Innovative Generation – Bills of Quantities
production on architectural elements
through BIM Environment
By
Sze Wai Vanessa LI
Submitted in partial fulfillmentof the requirements
for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honours)
in Surveying
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering
City University of Hong Kong
March 2012
ii
Abstract
Building information modeling (BIM) is a relatively new technology in the
construction industry and in the quantity surveying field. Other than the numerous
of benefits that building information modeling can bring to the construction industry,
building information modeling provides a platform for easy cost management in the
quantity surveying practice. It is claimed to be able to provide automated
measurement for the quantities of the design works, saving time and efforts required
for quantity surveyors in bills of quantities preparation. This study would focus on
reviewing the degree of proficiency in implementing bills of quantities production via
building information modeling environment. A pilot study was conducted in bills of
quantities preparation for architectural elements. A building information model
showing a typical floor of a residential estate was used in the pilot study. Problems
encountered in the process of bills of quantities preparation were identified and the
associated solutions were suggested. Though it is claimed that automatic quantities
generated in BIM softwares can ease the bills of quantities measurement, result of this
study showed that it does not meet the practitioners’ expectations. A number of
problems have been found in the building information model, particularly in areas of
provision of information, level of details, and meeting the code of measurement
practice. To conclude, recommendations were made in several areas, including the
improvements on the building information models, development of special preamble
specifically for BIM measurement, employing of BIM technicians in quantity
surveying firms, and provision of descriptions in standard phrasing. In considering the
recommendations, it is believed that BIM measurement can save time and efforts
spent in bills of quantities preparation by quantity surveyors. Hence, measurement via
BIM shall be promoted in the quantity surveying field.
iii
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my dissertation supervisor, Dr. Daisy
K. L. Yeung, teaching fellow of Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering of
City University of Hong Kong for her valuable guidance and advice throughout the
production of this dissertation.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the BIM consultants who give their
precise time and opinions in introducing the BIM softwares, which is crucial in this
study.
Last but not least, I would like to thank those who gave me helpful comments directly
or indirectly, as they provide insights for me in completing this study.
iv
Table of Contents
Declaration .................................................................................................................... i
Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables ............................................................................................................. viii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................. ix
Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1
1.1 Introduction and Background of the Study .............................................. 1
1.2 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 5
2.1 Building Information Modeling ............................................................... 5
2.1.1 Definition ........................................................................................ 5
2.1.2 Origin of BIM ................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Difference between BIM and CAD ................................................ 9
2.1.4 The interoperability of BIM .......................................................... 11
2.1.5 The applications of BIM ............................................................... 12
2.1.6 Benefits of BIM to the construction industry ............................... 14
2.1.7 Benefits of BIM to the quantity surveying field ........................... 18
2.2 Quantity Surveying Practice in Bills of Quantities Preparation ............. 21
2.2.1 Bills of Quantities.............................................................................. 21
2.2.2 Measurements.................................................................................... 22
2.2.3 Biling ................................................................................................. 24
v
2.3 BIM Software for Bills of Quantities Production .................................. 27
2.3.1 AutoCAD Revit Architecture ....................................................... 27
2.3.2 Exactal’s CostX ............................................................................ 34
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 39
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 39
3.2 Research Framework ..................................................................................... 41
3.2.1 Data collection, viability of conduction pilot study, and confirmation
of BIM .............................................................................................. 42
3.2.2 Analysis for the provision of automated measurement via BIM
environment ...................................................................................... 42
3.2.3 Identification of difficulties encountered and recommendation of
solutions ........................................................................................... 43
3.2.4 Consolidation of findings and recommendation for improvement ... 43
CHAPTER 4: BQ MEASUREMENT USING AUTODESK REVIT
ARCHITECTURE ..................................................................... 44
4.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities .................... 44
4.1.1 Review on the feasibility of using original BIM’s information in
BQ measurement ............................................................................ 45
4.1.2 Problems encountered and the associated solutions ..................... 45
4.1.3 Recommendation for improvement .............................................. 67
4.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM
manually ................................................................................................ 69
4.2.1 Dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement ...... 69
4.2.2 Problems in descriptions ............................................................... 75
vi
4.2.3 Recommendation for improvement .............................................. 77
CHAPTER 5: TRANSFER OF QUANTITIES INTO BILL ITEMS IN AUTODESK
REVIT ARCHITECTURE ................................................................. 79
CHAPTER 6: BQ PRODUCTION USING EXACTAL’S COSTX .......................... 83
6.1 Problems encountered in measurement .................................................. 83
6.1.1 Problems encountered as in measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture .................................................................................. 83
6.1.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX.......................... 85
6.2 Favorable characteristics of Exactals’s CostX in BQ production .......... 87
6.3 Recommendation for improvement........................................................ 89
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................. 90
7.1 Feasibility of BQ measurement using original BIM’s information ....... 90
7.2 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture ........................................................................................... 91
7.2.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities using
automatically generated schedules ............................................... 91
7.2.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information from
BIM manually .............................................................................. 96
7.3 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX ........... 101
7.3.1 Problems encountered as in measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture ................................................................................ 101
7.3.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX........................ 101
7.4 Recommendations for improvement .................................................... 102
vii
7.4.1 Improvements on the building information models .................... 102
7.4.2 Development of special preamble specifically for BIM
measurement............................................................................... 103
7.4.3 Employment of BIM technicians in quantity surveying firm ..... 103
7.4.4 Provision of descriptions in standard phrasing ........................... 104
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 105
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Schedule of finishes used in the building information model
APPENDIX 2: Typical floor plan of the studied building information model
APPENDIX 3: Elevations of the studied building information model
APPENDIX 4: 3D view of the studied building information model
APPENDIX 5: Schedules generated from Autodesk Revit Architecture
APPENDIX 6: Schedule generated from Exactal’s CostX
APPENDIX 7: Schedule generated from manual measurement
APPENDIX 8: Bills of Quantities generated based on BIM software
viii
List of Tables
Page
Table 1 Research Methodology 42
Table 2 Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in
BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities
94
Table 3 Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in
BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information
from BIM
101
ix
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1 Extract of Dimension Paper with columns numbered 23
Figure 2 Application Manual in Autodesk Revit Architecture 28
Figure 3 User interface in Autodesk Revit Architecture 29
Figure 4 Drawing of walls on plan in Autodesk Revit Architecture 30
Figure 5 3D view of the walls drawn in Autodesk Revit Architecture 31
Figure 6 Properties of wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture 31
Figure 7 Creating of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture 32
Figure 8 Wall schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture 33
Figure 9 User interface in Exactal’s CostX 34
Figure 10 Export of BIM to CostX 36
Figure 11 BIM imported to Exactal’s CostX 36
Figure 12 Measured objects shaded in green in Exactal’s CostX 37
Figure 13 Workbook in Exactal’s CostX 38
Figure 14 Edit type button for editing the information in the model 47
Figure 15 Edit button for editing the structure of an element 47
Figure 16 Properties of a wall without incorporating finishes information 48
Figure 17 Properties of a wall with finishes information 48
Figure 18 Materials panel in Autodesk Revit Architecture 50
Figure 19 Applying materials on building elements using Materials as Paint 50
Figure 20 Materials applied on building elements and shaded in green 51
Figure 21 Wall section showing two finishing materials on one side 53
Figure 22 Plan of a staircase showing floor slabs drawn in separate pieces 54
Figure 23 Split face tools in Autodesk Revit Architecture, circled in red 56
x
Figure 24 Different materials applied on a surface 57
Figure 25 Section of skirting drawn in a new family 60
Figure 26 Skirtings inserted into BIM shown in brown colour 60
Figure 27 Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights not exceeding
3.5m
63
Figure 28 Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights exceeding 3.5m
but not exceeding 5m
63
Figure 29 Window Material Takeoff with panes area exceeding 0.15 m2 but
not exceeding 4 m2
64
Figure 30 Window Material Takeoff with panes area exceeding 4 m2 64
Figure 31 An extract of plan showing wall dimensions 69
Figure 32 Properties panel and plan for a wall 72
Figure 33 Properties panel and section for skirting 72
Figure 34 Wall sweep schedule showing materials and length of skirting 79
Figure 35 Export of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture 80
Figure 36 Txt file exported from Autodesk Revit Architecture 80
Figure 37 Information copied from text file to spreadsheet in Microsoft 81
Figure 38 Modified spreadsheet showing the required information 81
Figure 39 Bills of quantities generated 81
Figure 40 Type Properties Panel of a Wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture 85
Figure 41 Object Properties Panel of a Wall in Exactal’s CostX 86
Figure 42 Workbook in Exactal’s CostX 87
xi
Abbreviations
2D Two-dimensional
3D Three-dimensional
4D Four-dimensional
5D Five-dimensional
nD N-dimensional
BIM Building Information Modeling / Building Information Model
BQ Bills of Quantities
CAD Computer-Aided Design
CIS/2 CIMsteel Integration Standard Version 2
HKBIM Hong Kong Institute of Building Information Modeling
IFC Industry Foundation Class
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction and Background of the Study
Technology has brought immense benefits to the construction field. There is
empirical evidence showing that computer technology applications for
construction professional service are encouraged by the public through their high
expectations for professionalism and improved ethical behaviors (Ho and Ng,
2003). In fact, the use of technology in the construction field can be traced back
to the 1960s where RICS (1961) suggested that the development of computer
systems has a profound influence on quantity surveyors. In a quantity surveyors
general meeting held on the 18th October 1961, RICS (1961) claimed that the use
of technology enables relatively easy bill production and the development of an
industry-wide coded standard library of descriptions.
Until 1980s, the introduction of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) provokes a spark
to the construction industry. CAD becomes an essential tool for the production of
drawings in the construction industry since then. Other than simply serving as a
drawing tool, the implementation of CAD triggers a number of studies on the
downstream applications of CAD drawings, such as automated quantity
measurement (Tse & Wong, 2004). However, limitations on CAD technology
have been found due to its 2D geometry data. Certain building information, such
as finishes and specification would be difficult to be incorporated into the CAD.
To deal with the problems, another line of CAD products, object-based CAD
modeling is introduced. As technology advances, Building Information Modeling
(BIM) was introduced by Autodesk in 2002. To simplify, the concept of BIM is
to build a virtual building before it is actually built, so as to solve problems,
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
2
simulate and analyze potential impacts (NBIMS and NIBS, 2007). The
introduction of BIM has created a large buzz in the construction industry. BIM
has a wide range of applications and can help in dealing with different types of
matters in different stages of a construction project. A significant number of
studies also show that BIM can bring benefits to construction projects. Therefore,
BIM has been adopted in numbers of projects in recently years.
In recent years, with the introduction of Building Information Modeling, the new
technology is adopted in several projects in Hong Kong. With reference to the
Hong Kong Institute of Building Information Modeling (HKBIM) (2011), the
investigation on BIM has commenced in 2005. Projects in MTR and other private
developments have attempted the implementation of BIM in producing drawings
in recent years (HKBIM, 2011). Other than the private sector, the Hong Kong
Housing Authority (2011) also claimed that BIM has been introduced in its
development of public rental housing projects since 2006, with more than 19
projects adopting BIM technology at various project stages for identifying and
resolving construction and demolition difficulties.
It is apparent that BIM has been implemented in a significant number of
architectural and engineering practices in Hong Kong. However, application of
BIM technology in quantity surveying practice is limited. As suggested by
Olatunji et al (2009), BIM has the potential to revolutionize the quantity
surveying profession. Therefore, investigation of BIM technology on quantity
surveying practice shall be made to reveal the potential of BIM in quantity
surveying practice.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
3
The quantity surveying profession provides services on cost advice and cost
planning, contract documentations, and contract administration services. As
suggested by Aziz (2011), traditional quantity surveying is mainly a manual
process, which is very time consuming and prone to human errors. However,
building information modeling can provide a platform for the innovative and
integrated design processes and claimed to be able to provide automated
measurement for the quantities of the design works. In traditional quantity
surveying, the production of bills of quantities, one of the dominant documents in
most construction projects, takes up a significant amount of time of the quantity
surveyor. With the application of automated measurement in BIM, it is believed
that BIM technology can benefit the quantity surveying field in producing the
Bills of Quantities in a quicker and more accurate manner. In this study, a pilot
study is conducted to review the feasibility of using BIM technology on quantity
surveying practice in the production of Bills of Quantities in particular with the
architectural elements measurement. It is believed that the pilot study can
definitely add knowledge to the quantity surveying field. By identifying the
difficulties encountered in applying BIM technology in quantity surveying
practice, appropriate suggestions can be made to make good use of the
technology to its full extent.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
4
1.2 Aims and Objectives
In order to gain better knowledge on the application of BIM technology on
quantity surveying practice, a study would be made on the production of Bills of
Quantities, one of the dominant documents in most construction projects
produced by quantity surveyors. Bills of Quantities can be subdivided into
architectural elements and structural elements. To be specific, this study will
focus on the architectural elements only. Though there is a significant amount of
softwares available for the application of BIM, only two softwares that are
recently adopting in Hong Kong, AutoCAD Revit Architecture and Exactal’s
CostX, would be used in this study.
This research aims to conduct as a pilot study in reviewing the production of bills
of quantities on architectural elements through BIM environment. To carry out
the study, the following objectives are formulated.
1) To review the feasibility of BQ measurement on architectural elements
using original information in BIM
2) To identify problems encountered and the associated solutions in bills of
quantities measurement on architectural elements using Autodesk Revit
Architecture
2.1 Bills of quantities measurement directly from BIM automatic
quantities using automatically generated schedules
2.2 Bills of quantities measurement by abstracting dimensions and
information from BIM manually
3) To identify problems encountered and the associated solutions in bills of
quantities measurement on architectural elements using Exactal’s CostX
4) To make recommendation for future trend for BIM development
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review studies BIM in different aspects, the current quantity surveying
practice in the production of Bills of Quantities and the softwares for application of
BIM technology in the production of Bills of Quantities.
2.1 Building Information Modeling
Before using BIM on quantity surveying practice, investigation on Building
Information Modeling would be made, to have a clear and basic understanding of
Building Information Modeling in different aspects. In the following, different
dominant areas of BIM, including definition, its origin, difference between BIM
and CAD, the interoperability of BIM, the applications of BIM and the benefits
of BIM to the construction industry and to the quantity surveying field, would be
analyzed in detail.
2.1.1 Definition
Since the introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM), there have
been different definitions on BIM. In fact, BIM, the abbreviation, can represent
Building Information Model and Building Information Modeling. The
definitions of the two meanings of BIM would be illustrated below.
Kymell (2008) defines building information model as a virtual representation of
a building, potentially containing all the information required to construct the
building, using computers and software. The term generally refers both to the
model representing the physical characteristics of the project and to all the
information contained in and attached to components of these models. A BIM
may include any of or all the 2D, 3D, 4D (time element – scheduling), 5D (cost
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
6
information), or nD (energy, sustainability, facilities management, etc.,
information) representations of a project. Kymell’s definition provides an
insight on the information put into the virtual building and suggests that
applying different information in a building information model can produces the
respective kinds of virtual building, from two-dimensional to n-dimensional.
Different from building information modeling, building information modeling is
the process of creating, managing and using of a building information model.
Liu and Akinci (2009) suggested that building information modeling covers the
use of geometry, light analysis, geographic information, spatial relationships,
quantities and properties of building components. Building information
modeling is to demonstrate the entire building life cycle, including the processes
of construction and facility operation. As interpreted by Liu and Akinci,
building information modeling involves a wide range of applications and can be
used in the entire building life cycle.
Based on the above definitions, building information model and building
information modeling has completely different definitions. However, both
building information model and building information modeling can be
abbreviated as BIM. It is noted that when the abbreviation, BIM, is used in a
sentence, the interpretation of the abbreviation ‘BIM’ will depend on the
context whether it means building information model or building information
modeling.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1.2 Origin of BIM
In fact, some people may refer BIM as virtual building. However, the term,
building information modeling, was introduced by Autodesk in 2002 (Autodesk,
2003). As claimed by Autodesk (2003), this new innovation has changed the
perceptions of the construction industry on how technology can be applied to
building, design, construction, and management. However, it is claimed that
Jerry Laiserin is the person who have popularized the term BIM (Forbes and
Ahmed, 2010). Both Autodesk (2003) and Forbes and Ahmed (2010) believed
that BIM technology origins from the technology of CAD, object-based CAD
and parametric building modeling. Each of them would be introduced in the
following.
CAD, also known as geometry-based CAD, is a technology that has been
widely adopted in the construction field in the past decades. It involves the use
of geometry and layering in drafting construction drawings (Smith, 1989). In
most occasions, 2D plans, elevations and sections are the outcomes of CAD
technology.
For object-based CAD technology, as suggested by Forbes and Ahmed (2010),
it accommodates building designs in 3D geometry in a CAD-based environment.
There is a significant difference in the representation of conventional CAD and
object-based CAD. For instance, different from geometry-based CAD where
walls are represented by the use of 2D geometry, object-based CAD represents
wall in the form of an object with 3D geometry, providing a much clearer
representation of the building design.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
8
When compared to CAD technology and object-based CAD technology,
parametric building modeling technology is a more complex technology. As
supported by Ashcraft (2007), parametric building modeling is a system that
based on a large digital database, with building information of the relationship
between building elements. The technology put emphasis on the relationship
between different elements. Parametric modeling technology differs from CAD
technology because parameters are assigned to an object prior to its use
(Murphy et al, 2009). Different building elements are divided into different
categories or families. The parametric object can be edited to revise its
parameters of construction, texture and orientation (CSA, 2005). Parametric
elements would be automatically adjusted based on the relationships
programmed in the database. In other words, due to the relationship between the
elements, a change in a parametric element would lead to changes of other
parametric elements of the same category or family. In fact, Autodesk Revit is a
software that based on parametric building technology.
To supplement, all the three technologies can be evolved into BIM technology.
However, in implementing BIM, these three technologies require different
levels of efforts. For instance, CAD technology requires a comparatively high
level of efforts due to the simplicity of its outcomes. However, among all,
parametric building technology requires the least effort in providing the
requirement for BIM since it is far more sophisticated than CAD and
object-based CAD technology (Forbes and Ahmed, 2010). To be specific, in
this study, building information modeling would refer to the technology based
on parametric building technology, an easier and popular approach to BIM
application.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1.3 Difference between BIM and CAD
In order to provide a clear picture of what BIM is, a comparison would be
made between BIM, a new technology to the construction industry and CAD,
an existing and widely adopted technology in the field.
The most apparent difference between BIM and CAD is their difference in
showing the whole building design. For the traditional CAD technology,
building elements are represented in plans, elevations and sections with 2D
geometry. In drafting the building design, architects are required to draw an
element twice, for example, once on the plan and once on the elevations
(Weygant, 2011). In other words, the architects are required to draw multiple
times for different representations. However, the virtual models of BIM are
completely different. Building elements are represented in a virtual model with
3D geometry. Besides, 2D plans, elevations and sections are also available.
Architects are only required to draw an element once (Weygant, 2011). For
instance, a window drawn in the virtual model can be automatically shown in
the plans, elevations and sections.
