[email protected]). Bean bugsalso visit hairy vetch, Vicia villosa,green manure crops, but cannotdevelop to maturity on that plantalone.Adult male bean bugs produce an

aggregation pheromone attractingmale and female adults andnymphs. The bean bug aggregationpheromone lure (Greenagrotech,Korea) includes: (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate; (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate; and tetradecyl isobu-tyrate.Aggregation pheromone produc-

tion was assayed for bean bugsfeeding on mung bean, hairy vetch,yellow soybean, black soybean andcranberry bean. Aggregationpheromone secretion is affected by


Conference Notes

Boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis


Conference Notes

winter was warmer and 50% of thecolonies died. The results suggest thatneonicotinoids ingested by summer beescan interfere with honey bee reproduc-tion and survival during the winter.

Lu, C., K,M. Warchol and R.A.Callahan. 2014. Sublethal exposure toneonicotinoids impaired honey beeswinterization before proceeding tocolony collapse disorder. Bull. Insectol.67(1):125-130.

Glyphosate Accumulatesin Roundup Ready™

SoybeansContinued use of glyphosate on

GMOs has led to resistant superweeds,which in turn has led to increasedglyphosate applications. (See “SystemicPesticides and Genetically EngineeredCrops,” IPMP 33(3/4):1-9)

The authors of this study analyzedmarket samples of organic, convention-al, and GMO soybeans. They foundlarge concentrations of glyphosate inGMO soybeans. Average concentrationsof glyphosate (3.26 mg/kg) plus thedegradation product AMPA (5.74 mg/kg)totaled nearly 9 mg/kg, and maximumconcentrations were near 20 mg/kg.High levels were not found in conven-tional or organic soybeans.

When Roundup Ready™ soybeanswere first released, maximum residuelevels (MRL) of 5.6 mg/kg were consid-ered extreme. Since then, the MRLallowed in the EU and U.S. has beenraised to 20 mg/kg. Residues are higherbecause of more frequent glyphosateapplications and applications later inthe season.

Nutritional analysis of organic, con-ventional, and GMO soybeans werecompared. Organic soybeans had higherlevels of protein, GMO had higher levelsof fatty acids.

Herbicide residues have often beenoverlooked, but will become moreimportant if GMO crops resistant to 2,4-D and other herbicides are approved.

Bohn, T., M. Cuhra, T. Traavik et al.2014. Compositional differences in soy-beans on the market: glyphosate accu-mulates in Roundup Ready GM soy-beans. Food Chemistry 153:207-215.

On May 30, 2014 the EPA announcedthat 12 d-CON rodenticide products willbe voluntarily withdrawn from the con-sumer market. These rodenticides werenot sold in bait stations, and eight ofthese products contained 2nd genera-tion anticoagulants such as brodifa-coum. These anticoagulants persist inthe environment and kill dogs, raptors,and other wildlife through secondarypoisoning when they eat a poisoned rat.(See “Raptors and Rodenticides,”Common Sense Pest Control Quarterly28(1-4). These were the last 2nd genera-tion anticoagulants remaining on theconsumer market.

Summer Bees Poisoned,Winter Bees Die

Harvard researchers showed in 2012that when summer bees were fed sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid, no obviouseffects of poisoning immediatelyappeared. About six months later, thepoisoned colonies died. This kind ofdelayed effect mimics symptoms ofcolony collapse disorder. (See “Pesticidesand Honey Bee Death and Decline,”IPMP 33(1/2):1-8.)

The experiment has been repeatedwith the neonicotinoids imidaclopridand clothianidin. Pesticides at a concen-tration of 135 ppb were administered for13 weeks. Each bee received about 0.74ng/day. [An ng is one-billionth of agram.] This is well below the minimumlethal dose of 3.4 ng/bee.

No morbidity or mortality wasobserved in either the 12 treatedcolonies or the six controls until winter.Then both neonicotinoid and controlbees started to die due to the effects ofwinter. But in January, control coloniesstarted to expand due to reproduction,but the neonicotinoid colonies contin-ued to die. Six of the 12 treated coloniesdied with the symptoms of CCD. Intreated colonies that survived, manybees abandoned the hive. The authorsspeculate that hive abandonment wasdue to the neurological effects of theneonicotinoids. Only one control colonydied, and this was due to the pathogenNosema.

In the 2012 study, the winter wascolder, and about 94% of the treatedcolonies died. In this experiment, the

monitoring lures with increasedspecificity and efficiency and, even-tually, development of the matingdisruption technique,” saidCurkovic.

Pheromones Monitor Grain Beetle Chill Kill

“The confused flour beetle,Tribolium confusum, is notoriousfor infesting stored foods includinggrains and flours,” said ChristopherVitek (Univ of Texas Pan American,1201 West University Dr, Edinburg,TX 78539; [email protected]). “Aserious infestation of T. confusumwas found within a Moore Air Basewarehouse.” Infested were bags ofdiet ingredients used in productionof Mexican fruit fly, Anastrephaludens, and fruit fly trapping sup-plies.Pallets with 50 bags of wheat

germ, data-loggers, Jackson traps,and bags of flour beetles wereplaced inside refrigerated trucksemi-trailers and subjected to coldtemperatures prior to shipping.“Pallets (50 bags) of wheat germwere placed inside a 0° F (-17.8 °C)freezer for a week,” said Vitek.“After 5 days in the freezer, theinterior bags reached 10°F (-12.2°C)killing the beetles.”“Monitoring is ongoing using

Dome traps with insect pheromonesBullet Lure™ (Insects Limited,Westfield, IN),” said Vitek.“Surveillance for new insects hasbeen completed, with no newinsects found.”

13IPM News

Second GenerationAnticoagulants Pulled from

Consumer Market

Confused flour beetle,Tribolium confusum

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