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  • INNOVATIVE GRID-IMPACTING TECHNOLOGIES

    ENABLING A CLEAN, EFFICIENT AND SECURE ELECTRICITY SYSTEM IN EUROPE

    The sole responsibility for the content of this presentation lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EACI nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

    Bettina Burgholzer Energy Economics Group (EEG) Vienna University of Technology

    14th IAEE European Energy Conference Rome, 31 October 2014

    Cost/Benefit Analysis of further Expansion of the Austrian

    Transmission Grid to enable further RES-E Integration

  • Overview

    About the project

    Methodology of bottom-up model

    Austrian Case description

    Selected results of scenarios

    2020: without/with expansion of Salzburg Transmission Power Line

    2050: implementation of FACTS & DLR

    Conclusions

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  • About the project

    GridTech is a project co-funded by the European Commission under the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme.

    GridTech’s main goal:

    Conduct a fully integrated assessment of new grid-impacting technologies and their implementation into the European electricity system.

    Contract number:

    IEE/11/017 / SI2.616364

    Full title:

    Impact Assessment of New Technologies to Foster RES-Electricity Integration into the European Transmission System

    Duration:

    May 2012 - April 2015

    Budget:

    EUR 1,958,528

    EC contribution:

    EUR 1,468,896

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  • Pan-European study (top-down approach)

    Regional case studies (bottom-up approach)

    Results and recommendations

    Innovative technologies

    screening

    Cost-benefit methodology

    RES integration: market issues

    Transmission expansion:

    non-technical barriers

    Project objectives & structure Assess the non-technical barriers for transmission expansion and market compatible renewable electricity integration in Europe

    Develop a robust cost-benefit analysis methodology on investments

    Apply and verify the cost-benefit analysis methodology for investments in the transmission grid

    Achieve a common understanding among key actors and target groups on best practise criteria

    Deliver tailor-made recommendations and action plans

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  • Pan-European study

    EU30+ zonal model Top-down approach:

    Target countries (bottom-up modelling)

    • Used tool: MTSIM, developed and analyses done by Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico - RSE S.p.A. Milano

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  • Bottom-up methodology: Input/Output and Optimisation EDisOn (Electricity Dispatch Optimization): Linear Optimisation Problem (LOP) formulated in MATLAB® and solved by Gurobi-Solver! (cp. (Burger et al., 2007), (Shahidehpour et al., 2002))

    Target function: Minimisation of the total system costs

    Constraints: • Demand • Capacity • Ramping Limits • Reservoirs balance • Spill of hydro and RES-E

    generation technologies • DC power flow

    (PTDF-Matrix, cp. (Van den Bergh et al., 2014))

    Input

    •hourly based: Demand, Wind, PV, RoR and PHES inflow

    •power plant data

    •primary energy prices, CO2 certificate prices and specific CO2 emissions

    •WP4: Exchanges and Prices

    Market Model

    •Linear Optimisation Problem (LOP)

    •minimisation of the total generation costs

    •s.t. technical constraints

    Solving Model with

    Gurobi-Solver

    Output

    hourly based RoR, PHS and thermal

    production, Exchanges, Flows, Storage level, wholesale electricity

    prices, etc.

    CBA

    Calculation of benefits

    (welfare, CR, changes in fossil fuel needs and CO2 emissions)

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  • Economic outputs How to model? How to measure?

    Flexibility

    FACTS Sensitivity analyses Increase of the overall welfare

    DLR NTC=f(Temperature) Increase of the overall welfare

    HVDC Point to point Increase of the overall welfare

    Should we combine flexibility and controllability to one economic output?

    Security of supply Not Supplied Energy (NSE) NSE (VoLL=Value of Lost Load)

    How to model security of supply / not supplied energy? And how to measure?

    Controllability FACTS, HVDC NSE, Spillage, …

    Congestion rent (Price differences between the nodes of a

    transmission line) x (load flow) Million € per year

    Congestion losses Redispatch costs Redispatch costs

    Social welfare producer and consumer surplus

    Price, demand, production costs Million € per year

    Fossil fuel need Calculation of the need of fossil fuel Primary energy demand of the different

    kinds of thermal power plants (generation/(lowercalorificvalue*eff))

    CO2-Emission Calculation of the total CO2 emission of each

    country and per node

    CO2-emissions per year

    (Million tons of CO2)

    RES curtailment Energy in excess Energy remunerated

    (e.g. at market prices / feed-in tariff)

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  • Modelling FACTS & DLR

    • Parameters: • DLR ∈ ℝ𝐻

    • 𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 30°

    • Decision Variable: 𝛼𝑙𝑝𝑠𝑡,ℎ

    • Constraints:

    8

    0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

    20

    405060

    80

    100

    120

    140

    hours

    %

    DLR Wind

    Wind Util

    < 0.5 100 %

    < 0.8 105 %

    < 1 115 %

    with

    Temperature

    Source: presentation at RWTH Aachen

    (Puffer, 2010).