Besides, one of the differences between BIM and CAD is their representation
of building elements. In traditional 2D CAD, building elements are
represented by lines, enclosed spaces and symbols. For example, walls are
represented by rectangles, floor is shown as the space enclosed by wall, and
windows may be represented by lines and symbols ‘W1’. This kind of
representation only shows the location and outline of the building elements,
with limited details. However, building elements are represented in BIM in a
different manner. Instead of simply using lines, enclosed space and symbols,
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
10
building elements are drawn as a single unit, with all its components and
layers attached to the element. It is suggested by Weygant (2011) that in the
virtual model of BIM, floors, ceilings and roofs are drawn and located at
where they exist, with the adjustments of a specific slope, thickness and type
available. Besides, windows and doors, which are usually represented with
lines and symbols in CAD, can be shown clearly in a graphic representation
with details of components.
It is believed by Weygant (2011) that the main characteristics of BIM is that
all the information related to the project is contained in, or linked to, BIM.
Therefore, the most critical difference between BIM and CAD is the “I” in
BIM, the ability to add information into the 3D virtual model. Kymmell (2008)
refers this ability of BIM as the model intelligence. The information of BIM
can be categorized into physical and non-physical information. Physical
information may refer to information that would affect the physical appearance
of the building model. As suggested by Kymmell (2008), physical information
includes the dimensions, location, quantity and other parametric information
of the building elements. Parametric information refers to the information that
distinguishes a building element from another that is similar in nature
(Kymmel, 2008). For instance, a floor slab may be considered different from
another floor slab with different parameters, such as its dimensions or
finishing materials, etc. Other than physical information, non-physical
information may also be inserted into the virtual model. As suggested by
Weygant (2011), non-physical information may include performance
information (i.e. the industry standards), installation/application information,
sustainability/usage information (e.g. LEED rating), management/maintenance
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
11
information and other specification information, of the building elements. The
required information incorporated in building information modeling can
facilitate building information modeling application, hence, showing how
powerful building information modeling is.
2.1.4 The interoperability of BIM
In order to fully utilize BIM, the application of BIM in different softwares is
inevitable. However, it is noted that interoperability of BIM is essential when
BIM application in different softwares is required. To deal with the problem,
two main building product data models, the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
and CIMsteel Integration Standard Version 2 (CIS/2), are developed.
Referring to Eastman et al. (2008), IFC is used for building planning, design,
construction and management, whereas CIS/2 is used for structural steel
engineering and fabrication. Since this study mainly focus on the architectural
elements of the building works, only IFC would be introduced in the
following.
The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) was developed, aiming to create a set
of consistent data representations of building information that can be used for
exchange between different software applications (Eastman et al., 2008). It is
believed by Khemlani (2004) that IFC were designed to address all building
information over the whole building lifecycle, from feasibility and planning to
occupancy and operation. As described by Weygant (2011), IFC is a standard
file format, created by International Alliance for Interoperability, for 3D
models that can be compatible with models created by other software and
translated into a uniform file format. In other words, with the application of
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
12
IFC, the problem of interoperability between different BIM softwares can be
solved. Hence, the application of BIM can be extended, without the hindrance
of non-interoperability.
2.1.5 The applications of BIM
As mentioned, with the development of IFC, the application of BIM can be
extended, without the threat of non-interoperability between different BIM
softwares. To show how powerful BIM can be, some major applications of
BIM would be illustrated in the following. With reference to Kymmell (2008),
the applications of BIM would be grouped into quantitative analysis,
qualitative analysis, as well as sequential analysis. Though BIM is a
considerably new technology to Hong Kong, it is noted that the three types of
BIM application have been adopted in different projects in the territory.
Quantitative analysis refers to the analysis of quantitative information in BIM,
which may include the quantities and cost. As suggested by Kymmell (2008),
quantitative analysis may involve quantity takeoff, construction cost estimate,
cash flow analysis and life cycle cost analysis. The Hong Kong Housing
Authority has brought quantitative analysis of BIM application into real
practice by estimating the soil and rock excavation quantities in the foundation
works in Kwai Chung Area 9H project (Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2011).
As shown, quantitative analysis involves most of the documents and analysis
made by the quantity surveying field. Based on the above, it can be concluded
that the powerful of BIM in its application can definitely bring ease and
benefits to the quantity surveying field. With the required quantity and cost
information inserted into the virtual model, it is theoretically feasible for the
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
13
application of BIM in the quantity surveying practice. However, this study
would look into the quantity takeoff application of BIM to investigate the
feasibility and the problems encountered.
Other than quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis with the application of
BIM could also show how powerful BIM is. With reference to Kymmell (2008)
and Foundation of the Wall and Ceiling Industry (2009), qualitative analysis
may consist of visualization, coordination and optimization of the construction,
constructability analysis, clash detection, energy analysis, and automated
fabrication of building components. With the application of BIM on
qualitative analysis, many aspects and problems, that may be difficult to
estimate and predict, can be foreseen in advance (Crotty, 2012). In fact, the
Hong Kong Housing Authority has also adopted the qualitative analysis in
several projects to identify and solve construction difficulties, for example,
Kwai Chung Area 9H (Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2011).
Unlike qualitative analysis, sequential analysis may include the study of time,
with the application of 4D BIM. As known by its name, sequential analysis
studies the construction sequence, assembly installation sequence and
demolition sequence (Kymmell, 2008). Sequential analysis has also been used
by the Hong Kong Housing Authority in the So Uk demolition project to
identify and resolve the demolition difficulties (Hong Kong Housing Authority,
2011).
To summarize, BIM is considered very useful and powerful in the sense that it
can be applied to different stage of the construction process. The applications
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
14
of BIM are also proved successful and beneficial to projects of Hong Kong
Housing Authority.
2.1.6 Benefits of BIM to the construction industry
With the considerable amount of application of BIM in the construction field,
it is apparent that BIM technology can bring benefits to the industry. A
significant amount of studies provide a detailed description on the advantages
of BIM. In the following, some of the major benefits of BIM would be
discussed.
One of the major benefits of the application of BIM is definitely the early
discovery of design errors and omissions (Eastman et al, 2008). With reference
to Latham (1994), design deficiencies are always the one of the major factors
contributing to the problems encountered during construction stage. Design
deficiencies would cause delay the construction and incur extra costs. With the
application of BIM, these design deficiencies can be discovered prior to the
construction through clash detection. The application of BIM on clash
detection helps to identify design errors, hence, preventing the delay and extra
costs caused by design deficiencies. Besides, with the use of 3D virtual model
in BIM, design errors caused by inconsistency in 2D drawings can be
prevented (Eastman et al, 2008). As mentioned, in 2D drawings, architects are
required to draw the same things at least twice, once on the plan and once on
the elevation. This characteristic of drawing 2D draws leads to the possibility
of design inconsistency. Quantity surveyors, recognizing the problem of
design inconsistency, would raise queries to the architects by sending query
sheets. This would in turn lengthen the time required for the quantity
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
15
surveyors to prepare the contract documents. Hence, design inconsistency
would also delay the tendering stage. However, with the use of 3D BIM,
architects are required to draw an object once only. Thus, the possibility of
design inconsistency would be lowered significantly. Hence, the tendering
stage would not be delayed due to design inconsistency. Therefore, a smooth
construction process can be sustained, without additional costs and time
required due to design errors and omissions, which is definitely one of the
major benefits of using BIM.
Besides, as suggested by Jernigan (2007) and Eastman et al. (2008),
development of virtual models can help in visualization and constructability
review. This is due to one of the major characteristics of BIM, that the
building is constructed virtually before the building is actually constructed on
site. By constructing the building virtually beforehand, visualization and
constructability review can be shown before the building is actually
constructed. In fact, the benefit of visualization and constructability review
can be shown in different construction stages. Through visualization at the
design stage, client can understand design proposals and different design
alternatives easily, without the need for visualizing in their mind the ideas
conveyed by the architect. This would enable an easier understanding of
design proposal of the client, hence, providing better services to the client
(Azhar et al, 2010). Moreover, with the aid of sequential analysis, the
constructability of the building can be assessed since the design is completed
(Eastman et al., 2008). Factors hampering the constructability can be predicted
in advance and the anticipated problems can be resolved prior to construction.
This can be compared to the current construction practice with limited
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
16
constructability review. Since the building cannot be visualized before
construction, the constructability of the building design cannot be fully
anticipated. Construction problems would usually be encountered in current
construction practice, delaying the construction process. However, with the
constructability reviewed and the potential problems anticipated and tackled, a
smooth construction process can be ensured, without extra time and costs
required due to poor constructability of the building design.
With the development of 3D models, BIM can help architects in developing a
more enhanced and sophisticated design (Boon, 2009). Different from CAD,
BIM can provide accurate details of construction, enabling the development of
a complex and sophisticated design. As mentioned, in current practice using
2D CAD, architects are required to draw a building element twice, once on the
plan and once on the elevation. In representation complicated building
elements with irregular shape, not only architects may find it difficult to
represent accurate details of construction in 2D drawings, they may also have
difficulties in representing the irregular building elements twice, once on the
plan and once on the elevation. Not only difficulties can be found in
representing the sophisticated design, even if the architects can represent the
irregular building elements in 2D drawings, difficulties can also be found in
the understanding the sophisticated design by looking at the 2D drawings.
Hence, representation and understanding of irregular building elements can be
very difficult. However, with the building showing in a 3D model, architects
can easily develop a more sophisticated design and provide an accurate detail
of construction without the need of drawing the irregular elements twice.
Besides, understanding of the design can be simple by visualization. Hence,
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
17
with the application of BIM, a more enhanced and sophisticated design can be
developed. As mentioned by Grohmann and Tessmann (2008), examples may
include the Beijing Olympic Aquatic Centre with irregular polyhedron space
frame structure and the Mariiinsky Threatre in St Petersburg. Besides, Boon
(2009) also suggested that the building design for the technical performance
can also be enhanced with the application of BIM. As pointed out by Eastman
et al. (2008), the technical performance analysis, for example, energy analysis,
lighting analysis, acoustic analysis, etc., can be made with the application of
BIM. With the technical performance being analyzed before the building is
actually constructed, the technical performance of the building can be assessed
and amended at the design stage. Hence, the building can be ensured to
provide a favorable level of technical performance. To conclude, with BIM
technology, construction design can be enhanced, providing aesthetical,
acoustic and other kinds of comfort to the building users.
Besides, Eastman et al (2008) raised the idea that BIM can help in facilitating
quick reaction to design or site problems. During construction, design and site
problems are inevitable. These problems may delay the construction process.
In limit the consequences of these problems, constructors usually seek for
quick reactions in tackling the problems. However, in some circumstances,
difficulties would be found in identifying a possible solution to tackle the
design or site problems. Nevertheless, quick reaction can be ensured with BIM
application. With BIM technology, any changes to the objects in the design
can be updated easily. Hence, the subsequent consequences would be reflected.
Different from CAD, the use of a BIM system can enable a rapid resolution of
the design or site problems since the modifications can be shared, visualized,
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
18
estimated and resolved without the use of time-consuming paper transactions
(Eastman et al, 2008). Therefore, the application of BIM can prevent delay
caused due to design and site problems.
Among the significant amount of benefits of BIM, only several major
advantages of BIM application are illustrated above. Yet, there are still many
other benefits in the application of BIM. Nevertheless, based on the above, it
can be concluded that BIM can really bring huge benefits to the construction
industry in different aspects.
2.1.7 Benefits of BIM to the quantity surveying field
As mentioned, BIM does bring a considerable amount of benefits to the
construction. With a study on the application of BIM on the quantity surveying
field, discussions specifically on the advantages of BIM to the quantity
surveying field would be conducted in the following.
The most apparent benefit of BIM to the quantity surveying field is that an
accurate cost estimate can be made during the design stage. At any stage of the
design, quantities can be extracted directly from the virtual model and be used
for cost estimation. Hence, the accuracy of the cost estimate would be in line
with the level of detail of the design. Moreover, the cost estimate can be
automatically updated when there are any changes in the design, increasing the
accuracy of the cost estimate. When the design is completed, accurate cost
estimation can be prepared by extracting the quantities of all the elements in
the design. This is especially apparent in dealing with complex and irregular
shapes where BIM provides a more accurate estimate when compared to
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
19
current quantity surveying practice (Olatunji et al, 2010). In current quantity
surveying practice, however, the quantities cannot be extracted directly. It
requires certain amount of time for the quantity surveyors to prepare an
estimate. Hence, the accuracy of the estimate cannot be in line with the level
of detail in the design. Therefore, by using the application of BIM, an accurate
estimate can be generated.
Furthermore, the cost implications of a change in design could be shown
accurately and quickly with the use of BIM (Eastman et al, 2008). During the
design stage, there may be alternative design options. Advice is often sought
from the quantity surveyors on the cost implications of these alternative design
options. In current practice, the cost implications may be decided by the
quantity surveyors based on their experience. The cost implications may be a
rough estimate, based on a rough estimate on changes in quantities of building
elements. However, with BIM application, quantity surveyors can be notified
the exact changes in quantity of different elements in alternative design
options by looking at the building information model. Based on the
information, quantity surveyors can then calculate the estimate with reference
to the current market cost of the building elements. Quantity surveyors can
then suggest the cost implications of the change in design. Based on the exact
changes in quantities and current market cost of the building elements,
quantity surveyors can easily provide an accurate and quick estimate on the
cost implications of a change in design. Hence, by using BIM, the cost
implications of alternative design options can be provided in a more accurate
and faster manner by the quantity surveyors.
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20
Moreover, the automatic measuring characteristic with the application of BIM
can assist in the quantity surveying practice. Automatic measurement in BIM
can facilitate quantity surveyors in the preparation of cost estimates, bills of
quantities and valuation of variations, etc. In current practice, quantity
surveyors require a significant amount of time in taking-off quantities because
measurement is made manually with rulers. However, with automatic
measurement, quantity surveyors can save a considerable amount of time in
taking-off quantities. Besides, as mentioned by Ashcraft (2007), cost estimates
and bills of quantities can be automatically updated as the model changes. This
is beneficial where variations are inevitable in a project. By using BIM,
quantity surveyors can save time in identifying and measuring the variations
made. To conclude, time can be saved for quantity surveyors in preparing
documents like bills of quantities, valuations of variations and financial
statements.
To sum up, the application of BIM can ease the quantity surveying practice,
providing a more accurate and time-saving approach in dealing with design
changes and documents. Hence, with the benefits of BIM to the quantity
surveying practice, BIM shall be promoted in the field.
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21
2.2 Quantity Surveying Practice in Bills of Quantities Preparation
In this study, bills of quantities would be prepared using BIM application. In
order to contrast the differences between current quantity surveying practice and
the use of BIM in preparation of bills of quantities, the current quantity
surveying practice in bills of quantities preparation would be discussed in the
following.
2.2.1 Bills of Quantities
Bill of Quantities (BQ) is a pricing document forming part of the tender
documents. As stated by Turner (1983), the origin of the bill of quantities aims
to avoid the need for tenderers to take off what should be closely similar
quantities in order to apply to them the prices, in forming the really competitive
part of the tenders. In other words, the bills of quantities provide a uniform
basis for tenderers to price on exactly the same information so as to facilitate
easy tender analysis.
The bills of quantities are one of the vital documents prepared by quantity
surveyors. The bill sheet in BQ for measured items should contain columns for
indicating the reference number, description, unit, quantity, unit rate and
amount. In the production of BQ, the quantity surveyors are not responsible for
all of the columns, he shall only provide each measured item with a reference
number, description and its associated unit and quantity.
The traditional method of preparation of a BQ can be split into two main
processes, measurement and billing. Measurement refers to taking off
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
22
dimensions from drawings. Billing may refer to transferring the measurements
into bill sheet. Each of them would be discussed separately in the following.
2.2.2 Measurements
Measurement is also called taking off. Taking off is measuring from drawings
by ruler, scale ruler or digitizer in accordance with the standard method of
measurement to produce a BQ. As suggested by HKIS (2005), the standard
method of measurement (SMM) aims at providing uniform units of
measurement and standard allowances, etc., and is a definition of principle
rather than an inflexible document. In particular and exceptional cases, the
quantity surveyor may adopt special methods, provided that any deviation from
or qualifications to the SMM shall be stated in the Preambles to the BQ. For
building works in Hong Kong the current available standard rules are detailed in
the Hong Kong Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works – Fourth
Edition (HKSMM4) published by the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors
(HKIS).
In current quantity surveying practice, quantity surveyors perform
measurements of 2D drawings, including plans, elevations, sections and details.
Besides, in facilitating measurements of certain trays, they are also
supplemented by finishes schedules, ironmongery schedule, window schedule,
door schedule and specifications, which provide information not incorporated in
the 2D drawings. During measurement, quantity surveyors would refer to
different drawings and supplemented information. With poor level of
visualization with 2D drawings, quantity surveyors are required to look at the
plans and elevations at the same time to measure certain elements. With
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
23
reference to the plans and elevations, quantity surveyors would visualize the
design in their mind and take measurements.
It is noted that measurements may have to be adjusted when tender drawings are
revised. Therefore, measurements shall be recorded clearly for future reference.
For traditional quantity surveying practice, measurements are recorded in
dimension papers. However, measurements are commonly recorded in
spreadsheets or softwares like AtlesPro in current practice.
As mentioned, in traditional quantity surveying practice, dimension papers are
used in recording measurements. An extract of dimension paper is shown in
Figure 1.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Figure 1: Extract of Dimension Paper with columns numbered
In fact, dimension paper can be divided into four columns. As suggested by
CEDD (2010), column 1 is called timesing column in which multiplying figures
are entered when there is more than one of the particular item being measured.
Whereas column 2 refers to the dimension column in which the actual
dimensions are recorded. The column 3 is the squaring column in which the
length, area or column obtained by multiplying together the figures in columns
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
24
1 and 2 is recorded. Column 4 is called the description column in which the
description of each particular item is recorded. Besides, breakdown calculations,
also called waste calculation, and location notes are also recorded in column 4
for easy reference.
It is noted that at the start of measurement, the project name, works and
drawings are recorded on the dimension paper. Besides, take off list is also
provided to act as a checklist as the detailed measurement proceeds to reduce
the risk of omissions.
With the use of computer, measurements can also be recorded in spreadsheets
using Mircosoft Excel or softwares like AtlesPro, which is a usual practice in
current quantity surveying field. In most quantity surveying companies, there
are self-designed format spreadsheets for company use. Quantity surveyors are
required to input the dimensions, units and descriptions into these spreadsheets.
Different from using dimension paper, spreadsheets can be used by setting
formulas to transfer data to reports for presentation.
2.2.3 Biling
Billing is the process of managing taking off quantities with their associated
item descriptions for preparation of BQ (CEDD, 2010). There are four
traditional methods of processing the measurement, including abstracting,
cutting and shuffling, direct billing and computer-aided billing. Each of them
would be illustrated separately in the following.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
25
In measurement, there are always repetitions of the same item in different part
of the dimensions. Therefore, there is a need for abstracting. Abstracting is to
collect similar items together and to classify them into the SMM sections and
put them in a suitable sequence in the bill (Lee et al, 2011). In abstracting,
quantity surveyors are required to copy the squared dimensions and descriptions
from the dimension paper onto the abstract paper. The dimensions are then
summed up and transferred to the bill sheet together with its associated
descriptions.
With reference to Lee et al (2011), in the application of cut and shuffle system,
the taking off is done on a cut and shuffle paper instead of dimension paper. The
cut and shuffle paper is a sheet which is divided into three or four slips. When
the measurement is finished, the slips are cut and sorted into bill order. When
there are so many dimensions for an item that two or more slips are required,
the slips with the same descriptions are attached together. The dimensions
would be summed up on the first slip for the item. The first slip is called the
master and is the one from which the bill shall base on. Additional slips for the
same item are called slaves. All slips are slotted in order and handed over
directly for typing and then printing.
