International Space Station
National Research Council
April 2013
Michael T. Suffredini
Manager, ISS Program Office 1
Mass = 902,000 lbs
Truss Length = 358 ft
Altitude = 224 nautical miles
Living space = 32,333 ft3
Velocity = 17,500 mph
Solar array surface area = 38,400 ft2
(0.88 acre) generating 84 kW
Assembly flights = 41
Spacewalks = 161 (1015 hours)
Crew members = 205 different people
from 15 countries Continuous human presence
since November 2000
ISS Facts and Figures
ISS Configuration
3
ISS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Ariane/
ATV Proton
Soyuz /
Progress
H-IIB/
HTV
Falcon 9/
Dragon
Antares/
Cygnus Commercial
Crew Potential
Candidates
4
NASA: OC4/John Coggeshall
MAPI: OP/Scott Paul
Chart Updated: April 3rd, 2013
SSCN/CR: 13681A + Tact. Mods (In-Work)
For current baseline refer to
SSP 54100 Multi-Increment
Planning Document (MIPD)
MRM2
MRM1
(SM
Zenith)
(FGB
Nadir)
DC-1/
MLM/
RS Node
SM-Aft
Node-2
Zenith
Node-2
Nadir
N2 Fwd
Po
rt Utiliz
atio
n
2013 2014 2015 Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
32S
3/15
146 / 144
33S
5/14
167 / 167
34S
3/29 9/11
166 / 164
35S
5/30 11/10
168 / 166
36S
9/27
3/12
2/7
188 / 188
11/15 5/14
174 / 172
38S
3/28 7/20
9/16
173 / 171
39S
5/30 11/17
167 / 165
40S
10/2
166 / 164
41S
12/3
148 / 138
ATV4
6/15 10/31 180 / 172
ATV5
4/20 10/9
3R (MLM) 12/20
6R (RS-Node)
6/26
HTV4
8/9 9/8
HTV5
7/6 8/5
SpX-2
3/3 3/25
SpX-3
11/13 12/13
SpX-4
4/8 5/8
SpX-5
8/10 9/9
SpX-6
12/7 1/6
Orb-D1
6/10 7/5
Orb-1
9/15 10/15 Orb-2
12/11 1/10
Orb-3
4/8 5/8
Orb-4
10/6 11/5
Orb-5
1/18 2/17
49P
4/15
50P
51P
4/26
7/21
52P
7/26 12/18
53P
11/23 4/9
55P
4/30 6/23
56P
7/26 12/30
57P
10/24
58P
2/4
3/28 34S
N°708
TMA-08M
5/28 35S
N°709
TMA-09M
9/25 36S
N°710
TMA-10M
11/7
37S
N°711
TMA-11M
3/26 38S
N°712
TMA-12M
5/28 39S
N°713
TMA-13M
9/30 40S
N°714
TMA-14M
12/1 41S
N°715
TMA-15M
6/5
ATV4 4/12
ATV5
6/24
6R
RS-Node
NET 8/4 HTV4
7/1 HTV5
11/11 SpX-3
4/6 SpX-4
8/8 SpX-5
12/5 SpX-6
4/17
Orb-TF
6/5 Orb-D1
9/12 Orb-1
12/8 Orb-2
4/5
Orb-3
10/3 Orb-4
1/15 Orb-5
4/24 51P
N°419
M-19M
7/24 52P
N°420
M-20M
11/21
53P
N°421
M-21M
2/5 54P
N°422
M-22M
4/28 55P
N°423
M-23M
7/24 56P
N°424
M-24M
10/22 57P
N°425
M-25M
2/2 58P
N°426
M-26M
R-32
4/19
R-33
~6/26
U-21, 22u/r
Jul
R-34, 35
Aug
R-36
Nov 9
R-37
Dec
R-38, 39
Jan
R-40,41,42
Feb
R-43
Apr
R-44
Jun
R-45,46,47
Aug
R-48
Jan