    Source: dena-Netzstudie II,

    2010.

    14th IAEE European Energy Conference

    Incidence Complex conductance

    phase angle

  • Austrian Case description 24 nodes: 17 correlate with

    the main substations within Austria and 7 neighbouring ones

    35 transmission power lines (TPL): All parallel transmission power lines between the nodes are taken together to one representative transmission power line.

    Grid Technology Focus

    2020 HVAC line Salzburg

    2030 HVAC line Carinthia DLR and FACTS

    2050 HVDC line (e.g. Brenner) DLR and FACTS Storage (PHS)

    TIR_w TIR_eSBG_s

    SBG_n

    OOE_e

    NOE

    NOE_n

    W

    NOE_s

    STMK_s

    KTN_e

    KTN_w

    OTIR

    STMK_w

    STMK

    OOE_w

    VBG

    DE1

    DE2

    CZ

    HU

    SI

    IT

    CH

    380 kV220 kV

    110 kV

    Germany

    Czech Republic

    Hungary

    Slovenia

    Italy

    Switzerland

    4028

    1030

    2600

    1900

    3500

    2518

    1866

    2685

    428

    1700

    1700

    3092

    3092

    518

    492

    518

    518

    518

    2300

    400

    2417

    518

    2573

    2148

    298

    550

    1321

    389

    104

    1296

    2573

    5400

    5400

    777

    5400

    *

    *

    *

    *

    *

    *

    * interaction with Pan-European study by RSE

    2030

    2020

    Source: Austrian Power Grid,

    Masterplan 2030.

    Source: own illustration.

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  • Selected results: wo/w TPL expansion 2020

    (2020A) without expansion

    (2020B) with expansion

    CO2 certificate price

    10 EUR/ton CO2

    Total demand: 73.67 TWh

    Total installed Capacity: 31 GW, of which are …

    Wind: 3.2 GW

    PV: 1.2 GW

    RoR: 5.6 GW

    PHS: 10.2 GW

    wo/w Salzburg expansion:

    Not Supplied Energy (NSE): 0 MWh

    0,02

    0,01

    0,33

    0,30

    - 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35

    (2020A)

    (2020B)

    RES curtailment (GWh)

    10

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    1 501 1001 1501 2001

    EUR

    /MW

    h

    time (hours)

    mean (2020A): 34,97 / mean (2020B): 34,88

    (2020A) (2020B)

    Peak Price duration curve

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    6686

    0

    0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

    (2020A)

    (2020B)

    (cumulated number of hours)

    Load factor of TPLs > 70 % Salzburg TPL

  • Selected results: wo/w TPL expansion 2020

    (2020A) without expansion

    (2020B) with expansion

    CO2 certificate price

    10 EUR/ton CO2

    Total demand: 73.67 TWh

    Total installed Capacity: 31 GW, of which are …

    Wind: 3.2 GW

    PV: 1.2 GW

    RoR: 5.6 GW

    PHS: 10.2 GW

    wo/w Salzburg expansion:

    Not Supplied Energy (NSE): 0 MWh

    Load factor of TPL Salzburg vs. Export/Import AT-DE

    Load factor of TPL Salzburg vs. PHS

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    (2020A) (2020B)

    Export from AT Export from AT Import to AT Import to AT

  • 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5

    Congestion R

    ent

    (1.0

    00 E

    UR

    )

    annual CR: 11758 EUR

    0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

    20

    40

    60

    Nodal P

    rices (

    EU

    R/M

    Wh)

    mean price: SBGn 34.67 EUR/MWh, SBG

    s 34.67 EUR/MWh

    SBGn

    SBGs

    0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

    -2

    0

    2

    hours

    utilization of TPL

    GW

    h/h

    𝑁𝑃𝑉 𝐶𝑅 = 1+ 𝑖 −𝑡 ⋅ 𝐶𝑅𝑡

    𝑇

    𝑡=1

    ,

    𝐶𝐵𝐴: 𝑁𝑃𝑉(𝐶𝑅)

    𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡> 1

    A nodal pricing approach within a control zone would not give enough incentives to invest in extending the TPL in Salzburg.

    regulated grid tariffs are still necessary

    0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5

    Congestion R

    ent

    (1.0

    00 E

    UR

    )

    annual CR: 234735 EUR

    0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

    20

    40

    60

    Nodal P

    rices (

    EU

    R/M

    Wh)

    mean price: SBGn 34.93 EUR/MWh, SBG

    s 34.65 EUR/MWh

    SBGn

    SBGs

    0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

    -2

    0

    2

    hours

    utilization of TPL

    GW

    h/h

    Selected results: wo/w TPL expansion 2020

    12

    Wit

    ho

    ut

    Sa

    lzb

    urg

    ex

    pan

    sio

    n

    Wit

    h S

    alz

    bu

    rg e

    xp

    an

    sio

    n

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  • Selected results: with FACTS & DLR in 2050