Direct billing is to transfer the items directly from the dimension paper to the
bill. This can eliminate the need for abstracting, hence, reducing the time
required. This is suitable when the number of like items is limited and the work
is simple in nature.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
26
Owing to the convenience of computerized system, computer-aided billing is
commonly used nowadays. Computer-aided billing can be done by spreadsheets
or softwares. In some quantity surveying firms, a standard library of
descriptions is built up in the system from which quantity surveyors can search
an appropriate description in the software. After the input of all required data,
items sorting, bill format production and bill printing can be performed by the
software. The bills of quantities can then be generated.
To conclude, there are many different ways in the preparation of bills of
quantities in the quantity surveying practice. In spite of the traditional methods,
current quantity surveying practice mainly focuses on the use of computers, like
performing measurements recorded in spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel and other
softwares, and computer-aided billing. Using the computer can provide
convenience in the process of bills of quantities preparation and reduces the time
required. It is shown that time-saving method in the bills of quantities preparation
is favorable in the quantity surveying field. Hence, it is worthwhile to investigate
the application of BIM on bills of quantities preparation, which is considered
time-saving due to its automatic measurement characteristic.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
27
2.3 BIM Software for Bills of Quantities Production
In order to investigate the feasibility of the application of BIM in the production
of Bills of Quantities on architectural elements, two softwares that are recently
adopting in Hong Kong, AutoCAD Revit Architecture and Exactal’s CostX,
would be used in this study. In the following, a brief description would be made
to introduce the two softwares.
2.3.1 AutoCAD Revit Architecture
Autodesk Revit Architecture is developed by Autodesk and is one of the
Autodesk’s BIM softwares in the Revit series. The series includes Revit
Architecture, Revit Structure, Revit MEP, etc. Revit was launched by Revit
Technology Corporation in 2000 and was acquired and introduced to the
industry by Autodesk in 2002. It is claimed by Eastman et al (2008) that Revit
Architecture is the most popular software among all other available BIM
softwares and is currently the market leader for the application of BIM in
architectural design. According to Autodesk (2012), Autodesk Revit
Architecture is a software that is built for BIM and is based on parametric
building modeling technology. Revit has a project database that consists of the
representations of all building elements (Forbes and Ahmed, 2010).
In the following, a brief introduction of the software, Autodesk Revit
Architecture, would be made, to show the basic operation of the software.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
28
Figure 2: Application Manual in Autodesk Revit Architecture
The application manual can be opened by clicking the Revit logo on the top
left corner. As Shown in Figure 2, there are many functions in the application
manual. These functions are the basic functions in manipulating the project.
For instance, “New” refers to creating a new project while “Open” refers to
opening of existing projects. Users can also save, export, publish and print the
information in the projects. As Shown in Figure 2, Autodesk Revit
Architecture allows a wide variety of exchange files format. BIM can easily
change into CAD formats, DWF / DWFx files, ADSK exchange file,
animations or image files, reports with schedules or room area, gbXML file,
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
29
and IFC file. The large variety of exchange files formats allows the application
of BIM in different softwares and different aspects effectively.
Figure 3: User interface in Autodesk Revit Architecture
Figure 3 shows the user interface in the Autodesk Revit Architecture. As
shown, the user interface can be separately into different parts, including panel
buttons, tools panel, project browser, drawing area, and view control bar.
Panel buttons contains a set of default tools, namely Home, Insert, Annotate,
Analyze, Structure, Massing & Site, Collaborate, View, Manage, and Modify.
Each of the panel buttons has their own tools panel. Figure 3 shows the tools
panel of Home, which is commonly used in the majority of BIM projects. As
suggested by Autodesk (2012), the project browser is used to show a logical
hierarchy for all the views, schedules, sheets, families, groups, linked Revit
Panel Buttons
Tools Panel
Drawing Area Project
Browser
View Control Bar
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
30
models, and other parts of the current project. The project browser allows an
easy browsing of the model and information in the project. The drawing area
can be used to display views of the project. This is also the area for drafting
the design during model development. The view control bar allows functions
that affect the current view. These functions include scale, visual level, detail
level, sun path, shadows, rendering dialog, crop view, crop region, locked 3D
view, temporary hide elements, and reveal hidden elements.
Figure 4: Drawing of walls on plan in Autodesk Revit Architecture
To illustrate how the building information model is actually develops in
Autodesk Revit Architecture, walls are drawn. Walls can be drawn by clicking
the Wall button in the Home panel. With wall selected, users can simply draw
the wall on the drawing area with their desired dimensions.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
31
Figure 5: 3D view of the walls drawn in Autodesk Revit Architecture
To have a 3D view on the model, users can click on the view panel and select
3D view. A 3D view will then be generated as shown in Figure 5. To have a
full view of the 3D view, users can rotate the 3D model by clicking the scroll
button on the mouse and the Shift key on the keyboard at the same time.
Figure 6: Properties of wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
32
By clicking on the wall, the properties manual of the wall is shown in Figure 6.
The properties manual allows users to input different kinds of information to
the wall. For example, the family and type of the wall can be amended.
Besides, information likes materials, manufacturer, costs, descriptions, etc. can
also be inputted in the wall type properties manual. However, it is noted that
since it is a parametric model with links between elements of the same types,
information input in the type properties manual of a wall would automatically
inputted in that of the wall of the same type.
Figure 7: Creating of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture
With the model developed, quantity surveyors can base on the model to
take-off quantities. In Revit Architecture, with the use of schedules or material
take-off list, quantities can be automatically measured and shown (Demchak et
al, 2008). Elements are divided into different categories and users are required
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
33
to use schedules or material take-off list of certain category to take-off the
quantity of certain elements. For instance, in taking-off the finishing materials
of walls, one should use a wall material take-off list. A schedule can be created
by right clicking on the Schedules/Quantities of the Project Browser. As
shown in Figure 7, a number of schedules would be provided for choices.
After selecting the schedule to be produced, Revit Architecture provides a
wide range of fields to be inserted into the schedules and material take-off list.
The available fields may include area, length, width, height, family and type,
cost and other information. Besides, Revit Architecture also allows users to
input other user-defined parameters into the schedules and material take-off
list. In preparing a schedule or material take-off list, users may select their
required fields and defined their own parameters. Hence, a schedule can be
produced with the desired information as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Wall schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
34
In the production of Bills of Quantities, schedules and material take-off list
developed in Revit Architecture are required to be exported to other softwares.
According to Autodesk (2007), schedules and material take-off list can be
exported through output to Microsoft Excel. Users can then input the data to
generate the Bills of Quantities.
2.3.2 Exactal’s CostX
CostX is a project costing software developed by Exactal and was introduced
in Australia in 2004. Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where a
virtual building is developed and quantities are extracted in a single software,
CostX requires the import of drawings so as to facilitate automatic
measurement. With reference to Exactal (2010), CostX has universal
application ranging from hand-drawn sketches, through PDFs and CAD files,
up to full 3D BIM capability.
Figure 9: User interface in Exactal’s CostX
Panel Buttons
Dimension Panel
Drawings Panel
Tools Panel
View Area
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
35
With reference to Figure 9, the user interface in Exactal’s CostX can be
divided into different areas, including panel buttons, tools panel, drawings
panel, dimension panel, and view area. Since Exactal’s CostX is an estimating
tool, the panel buttons are different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where
drawing of building elements are allowed. For the panel buttons in CostX, it
includes Home, Drawings, Dimensions, Revisions, and Workbooks. Each of
the panel buttons has their own tools panel. The drawing panel, similar to the
project browser in Autodesk Revit Architecture, shows the drawings inserted
into the project. The dimension panel is to show dimensions whereas the view
area is to show the view of the drawings.
For files developed in Autodesk Revit Architecture, Autodesk (2007) claimed
that the export from Autodesk Revit Architecture can be made through ODBC
connection. ODBC is a standard useful for integrating data-centric applications
like cost estimating with building information modeling (Autodesk, 2007).
This approach typically uses the ODBC database to access the attribute
information in the building model, and then uses exported 2D or 3D CAD files
to access the dimensional data (Autodesk, 2007). To export BIM from
Autodesk Revit Architecture to CostX, exchange files of DWF or DWFx can
be created, which is shown in Figure 10. The building information model can
then be added to Exactal’s CostX by clicking add drawing button. The BIM
imported to Exactal’s CostX can be shown in Figure 11. To have a full view of
the 3D view, users can rotate the 3D model by left-clicking and move the
mouse.
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
36
Figure 10: Export of BIM to CostX
Figure 11: BIM imported to Exactal’s CostX
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
37
Automatic measurement in CostX is slightly different from that in Autodesk
Revit Architecture. In Autodesk Revit Architecture, quantities are
automatically extracted by choosing the appropriate schedule and fields.
However, in CostX, quantity surveyors are required to click on the desired
elements for measurement. For instance, in extracting quantities from wall,
one shall click on all the walls that are intended for measurement. To
categorize different types of dimensions, it is also essential to create dimension
groups. Before clicking the building elements for measurement, users are
required to select the dimension group first. There are two types of
measurement, including the vector mode and the object mode. The vector
mode allows users to take-off dimensions from their desired area. Hence,
measurements can be manipulated. Whereas the object mode take-off
dimensions based on the dimension of the whole object, providing a fast and
simple method in measurement. When dimensions are taken-off, the object
would be shaped in green as shown in Figure 12. Hence, users can check the
measured items easily.
Figure 12: Measured objects shaded in green in Exactal’s CostX
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
38
Besides, in the representation of measurements, CostX shows its differences
from Autodesk Revit Architecture. In CostX, all measurements can be
live-linked into spreadsheet based hierarchical workbooks, or extracted to
Microsoft Excel (Exactal, 2010). These live links between the drawing files
and workbooks enables automatic updating of the workbooks in case of
changes of dimensions in the drawings (Exactal, 2010). In the preparation of
the workbook, the dimensions in the dimension panel can be dragged onto the
workbook to create the live links. An example of the workbook in Exactal’s
CostX can be shown in Figure 13.
In facilitating costing, Exactal (2010) suggested that CostX can be tied to a
costing library to provide instant cost information and re-calculation in case of
changes. For the final output, standard reports such as Bills of Quantities and
cost plans can be generated by clicking the reports button in the tools panel.
Figure 13: Workbook in Exactal’s CostX
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
39
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The research would employ qualitative technique, based on information obtained
from simulation, which focuses on reviewing the feasibility of BQ production
with BIM technology, identifying the difficulties encountered and make
suggestions in encountering the problems. Simulation can be defined as a method
for using computer software to model the operation of “real-world” processes,
systems, or events (Law and Kelton, 1991). It may also be described as virtual
experiments (Carley, 2001).
It is claimed by the Sokolowski and Banks (2009) that applying simulation
modeling in research can help in diagnosing problems and identifying constraints
by understanding the complex system. As suggested by Harrison et al (2007),
though it is not commonly used in research, simulation modeling provides a
powerful methodology for advancing theory and research on complex systems. By
using simulation methodology in this research, it is believed that major problems
can be identified in researching on BIM, the new and complex system, so as to
arrive at some solutions and guidelines in BIM application in BQ production.
In conducting the research, a simulation on the production of bills of quantities on
architectural elements by the two existing BIM softwares, Autodesk Revit
Architecture and Exactal’s CostX, would be made. In the bills of quantities
production, a building information model, developed for current BIM application
in Hong Kong, would be used. A typical floor of a residential estate is shown in
the building information model. With limitations on the building information
model and the scope of work in this research, all the trades cannot be involved in
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
40
this study. However, some common trades, including wood works, steel and metal
works, plastering and paving, glazing, painting and other sundries, would be
involved. After all, this research aims to serve as a pilot study in reviewing the
production of bills of quantities on architectural elements by BIM application. It is
believed that the involvement of these common trades in the research can provide
a representative picture on BIM application.
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
41
3.2 Research Framework
In the following, Table 1 provides a full and clear picture of the research methodology.
Table 1: Research Methodology
Data collection (solicitation of Revit architectural plans)
Viability of conducting pilot study
Confirmation of building information model
Simulation by conducting pilot study
Analysis for the proficiency of automated measurement via BIM environment
BQ measurement using
Autodesk Revit Architecture
BQ measurement using
Exactal’s CostX
BQ measurement by abstracting quantities
from BIM manually
a) BQ measurement directly from BIM
automatic quantities
b) BQ measurement by abstracting
dimension & information from BIM
manually
Identify difficulties encountered
and recommend solutions
Identify difficulties encountered
and recommend solutions
Consolidation of findings
Recommendation for improvement
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
42
3.2.1 Data collection, viability of conduction pilot study, and confirmation of BIM
The study process would commence in data collection, where architectural
plans for this study would be solicited. Through the preliminary study of the
collected architectural plans, the viability of conducting this pilot study would
be examined. With the viability of conducting the pilot study ensured, a
building information model is confirmed to be used in this study for the bills of
quantities production.
3.2.2 Analysis for the provision of automated measurement via BIM environment
The simulation, which would emphasize on reviewing the feasibility of using
original BIM’s information to produce the bills of quantities on architectural
elements, would be made. Analysis would be made on the proficiency of
automated measurement via BIM environment by BQ measurement using the
two BIM softwares, Autodesk Revit Architecture and Exactal’s CostX. For BQ
measurement using Autodesk Revit Architecture, it can be further divided into
BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities and BQ measurement
by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. BQ
measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities refers to measurement
using schedules automatically generated in Autodesk Revit Architecture
whereas BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM
manually refers to measurement by abstracting the information provided in the
object properties of the elements to be measured. It is expected that different
problems would be encountered in each ways of BQ measurement in Autodesk
Revit Architecture. Therefore, the two ways of BQ measurement would be
analyzed separately to provide problems encountered for each ways of BQ
measurement specifically. Hence, a clear picture of problems encountered can
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
43
be depicted in BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit Architecture. For BQ
measurement using Exactal’s CostX, automatically generated schedules are not
available. Hence, BQ measurement would be made by abstracting quantities
from BIM manually. Dimension groups for specific items would be created and
the elements to be measured would be clicked on so as to abstract their
quantities.
3.2.3 Identification of difficulties encountered and recommendation of solutions
In the process of bills of quantities production, it is anticipated that difficulties
and problems in the building information model, dimensions and descriptions
would be encountered in different BIM softwares. Problems in the building
information model and descriptions can be referred to the limitations on the
existing building information model and can be identified in the process of BQ
measurement. For problems on dimensions, it refers to the differences in
measurement between using BIM application and current quantity surveying
practice. To identify the differences, measurement using scale ruler based on
SMM4 would be made and compared with the measurements using BIM
application. Based on the knowledge of current quantity surveying practice, this
research would be conducted in a first-person perspective to identify the
problems encountered using original BIM’s information. Suggestions would
then be made in solving the encountered difficulties.
3.2.4 Consolidation of findings and recommendation for improvement
Based on the analysis on BQ production using different BIM softwares,
findings would be consolidated. Recommendation for improvement for BQ
production using BIM application would then be made.
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CHAPTER 4: BQ MEASUREMENT USING AUTODESK REVIT
ARCHITECTURE
As mentioned in previous chapter, the production of bills of quantities involves the
taking-off of quantities and the transfer of quantities into bill items. In this chapter,
emphasis would be put on quantities take-off using Autodesk Revit Architecture.
Some common trades, including wood works, steel and metal works, plastering and
paving, glazing, painting, and other sundries would be involved in the bills of
quantities measurement.
As discussed, quantities take-off using Autodesk Revit Architecture can be divided
into two ways, BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities and BQ
measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. BQ
measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities refers to measurement using
schedules automatically generated in Autodesk Revit Architecture whereas BQ
measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually refers to
measurement by abstracting the information provided in the object properties of the
elements to be measured. In the following, the two ways of quantities take-off using
Autodesk Revit Architecture would be illustrated separately.
4.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities
It is believed that BIM can benefit the quantity surveying industry by its
automatic measurement. To review BQ measurement directly from BIM
automatic quantities, analysis would be made on the feasibility of using original
BIM’s information in BQ measurement on architectural elements. Problems
encountered in the process of BQ measurement would be illustrated and the
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45
associated solutions would be suggested. Recommendations for improvement
would also be made.
4.1.1 Review on the feasibility of using original BIM’s information in BQ
measurement
To start with the BQ measurement, it is essential to study the building
information model. During the studying process, it is realized that the
building information model, which should be a typical model used for BIM
application in Hong Kong, has limited information for BQ measurement,
making it not feasible in BQ measurement. Essential information for
measurements of architectural elements like finishing materials is not shown
in the model. Besides, finishes schedule, which shall be incorporated in
current practice, is not provided in the building information model. Since BQ
measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities is based on the
information incorporated in the building information model, the lack of such
essential information implies that automatic quantities for these essential
items cannot be generated. Therefore, trades including plastering and paving,
and painting cannot be measured with the original BIM’s information. These
two trades constitute a large portion of the bills of quantities for architectural
elements only. Hence, it can be concluded that it is not feasible in using the
original BIM’s information to produce the bills of quantities for architectural
elements.
4.1.2 Problems encountered and the associated solutions
In order to simulate the measurement of BQ in BIM application, some
common information and elements are incorporated into the model. For
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46
instance, information like finishing materials is inserted into the model.
Besides, elements like skirting are also inserted into the model to identify the
common difficulties in BQ preparation using BIM application. In the process
of BQ measurement, problems are identified and solutions are suggested.
The model is then re-modified based on the problems and solutions so as to
facilitate BQ measurement.
In the processes of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,
several significant problems were encountered. These problems can be
categorized into inadequate information, not fitting for measurement criteria,
and insufficient level of details. In dealing with these problems, solutions are
suggested to be done either by the architect during model preparation or by
the quantity surveyors before BQ preparation.
1) Inadequate information in building information model
As stated, the majority of building information models in Hong Kong is not
designed for quantity surveying purposes, therefore, it is apparent that these
models lack the information required for the BQ measurement. This
problem is also applicable in the building information model used in this
study. The studied model is fit for visualization purpose as all the basic
building elements in the design are incorporated in the building information
model. However, these building elements lack detail information for
measurement purpose. For instance, finishing materials, which are stated in
a separate finishes schedule in current practice, are not specified in the
model. This kind of information is essential in measurement with BIM
applications in satisfying the major characteristics of automatic
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measurement in BIM, elements and information to be measured must be
incorporated in the model. Otherwise, without finishing materials and
ironmongery incorporated in BIM, two major trades, plastering and paving
and ironmongery, cannot be measured with BIM application.
In BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities, elements and
information to be measured must be incorporated in the building
information model so as to facilitate the software to automatically generate
measurements in schedules. In tackling the problem, suggestions are made
for lack of information like finishing materials.
For information like finishing materials, the incorporation of this kind of
information can be done in two ways, either by the architect during the
model preparation or by the quantity surveyors before BQ measurement.
For information in feed by the architects, architects shall input the data by
editing each of the building elements. For instance, architects shall press the
edit type button in the properties manual of the elements, which is circled in
red in Figure 14. A type properties manual would then emerge and the edit
button for editing the structure of an element, which is circled in red in
Figure 15, shall be pressed. Architects shall then insert layers of finishes
into the building elements in the edit assembly manual of the elements.
