Introduction to
Artificial IntelligenceChristian JacobChristian Jacob
Department of Computer ScienceDepartment of Computer Science
University of CalgaryUniversity of Calgary
What is AI?What is AI?
How doesthe humanbrain work?
How do weemulate the
human brain?
Who cares? Let’sdo some cool and
useful stuff!
How do wecreate
intelligence?What isintelligence?
How do we classify research as AI?How do we classify research as AI?
Does itinvestigatethe brain?
If we don’t know howit works, then it’s AI.
When we find outhow it works, it’s not
AI anymore…
Is itintelligent?Does it
investigateintelligence?
Does it emulatethe brain?
IntelligenceIntelligencenn The ability to learn and to cope.The ability to learn and to cope.
nn The ability to contemplate, think, andThe ability to contemplate, think, andreason.reason.
nn SynonymsSynonyms::uu Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit,Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit,
sense, witsense, wit
nn RelatedRelated::uu Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,
perspicacity, sagacity, wisdomperspicacity, sagacity, wisdom
IntelligenceIntelligencenn Turing TestTuring Test: A human communicates with a: A human communicates with a
computer via a teletype. If the human can’tcomputer via a teletype. If the human can’ttell he is talking to a computer or anothertell he is talking to a computer or anotherhuman, it passes.human, it passes.uu Natural language processingNatural language processing
uu knowledge representationknowledge representation
uu automated reasoningautomated reasoning
uu machine learningmachine learning
nn Add vision and robotics to get the totalAdd vision and robotics to get the totalTuring test.Turing test.
Weak and Strong AI ClaimsWeak and Strong AI Claims
nn Weak AI:Weak AI:uu Machines can be made to act Machines can be made to act as ifas if they were they were
intelligent.intelligent.
nn Strong AI:Strong AI:uu Machines that act intelligently have real,Machines that act intelligently have real,
conscious minds.conscious minds.
Approaches to AIApproaches to AI
nn SearchingSearching
nn LearningLearning
nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems
nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning
nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning
nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action
SearchSearch
nn “All AI is search”“All AI is search”uu Game theoryGame theory
uu Problem spacesProblem spaces
nn Every problem is a Every problem is a feature spacefeature space of all of allpossible (successful or unsuccessful)possible (successful or unsuccessful)solutions.solutions.
nn The trick is to find an efficient searchThe trick is to find an efficient searchstrategy.strategy.
Search: Game TheorySearch: Game Theory
9!+1 = 362,880
Approaches to AIApproaches to AI
nn SearchingSearching
nn LearningLearning
nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems
nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning
nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning
nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action
LearningLearning
nn ExplanationExplanationuu DiscoveryDiscovery
uu Data MiningData Mining
nn No ExplanationNo Explanationuu Neural NetsNeural Nets
uu Case Based ReasoningCase Based Reasoning
Learning: ExplanationLearning: Explanation
nn Cases to rulesCases to rules
Learning: No ExplanationLearning: No Explanation
nn Neural netsNeural nets
Approaches to AIApproaches to AI
nn SearchingSearching
nn LearningLearning
nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems
nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning
nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning
nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action
Approaches to AIApproaches to AI
nn SearchingSearching
nn LearningLearning
nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems
nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning
nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning
nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action
Rule-Based SystemsRule-Based Systems
nn Logic LanguagesLogic Languagesuu Prolog, LispProlog, Lisp
nn Knowledge basesKnowledge bases
nn Inference enginesInference engines
Rule-Based Languages: PrologRule-Based Languages: Prolog
Father(abraham, isaac). Male(isaac).Father(haran, lot). Male(lot).Father(haran, milcah). Female(milcah).Father(haran, yiscah). Female(yiscah).
Son(X,Y) ← Father(Y,X), Male(X).Daughter(X,Y) ← Father(Y,X), Female(X).
Son(lot, haran)?
RuleBasedSystems
RuleBasedSystems
nn KRSKRS
Approaches to AIApproaches to AI
nn SearchingSearching
nn LearningLearning
nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems
nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning
nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning
nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action
Approaches to AIApproaches to AI
nn SearchingSearching
nn LearningLearning
nn From Natural to Artificial SystemsFrom Natural to Artificial Systems
nn Knowledge Representation and ReasoningKnowledge Representation and Reasoning
nn Expert Systems and PlanningExpert Systems and Planning
nn Communication, Perception, ActionCommunication, Perception, Action
Ability-Based AreasAbility-Based Areas
nn Computer visionComputer vision
nn Natural language recognitionNatural language recognition
nn Natural language generationNatural language generation
nn Speech recognitionSpeech recognition
nn Speech generationSpeech generation
nn RoboticsRobotics
Natural Language: TranslationNatural Language: Translation
“The flesh is weak, but the spirit isstrong”
→ Translate to Russian→ Translate back to English
“The food was lousy, but the vodka wasgreat!”
Natural Language RecognitionNatural Language Recognition
You give me the gold
pronounn
verb pronound
article noun
VP NP
VP
NP
VP
NP
sentencew
PERSON:Joe
PERSON:FredTRANSACTION
GOLD: X
REPT
OBJ
AGNT
Audio
Words
Syntax
Context
Semantics
What is Intelligence?What is Intelligence?
nn Replacing the brain?Replacing the brain?
How far have we got?How far have we got?
nn Our best systems have the intelligence of aOur best systems have the intelligence of afrogfrog
What is Artificial Intelligence?What is Artificial Intelligence?
nn We We will find will find out out ……
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