06/01 - 06/10 07/31 - 08/08 11/01 - 11/08 12/29 - 01/08 05/29 -06/08 07/28 -08/06 10/29 - 11/06
In Inc 35 Inc 36 Inc 37 Inc 38 Inc 39 Inc 40 Inc 41 Inc 42
HTV4: MBSU, UTA, STP-H4
SpX-3: HDEV, OPALS
SpX-4: RapidScat
HTV5: CALET, CATS
SpX-5: CREAM
SpX-6: SAGE Hexapod, SAGE NVP, MUSES
(32S)
(32S)
(32S)
C C. Hadfield (33S)
R R. Romanenko (33S)
N T. Marshburn (33S)
R P. Vinogradov (CDR-36) 167 days (34S)
R Misurkin 167 days (34S)
N Cassidy 167 days (34S)
R F. Yurchikhin (CDR-37) 166 days
N K. Nyberg 166 days
A L. Parmitano 166 days
R O. Kotov (CDR-38) 168 days (36S)
R S. Ryazanskiy 168 days (36S)
N M. Hopkins 168 days (36S)
J K. Wakata (CDR-39) 188 days (37S)
N R. Mastracchio 188 days (37S)
R M. Tyurin 188 days (37S)
N S. Swanson (CDR-40) 174 days (38S)
R A. Skvortsov 174 days (38S)
R O. Artemyev 174 days (38S)
R M. Suraev (CDR-41) 173 days (39S)
N R. Wiseman 173 days (39S)
E A. Gerst 173 days (39S)
N B. Wilmore (CDR-42) 167 days (40S)
R Y. Serova 167 days (40S)
R A. Samokutyayev 167 days (40S)
N T. Virts (CDR-43)
E S. Cristoforetti 166
R A. Shkaplerov 166
Stage EVAs
Stage S/W
Soyuz Lit Landing
Launch
Schedule
Solar Beta >60
External Cargo
05/25 06/15 07/23 08/15 09/17 10/22 11/13 12/23
05/27 07/25 09/19 11/15
22 d 25 d
11/7
54P
37S
3/25
6/11
1/12
#3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8
6/16 -18 6/26 – 7/25 ATV4
8/15, 17-18
#3-76
DO01: DO02:
#3-8
#3-7 (Beta)
#3-75
#3-75
ICU 4/2, 4/11
X2R12.1 3/17
X2R13 9/15
#3-8
#3-7 (Beta)
#3-80
SM 8.07 9/9u/r
SpX-2 3/1
#3-8 #3-8 #3-8 #3-8
3R 12/11
MLM
#3-81
#3-7 (TDRSS)
#3-73 #3-7 (beta)
30 d 30 d
30 d
30 d
30 d
30 d 30 d 30 d 30 d 30 d 30 d
#3-7
ISS Flight Plan
Flight Planning Integration Panel (FPIP)
Executed through Increment Wk (WLP Week) 3 = 3 of 24.4 work weeks (12.30% through Increment)
USOS IDRD Allocation: 875 hours
OOS USOS Planned Total: 876.5 hours
USOS Actuals: 120.17 hours
13.73% through IDRD Allocation
13.71% through OOS Planned Total
Total USOS Average Per Work Week: 40.06 hours/work week
Voluntary Science Totals to Date 0 hours (Not included in the above totals or graph)
SpX-2
Orb-D1
ATV4
US EVA
3-Crew 6- Crew 3-Crew 6-Crew
Increment 35 Increment 36
March April May June July August Sept
US EVA
(Unberth on 3/24/13) (Unberth on 3/26/13)
(Berth on 5/8/13) Below the line (Dock on 5/1/13)
HTV4 (7/20/13 – 8/19/13)
Date Color Key:
Completed
35-36 Final OOS
FPIP Plan
OC/OZ reconciliation completed as of Week 3.