Examples of finishes information incorporation into the model can be
shown in Figure 16, showing the assembly type manual before
incorporating finishes information and Figure 17, showing the assembly
type manual after incorporating finishes information. As shown in Figure
17, two layers of finishes are inserted onto the wall. The section in Figure
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17 also shows the sections of the wall with finishing information
incorporated.
Figure 14: Edit type button for editing the information in the model
Figure 15: Edit button for editing the structure of an element
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Figure 16. Properties of a wall without incorporating finishes information
Figure 17. Properties of a wall with finishes information
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As illustrated, incorporation finishes information by the architect during
model preparation is feasible. However, this method is not recommended
because inserting layers of finishes into the building elements would
increase the thickness of the building elements, hence, altering the
measurements of the building elements. Besides, if the architect is required
to incorporate this kind of information into the model, it would increase the
architect’s burden. Therefore, in feed information by architects during
model preparation is not recommended.
However, in case quantity surveyors are responsible for the incorporation of
information like finishing materials, architects may issue the finishes
schedule as current practice and quantity surveyors apply finishes on the
building elements. Before applying materials on the building elements, it is
essential to create the materials by click the materials button in the Manage
panel, as shown in Figure 18. In the creation of the materials, information
like model, manufacturer, cost, etc. can be inserted. Besides, the color of
shading can be selected for easy identification. After creating the required
materials, quantity surveyors can apply finishes on the building elements by
using the Material as Paint tools. By clicking the building elements, the
Material as Paint tool would be shown in the tools panel, which is circled in
red in Figure 19. The materials can then be selected and applied on the
building element’s surface. When materials are applied on the building
element, it would be shaded in the color selected during the materials
creation. Example of measured building element shaded in green can be
shown in Figure 20. It is noted that there may be several layers of materials
applied on the building elements. However, the Materials as Paint tool can
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51
only apply a layer of finishes on the building elements. To deal with the
problem, it is suggested that in creating the materials, all the layers should
be considered. For instance, a material should be created representing
spatterdash, plastering and painting all together.
Figure 18: Materials panel in Autodesk Revit Architecture
Figure 19: Applying materials on building elements using Materials as Paint
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Figure 20: Materials applied on building elements and shaded in green
Apparently, this would be a more practical solution without increasing the
architect’s burden. Moreover, the in feed of this kind of information is
mainly for measurement purpose. Hence, it is believed that quantity
surveyors, who are more familiar to the measurement rules, shall be
responsible for the in feed of information, so as to ensure that the
information input coincides with the measurement rules. However, it is
important to ensure that quantity surveyors have the required basic
knowledge on Autodesk Revit Architecture in applying materials on the
building elements. Since Autodesk Revit Architecture may be a
sophisticated software when compared to other softwares in current
quantity surveying practice, significant time may be required for training of
quantity surveyors for BIM software. Therefore, instead of requiring all the
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53
quantity surveyors to have an in-depth knowledge in BIM software so as to
facilitate the incorporation of information into the model, it is also advised
that BIM technicians specifically responsible for the in feed of information
into BIM shall be provided in quantity surveying firms.
However, in inserting of finishing materials onto the surface of the building
element, it should be aware of the overlapping of building elements because
no materials shall be applied to the overlapping area. Besides, it is common
that a building element may have different finishing materials. For instance,
walls may have their lower part finished in dados and the upper part
finished in emulsion painting. Also, in the event of suspended ceiling, it is
common practice that the portion of wall enclosed by the suspended ceiling
would not have finishing materials. As mentioned, the current practice
would not incorporate finishing materials in the model. However, in case
that BIM is applied in production of bills of quantities, this problem can
never be neglected.
To deal with the problem of overlapping of building elements and building
elements, like walls, with different finishing materials on a surface, there
are two ways in dealing with the problem. The problem can either be solved
by the architects during the model preparation or by the quantity surveyors
before BQ measurement.
In the occasion that architects incorporate building materials in the wall
properties, which would increase the thickness of the wall as mentioned,
architects are required to have a different way in drawing the walls. The
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architects are required to split the walls into regions in the edit assembly
manual. As shown in Figure 21, the wall is split into two regions showing
two different finishing materials on one side. The lower part with ceramic
wall tiles is shown in the green portion and the upper part with emulsion
painting is shown in the pink portion. Preparing models in such a way can
facilitate both visualization and automatic measurement in BIM application.
Figure 21. Wall section showing two finishing materials on one side
However, in using this method, it is noted that only walls with different
finishing materials can be represented by splitting into regions. This method
is not applicable to other building elements like floor slabs and ceilings, in
showing different finishing materials on a surface. Examples for different
finishing materials on a floor surface may include the use of non-slip tactile
as the finishing materials on the landing of staircase. The non-slip tactile
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does not cover the whole landing area. Instead, they only constitute a small
portion of the landing area, leading to different finishing materials in
different regions of an element. Another example may refer to the presence
of built-in furniture where finishing materials are not applied underneath.
Such a use of different materials in different portions of an element cannot
be presented in BIM using split regions. However, representing such a
difference in materials is to draw the floor slab in separate pieces according
to their finishing materials. Figure 22 shows the plan of the staircase in the
studied model. The floor slab is drawn in three pieces, one shown in dark
blue with ceramic floor tile finishing and two shown in green with non-slip
tactile finishing.
Figure 22. Plan of a staircase showing floor slabs drawn in separate pieces
Dividing the floor slabs in different pieces can facilitate automatic
measurement in quantity surveying practice with BIM application.
However, it would increase the effort required by the architect in preparing
the model. It is also impractical in dividing the floor slabs into separate
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pieces which is contradict to the actual construction. Therefore, even this
method is feasible, it is not recommended.
Instead, the problem of overlapping of building elements and building
elements with different finishing materials on a surface is suggested to be
solved by quantity surveyors, who are more familiar to the measurement
rules. As mentioned, it is suggested that architects deliver the finishes
schedule to the quantity surveyors, and the BIM technicians in quantity
surveying firm apply the finishing materials on the building elements in the
building information model. Therefore, it is reasonable that the BIM
technicians in quantity surveying firm are also responsible to deal with the
problem of overlapping of building elements and building elements with
different materials.
In the occasion that the building element is covered by only one kind of
finishing materials, BIM technicians in quantity surveying firm should
apply the materials by using the Materials as Paint tool. However, when the
building element has two or more kinds of materials on a surface, BIM
technicians in quantity surveying firm shall use the split face tool, circled in
red in Figure 23.
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Figure 23: Split face tools in Autodesk Revit Architecture, circled in red
By using the split face tool, the surface of the building elements can be split
into portions. Then, quantity surveyors can apply different materials on the
portions. Hence, the problem of a surface with two or more materials can be
solved. Example of different materials applied on a surface can be shown in
Figure 24, with the lower part with ceramic wall tiles, as shown in the
yellow portion and the upper part with emulsion painting, as shown in the
orange portion. Automatic measurement can then be made according to the
materials on the surface of the building element.
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Figure 24: Different materials applied on a surface.
2) Insufficient level of details in building information model
As mentioned, the majority of building information models in Hong Kong
is not designed for quantity surveying purposes, therefore, it is apparent that
these models lack the details required for BQ measurement. In the process
of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities, examples of
insufficient level of details, hampering the process of automatic
measurement, has been found. These examples include the lack of minor
elements and the lack of skirting in the building information model. They
would be discussed separately in the following.
a) Lack of minor elements in the building information model
With a 3D model as a whole, it may sometimes be difficult for the
architects to incorporate all the building elements in the model. Some
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minor elements that require measurements are absence in the building
information model. Examples of these minor elements involve
ironmongery, nosing tiles of staircase, dividing strips and expansion
joints, etc.
In current practice, to specify these details, architects would provide
supplementary schedules and detail drawings. For instance, instead of
putting these minor elements into the drawings, ironmongery schedule
is delivered to quantity surveyors for ironmongery measurement. For
other minor elements like nosing tiles of the staircase, dividing strips
and expansion joints, they would be shown in the detail drawings in the
current practice. By referring to these detail drawings and schedules,
quantity surveyors can easily measure these minor objects.
However, in BIM automatic measurement, the practice should be totally
different. It is the characteristics of automatic measurement that all the
elements to be measured must be incorporated into the building
information model. The lack of these minor elements in the building
information model would imply that these minor elements cannot be
automatically measured.
To cope with the problem, it is advised that architects shall incorporate
these minor elements into the models during model preparation. Instead
of providing ironmongery schedule and detail drawings in current
practice, architects shall incorporate these minor elements in the model
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so as to facilitate quantity surveyors in automatic measurement using
Autodesk Revit Architecture.
b) Lack of skirting in the building information model
In current CAD practice, skirting is not presented in the drawings.
Instead, architects specify different skirting finishes in the finishing
schedule. With the information required, quantity surveyors can base on
the finishing schedule to measure the skirting finishes by measuring the
perimeter of the room, with deductions of door width. However, due to
the current practice of architects in preparing drawings, building
information models often lack the presence of skirting. Hence, skirting
cannot be automatically measured.
To deal with the problem, it is advised that architects shall incorporate
skirting into the model with supplementary information like the height
and finishing materials of the skirting. In Autodesk Revit Architecture,
different from other elements like walls which have their own families,
skirting is not treated as an independent family. In other words, there is
no such an element called “skirting” in the software. Instead, skirting
can be represented by wall sweeps. Architects are required to create a
new family before putting the skirting into the model. Example of a
section of skirting created in a new family is shown in Figure 25. After
creating the skirting, the family can be loaded into the project file of the
building information model. The designed skirting can then be added
into the model in the form of wall sweeps. Figure 26 shows an example
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of skirting, which are colored in brown, being incorporated into the
building information model.
Figure 25: Section of skirting drawn in a new family
Figure 26. Skirtings inserted into BIM shown in brown colour
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With skirting and its materials information inserted into the model,
quantity surveyors can simply measure the skirting and their finishing
materials using the wall sweep schedule. Hence, time required for
skirting measurement can be significantly reduced. However, it is
noted that the incorporation of skirting shall be made prior to the
application of finishing materials to the walls to prevent overlap of wall
finishing materials and skirting.
3) Not fitting for measurement criteria
In normal circumstances, measurements should comply with the guidelines
stipulated in the standard method of measurement (SMM). It is applicable
in current quantity surveying practice where manual measurement is made
by quantity surveyors. However, the development of building information
models does not aim at fulfilling the requirements in SMM, causing
problems in measurement.
In the process of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,
problems have been found in measurement in stages and void measurement
in fitting for the measurement criteria for in the standard method of
measurement.
a) Problems in measurement in stages
For painting to ceilings, SMM provides several measurement rules that
need to be followed in painting measurement. For example, for
painting to ceilings and beams, when the ceiling is greater than 3.5m
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from the floor, the measurement shall be divided into stages of 1.5m
height. In other words, measurement for painting is required to be
divided into stages of height not exceeding 3.5m, height exceeding
3.5m but not exceeding 5m, and so on.
However, in automatic measurement, quantities would not be
automatically divided into stages in the model so as to facilitate
automatic measurement in quantity surveying practice. Therefore, the
measurement of painting automatically generated in the schedule does
not fit the measurement criteria in the standard method of
measurement.
In fact, quantity surveyors have two ways in dealing with the problem,
either by setting the materials before BQ measurement or filtering the
schedule after BQ measurement. The methods would be illustrated in
the following.
For setting the materials before BQ measurement, different materials
can be set in the materials panel, specifying with their heights. For
instance, a material can be created specifically for height not exceeding
3.5m and another material can be created specifically for height
exceeding 3.5m but not exceeding 5m. However, such kind of
arrangement may easily cause confusion. Thus, it is not recommended.
To deal with the problem, filtering of the schedule is suggested to be
done by the quantity surveyors after the schedule is created. Quantity
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64
surveyors can sort the ceiling material takeoff schedule by floor height
and finishing materials. Besides, quantity surveyors may choose to use
the filter function of the schedule to filter quantities of a specific range
of floor heights. Through sorting or filtering, quantity surveyors can
group the quantities into different stages. Example can be shown in
Figure 27 and Figure 28. Then, the sorted and filtered schedule can be
exported to the Microsoft Excel for bills of quantities preparation.
Hence, the guidelines stated in SMM can be complied. This method is
advised because quantity surveyors are more familiar to the SMM and
can sort the quantities at ease.
Figure 27: Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights not exceeding 3.5m
Figure 28: Ceiling Material Takeoff Schedule with heights
exceeding 3.5m but not exceeding 5m
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Similar to painting to ceilings, the measurement of glazing should also
be divided into stages of panes area not exceeding 0.15m2, panes area
exceeding 0.15 m2 but not exceeding 4 m
2, and panes area exceeding
4m2. However, these stages are not automatically divided in BIM
application. Similar to the solution for ceiling finishes, quantity
surveyors are advised to sort the window material takeoff schedule by
area and materials. On the other hand, quantity surveyors may choose
to filter quantities of a specific range of area in the schedule. Examples
can be shown in Figure 29 and Figure 30.
Figure 29: Window Material Takeoff with panes area
exceeding 0.15 m2 but not exceeding 4 m
2
Figure 30: Window Material Takeoff with panes area exceeding 4 m2
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Besides, the standard method of measurement also specifies that
measurement for sloping ceilings as well as curved surface shall be
made separately. In current BIM development, architects tend to group
all the ceilings together, without dividing them into ceilings and
sloping ceilings, as well as flat surface and curved surface. However, in
facilitating measurement in BIM application, it is essential for quantity
surveyors to identify and specify their differences separately.
b) Void measurement
In the current quantity surveying practice, where measurement is based
on the standard method of measurement, no deduction is made for voids
not exceeding 0.5 m2, nor voids not exceeding 300mm wide. Though
this kind of practice does not enable the representation of a genuine
picture of the design, not deducting these small voids in measurement
can make measurement less complicated. Moreover, such a practice is
supported by the belief that the formation of these small voids also
incurs costs and the costs can be reflected by the area of these voids.
However, for measurement in BIM application, it is a completely
different picture. As mentioned, the automatic measurement in BIM
measures the actual dimensions as shown in the model. No matter how
large or small the void is, the void area would be deducted. Thus, these
small voids, which are measured in current quantity surveying practice,
are deducted. There is a conflict between the measurement with BIM
application and current quantity surveying practice.
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In dealing with the conflict, it is suggested that such deviation or
qualifications to the SMM shall be stated in the special preambles of the
bills of quantities when BIM application is used. With the actual area
measured, genuine quantities would be provided in the bills of
quantities, providing a true picture of the design.
4.1.3 Recommendation for improvement
In consolidating the above findings, recommendations for improvement
would be made in facilitating BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic
quantities. It can be concluded that the problems encountered in the process
of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities are mainly due
to the problems in the building information model. Since the current building
information model is not developed for the purpose of quantity surveying
measurement, problems of inadequate information, insufficient level of
details, and not fitting for measurement criteria evolved.
For the recommendation for improvement, improvement on the building
information model is suggested. The building information model shall be
developed more measurement-orientated by the architect. In feed of required
information and improvement on the level of details shall be made.
Information required shall be incorporated into the building information
model. Besides, the level of details can be improved by providing minor
elements like ironmongery, skirting, dividing strips, and expansion joints, etc.
By incorporating all the required information and elements in the building
information model, it is believed that BQ measurement directly from BIM
automatic quantities could be done at ease.
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Besides, for quantity surveying field, BIM technicians are recommended to
be provided in quantity surveying firms to in feed some information like
finishing materials into the building information model. BIM technicians can
also provide advice and deal with problems in BIM projects. Training shall
also be provided for quantity surveyors to have a preliminary knowledge on
BIM. It is believed that basic knowledge on BIM can facilitate quantity
surveyors in BIM automatic measurement.
Other than the problems due to the building information model, problems
also arose in fitting for the measurement criteria of current measurement
practice. For example, different from current quantity surveying practice
where voids are deducted according to its dimensions, all the voids are
deemed to be deducted in BIM practice. Besides, since the material as paint
tool only affords the input of one kind of finishing material on a surface of an
element, a material in BIM is required to represent several layers of materials
to be applied on the surface. In these cases, the preparation of special
preambles can be made. In fact, the development of a preamble specifically
for BIM measurement is recommended such that the advantage of BIM can
be taken and justifiable qualifications to the standard method of measurement
can be made in future BIM measurement practice.
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4.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM
manually
In Autodesk Revit Architecture, other than measurement directly from BIM
automatic quantities using the schedules, measurement can also be done by
abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. This method is
similar to the current practice where finishes are measured based on the area of the
building elements. However, owing to the characteristics of BIM, problems arose.
To review BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM
manually, problems encountered in the process of BQ measurement by abstracting
dimension and information from BIM manually would be illustrated. Other than
the inherent problems of the model itself, which are illustrated in the previous
section, problems associated with dimensions and descriptions also arise in BQ
measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually.
In the following, problems associated with dimensions and descriptions would be
discussed and the associated solutions would also be suggested.
Recommendations for improvement would also be made.
4.2.1 Dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement
In the process of measurement by abstracting dimension from BIM manually,
problems of dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement are
found. Problems have arisen in the length of wall and the overlapping of
skirting and other building elements.
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a) Interpretation of length of wall different from QS practice
It is realized that the wall dimension in BIM application is slightly different
from that in manual measurements. In BIM, the length of the wall is
measured including half of the thickness of its adjoining walls. Example
can be shown in Figure 31, an extract of a plan showing the wall
dimensions. As shown in the wall properties on the left hand side, the
length of the wall measured in BIM is 1555mm. Such a dimension can be
used in calculating the girth of the wall. However, this dimension is
inappropriate in the measurement of wall finishes.
Figure 31.An extract of plan showing wall dimensions
As mentioned, the length of 1555mm is not applicable in wall finishes
measurement. In current quantity surveying practice, wall finishes is
calculated by the actual surface area of the finishes. As applied to the case
in Figure 31, the length used for the calculation of wall finishes facing the
living/dining room side shall be 1670mm, which comprises the length of
wall in BIM measurement (i.e. 1555mm) and half of the thickness of its
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adjoining walls (i.e. 58mm and 58mm). For the length used for the
calculation of wall finishes facing the bathroom side, the dimension of
1440mm shall be used. It can also be calculated by the length of BIM in
measurement (i.e. 1555mm) minus half of the thickness of its adjoining
walls (i.e. 58mm and 58mm).
This problem in the dimension of wall is a critical problem in the
measurement using BIM application, when measurements are based on the
object properties instead of using the material as paint tool. It is also noted
that settings for changes in the definition of wall length is not provided.
Hence, in BIM application in BQ measurement, when dimensions are
abstracted directly from BIM manually, quantity surveyors are suggested to
set their own formulas in the schedule to arrive at their desired result. For
instance, in measuring wall finishes, quantity surveyors shall compare the
dimension shown in the schedule with the plan. Adjustments shall be made
in the schedule by either adding or deducting half of the thickness of the
adjoining walls to the length of wall automatically measured in the BIM
software.
Despite of the fact that solution to the wall dimension problem is available,
it is impractical to adjust every dimension in the schedule. Therefore, BQ
measurement by abstracting dimension and information from BIM
manually is not recommended. Instead, BQ measurement directly from
BIM automatic quantities using the material as paint tool is highly
recommended and the problem would not exist because measurements are
based on the material surface area.
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b) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of wall and skirting
As stated in the previous section, skirting is not incorporated into most of
the models in current BIM development. Method is suggested to insert
skirting into the model. However, in BQ measurement by abstracting
dimension and information from BIM manually, dimensions are abstracted
from the wall properties. In other words, the wall dimension is abstracted
without deducting the area covered by skirting. It implies that the wall
finishes would be wrongly-measured if no deduction for the area covered
by the skirting is made.