    • Total generation costs for Austria can be reduced by 28% (663 Mio. EUR)

    • CO2 emissions can be reduced by 3% (127 kt CO2)

    (2050A) reference scenario (2050B) with FACTS & DLR

    Assumptions:

    • Every TPL can be adjusted by phase shifters (| |≤ 30°)

    • Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) based on wind intensity and temperature

    CO2 certificate price: 100 EUR/ton CO2

    Total demand: 90.7 TWh

    Total installed Capacity: 53 GW, of which are …

    Wind: 7 GW

    PV: 18 GW

    RoR: 6.7 GW

    PHS: 14 GW

    44

    5

    57

    24

    116

    45

    - 50 100 150 200

    (2050A)

    (2050B)

    RES curtailment (GWh)

    Wind curtailment PV curtailment RoR curtailment

    ∑ RES generation

    hydrogeneration

    turbgeneration

    pumpconsumption

    thermalgeneration

    Difference B-A 1% 0% 2% 8% -2%

    1%

    0%

    2%

    8%

    -2%

    -4%

    -2%

    0%

    2%

    4%

    6%

    8%

    • Curtailment: Wind -89%, PV -58%, RoR -61%

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  • Conclusions

    … for the time horizon 2020 & 2030 • TPL expansion (from 220kV to 380kV) in Salzburg and in Carinthia is very

    important for closing the Austrian 380 kV circle

    • Significant for national and European RES integration (connection of wind in the east and PHS in the west)

    … for the time horizon 2050 • FACTS and DLR can reduce RES curtailment significantly

    … for Cost/Benefit Analysis • Congestion Rent (CR) as a revenue for CBA approach only makes sense if

    it is an expansion of a cross-border connection

    • regulated grid tariffs are still necessary in the future, especially within a control zone

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  • Thank you!

    For more information about the project, please visit:

    www.gridtech.eu

    Photo credits: ABB, Siemens, Verbund, TenneT, OE, WIP

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    http://www.gridtech.eu/

  • References • M. Burger, B. Graeber, and G. Schindlmayr, Managing energy risk: An integrated view on power and other

    energy markets. Chichester, England, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

    • M. Shahidehpour, H. Yamin, and Z. Li, Market operations in electric power systems: Forecasting, scheduling, and risk management. [New York]: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

    • K. Van den Bergh, E. Delarue, and W. D'haeseleer, DC power flow in unit commitment models. TME Working Paper - Energy and Environment, 2014.

    • R. Puffer, www.forum-netzintegration.de/uploads/media/DUH_Puffer_WS1_06052010.pdf, 2010.

    • dena-Netzstudie II, Integration erneuerbarer Energien in die deutsche Stromversorgung im Zeitraum 2015 – 2020 mit Ausblick 2025, http://www.dena.de/publikationen/energiesysteme/dena-netzstudie-ii.html, 2010.

    16 14th IAEE European Energy Conference

    http://www.forum-netzintegration.de/uploads/media/DUH_Puffer_WS1_06052010.pdfhttp://www.forum-netzintegration.de/uploads/media/DUH_Puffer_WS1_06052010.pdfhttp://www.forum-netzintegration.de/uploads/media/DUH_Puffer_WS1_06052010.pdfhttp://www.dena.de/publikationen/energiesysteme/dena-netzstudie-ii.htmlhttp://www.dena.de/publikationen/energiesysteme/dena-netzstudie-ii.htmlhttp://www.dena.de/publikationen/energiesysteme/dena-netzstudie-ii.htmlhttp://www.dena.de/publikationen/energiesysteme/dena-netzstudie-ii.htmlhttp://www.dena.de/publikationen/energiesysteme/dena-netzstudie-ii.htmlhttp://www.dena.de/publikationen/energiesysteme/dena-netzstudie-ii.html

  • Appendix: Grid-impacting technologies

    • Onshore and offshore wind energy

    • Large-scale solar technologies: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaic (PV)

    Electricity generation technologies, with a focus on variable RES-E

    • Pumped Hydro Energy Storage

    • Compressed Air Energy Storage

    Bulk energy storage technologies

    • HVDC - High Voltage Direct Current, both VSC (Voltage Source Converter)-based and CSC (Current Source Converter)-based

    • FACTS - Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System

    • PST - Phase Shifting Transformers

    • WAMS - Wide Area Monitoring System

    • DLR/RTTR - Dynamic Line Rating/Real-Time Thermal Rating-based devices

    Transmission technologies directed at improvements in network control and flexible electricity system operation

    Demand Response Technologies/ Measures and electric vehicles

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