(Berth on 6/10/13)
(Dock on 6/15/13) (8/9/13 – 9/8/13)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Cu
mu
lati
ve S
che
du
led
Cre
w T
ime
(H
ou
rs)
We
ekl
y C
rew
Tim
e H
ou
rs
Inc 35 - 36 Utilization Crew Time
USOS Executed OOS Planned USOS Cumulative Executed OOS Planned Cumulative
WLP 2 contains 35 minutes of ESA Utilization that has not been agreed
upon.
6
-
5
10
15
Crew Supplies, Water, Gas Maintenance / EVA Utilization Baseline
Baseline Capability CSOC Capability CRS Capability
PPBE-15: Capability vs. Demand
and Flight Rate – Pressurized
*Overguide request – will submit 2 year Soyuz overlap
Notes:
-Demo flights are not included in the flight rate table.
- Flight rate supports 4th crewmember beginning in Nov. 17
MT
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
US Crew Vehicle 2 2 2
USOS Progress 0.7 MT 0.3 MT 0.3 MT 0.3 MT 0.3MT 0.3* MT 0.3* MT
USOS Soyuz 2 2 2 2 2 2* 2*
RS Progress 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
RS Soyuz 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
ATV 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
HTV 1 1 1 1 1** 1** 1**
SpaceX 2 3 4 3
Orbital 2 2 2 2
CRS Future Flights 1 4 6 6 6
676 1,840 (2,849) 599 573 (892) (916) (1,017)
7.6 Mt 11.7 Mt 8.5 Mt 11.5 Mt 12.2 Mt 11.4 Mt 11.4 Mt 11.4 Mt
650 300 300 150 - - - -
5,661 4,941 - 2,572 2,881 2,572 2,584 2,584
1,311 6,424 8,246 8,785 9,327 8,784 8,784 8,784
6.9 Mt 9.8 Mt 11.4 Mt 10.9 Mt 11.6 Mt 12.2 Mt 12.3 Mt 12.4 Mt
2,442 3,585 3,672 3,693 3,704 4,348 4,348 4,348
1,474 1,750 2,217 2,346 2,698 2,668 2,704 2,805
3,030 4,491 5,507 4,869 5,233 5,233 5,233 5,233
- - - - - - - -
Internal Upmass Capability (FY)
(FY)
Baseline
CSOC
CRS
Margin (Shortfall)
Baseline Capability
CSOC Capability
CRS Capability
Internal Upmass Demand (FY)
Crew Supplies, Water, Gas
Maintenance / EVA Demand
Utilization Baseline
Contingency Maintenance7
USOS System Enhancements
Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) “-4” Desiccant/Adsorbent Beds-
Monitoring
Two new CDRA beds will be launched on SpX-2
New features include a redesigned heater core with significantly thicker Kapton insulation to
reduce risk of short, and completely re-engineered attachment points to the wiring harness to
reduce strain at the wiring interface
New beds have been manufactured under clean-room conditions to reduce chance for built-in
FOD
Sheets for the heater core have been re-engineered to reduce sharp edges and weld points
which were potential FOD sources from welding slag
Beds incorporate new temperature sensors which have been changed from a thin-film sandwich
type to a completely new helical wire-wound construction, significantly improving sensor
survivability under repeated thermal cycles (similar to commercial applications in aircraft
brakes)
Shape of the desiccant and absorbent materials were changed to allow for more efficient
packing on the ground and to potentially reduce dusting due to material abrasion when exposed
to long term thermal/vacuum cycles on-orbit
Housing of the bed was updated to accommodate the addition of captive fasteners and other
features to allow the crew to partially disassemble the adsorbent bed on-orbit to remove the
dust that accumulates from operation of the CDRA without having to return the beds to the
ground for refurbishment
8
USOS System Enhancements
Continue replacement of legacy ISS avionics with Obsolescence Driven Avionics
Replacement (ODAR) components
Integrated Communications Unit (ICU) has been installed and activiated - doubling the downlink
data rate (300 Mbps) and an eight-fold increase in the uplink data rate (25 Mbps)
Increases crew communication loops with ground from 2 to 4.