In current quantity surveying measurement practice, the height of wall
finishes is calculated by the height of the wall minus the height of the
skirting. The height of the wall finishes is then multiplied by the length of
the wall to arrive at the area of wall finishes.
To enable the quantities in the BIM schedule align with the quantities in the
current quantity surveying practice, it is advised for the quantity surveyors
to make sure that deductions for the area covered by skirting shall be made
in the calculation of wall finishes. To illustrate the transformation of the
dimension to fit for the quantity surveying practice, the wall facing the
living/dining room in Figure 32 would be taken as an example. As
mentioned in the previous section, the length of the wall should be 1670mm.
The height of the wall is 2700mm, as shown in Figure 32 whereas the
height of the skirting is 110mm, as shown in Figure 33.
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73
Figure 32: Properties panel and plan for a wall
Figure 33: Properties panel and section for skirting
CHAPTER 4: BQ MEASUREMENT USING AUTODESK REVIT ARCHITECTURE
74
Same as the current surveying practice, the area of wall finishes can be
calculated by the height of the wall minus the height of the skirting. The
height of the wall finishes is then multiplied by the length of the wall to
arrive at the area of wall finishes. Refer back to the example, the area of
wall finishes should be calculated by the height of the wall, i.e. 2700mm,
minus the height of the skirting, 110mm, which equals to 2590mm. The
height of the wall finishes, i.e. 2590mm, is then multiplied by the length of
the wall, i.e. 1670mm, which comes up with the wall finishes area of
4.33m2.
The wall finishes area of 4.33m2 is different from the area shown in the
properties panel in Figure 32, i.e. 4.199 m2. The difference is due to the
different in interpretation of length of wall in BIM and in quantity
surveying practice, and the measurement of the overlapping area of wall
and skirting.
Based on the above illustration, in BQ measurement by abstracting
dimension and information from BIM manually, the practice in the
calculation of wall finishes is the same as the current quantity surveying
practice. This is due to the fact that the dimension of wall in BIM does not
fit for the measurement practice.
c) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of building elements
Similar to wall with skirting, problem in dimensions is also encountered
when there are overlaps between building elements. For example, when
beam is joined to walls in BIM. In BIM, beam and wall are treated as
CHAPTER 4: BQ MEASUREMENT USING AUTODESK REVIT ARCHITECTURE
75
independent objects. When beam is joined to walls, the portion of wall
finishing materials joined to the beam will not be automatically deducted.
Hence, the wall finishing materials would be over-measured. This problem
is similar to that when skirting is designed. Thus, a similar solution is
suggested to tackle the problem.
In the process of BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and
information from BIM manually, quantity surveyors shall be aware of this
problem. Similar to the solution of walls with skirting, quantity surveyors
should identify and deduct the overlapping areas. Hence, no finishing
materials would be applied to the overlapping areas. Therefore, the problem
can be solved.
This method requires the careful consideration of the quantity surveyors
because checking whether there are overlaps between building elements
would be difficult. This may easily prone to errors in the measurement.
4.2.2 Problems in descriptions
Other than the dimensions, quantity surveyors are also required to provide
description of items in the bills of quantities. In current practice, architects
would provide quantity surveyors with specifications and information on the
items. Based on the specification and information, quantity surveyors would
write descriptions according to the guidelines set in the standard method of
measurement. However, problems are found in the descriptions of BIM.
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76
a) Descriptions not complying to the SMM
In BIM, all the specification and information should be incorporated in
the model. Description would be generated based on the information
given by the architect in the building information model. These
descriptions may not fit the current quantity surveying practice in
following the guidelines set in the standard method of measurement,
which causes problems in BQ production.
In dealing with the problem, quantity surveyors shall not use the
descriptions generated in the schedule. During BQ preparation, they
shall write their own descriptions following the SMM in the bills of
quantities and transfer the quantities from the schedule to the bills of
quantities.
b) Lack of description
As mentioned, in current practice, architects would provide quantity
surveyors with specifications and information on the items for the
writing of description. Therefore, based on the current practice,
architects do not provide the required specifications and information in
the model for description writing. For example, in the railing
information, the number of capped ends is not provided. Besides,
sufficient information is not given on the materials of door and window
frame, door panel, glass panel, etc. Besides, there is also a lack of
description for generic models like furniture and fittings. Without these
specifications and information, quantity surveyors can only have
limited information on the family and types of the building elements on
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77
hand. Hence, descriptions cannot be written complying with the
requirements stipulated in the Standard Method of Measurement.
In dealing with the problem of lack of description, it is advised that
architects shall provide the specifications and information on the items
as the current practice. Besides, they may also insert the required
information into the model. Hence, based on the information provided
either in the specifications or in the model, quantity surveyors could
write an appropriate description according to the Standard Method of
Measurement.
4.2.3 Recommendation for improvement
In consolidating the above findings, recommendations for improvement would
be made in facilitating BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and
information from BIM manually. Recommendations would be made to deal
with the problems in dimensions and the problems in descriptions.
For problems in dimensions, the solutions discussed above may be
impracticable and cannot take the advantage of time-saving measurement in
BIM. Therefore, a preamble specifically for BIM measurement is
recommended. To prevent the complicated transformation of dimensions in
BIM into dimensions fit for current quantity surveying practice, qualifications
to the standard method of measurement can be put into the preamble
specifically for BIM measurement. For instance, the length of the wall can be
defined as the interpretation in BIM, the length of the wall including half of
the thickness of its adjoining walls. Preparing a preamble specifically for BIM
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78
is a more time-saving approach. Hence, it is recommended for future BIM
measurement at ease.
For problems in descriptions, the current way in dealing with the problem is to
input the descriptions directly in the bills of quantities. However, for future
development of BIM, it is recommended that in feed of descriptions for
measurement purpose is available in BIM softwares. For instance, there are
softwares available in the current market, like Altespro, that allow standard
phrasing of descriptions so as to facilitate BQ production. Hence, it is
recommended that softwares can also be developed for allowing such kind of
standard phrasing of descriptions in BIM. Instead of inputting all the
descriptions by quantity surveyors, time can be saved in description writing by
choosing the appropriate descriptions among the standard phrasing.
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79
CHAPTER 5: TRANSFER OF QUANTITIES INTO BILL ITEMS
IN AUTODESK REVIT ARCHITECTURE
After measurement of the architectural elements, the quantities shall be transferred
into the bills of quantities. In the following, the process of transferring quantities into
bill items using Autodesk Revit Architecture would be illustrated.
As mentioned in previous chapter, BQ measurements can be done in two ways, either
directly generated from BIM automatic quantities with the use of schedules or by
abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. For BQ measurement by
abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually, the dimension and
information shall be recorded in spreadsheets and transferred to the bills of quantities,
like the current quantity surveying practice.
However, for BQ measurements directly generated from BIM automatic quantities,
the transfer of quantities into bill items would be different and would be illustrated in
the following.
With the model developed suitable for BQ preparation, schedules are generated.
Selected with the appropriate fields for providing information for measurement, nine
schedules are generated, including:
1) ceiling material takeoff schedule, with information on ceiling finishes
2) door material takeoff schedule, with information on door
3) floor material takeoff schedule, with information on floor finishes
4) generic model material takeoff schedule, with information on furniture
and fittings, and beam
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ARCHITECTURE
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5) railing schedule, with information on railing
6) stairs material takeoff schedule, with information on staircase
7) wall material takeoff schedule, with information on wall finishes
8) wall sweep schedule, with information on skirting
9) window material takeoff schedule, with information on door
The appropriate information is provided in the schedule by selecting the appropriate
fields to be inserted in the schedule. An example of the wall sweep schedule showing
the materials and length of the skirting can be found in Figure 34.
Figure 34: Wall sweep schedule showing materials and length of skirting
The schedule is then exported to a txt document by forming the schedule reports in
the Application Manual. This can be shown in Figure 35 and Figure 36.
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ARCHITECTURE
81
Figure 35: Export of schedule in Autodesk Revit Architecture
Figure 36: Txt file exported from Autodesk Revit Architecture
The information in the text file is then copied onto the spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel,
as shown in Figure 37. Information in the spreadsheets is modified, which is shown in
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ARCHITECTURE
82
Figure 38. The total quantities, together with descriptions, of each item are then
transferred to the bills of quantities in Microsoft Excel, in Figure 39.
Figure 37: Information copied from text file to spreadsheet in Microsoft
Figure 38: Modified spreadsheet showing the required information
Figure 39: Bills of quantities generated
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CHAPTER 6: BQ PRODUCTION USING EXACTAL’S COSTX
Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, Exactal’s CostX is a cost estimating
software from BIM. CostX provides a certain degree of flexibility in measurement.
Besides, different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, CostX shows its advantage in
providing worksheets, like the spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel, for the record of
descriptions and quantities. The worksheets can then be automatically generated into
bills of quantities.
To review BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX, the problems encountered in
measurement using the software would be discussed. Besides, the characteristics of
CostX that favors BQ production would also be discussed. Recommendation for
improvements would then be illustrated.
6.1 Problems encountered in measurement
In the process of measurement using Exactal’s CostX, different problems have
been encountered. These problems encountered in measurement using Exactal’s
CostX can be divided into problems encountered as in measurement using
Autodesk Revit Architecture and other inherent problems in Exactal’s CostX.
6.1.1 Problems encountered as in measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture
Since the building information model developed in Autodesk Revit
Architecture would be transferred into Exactal’s CostX for measurement, the
inherent problems in the building information model would also be reflected in
the process of measurement using Exactal’s CostX. For instance, problems
encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities and
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84
problems in BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information from
BIM would also be encountered.
1) Problems encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM
automatic quantities
For problems encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM
automatic quantities, problems including inadequate information, not fitting
for measurement criteria, and insufficient level of details are encountered.
Since Exactal’s CostX is a project costing software, modification of the
building information model cannot be done in CostX. Instead, these
problems shall be solved in the Autodesk Revit Architecture before
transferring BIM into CostX. Besides, for measurement in CostX, quantity
surveyors should be supplemented with documents like finishing schedules.
Based on the information provided, quantity surveyors can click on the
model to measure the quantities and write the descriptions, similar to the
current quantity surveying practice.
2) Problems encountered in BQ measurement by abstracting dimension
and information from BIM
For problems in BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and
information from BIM, problems including dimensions not fitting the
standard method of measurement and problems in descriptions are
encountered. In CostX, measurements can be done in vector mode or object
mode. By using object mode, quantity surveyors can simply click on the
object to abstract its dimensions from the building information model.
However, there would be problems of dimensions not fitting the standard
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85
method of measurement. For example, interpretation of length of wall is
different from current quantity surveying practice. Besides, the overlapping
areas between elements would also be measured. Therefore, object mode is
not recommended in architectural elements measurement. Instead, vector
mode is recommended in measurement of architectural elements. In using
vector mode, quantity surveyors are free to measure the length of different
reference points. The idea is similar to the current quantity surveyors where
scale rulers are used in measurement. However, this is not a time-saving
approach in BIM measurement.
6.1.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX
Other than the problem encountered in measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture, the problem in description is also found in Exactal’s CostX.
Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where a vast amount of
information can be shown in the model, CostX shows its limitations on the
information provided in object properties. In Autodesk Revit Architecture,
information likes family, type, manufacturer, cost and materials can be shown
in the type properties panel of each building components. An example is
shown in Figure 40. Based on the information, quantity surveyors can
understand each component in detail and prepare the descriptions.
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Figure 40: Type Properties Panel of a Wall in Autodesk Revit Architecture
However, being a BIM software made for costing, CostX fails to cater for
detail information. In CostX, there is a lack in sufficient information to enable
quantity surveyors understand the components. As shown in Figure 41, the
object properties panel of a wall only provides information on the family and
type of the object. Hence, with insufficient information, it would be difficult
for quantity surveyors to measure different items and write descriptions. For
example, quantity surveyors cannot measure the quantities of finishing
materials by simply using the information in CostX because materials of each
object are not indicated.
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Figure 41: Object Properties Panel of a Wall in Exactal’s CostX
Therefore, in measurement using Exactal’s CostX, similar to the current
practice, specifications and schedules shall be provided to quantity surveyors
for measurement. Hence, the measurement process in using Exactal’s CostX is
similar to that in the current quantity surveyors practice.
6.2 Favorable characteristics of Exactals’s CostX in BQ production
Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, measurement in CostX is not
automatically generated. Instead, it is required to select the objects to be
measured by clicking the objects. The measured quantities will be shown in
different dimension groups. In CostX, workbook is used to show the
measured quantities. To show the measured quantities in the workbook, it is
required to drag the measured quantities from the dimension group panel to
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88
the workbook. The workbook is similar to the spreadsheets in Microsoft
Excel, which provides flexibility for quantity surveyors in presenting the
measured quantities. Example of the workbook can be shown in Figure 42.
After all the required quantities are measured, the total quantities, together
with descriptions, of each item are then transferred to the bills of quantities in
Microsoft Excel.
Figure 42: Workbook in Exactal’s CostX
Different from Autodesk Revit Architecture, where billing is not applicable,
Exactal’s CostX provides a more mature billing practice. In Autodesk Revit
Architecture, the quantities and descriptions are required to be transferred to
the spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel for billing and BQ production. However,
the whole BQ production process, the measurement and billing process, can
be done in Exactal’s CostX. Measurements made can be transferred into the
workbooks in Exactal’s CostX. Based on the workbooks, bills of quantities
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89
can be automatically generated in in-house formats. There is no need for
transferring of information into other softwares. The one-stop BQ production
available is definitely a favorable characteristic for Exactal’s CostX in BQ
production via BIM environment.
6.3 Recommendation for improvement
Based on the problems identified in BQ production using Exactal’s CostX,
recommendation for improvement would be suggested. As mentioned, there are
limitations on the information available in Exactal’s CostX, which hampers the
development of descriptions. Therefore, it is recommended that more information
should be available in Exactal’s CostX to be shown in the building information
model. References can be made to the information provided in Autodesk Revit
Architecture.
Besides, in Exactal’s CostX, quantity surveyors are required to in feed
descriptions in the workbooks to suit the standard method of measurement. It is
recommended that standard phrasing for descriptions can be developed in the
software, such that quantity surveyors can choose from the descriptions in the
standard phrasing in writing descriptions. This could be a time-saving approach
in writing descriptions, hence saving time in BQ preparation.
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CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this study, bills of quantities are produced using the two BIM softwares, Autodesk
Revit Architecture and Exactal’s CostX. The process of BQ production is divided into
BQ production using Autodesk Revit Architecture and BQ production using Exactal’s
CostX. The BQ measurement in Autodesk Revit Architecture is also sub-divided into
BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities using automatically
generated schedules and BQ measurement by abstracting dimension and information
from BIM manually. In the following, the feasibility of BQ measurement using
original BIM’s information would be reviewed. Problems encountered in the process
of BQ measurement and the associated solutions would be summarized.
Recommendations for improvements would also be made.
7.1 Feasibility of BQ measurement using original BIM’s information
In the studying process of the building information model, it is realized that the
building information model, which should be a typical model used for BIM
application in Hong Kong, has limited information for BQ measurement, making
it not feasible in BQ measurement. Essential information for measurements of
architectural elements like finishing materials is not shown in the model. Since
BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities is based on the
information incorporated in the building information model, the lack of such
essential information implies that automatic quantities for these essential items
cannot be generated. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is not feasible in using
the original BIM’s information to produce the bills of quantities for architectural
elements.
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7.2 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture
In the process of BQ measurement using Autodesk Revit Architecture, problems
have been encountered in both BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic
quantities using automatically generated schedules and BQ measurement by
abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually. The problems
encountered and their associate solutions would be summarized in the following.
7.2.1 BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities using
automatically generated schedules
In the processes of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,
several significant problems were encountered. These problems can be
categorized into inadequate information, not fitting for measurement criteria,
and insufficient level of details. In dealing with these problems, the
associated solutions are suggested.
1) Inadequate information
In the process of BQ measurement, it is realized that the quality of the
building information model by the architect in the building information
model are crucial factors affecting the feasibility of the BQ measurement
in BIM application. Take the studied model as an example, the model
lacks information required for quantity surveying practice. For instance,
finishing materials are not incorporated in the building information
model. In the existing BIM software provisions, elements and
information to be automatically measured must be incorporated in the
model. Therefore, to facilitate quantity surveyors in measurement via
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92
BIM environment, it is suggested that information like finishing
materials shall be input using material as paint and split face functions in
the software by the quantity surveyors before BQ measurement.
2) Insufficient level of details
As mentioned, the quality of the building information model is a crucial
factor in BQ measurement. Hence, insufficient level of details would
hamper the process of BQ measurement. In the process of BQ
measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities, the lack of skirting
and other minor elements, like ironmongery and expansion joints, is
shown in the building information model. Since it is the provision of
BIM software that elements and information to be measured must be
incorporated into the model, it is essential for the provision of skirting
and other minor elements in BIM. To deal with the problem, inputting of
skirting and other minor elements into the building information model is
suggested.
3) Fitness for bills of quantities measurement purpose
In the process of BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic
quantities, problems have been identified for not fitting the measurement
criteria in the standard method of measurement. For instance, problems
have been identified in the measurement of painting, measurement of
glass panels, and void measurement.
a) Measurement of painting
For measurement of painting, it is the current quantity surveying
practice that measurement should be divided into stages of height not
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93
exceeding 3.5m, height exceeding 3.5m but not exceeding 5m, height
exceeding 5m but not exceeding 6.5m, and so on. However, in
current BIM provisions, measurements would not be divided into
stages automatically. Hence, the measurement of painting does not
fitting the measurement criteria stipulated in the standard method of
measurement. In tackling the problem, measures are suggested to be
made by quantity surveyors after BQ measurement. During BQ
preparation, quantity surveyors are required to filter the schedule for
measurement for painting of different stages of height, by using the
filter functions in the schedule.
b) Measurement of glass panels
Similar to the measurement of painting, the measurement of glass
panels also does not fit the requirements of current measurement
practice. As provided in the standard method of measurement,
measurement of glass panels shall be divided into stages of panes
area not exceeding 0.15m2, panes area exceeding 0.15 m
2 but not
exceeding 4 m2, and panes area exceeding 4 m
2. Again, the current
BIM software provision does not allow automatic division of
measurement into stages. Therefore, similar to the solutions in
measurement of painting, adjustments to be schedules are suggested
to be made by quantity surveyors after BQ measurement. During BQ
preparation, quantity surveyors are required to filter the schedule for
measurement for glass panel of different stages of area, by using the
filter functions in the schedule.
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94
c) Void measurement
Void measurement is also one of the problems identified for not
fitting the measurement criteria. In existing BIM software provisions,
deductions of voids would be made in measurement, disregarding
their areas and dimensions. However, in current quantity surveying
practice, not all the voids are deemed to be deducted from
measurements. It is stated in the standard method of measurement
that no deduction shall be made for voids not exceeding 0.5m 2 in
area, or voids not exceeding 300mm wide. Practical solutions in
adjusting the measurement would be difficult. Therefore, the
preparation of special preamble is suggested to address the
qualification to the standard method of measurement, that deduction
of all voids is made, disregarding their areas and dimensions.