Automatic switching between redundant Ku-band systems
6 channels of video down (was 4)
improved Payload Ethernet Hub Gateway (iPEHG) ready for activation in late May – tenfold
increase in medium rate onboard data communications (100 Mbps)
2 flight ICUs and 4 iPEHGs are on-orbit; 3rd flight ICU planned for launch on ATV4
9
USOS System Enhancements
The ELC Wireless system provides a COTS solution for external high data rate
802.11n wireless capability to payloads on the Express Logistic Carrier (ELC)
The system consists of two separate segments
US Lab
COTS Wireless Access Points (WAP) placed inside the lab with external antennas to
provide the core wireless capability
Payloads/Users
Characterization of a wireless solution for the payloads/users to integrate and provide
piece parts to the developers
External Wireless users can connect using two methods:
Use an IEEE 802.11n Network Interface Card in their device
The NIC can be integrated directly into the Payload. (e.g. a PCI card)
NASA can provide a USB NIC to a user that can be integrated into the Payload.
Provide an IEEE 802.3 wired Ethernet interface and connect to Wireless Media Converter
NASA is investigating providing a hardware (circuit card with wired Ethernet port and
antenna out port) solution that will allow a Payload to use a standard wired Ethernet port
and this hardware perform the wired to wireless conversion
This hardware will be “smart” and require some configuration by the Payload in order to
access the network
Radiation testing on candidate hardware is being performed January 16 – 18
10
USOS System Enhancements
In an effort to increase the utilization of Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) hardware with limited or no modifications to support on-orbit operations, the ISS Program worked with commercial industry to develop a power inverter which converts the DC power generated from the ISS solar arrays to AC power just as you would find in your home.
The provision of AC power allows ISS systems and payload developers to simplify and reduce the schedule and cost for the development, integration and delivery hardware into the ISS.
The ISS power inverter (pictured below) comes in two models: 120Vdc-to120Vac and 28Vdc-to-120Vac respectively to support the primary power input voltages provided throughout the ISS (USOS and Russian Segments) and payload power interfaces.
The 120Vdc-to120Vac power inverter provides power AC power provides: four (4) standard three prong AC power outlets and is capable of providing a total of 750W @ 60hz.
The 28Vdc-to120Vac power inverter provides power AC power provides: four (4) standard three prong AC power outlets and is capable of providing a total of 400W @ 60hz.
11
Four main focus areas
‒ Exploration technology demonstrations
» On-orbit demonstration or validation of technologies that enable or enhance exploration mission readiness
‒ Maturing critical systems
» Driving evolution in capabilities supporting the ISS today to meet future challenges - high reliability, high efficiency, low mass, low power
‒ Human health management for long duration space travel
» Research to understand the main risks to human health and performance
» Validation of strategies for keeping the crew healthy and productive
‒ Ops simulations and operations technique demonstrations
» Furthering our understanding of future operations challenges
» Gaining information which will enable efficient and effective mission design and operations approaches
Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
12
Current, Planned, or Proposed ISS
Technology Demonstrations, Nov 2012
Robotics Next Gen Canadarm testing (CSA)
Robotic Assisted EVA’s (Robonaut, NASA)
METERON (ESA) and Surface Telerobotics
Delay Tolerant Network Robotic Systems
Robotic Refueling Mission (CSA, NASA)
Robotic assembly to optical tolerances (OPTIIX, NASA)
Comm and Nav OPALS – Optical Communication
X-Ray Navigation, (NICER/SEXTANT, NASA)
Software Defined Radio (CoNNeCT/SCAN, NASA)
Delay tolerant space networks
Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking advancements (ESA/JAXA)
Advanced optical metrology (sensing/mat’ls)
Power Regenerative fuel cells
Advanced solar array designs [FAST, IBIS, or other]
Advanced photovoltaic materials
Battery and energy storage advancements [Li-Ion or other]
Thermal Control High efficiency radiators
Cryogenic propellant storage & transfer
Advanced materials testing
Closed Loop ECLSS Atmospheric monitoring: ANITA2 (ESA), MIDASS
(ESA), AQM (NASA)
Air Revitalization: Oxygen production, Next Gen OGA [Vapor Feed or other] (NASA)
Contaminated gas removal
Carbon Dioxide recovery: Amine swingbed and CDRA bed advancements
Advanced Closed-loop Life Support ACLS (ESA), MELiSSA (ESA),
Water/Waste: Electrochemical disinfection, Cascade Distillation System, Calcium Remediation, [Electrodialysis Metathesis or other]
Other Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration
Radiation protection/mitigation/monitoring
On-board parts repair and manufacturing
Inflatable Module (BEAM)
Italic = NRC High Priority Technology that would benefit from ISS access Underline = NRC High Priority Technology (focus for next 5 years)
13
Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
Maturing Critical Systems • Radiation Environment Monitor - (NASA) demonstration of first generation of operational active personal
space radiation dosimeters • Amine Swingbed - (NASA) provide for environmental control of the habitable volume for human-rated
spacecraft by removing metabolically-produced carbon dioxide, and minimizing losses of ullage air and humidity
• Air Quality Monitor (AQM) – (NASA) volatile organic compound analyzer to be used to monitor the ISS environment
• Disruption Tolerant Networking for Space Operations (DTN) - (NASA) long-term, readily accessible communications test-bed, DTN is the comm standard for future spacecraft
• DOSIS-3D – (ESA) Determination of the radiation field parameters absorbed dose and dose equivalent inside the ISS with various active and passive radiation detector devices provided by ESA, JAXA and Russia. Aiming for a concise three dimensional dose distribution (3D) map of all the segments of the ISS.
• Exploration EVA Suit – (NASA) Could fly exploration suit as early as 2019. Will demonstrate and mature suit on ISS prior to use beyond LEO
• NASA Docking System - (NASA) Based on International specs agreed to by partners for exploration ISS will utilize and mature the system on ISS starting in 2015 with arrival of passive port.
14
Human Health and Performance Risks, Coordinated
Across All Partners
Mission
ISS
6 mo
Lunar
6 mo
NEA
(1yr)
Mars
(3yr)
Musculoskeletal: Long-Term health risk of Early Onset Osteoporosis
Mission risk of reduced muscle strength and aerobic capacity
Sensorimotor: mission Risk of sensory changes/dysfunctions
Ocular Syndrome: Mission and long-term health risk of Microgravity-Induced Visual Impairment
and/or elevated Intracranial Pressure (VIIP)
Nutrition: Mission risk of behavioral and nutritional health due to inability to provide appropriate
quantity, quality and variety of food
Autonomous Medical Care: Mission and long-term health risk due to inability to provide adequate
medical care throughout the mission (Includes onboard training, diagnosis, treatment, and
presence/absence of onboard physician)
Behavioral Health and Performance: Mission and long-term behavioral health risk.