To conclude, in BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities,
there are several problems hindering the process of measurement. These
problems could be summarized in Table 2 below.
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Table 2: Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in BQ measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities
Types of Problem
Problem Identified Existing BIM Software
Provisions
Requirement of QS Measurement Suit QS Measurement
By Architect in Model
Preparation
By QS
Before BQ Meas’t
By QS
During BQ
Meas’t
By QS
After BQ Meas’t
Special Preamble
(1) Inadequate
information
Lack of finishing
materials
Elements and information to
be automatically measured
must be incorporated
Provision of finishing materials in
BIM
Input information using
material as paint and
split face functions
(2) Insufficient
level of details
Lack of minor
elements
Elements and information to
be automatically measured
must be incorporated
Provision of minor elements in BIM Input minor elements into
the model
Lack of skirting Elements and information to
be automatically measured
must be incorporated
Provision of skirting in BIM Input skirting into the
model
(3) Not fitting for
measurement
criteria
Measurement of
painting not fitting
SMM
Measurements would not be
divided into stages
automatically
Measurement should be divided into
stages of height < 3.5m, 3.5m - 5m,
5m – 6.5m, and so on.
Filtering the schedule for
measurement for painting of
different stages of height
Measurement of
glass panel not
fitting SMM
Measurements would not be
divided into stages
automatically
Measurement should also be divided
into stages of panes area <0.15m2,
0.15 m2 - 4 m2, and > 4m2.
Filtering the schedule for
measurement for glass panel
of different stages of area
Void measurement Deduction of voids
disregarding their areas and
dimensions
No deduction is made for voids < 0.5
m2, nor voids < 300mm wide
Deduction of all
voids disregarding
their areas and
dimensions
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7.2.2 BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information from BIM
manually
In the processes of BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and
information from BIM manually, several significant problems were
encountered. These problems can be categorized into dimensions not fitting
the standard method of measurement and problems in descriptions. In
dealing with these problems, the associated solutions are suggested.
1) Dimensions not fitting the standard method of measurement
In the process of BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and
information from BIM manually, problems have been identified
dimensions not fitting the standard method of. For instance, problems
have been identified in the interpretation of length of wall different from
quantity surveying practice, inaccurate measurement due to overlapping
of walls and skirting, and inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of
elements.
a) Interpretation of length of wall different from quantity surveying
practice
In the process of BQ measurement, it is realized that the
interpretation of length of wall in existing BIM software provisions
is different from that in the current quantity surveying practice. In the
existing BIM software provisions, the length of wall include half of
the thickness of its adjoining walls, which is contradicted to the
current measurement criteria. In current quantity surveying practice,
the length of wall would refer to the length of the wall surface.
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Therefore, the actual surface of the wall would be wrongly measured
in BIM. In dealing with the problem, the direct solution is to require
the quantity surveyors to adjust the measurements during BQ
measurement. For instance, addition or deduction of half of the
thickness of the adjoining walls to the length of wall shall be made.
However, this solution is impractical and is prone to confusion and
errors in BQ measurement of wall surfaces.
b) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of wall and skirting
Overlapping of walls and skirting is also one of the major factors that
lead to inaccurate measurement. In current BIM software provisions,
skirting is placed directly on the wall surface. Hence, no automatic
deduction for the overlapping area between wall and skirting is made.
However, in measuring the actual wall finishes area, the overlapping
area between wall and skirting shall be deducted to fit the
measurement criteria stated in the standard method of measurement.
Therefore, during BQ measurement, quantity surveyors are suggested
to make adjustments on the measurements by deducting the
overlapping area between wall and skirting, such that the actual wall
finishing area can be calculated.
c) Inaccurate measurement due to overlapping of elements
Similar to the overlapping of wall and skirting, overlapping of other
elements can also induce inaccurate measurement. As mentioned, the
overlapping area between elements is deemed to be deducted.
However, no automatic deduction for the overlapping area between
CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
98
elements would be made in current BIM software provisions.
Therefore, same as the solution for overlapping area between wall
and skirting, quantity surveyors shall adjust the measurements by
deducting the overlapping area between elements, so as to arrive at
an appropriate measurement that fits for the current measurement
criteria stipulated in the standard method of measurement.
2) Problems in descriptions
Other than dimensions, quantity surveyors are required to input item
descriptions in the bills of quantities. In the process of BQ measurement
by abstracting dimension and information from BIM manually, not only
problems in dimension are identified, problems in descriptions are also
encountered. The problems in descriptions include descriptions not
complying with the standard method of measurement, and the lack of
descriptions in the building information model.
a) Descriptions not complying with criteria in standard method of
measurement
In current BIM practice, the development of building information
model is not intended for quantity surveying measurement purpose,
where the requirement of descriptions would be stated in the standard
method of measurement. Therefore, the descriptions of elements
shown in the building information model may not comply with the
criteria in the standard method of measurement. In BQ measurement
via BIM environment, description is generated based on the
information given by the architect in the model. The information
CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
99
incorporated by the architect in the model is mainly for identification
purpose, instead for measurement purpose. Therefore, it is apparent
that the descriptions provided in the model would not comply with
the criteria in SMM. It implies that quantity surveyors are required to
write the descriptions following the SMM by themselves.
b) Lack of descriptions
As mentioned, some essential information such as finishing materials
is not provided by the architect in the building information model.
With no information provided in BIM, the existing BIM software
provisions would not be able to generate descriptions. In current
practice, architects would supplement the building information
model with specifications and schedules. Therefore, based on the
supplemented specifications and schedules, quantity surveyors are
required to write the descriptions following the SMM by themselves.
To conclude, in BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and descriptions
from BIM manually, there are several problems affecting the process of
measurement. These problems are summarized in Table 3 below.
CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
100
Table 3: Table summarizing the problems and the associated solutions in BQ measurement by abstracting dimensions and information from BIM
Types of Problem Problem Identified Existing BIM Software Provisions Requirement of QS
Measurement
Suit QS Measurement
By Architect During
Model Preparation
By QS
Before BQ Meas’t
By QS
During BQ Meas’t
By QS
After BQ Meas’t
Special
Preamble
(1) Dimensions
not fitting
SMM
Interpretation of length
of wall different from
QS practice
Length of wall include half of the
thickness of its adjoining walls
Length of wall refers to
the length of the wall
surface
Addition or deduction of half
of the thickness of the
adjoining walls to the length of
wall
Inaccurate
measurement due to
overlapping of wall and
skirting
No automatic deduction for
overlapping area between wall
and skirting
Deduction for
overlapping area
between wall and
skirting
Deduction for overlapping area
between wall and skirting
Inaccurate
measurement due to
overlapping of
elements
No automatic deduction for
overlapping area between
elements
Deduction for
overlapping area
between elements
Deduction for overlapping area
between elements
(2) Problems in
descriptions
Descriptions not
complying with criteria
in SMM
Description generated based on
the information given by the
architect in the model
Descriptions following
SMM
Writing of descriptions
following SMM
Lack of descriptions Description generated based on
the information given by the
architect in the model
Descriptions following
SMM
Writing of descriptions
following SMM
CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
101
7.3 Problems encountered in BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX
In the process of BQ measurement using Exactal’s CostX, problems have been
encountered. The problems encountered and their associate solutions would be
summarized in the following.
7.3.1 Problems encountered as in measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture
Since the building information model developed in Autodesk Revit
Architecture would be transferred into Exactal’s CostX for measurement,
the inherent problems in the building information model would also be
reflected in the process of measurement using Exactal’s CostX. For
instance, problems encountered in BQ measurement directly from BIM
automatic quantities and problems in BQ measurement by abstracting
dimension and information from BIM would also be encountered.
7.3.2 Other measurement problem in Exactal’s CostX
Other than the problem encountered in measurement using Autodesk Revit
Architecture, problem in description is also found in CostX. Being a BIM
software made for costing, CostX fails to cater for detail information. In
CostX, there is a lack in sufficient information to enable quantity surveyors
understand the components. Only information on the family and type of the
object is provided in CostX. Hence, with insufficient information, it would
be difficult for quantity surveyors to measure different items and write
descriptions. Therefore, similar to the current practice, specifications and
schedules shall be provided to quantity surveyors for measurement.
CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
102
7.4 Recommendations for improvement
With the consolidation of the above findings, recommendations for improvement
would be made in facilitating BQ measurement via BIM environment.
7.4.1 Improvements on the building information models
It is apparent that the problems encountered in the process of BQ
measurement directly from BIM automatic quantities are mainly due to the
problems in the building information model. Since the current building
information model is not developed for the purpose of quantity surveying
measurement, problems of inadequate information, insufficient level of
details, and not fitting for measurement criteria evolved. In facilitating BQ
measurement via BIM environment, essential information for measurement
shall be incorporated in the model. Improvements shall be made to deal
with the inherent problems in the building information models, which
include problems of inadequate information, insufficient level of details,
and not fitting for measurement criteria. The building information model
shall be developed more measurement-orientated by the architect. For
instance, information like finishing materials and minor elements like
ironmongery and expansion joints shall be incorporated in the building
information model so as to facilitate BQ measurement via BIM
environment. By incorporating all the required information and elements in
the building information model, it is believed that BQ measurement via
BIM environment could be done at ease.
CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
103
7.4.2 Development of special preamble specifically for BIM measurement
Other than the problems induced by the building information model,
problems also arose in fitting for the measurement criteria of current
measurement practice. For example, different from current quantity
surveying practice where voids are deducted according to its dimensions,
all the voids are deemed to be deducted in BIM practice. Besides, since the
material as paint tool only affords the input of one kind of finishing
material on a surface of an element, a material in BIM is required to
represent several layers of materials to be applied on the surface. In these
cases, the preparation of special preambles can be made. In fact, the
development of a preamble specifically for BIM measurement is
recommended such that the advantage of BIM can be taken and justifiable
qualifications to the standard method of measurement can be made in future
BIM measurement practice. Preparing a preamble specifically for BIM is a
more time-saving approach in dealing with certain problems. Hence, it is
recommended for future BIM measurement at ease.
7.4.3 Employment of BIM technicians in quantity surveying firm
For the quantity surveying field, BIM technicians are recommended to be
employed in quantity surveying firms to in feed some information like
finishing materials into the building information model. BIM technicians
can also provide advice and deal with problems in BIM projects. Training
shall also be provided for quantity surveyors to have a preliminary
knowledge on BIM. It is believed that basic knowledge on BIM can
facilitate quantity surveyors in BIM automatic measurement.
CHAPTER7: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
104
7.4.4 Provision of descriptions in standard phrasing
For problems in descriptions, the current way in dealing with the problem is
to input the descriptions directly in the bills of quantities. However, for
future development of BIM, it is recommended that in feed of descriptions
for measurement purpose is available in BIM softwares. For instance, there
are softwares available in the current market, like Altespro, that allow
standard phrasing of descriptions so as to facilitate BQ production. Hence,
it is recommended that softwares can also be developed for allowing such
kind of standard phrasing of descriptions in BIM. Instead of inputting all
the descriptions by quantity surveyors, time can be saved in description
writing by choosing the appropriate descriptions among the standard
phrasing. Hence, time can be saved for quantity surveyors in BQ
preparation.
To sum up, it can be concluded that preparation of bills of quantities in BIM
application is in fact feasible. However, there are many potential problems in
measurement via BIM environment. Therefore, there is a need for in-depth studies in
measurement with BIM application. Yet, the automatic measurement characteristic of
BIM application is a comparative advantage in applying BIM in quantity surveying
practice. With a shorter period of time, quantity surveyors can measure the required
quantities. Hence time can be saved in bills of quantities preparation. Thus, quantity
surveyors can spend more time on preparation other documents. With the advantage
of BIM application in the quantity surveying field, BIM shall be promoted in the
quantity surveying field.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: Schedule of finishes used in the building information model
APPENDIX 2: Typical floor plan of the studied building information model
APPENDIX 3: Elevations of the studied building information model
APPENDIX 4: 3D view of the studied building information model
APPENDIX 5: Schedules generated from Autodesk Revit Architecture
APPENDIX 6: Schedule generated from Exactal’s CostX
APPENDIX 7: Schedule generated from manual measurement
APPENDIX 8: Bills of Quantities generated based on BIM software
APPENDIX 1:
Schedule of finishes used
in the building information model
LOCATION FLOOR SKIRTING WALL CEILING
LIVING/DINING
ROOM
500 x 500 x 10mm
THK. CARPET
TILES ON 40mm
THK. CEMENT
SAND SCREED
100mm HIGH
12mm THK.
HARDWOOD
SYNTHETIC
PAINT FINISH
ON 10mm
THK. CEMENT
SAND
PLASTER
15mm THK.
INTERNAL
WALL
PLASTER ON
ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION
PAINT
10mm THK.
INTERNAL
CEILING PLASTER
ON ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION PAINT
BATHROOM
200 x 200 x 10mm
FULLY VITRIFIED
CERAMIC FLOOR
TILES ON 15mm
THK.
WATERPROOF
CEMENT SAND
SCREED
-
25mm THK.
INTERNAL
WALL
PLASTER ON
ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION
PAINT
10mm THK.
INTERNAL
CEILING PLASTER
ON ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION PAINT
CORRIDOR
100 X 100 X 15mm
THK. ARTIFICIAL
GRANITE TILE ON
10mm THK.
CEMENT SAND
SCREED
-
25mm THK.
INTERNAL
WALL
PLASTER ON
POLYURETHA
NE SPRAYED
TEXTURED
PAINT
10mm THK.
INTERNAL
CEILING PLASTER
ON ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION PAINT
KITCHEN
200 x 200 x 10mm
FULLY VITRIFIED
CERAMIC FLOOR
TILES ON 15mm
THK.
WATERPROOF
CEMENT SAND
SCREED
-
25mm THK.
INTERNAL
WALL
PLASTER ON
ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION
PAINT
10mm THK.
INTERNAL
CEILING PLASTER
ON ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION PAINT
SCHEDULE OF FINISHES
LOCATION FLOOR SKIRTING WALL CEILING
STAIRCASE
100 X 100 X 15mm
THK. ARTIFICIAL
GRANITE TILE ON
10mm THK.
CEMENT SAND
SCREED
-
20mm THK.
INTERNAL
WALL
PLASTER ON
POLYURETHA
NE SPRAYED
TEXTURED
PAINT
10mm THK.
INTERNAL
CEILING PLASTER
ON ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION PAINT
PUMP ROOM
50mm THK.
CEMENT SAND
SCREED WITH
HARDENING
AGENT
-
15mm THK.
INTERNAL
WALL
PLASTER ON
ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION
PAINT
10mm THK.
INTERNAL
CEILING PLASTER
ON ANTI-FUNGI
EMULSION PAINT
EXTERNAL - -
15mm THK.
EXTERNAL
WALL
RENDERING
ON EPOXY
PAINT
-
SCHEDULE OF FINISHES (CONT'D)
Finishes Ref. No.Finishes Ref. No.Finishes Ref. No.Finishes Ref. No. MaterialsMaterialsMaterialsMaterials
Floor Finishes
F1 500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED
F2 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED
F3 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED
F4 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING
F5 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER
F6 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD
F7 50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT
Skirting Finishes
S1 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTER
Wall Finishes
W1 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT
W2 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT
W3 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT
W4 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT
W5 15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT
Ceiling Finishes
C1 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT
Others
SP1 Spatterdash
Summary of FinishesSummary of FinishesSummary of FinishesSummary of Finishes
APPENDIX 2:
Typical floor plan of the studied
building information model
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APPENDIX 3:
Elevations of the studied
building information model
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3D view of the studied building information model
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APPENDIX 5:
Schedules generated from
Autodesk Revit Architecture
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Height Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From Level Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit
C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 2.23 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 2.04 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 11.44 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 2.23 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 32.69 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 9.34 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 3.4 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 3.4 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 35.66 M2
C1 & SP1 F2 2700 17.47 M2
C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1C1 & SP1 119.9119.9119.9119.9 M2M2M2M2
Ceiling Material Takeoff ScheduleCeiling Material Takeoff ScheduleCeiling Material Takeoff ScheduleCeiling Material Takeoff Schedule
10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT & 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT & 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT & 10mm THK. INTERNAL CEILING PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION PAINT &
SPATTERDASHSPATTERDASHSPATTERDASHSPATTERDASH
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Height Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From LevelHeight Offset From Level Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit
F1F1F1F1
500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED500 x 500 x 10mm THK. CARPET TILES ON 40mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED
F1 F2 225 72.09 M2
F1F1F1F1 72.0972.0972.0972.09 M2M2M2M2
F2F2F2F2
F2 F2 225 21.04 M2
F2F2F2F2 21.0421.0421.0421.04 M2M2M2M2
F3F3F3F3
F3 F2 225 17.47 M2
F3F3F3F3 17.4717.4717.4717.47 M2M2M2M2
F7F7F7F7
50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT50mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED WITH HARDENING AGENT
F7 F2 225 2.99 M2
F7F7F7F7 2.992.992.992.99 M2M2M2M2
Floor Material Takeoff ScheduleFloor Material Takeoff ScheduleFloor Material Takeoff ScheduleFloor Material Takeoff Schedule
200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK. 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLY VITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOOR TILES ON 15mm THK.
WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED WATERPROOF CEMENT SAND SCREED
100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND 100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND
SCREEDSCREEDSCREEDSCREED
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit
W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1
W1 & SP1 11.56 M2
W1 & SP1 4.48 M2
W1 & SP1 1.65 M2
W1 & SP1 2.29 M2
W1 & SP1 0.39 M2
W1 & SP1 2.6 M2
W1 & SP1 2.63 M2
W1 & SP1 23.74 M2
W1 & SP1 4.75 M2
W1 & SP1 1.77 M2
W1 & SP1 2.29 M2
W1 & SP1 0.39 M2
W1 & SP1 1.64 M2
W1 & SP1 0.22 M2
W1 & SP1 2.63 M2
W1 & SP1 12.43 M2
W1 & SP1 13.69 M2
W1 & SP1 7.39 M2
W1 & SP1 2.6 M2
W1 & SP1 1.95 M2
W1 & SP1 2.71 M2
W1 & SP1 9.45 M2
W1 & SP1 4.69 M2
W1 & SP1 5.02 M2
W1 & SP1 6.66 M2
W1 & SP1 2.57 M2
W1 & SP1 2.46 M2
W1 & SP1 1.62 M2
W1 & SP1 5.13 M2
W1 & SP1 5.67 M2
W1 & SP1 1.15 M2
W1 & SP1 5.31 M2
W1 & SP1 16.74 M2
W1 & SP1 2.58 M2
W1 & SP1 5.46 M2
W1 & SP1 1.39 M2
W1 & SP1 4.25 M2
W1 & SP1 9.46 M2
Wall Material Takeoff ScheduleWall Material Takeoff ScheduleWall Material Takeoff ScheduleWall Material Takeoff Schedule
15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION
PAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASH
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area
W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)W1 & SP1 (Cont'd)
W1 & SP1 2.19 M2
W1 & SP1 1.95 M2
W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1W1 & SP1 197.55197.55197.55197.55 M2M2M2M2
W2 & SP1W2 & SP1W2 & SP1W2 & SP1
W2 & SP1 4.43 M2
W2 & SP1 2.54 M2
W2 & SP1 2.54 M2
W2 & SP1 4.2 M2
W2 & SP1 8.65 M2
W2 & SP1 8.65 M2
W2 & SP1 5.24 M2
W2 & SP1 5 M2
W2 & SP1 1.85 M2
W2 & SP1 3.36 M2
W2 & SP1 5.81 M2
W2 & SP1 5.24 M2
W2 & SP1 5.47 M2
W2 & SP1 3.55 M2
W2 & SP1 2.12 M2
W2 & SP1 4.46 M2
W2 & SP1 5.4 M2
W2 & SP1 5.54 M2
W2 & SP1 1.68 M2
W2 & SP1 2.36 M2
W2 & SP1 1.68 M2
W2 & SP1 2.36 M2
W2 & SP1 2.92 M2
W2 & SP1 8.1 M2
W2 & SP1 3.55 M2
W2 & SP1 8.1 M2
W2 & SP1 2.92 M2
W2 & SP1 3.55 M2
W2 & SP1W2 & SP1W2 & SP1W2 & SP1 121.27121.27121.27121.27 M2M2M2M2
Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)
15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION
PAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASH
25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGI EMULSION
PAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASHPAINT & SPATTERDASH
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area
W3 & SP1W3 & SP1W3 & SP1W3 & SP1
W3 & SP1 5.8 M2
W3 & SP1 1.15 M2
W3 & SP1 5.54 M2
W3 & SP1 2.66 M2
W3 & SP1 1.89 M2
W3 & SP1 5.5 M2
W3 & SP1 2.19 M2
W3 & SP1 1.32 M2
W3 & SP1 6.34 M2
W3 & SP1 5.53 M2
W3 & SP1 2.66 M2
W3 & SP1 4.1 M2
W3 & SP1 4.91 M2
W3 & SP1 4.91 M2
W3 & SP1 3.64 M2
W3 & SP1: 15W3 & SP1: 15W3 & SP1: 15W3 & SP1: 15 58.1758.1758.1758.17 M2M2M2M2
W4 & SP1W4 & SP1W4 & SP1W4 & SP1
W4 & SP1 16.54 M2
W4 & SP1 4.12 M2
W4 & SP1 5.5 M2
W4 & SP1 7.43 M2
W4 & SP1 2.36 M2
W4 & SP1 7.43 M2
W4 & SP1 16.54 M2
W4 & SP1: W4 & SP1: W4 & SP1: W4 & SP1: 59.9259.9259.9259.92 M2M2M2M2
W5 & SP1W5 & SP1W5 & SP1W5 & SP1
15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH
W5 & SP1 0.54 M2
W5 & SP1 2.88 M2
W5 & SP1 3.32 M2
W5 & SP1 4.12 M2
W5 & SP1 3.46 M2
W5 & SP1 5.4 M2
W5 & SP1 3.71 M2
W5 & SP1 7.58 M2
Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)
25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE
SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASH
20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALL PLASTER ON POLYURETHANE
SPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASHSPRAYED TEXTURED PAINT & SPATTERDASH
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area
W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)W5 & SP1 (Cont'd)
15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALL RENDERING ON EPOXY PAINT & SPATTERDASH
W5 & SP1 15.13 M2
W5 & SP1 2.33 M2
W5 & SP1 2.44 M2
W5 & SP1 2.17 M2
W5 & SP1 1.85 M2
W5 & SP1 2.33 M2
W5 & SP1 15.18 M2
W5 & SP1 2.44 M2
W5 & SP1 2.17 M2
W5 & SP1 2.31 M2
W5 & SP1 4.45 M2
W5 & SP1 4.1 M2
W5 & SP1 11.06 M2
W5 & SP1 3.35 M2
W5 & SP1 2.92 M2
W5 & SP1 5.15 M2
W5 & SP1 3.55 M2
W5 & SP1 10.48 M2
W5 & SP1 2.88 M2
W5 & SP1 2.92 M2
W5 & SP1 5.15 M2
W5 & SP1 3.55 M2
W5 & SP1 3.64 M2
W5 & SP1W5 & SP1W5 & SP1W5 & SP1 142.6142.6142.6142.6 M2M2M2M2
Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)Wall Material Takeoff Schedule (Cont'd)
MaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial LengthLengthLengthLength UnitUnitUnitUnit
S1S1S1S1
S1 760 MM
S1 1290 MM
S1 7780 MM
S1 5430 MM
S1 315 MM
S1 4010 MM
S1 21970 MM
S1 26235 MM
S1 2435 MM
S1: 9S1: 9S1: 9S1: 9 70225702257022570225 MMMMMMMM
100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH 100mm HIGH 12mm THK. HARDWOOD SYNTHETIC PAINT FINISH
ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTERON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTERON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTERON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND PLASTER
Wall Sweep ScheduleWall Sweep ScheduleWall Sweep ScheduleWall Sweep Schedule
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Base LevelBase LevelBase LevelBase Level Top LevelTop LevelTop LevelTop Level Actual Number of RiserActual Number of RiserActual Number of RiserActual Number of Riser Actual Riser HeightActual Riser HeightActual Riser HeightActual Riser Height Minimum Tread DepthMinimum Tread DepthMinimum Tread DepthMinimum Tread Depth WidthWidthWidthWidth Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit
F4F4F4F4
100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON LANDING
F4 F2 F3 15 155 225 1200 9.71 M2
F4: 1F4: 1F4: 1F4: 1 9.719.719.719.71 M2M2M2M2
F5F5F5F5
100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON RISER
F5 F2 F3 15 155 225 1200 2.78 M2
F5: 1F5: 1F5: 1F5: 1 2.782.782.782.78 M2M2M2M2
F6F6F6F6
100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD100 X 100 X 15mm THK. ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILE ON 10mm THK. CEMENT SAND SCREED ON TREAD
F6 F2 F3 15 155 225 1200 3.78 M2
F6: 1F6: 1F6: 1F6: 1 3.783.783.783.78 M2M2M2M2
Stairs Material TakeoffStairs Material TakeoffStairs Material TakeoffStairs Material Takeoff
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LengthLengthLengthLength UnitUnitUnitUnit
Railing: 1100mm 4497 MM
4497449744974497 MMMMMMMM
Railings; tubing; 75mm nominal boreRailings; tubing; 75mm nominal boreRailings; tubing; 75mm nominal boreRailings; tubing; 75mm nominal bore
Railing: Mounted Pipe Handrail 900mmV 9171 MM
9171917191719171 MMMMMMMM
Railing Schedule
Handrails; tubing; 40mm nominal boreHandrails; tubing; 40mm nominal boreHandrails; tubing; 40mm nominal boreHandrails; tubing; 40mm nominal bore
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel HeightHeightHeightHeight ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount
Single leaf flush door:800W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:800W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:800W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:800W x2100H
Single leaf flush door:800W x2100H F2 2100 40 800 1
1111
Single leaf flush door:850W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:850W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:850W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:850W x2100H
Single leaf flush door:850W x2100H F2 2100 40 850 1
1111
Single leaf flush door:890W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:890W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:890W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:890W x2100H
Single leaf flush door:890W x2100H F2 2100 40 890 1
Single leaf flush door:890W x2100H F2 2100 40 890 1
2222
Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100HSingle leaf flush door: 900W x2100HSingle leaf flush door: 900W x2100HSingle leaf flush door: 900W x2100H
Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 2100 40 900 1
Single leaf flush door:900W x2100H F2 2100 40 900 1
Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 2100 40 900 1
Single leaf flush door:900W x2100H F2 2100 40 900 1
4444
Single leaf flush door:920W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:920W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:920W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:920W x2100H
Single leaf flush door:920W x2100H F2 2100 40 920 1
Single leaf flush door:920W x2100H F2 2100 40 920 1
Single leaf flush door:920W x2100H F2 2100 40 920 1
Single leaf flush door:920W x2100H F2 2100 40 920 1
4444
Single leaf flush door:1045W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:1045W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:1045W x2100HSingle leaf flush door:1045W x2100H
Single leaf flush door:1045W x2100H F2 2100 40 1045 1
Single leaf flush door:1045W x2100H F2 2100 40 1045 1
2222
Door ScheduleDoor ScheduleDoor ScheduleDoor Schedule
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness CountCountCountCount
Door frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelleting
65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 800
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 800W x2100H F2 40 1
1111
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 850 x
2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 850W x2100H F2 40 1
1111
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 890
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 890W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 890
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 890W x2100H F2 40 1
2222
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 900W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds
Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame)
65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 800 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 800 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 800 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 800 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 850 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 850 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 850 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 850 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 890 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 890 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 890 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 890 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds
Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness CountCountCountCount
Door frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelletingDoor frames; fixing with expanding anchor bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast; pelleting
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 920W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 920W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 920W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920
x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood groundsSinger leaf flush door: 920W x2100H F2 40 1
4444
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors
1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood
grounds
Single leaf flush door: 1045W x2100H F2 40 1
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors
1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood
grounds
Single leaf flush door: 1045W x2100H F2 40 1
2222
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 920 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds
65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit doors 1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100 sawn hardwood grounds
Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door frame) (Cont'd)
Type MarkType MarkType MarkType Mark Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel HeightHeightHeightHeight ThicknessThicknessThicknessThickness CountCountCountCount
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100H
D26 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 850W x2100H 1111
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100H
D23 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D23 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 890W x2100H 2222
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100H
D22 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D22 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D22 Singer Leaf Flush Doorr: 900W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D22 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 900W x2100H 4444
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100H
D29 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D29 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D29 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D29 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 920W x2100H 4444
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100H
D24 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
D24 Singer Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100H Door Panel F2 2100 40 1
Singer Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100HSinger Leaf Flush Door: 1045W x2100H 2222
Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)Door Material Takeoff Schedule (Door Panel)
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount
WIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mm
WIN1: 1950x1775mm F2 650 2425 1775 1950 1
WIN1: 1950x1775mm F2 650 2425 1775 1950 1
WIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mm 2222
WIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mm
WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 770 2140 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mm F2 770 2140 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mm 4444
WIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mm
WIN2: 500x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 500 1
WIN2: 500x1370mm F2 1280 2650 1370 500 1
WIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mm 2222
WIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mm
WIN3: 1350x1460mm F2 770 2230 1460 1350 1
WIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mm 1111
WIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mm
WIN4: 835x1355mm F2 1080 2435 1355 835 1
WIN4: 835x1355mm F2 1080 2435 1355 835 1
WIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mm 2222
WIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mm
WIN4: 835x1580mm F2 730 2310 1580 835 1
WIN4: 835x1580mm F2 730 2310 1580 835 1
WIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mm 2222
WIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mm
WIN6: 1750x1500mm F2 1000 2500 1500 1750 1
WIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mm 1111
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 1820 1
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 1820 1
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 2222
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 1950 1
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 1111
Window ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow Schedule
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 2050 1
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 F2 650 2425 1775 2050 1
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2222
Window ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow ScheduleWindow Schedule
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevelHead Head Head Head
HeightHeightHeightHeightSill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth Material: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: AreaMaterial: Area UnitUnitUnitUnit
CLEAR FLOAT GLASSCLEAR FLOAT GLASSCLEAR FLOAT GLASSCLEAR FLOAT GLASS
panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2
WIN2: 445x1370mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2650 1280 1370 445 1.1 M2
WIN2: 445x1370mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2650 1280 1370 445 1.1 M2
WIN2: 445x1370mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2140 770 1370 445 1.1 M2
WIN2: 445x1370mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2140 770 1370 445 1.1 M2
WIN2: 500x1370mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2650 1280 1370 500 1.25 M2
WIN2: 500x1370mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2650 1280 1370 500 1.25 M2
WIN4: 835x1355mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2435 1080 1355 835 2.17 M2
WIN4: 835x1355mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2435 1080 1355 835 2.17 M2
WIN4: 835x1580mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2310 730 1580 835 2.54 M2
WIN4: 835x1580mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2310 730 1580 835 2.54 M2
WIN3: 1350x1460mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2230 770 1460 1350 3.81 M2
panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2 20.1320.1320.1320.13 M2M2M2M2
panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2425 650 1775 1820 4.37 M2
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2425 650 1775 1820 4.37 M2
WIN1: 1950x1775mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2425 650 1775 1950 4.65 M2
WIN1: 1950x1775mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2425 650 1775 1950 4.65 M2
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2425 650 1775 1950 4.65 M2
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2425 650 1775 2050 4.87 M2
panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2425 650 1775 2050 4.87 M2
WIN6: 1750x1500mm
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or mouldings
and approved proprietary brand non-setting
compound
F2 2500 1000 1500 1750 5.35 M2
panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2panes exceeding 4.00m2 37.7837.7837.7837.78 M2M2M2M2
Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Glazing)
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount
WIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mm
WIN1: 1950x1775mm 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 1950 1
WIN1: 1950x1775mm 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 1950 1
WIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mmWIN1: 1950x1775mm 2222
WIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mm
WIN2: 445x1370mm 445 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2650 1280 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mm 445 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2650 1280 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mm 445 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2140 770 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mm 445 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2140 770 1370 445 1
WIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mmWIN2: 445x1370mm 4444
WIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mm
WIN2: 500x1370mm 500 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2650 1280 1370 500 1
WIN2: 500x1370mm 500 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2650 1280 1370 500 1
WIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mmWIN2: 500x1370mm 2222
WIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mm
WIN3: 1350x1460mm 1350 x 1460 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2230 770 1460 1350 1
WIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mmWIN3: 1350x1460mm 1111
WIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mm
WIN4: 835x1355mm 835 x 1355 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2435 1080 1355 835 1
WIN4: 835x1355mm 835 x 1355 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2435 1080 1355 835 1
WIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mmWIN4: 835x1355mm 2222
Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works)
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type Material: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: NameMaterial: Name LevelLevelLevelLevel Head HeightHead HeightHead HeightHead Height Sill HeightSill HeightSill HeightSill Height HeightHeightHeightHeight WidthWidthWidthWidth CountCountCountCount
WIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mm
WIN4: 835x1580mm F2 2310 730 1580 835 1
WIN4: 835x1580mm 835 x 1580 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2310 730 1580 835 1
WIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mmWIN4: 835x1580mm 2222
WIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mm
WIN6: 1750x1500mm 1750 x 1500 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2500 1000 1500 1750 1
WIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mmWIN6: 1750x1500mm 1111
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 1820 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 1820 1
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 1820 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 1820 1
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 2222
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 1950 1
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 1111
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2050 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 2050 1
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2050 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung opening lights F2 2425 650 1775 2050 1
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2222
Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)Window Material Takeoff Schedule (Steel and Metal Works) (Cont'd)
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel CountCountCountCount
Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2P
Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2P F2 1
Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2P F2 1
Cooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2PCooking Bench_1b: 1/2P 2222
Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2P
Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2P F2 1
Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2P F2 1
Cooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2PCooking Bench_1p: 1/2P 2222
Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B
Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B F2 1
Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B F2 1
Laundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2BLaundry Rack 1B2B: Laundry Rack 1B2B 2222
Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile
on 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screed
Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile
on 17mm thick cement / sand screedF2 1
Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile
on 17mm thick cement / sand screedF2 1
Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile
on 17mm thick cement / sand screedF2 1
Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile Non-slip Tactile: 300 x 300 x 8mm thick non-slip cermaic tactile
on 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screedon 17mm thick cement / sand screed3333
Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2P
Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2P F2 1
Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2P F2 1
Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2P F2 1
Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2P F2 1
Sink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2PSink Unit and Tap: 1/2P 4444
Water Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water Heater
Water Heater: Water Heater F2 1
Water Heater: Water Heater F2 1
Water Heater: Water Heater F2 1
Water Heater: Water Heater F2 1
Water Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water HeaterWater Heater: Water Heater 4444
Generic Model Material Takeoff ScheduleGeneric Model Material Takeoff ScheduleGeneric Model Material Takeoff ScheduleGeneric Model Material Takeoff Schedule
Family and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and TypeFamily and Type LevelLevelLevelLevel CountCountCountCount
Bath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mm
Bath Tub: 800x800mm F2 1
Bath Tub: 800x800mm F2 1
Bath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mmBath Tub: 800x800mm 2222
Bath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mm
Bath Tub: 850x890mm F2 1
Bath Tub: 850x890mm F2 1
Bath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mmBath Tub: 850x890mm 2222
Sink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mm
Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1
Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1
Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1
Sink: 520 x 410mm F2 1
Sink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mmSink: 520 x 410mm 4444
Water Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water Closet
Water Closet: Water Closet F2 1
Water Closet: Water Closet F2 1
Water Closet: Water Closet F2 1
Water Closet: Water Closet F2 1
Water Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water ClosetWater Closet: Water Closet 4444
Plumbing Fixture SchedulePlumbing Fixture SchedulePlumbing Fixture SchedulePlumbing Fixture Schedule
APPENDIX 6:
Schedule generated from Exactal’s CostX
Elemental Summary
Code Description % BC Cost/m2 Quantity Unit Rate SubTotal Factor Total
Project: Default ProjectBuilding: Building 1
Details: estimate
Ceiling finishesC1 &SP1 10mm THK. INTERNALCEILING PLASTER ONANTI-FUNGI EMULSIONPAINT & SPATTERDASH
120 M2
Floor finishesF1 500 x 500 x 10mm THK.CARPET TILES ON 40mmTHK. CEMENT SANDSCREED
72 M2
F2 200 x 200 x 10mm FULLYVITRIFIED CERAMIC FLOORTILES ON 15mm THK.WATERPROOF CEMENTSAND SCREED
21 M2
F3 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED
17 M2
F4 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED ON LANDING
10 M2
F5 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED ON RISER
3 M2
F6 100 X 100 X 15mm THK.ARTIFICIAL GRANITE TILEON 10mm THK. CEMENTSAND SCREED ON TREAD
4 M2
F7 50mm THK. CEMENT SANDSCREED WITH HARDENINGAGENT3 M2
Wall finishesW1 &SP1 15mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGIEMULSION PAINT &SPATTERDASH
198 M2
W2 &SP1 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ON ANTI-FUNGIEMULSION PAINT &SPATTERDASH
120 M2
W3 &SP1 25mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ONPOLYURETHANE SPRAYEDTEXTURED PAINT &SPATTERDASH
58 M2
W4&SP1 20mm THK. INTERNAL WALLPLASTER ONPOLYURETHANE SPRAYEDTEXTURED PAINT &SPATTERDASH
60 M2
CostX4/3/2012 14:05:43 EDUCATIONAL VERSION Page 1 of 3
Elemental Summary
Code Description % BC Cost/m2 Quantity Unit Rate SubTotal Factor Total
Project: Default ProjectBuilding: Building 1
Details: estimate
W5 &SP1 15mm THK. EXTERNAL WALLRENDERING ON EPOXYPAINT & SPATTERDASH142 M2
Skirting FinishesS1 100mm HIGH 12mm THK.HARDWOOD SYNTHETICPAINT FINISH ON 10mm THK.CEMENT SAND PLASTER
70 M
RailingsRailings; tubing; 75mm nominalbore 9 M
Handrails; tubing; 40mmnominal bore 4 M
DoorSingle leaf flush door:800Wx2100H 1 NO
Single leaf flush door:850Wx2100H 1 NO
Single leaf flush door:890Wx2100H 2 NO
Single leaf flush door: 900Wx2100H 4 NO
Single leaf flush door:920Wx2100H 4 NO
Single leaf flush door:1045Wx2100H 2 NO
WindowWIN1: 1950x1775mm 2 NOWIN2: 445x1370mm 4 NOWIN2: 500x1370mm 2 NOWIN3: 1350x1460mm 1 NOWIN4: 835x1355mm 2 NOWIN4: 835x1580mm 2 NOWIN6: 1750x1500mm 1 NOWIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 2 NOWIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 1 NOWIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2 NO
Sundries
CostX4/3/2012 14:05:43 EDUCATIONAL VERSION Page 2 of 3
Elemental Summary
Code Description % BC Cost/m2 Quantity Unit Rate SubTotal Factor Total
Project: Default ProjectBuilding: Building 1
Details: estimate
Bath tub: 800 X 800mm 2 NOBath tub: 850 X 890mm 2 NOSink: 520 X 410mm 4 NOWater closet 4 NOCooking bench: 810 X 500 X655mm 2 NO
Cooking bench: 745 X 500 X655mm 2 NO
Laundry Rack 2 NOSink unit and tap 4 NOWater heater 4 NOGFA: 0.00 m2 100.00 0.00 0
CostX4/3/2012 14:05:43 EDUCATIONAL VERSION Page 3 of 3
APPENDIX 7:
Schedule generated from manual measurement
SKIRTING CEILING Others
Ite
m
flo
ori
ng
re
f.
skir
tin
g r
ef.
ceil
ing
re
f.
spa
tte
rda
sh r
ef.