Radiation: Long-term risk of carcinogenesis and degenerative tissue disease due to radiation
exposure – Largely addressed with ground-based research -
Toxicity: Mission risk of exposure to a toxic environment without adequate monitoring, warning
systems or understanding of potential toxicity (dust, chemicals, infectious agents)
Autonomous emergency response: Medical risks due to life support system failure and other
emergencies (fire, depressurization, toxic atmosphere, etc.), crew rescue scenarios
Hypogravity: Long-term risk associated with adaptation during IVA and EVA on the Moon, asteroids,
Mars (vestibular and performance dysfunctions) and postflight rehabilitation
Not mission
limiting
GO
Not mission
limiting, but
increased risk
GO
Mission
limiting
NO GO 15
Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
SCAN
REBR
MISSE-8
Human Health Management for Long Duration Space Travel Weightlessness: greatest emphasis on understanding long-term physiological
effects of most unusual spaceflight factor, including newly identified risk affecting visual function • Hypogravity: 7 investigations from CSA, ESA, JAXA and NASA • Musculoskeletal: 6 investigations from ESA and NASA • Sensorimotor: 2 investigations from ESA and NASA • Ocular Syndrome: 1 investigation from NASA • Nutrition: 1 investigation from NASA
Internal and external environments: factors related to mechanics of spaceflight inside closed vehicle in dangerous natural environment • Toxicity: 2 investigations from NASA and ESA • Radiation: 1 investigation from CSA which supplements a major ground-
based research program Operational medical issues: development of medical solutions to problems
caused by physiological and environmental factors, with special attention to psychosocial effects of high autonomy at extreme distance from Earth
• Behavioral Health and Performance: 4 investigations from ESA and NASA • Autonomous Medical Care and Autonomous Emergency Response: 2
investigations from ESA
Use of ISS to Prepare for Exploration
Ops Simulations and Operations Technique Demonstrations
Started
• Autonomous Procedure Execution – (NASA) Modification of several existing procedures to make more autonomously executable (add notes, troubleshooting steps, video, constraints, crew commanding)
• Crew User Interface System Enhancements (CRUISE) – (ESA) Voice activated procedure viewer
Future
• Instant Messaging (IM) Texting (countermeasure for voice communication delay) (NASA) (Summer 2013) • Crew Self Scheduling/Replanning on ISS (NASA and Roskosmos) (Summer 2013) • Communication delay testing - (NASA) Testing of voice communication delay implications to crew/ground
behavior and task execution (start date TBD) • Crew procedures interaction (NASA and ESA) - Using system telemetry embedded in procedures (start
date TBD) • Advanced Exploration Systems (AES)/Autonomous Mission Ops (AMO) – (NASA) Automating crew systems
management (start date TBD)
17
One-Year ISS Mission crewmembers
Scott Kelly
STS-103 in 1999, STS-118 in 2007,
ISS 25/26 in 2011
Mikhail Kornienko
ISS 23/24 in 2010.
18
Previous one-year fliers
Months 14 13 12 11 10
# 1 1 2 1 1
Year 1994-1995
1998-1999
1987-1988
1987-1988
1992
19
Categories of Biomedical Investigations
Risks currently not resolved
Evaluation of countermeasures
Physiological research on cost of
adaptation to spaceflight
Behavior and performance
Joint Biomedical Research Program for
Russian-US One-Year ISS Mission
20
Selection of Biomedical Investigations
Prioritization will consider (not in rank order)
Highest criticality for Mars Coordination with Russian investigations Heritage from previous flights Compatibility among candidate investigations for
co-manifesting on same crewmember(s) Efficiencies from data-sharing with other
investigations and medical requirements Resources — including mass, power, volume and
crewmember time (pre-, in-, post-flight) — for combinations of candidate investigations
Logistics required, especially for post-flight data collection
21
ISS Vision and Mission ISS Vision
A world renowned laboratory in space enabling discoveries
in science and technology that benefit life on Earth and
exploration of the universe
ISS Mission
To advance science and technology research, expand human knowledge, inspire and educate the next generation, foster the commercial development of space and demonstrate capabilities
to enable future exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit
22
Revised ISS Goals Goal 1: Maximize Science and Technology Research and development on the ISS to realize its full potential
Goal 2: Achieve Operational and Cost Efficiency with a high performance ISS team working in an optimal and inclusive Program structure
Goal 3: Raise Awareness of the ISS, its relevance and benefits in our daily lives and our future
Goal 4: Provide Global Leadership, strategic alliances and partnerships to fully utilize ISS capabilities to further research and exploration
Goal 5: Demonstrate capabilities that Benefit Space Exploration and Expand Our Reach Beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
Goal 6: Use the ISS to Catalyze Commercial Development and Operations in Space
23
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