Location T W L sub-total
50
0 x
50
0 x
10
mm
TH
K.
CA
RP
ET
TIL
ES
ON
40
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
20
0 x
20
0 x
10
mm
FU
LLY
VIT
RIF
IED
CE
RA
MIC
FLO
OR
TIL
ES
ON
15
mm
TH
K.
WA
TE
RP
RO
OF
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
10
0 X
10
0 X
15
mm
TH
K.
AR
TIF
ICIA
L G
RA
NIT
E T
ILE
ON
10
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
10
0 X
10
0 X
15
mm
TH
K.
AR
TIF
ICIA
L G
RA
NIT
E T
ILE
ON
10
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
ON
LA
ND
ING
10
0 X
10
0 X
15
mm
TH
K.
AR
TIF
ICIA
L G
RA
NIT
E T
ILE
ON
10
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
ON
RIS
ER
10
0 X
10
0 X
15
mm
TH
K.
AR
TIF
ICIA
L G
RA
NIT
E T
ILE
ON
10
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
ON
TR
EA
D
50
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
WIT
H H
AR
DE
NIN
G A
GE
NT
10
0m
m H
IGH
12
mm
TH
K.
HA
RD
WO
OD
SY
NT
HE
TIC
PA
INT
FIN
ISH
ON
10
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
PLA
ST
ER
10
mm
TH
K.
INT
ER
NA
L C
EIL
ING
PLA
ST
ER
ON
AN
TI-
FU
NG
I
EM
ULS
ION
PA
INT
Sp
att
erd
ash
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 S1 C1 SP1
m m m² m2 m2 m m2 m2 m2 m2 m m2 m2
QUANTITY: 72.09 21.04 17.47 9.71 2.78 3.78 2.99 69.98 119.90 119.90
1 C1 SP1 Living Room 29.84 29.84 29.84
C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.85 2.85 2.85
C1 SP1 Staircase 4.68 4.68 4.68
C1 SP1 Living Room 33.86 33.86 33.86
C1 SP1 Pump Room 3.14 3.14 3.14
C1 SP1 Staircase 0.47 0.47 0.47
C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.23 2.23 2.23
C1 SP1 Living Room 9.40 9.40 9.40
C1 SP1 Kitchen 2.04 2.04 2.04
C1 SP1 Corridor 17.47 17.47 17.47
C1 SP1 Kitchen 2.04 2.04 2.04
C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.23 2.23 2.23
C1 SP1 Kitchen 3.40 3.40 3.40
C1 SP1 Kitchen 3.40 3.40 3.40
C1 SP1 Bathroom 2.85 2.85 2.85
2 F1 Living Room 72.09 72.09
F2 Bathroom 2.85 2.85
F2 Bathroom 2.23 2.23
F2 Bathroom 2.23 2.23
F2 Bathroom 2.85 2.85
F2 Kitchen 2.04 2.04
F2 Kitchen 2.04 2.04
F2 Kitchen 3.40 3.40
F2 Kitchen 3.40 3.40
F3 Corridor 17.47 17.47
F4 Staircase 6.35 6.35
F4 Staircase 3.36 3.36
F5 Staircase 2.78 2.78
F6 Staircase 3.78 3.78
F7 Pump Room 2.99 2.99
3 S1 Living Room 9.27 9.27 9.27
FLOORING
Manual Measurements Schedule (Floor, Ceiling and Skirting Finishes)
SKIRTING CEILING Others
Ite
m
flo
ori
ng
re
f.
skir
tin
g r
ef.
ceil
ing
re
f.
spa
tte
rda
sh r
ef.
Location T W L sub-total
50
0 x
50
0 x
10
mm
TH
K.
CA
RP
ET
TIL
ES
ON
40
mm
TH
K.
CE
ME
NT
SA
ND
SC
RE
ED
20
0 x
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F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 S1 C1 SP1
m m m² m2 m2 m m2 m2 m2 m2 m m2 m2
QUANTITY: 72.09 21.04 17.47 9.71 2.78 3.78 2.99 69.98 119.90 119.90
FLOORING
Manual Measurements Schedule (Floor, Ceiling and Skirting Finishes)
S1 Living Room 0.09 0.09 0.09
S1 Living Room 0.49 0.49 0.49
S1 Living Room 8.20 8.20 8.20
S1 Living Room 14.08 14.08 14.08
S1 Living Room 4.47 4.47 4.47
S1 Living Room 2.04 2.04 2.04
S1 Living Room 6.00 6.00 6.00
S1 Living Room 12.14 12.14 12.14
S1 Living Room 0.26 0.26 0.26
S1 Living Room 1.40 1.40 1.40
S1 Living Room 0.78 0.78 0.78
S1 Living Room 0.74 0.74 0.74
S1 Living Room 0.28 0.28 0.28
S1 Living Room 9.32 9.32 9.32
S1 Living Room 0.09 0.09 0.09
S1 Living Room 0.33 0.33 0.33
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W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1
m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2
QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25
1 W1 SP1 Living Room 11.56 11.56 11.56
W1 SP1 Living Room 4.48 4.48 4.48
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.65 1.65 1.65
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.29 2.29 2.29
W1 SP1 Living Room 0.39 0.39 0.39
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.60 2.60 2.60
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.63 2.63 2.63
W1 SP1 Living Room 23.74 23.74 23.74
W1 SP1 Living Room 4.75 4.75 4.75
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.77 1.77 1.77
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.29 2.29 2.29
W1 SP1 Living Room 0.39 0.39 0.39
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.64 1.64 1.64
W1 SP1 Living Room 0.22 0.22 0.22
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.63 2.63 2.63
W1 SP1 Pump Room 12.43 12.43 12.43
W1 SP1 Pump Room 13.69 13.69 13.69
W1 SP1 Living Room 7.39 7.39 7.39
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.60 2.60 2.60
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.95 1.95 1.95
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.71 2.71 2.71
W1 SP1 Living Room 9.45 9.45 9.45
W1 SP1 Living Room 4.69 4.69 4.69
W1 SP1 Living Room 5.02 5.02 5.02
W1 SP1 Living Room 6.66 6.66 6.66
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.57 2.57 2.57
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.46 2.46 2.46
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.62 1.62 1.62
W1 SP1 Pump Room 5.13 5.13 5.13
W1 SP1 Pump Room 5.67 5.67 5.67
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.15 1.15 1.15
W1 SP1 Living Room 5.31 5.31 5.31
W1 SP1 Living Room 16.74 16.74 16.74
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.58 2.58 2.58
WALL
Manual Measurements Schedule (Wall Finishes)
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W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1
m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2
QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25
WALL
Manual Measurements Schedule (Wall Finishes)
W1 SP1 Living Room 5.46 5.46 5.46
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.39 1.39 1.39
W1 SP1 Living Room 4.25 4.25 4.25
W1 SP1 Living Room 9.46 9.46 9.46
W1 SP1 Living Room 2.19 2.19 2.19
W1 SP1 Living Room 1.95 1.95 1.95
2 W2 SP1 Bathroom 4.21 4.21 4.21
W2 SP1 Kitchen 2.54 2.54 2.54
W2 SP1 Kitchen 2.54 2.54 2.54
W2 SP1 Bathroom 4.20 4.20 4.20
W2 SP1 Kitchen 8.65 8.65 8.65
W2 SP1 Kitchen 8.65 8.65 8.65
W2 SP1 Bathroom 5.12 5.12 5.12
W2 SP1 Bathroom 4.89 4.89 4.89
W2 SP1 Kitchen 1.85 1.85 1.85
W2 SP1 Bathroom 3.36 3.36 3.36
W2 SP1 Kitchen 5.81 5.81 5.81
W2 SP1 Bathroom 5.12 5.12 5.12
W2 SP1 Bathroom 5.39 5.39 5.39
W2 SP1 Bathroom 3.55 3.55 3.55
W2 SP1 Kitchen 2.12 2.12 2.12
W2 SP1 Kitchen 4.46 4.46 4.46
W2 SP1 Kitchen 5.40 5.40 5.40
W2 SP1 Kitchen 5.54 5.54 5.54
W2 SP1 Kitchen 1.68 1.68 1.68
W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.36 2.36 2.36
W2 SP1 Kitchen 1.68 1.68 1.68
W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.36 2.36 2.36
W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.87 2.87 2.87
W2 SP1 Bathroom 7.88 7.88 7.88
W2 SP1 Kitchen 3.55 3.55 3.55
W2 SP1 Kitchen 8.10 8.10 8.10
W2 SP1 Bathroom 2.92 2.92 2.92
W2 SP1 Kitchen 3.55 3.55 3.55
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W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1
m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2
QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25
WALL
Manual Measurements Schedule (Wall Finishes)
3 W3 SP1 Corridor 4.91 4.91 4.91
W3 SP1 Corridor 1.89 1.89 1.89
W3 SP1 Corridor 5.50 5.50 5.50
W3 SP1 Corridor 5.54 5.54 5.54
W3 SP1 Corridor 2.66 2.66 2.66
W3 SP1 Corridor 5.81 5.81 5.81
W3 SP1 Corridor 3.65 3.65 3.65
W3 SP1 Corridor 5.54 5.54 5.54
W3 SP1 Corridor 2.66 2.66 2.66
W3 SP1 Corridor 6.35 6.35 6.35
W3 SP1 Corridor 1.15 1.15 1.15
W3 SP1 Corridor 1.22 1.22 1.22
W3 SP1 Corridor 2.19 2.19 2.19
W3 SP1 Corridor 4.91 4.91 4.91
W3 SP1 Corridor 4.10 4.10 4.10
4 W4 SP1 Staircase 16.54 16.54 16.54
W4 SP1 Staircase 2.36 2.36 2.36
W4 SP1 Staircase 5.50 5.50 5.50
W4 SP1 Staircase 7.43 7.43 7.43
W4 SP1 Staircase 7.43 7.43 7.43
W4 SP1 Staircase 4.13 4.13 4.13
W4 SP1 Staircase 16.54 16.54 16.54
5 W5 SP1 External 15.13 15.13 15.13
W5 SP1 External 1.85 1.85 1.85
W5 SP1 External 5.67 5.67 5.67
W5 SP1 External 3.65 3.65 3.65
W5 SP1 External 4.46 4.46 4.46
W5 SP1 External 2.72 2.72 2.72
W5 SP1 External 15.18 15.18 15.18
W5 SP1 External 2.17 2.17 2.17
W5 SP1 External 2.44 2.44 2.44
W5 SP1 External 2.81 2.81 2.81
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W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 SP1
m m m² m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2
QUANTITY 197.55 120.35 58.08 59.93 142.34 578.25
WALL
Manual Measurements Schedule (Wall Finishes)
W5 SP1 External 3.46 3.46 3.46
W5 SP1 External 4.13 4.13 4.13
W5 SP1 External 4.00 4.00 4.00
W5 SP1 External 2.88 2.88 2.88
W5 SP1 External 5.15 5.15 5.15
W5 SP1 External 11.16 11.16 11.16
W5 SP1 External 2.92 2.92 2.92
W5 SP1 External 3.55 3.55 3.55
W5 SP1 External 4.10 4.10 4.10
W5 SP1 External 11.16 11.16 11.16
W5 SP1 External 3.55 3.55 3.55
W5 SP1 External 2.92 2.92 2.92
W5 SP1 External 5.15 5.15 5.15
W5 SP1 External 3.35 3.35 3.35
W5 SP1 External 3.71 3.71 3.71
W5 SP1 External 7.58 7.58 7.58
W5 SP1 External 2.88 2.88 2.88
W5 SP1 External 2.44 2.44 2.44
W5 SP1 External 2.17 2.17 2.17
Description Quantity Unit
Railings
Railings; tubing; 75mm nominal bore 8.7 M
Handrails; tubing; 40mm nominal bore 4.42 M
Door
Single leaf flush door:800W x2100H 1 NO
Single leaf flush door:850W x2100H 1 NO
Single leaf flush door:890W x2100H 2 NO
Single leaf flush door: 900W x2100H 4 NO
Single leaf flush door:920W x2100H 4 NO
Single leaf flush door:1045W x2100H 2 NO
Window
WIN1: 1950x1775mm 2 NO
WIN2: 445x1370mm 4 NO
WIN2: 500x1370mm 2 NO
WIN3: 1350x1460mm 1 NO
WIN4: 835x1355mm 2 NO
WIN4: 835x1580mm 2 NO
WIN6: 1750x1500mm 1 NO
WIN7: 1820x1775mm 2 2 NO
WIN7: 1950x1775mm 2 1 NO
WIN7: 2050x1775mm 2 2 NO
Sundries
Bath tub: 800 X 800mm 2 NO
Bath tub: 850 X 890mm 2 NO
Sink: 520 X 410mm 4 NO
Water closet 4 NO
Cooking bench: 810 X 500 X 655mm 2 NO
Cooking bench: 745 X 500 X 655mm 2 NO
Laundry Rack 2 NO
Sink unit and tap 4 NO
Water heater 4 NO
Manual Measurement Schedule (Sundries)
APPENDIX 8:
Bills of Quantities generated based on
Building Information Modeling software
WOODWORKS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
BILL NO.1
WOOD WORKS
DOORS, HATCHES, VENTILATORS AND
THE LIKE AND FRAMES AND LININGS
Hardwood
Flush doors; single leaf; swinging; hollow core;
faced both sides with 1.3mm thick laminated
plastic class HG; type I adhesive boned to
class H4 bonded plywood; teak lipping to all
edges
A size 850 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 1 NO
beads
B size 890 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 2 NO
beads
Flush doors; single leaf; swinging; solid core;
faced both sides with beech veneered class H2
boneded plywood; grooved; teak lipping to all
edges
C size 900 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 4 NO
beads
D size 920 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 4 NO
beads
Flush doors; single leaf; swinging; solid core;
faced both sides with 1.3mm thick laminated
plastic class HG; type I adhesive boned to
class H4 bonded plywood; teak lipping to all
edges
E size 1045 x 2100 x 40mm thick; 12 x 22mm 2 NO
beads
B1.1/1 To Collection
WOODWORKS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
DOORS, HATCHES, VENTILATORS AND
THE LIKE AND FRAMES AND LININGS
(Cont'd)
Hardwood (Cont'd)
Door frames; fixing with expanding anchor
bolts and galvanized steel plate holdfast;
pelleting
A 65 x 115mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit
doors 850 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100
sawn hardwood grounds 1 NO
B 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit
doors 890 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100
sawn hardwood grounds 2 NO
C 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit
doors 900 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100
sawn hardwood grounds 4 NO
D 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit
doors 920 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100
sawn hardwood grounds 4 NO
E 65 x 130mm; rebated head and jambs; to suit
doors 1045 x 2100 high overall; 25 x 100
sawn hardwood grounds 2 NO
B1.1/2 To Collection
STEEL AND METAL WORKS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
BILL NO. 2
STEEL AND METAL WORKS
FRAMED WORK, STAIRS, HANDRAILS
AND BALUSTRADES; HOT-ROLLED
STEEL TO BS EN 10025; GALVANISED
Framed tubular handrails ; welded joints ;
to staircase
Handrails
A tubing; 40mm nominal bore 4 M
Extra over 40mm diameter tubular handrails for
B crapped ends 2 NO
Framed tubular rails ; welded joints;
to walls
Railings
C tubing; 75mm nominal bore 9 M
Extra over 75mm diameter tubular railings for
D crapped ends 2 NO
B2.1/1 To Collection
STEEL AND METAL WORKS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
WINDOWS AND GLAZED DOORS
Designing; supplying and fixing windows;
aluminium; bronze anodizzed to BS 3987 ;
framing; water bars, fittings. fixing lugs,
brackets, bolts and ironmongery; glazing beads;
PVC weatherstrip; assembling; jointing, cutting
and pinning lugs; painting backs of frames with
two coats of bituminous paint before fixing;
bedding frames in warerproof cement mortar;
glazing measured separately; as drawing
nr. 0123/12345
Windows
A 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 2 NO
B 445 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 4 NO
C 500 x 1370 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 2 NO
D 1350 x 1460 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 1 NO
E 835 x 1355 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 2 NO
F 835 x 1580 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 1 NO
B2.1/2 To Collection
STEEL AND METAL WORKS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
WINDOWS AND GLAZED DOORS
Designing; supplying and fixing windows;
aluminium; bronze anodizzed to BS 3987 ;
framing; water bars, fittings. fixing lugs,
brackets, bolts and ironmongery; glazing beads;
PVC weatherstrip; assembling; jointing, cutting
and pinning lugs; painting backs of frames with
two coats of bituminous paint before fixing;
bedding frames in warerproof cement mortar;
glazing measured separately; as drawing
nr. 0123/12345
A 1750 x 1500 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 1 NO
B 1820 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 2 NO
C 1950 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 1 NO
D 2050 x 1775 mm high overall; 2 side hung
opening lights 2 NO
B2.1/3 To Collection
PLASTERING AND PAVINGS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
BILL NO. 3
PLASTERING AND PAVING
INTERNALLY
Spatterdash
All surfaces of concrete
A generally 841 M2
Screeds ; one coat ; cement and sand (1:3) ;
wood floated finish
Floors
B 40mm thick ; to receive carpet tiling 72 M2
C 10mm thick ; to receive artificial granite
tiling 27 M2
Treads and risers
D 10mm thick ; to receive artifical granite tiling 7 M2
Screeds ; one coat ; waterproof cement and
sand (1:3) ; wood floated finish
Floors
E 15mm thick ; to receive fully vitrified
ceramic floor tiling 21 M2
Internal lime plastering ; steel trowelled finish
Ceilings including sides and soffits of beams
F 10mm thick 120 M2
Walls and columns
G 15mm thick 198 M2
H 20mm thick 60 M2
I 25mm thick 179 M2
B3.1/1 To Collection
PLASTERING AND PAVINGS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
INTERNALLY (Cont'd)
Internal lime plastering ; steel trowelled
finish (Cont'd)
Skirtings
A 10mm thick 7 M2
Carpet tiles ; 500 X 500 X 10mm thick ; all
colour range
Tiling, laying and fixing with arylic emulsion
adhesive all in accordance with manufacturer's
recommendation
B floors and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 72 M2
Fully virtrified ceramic floor tiles ; 200 X 200
X 10mm thick ; all colour range
Tiles ; bedding and jointing in cement and sand
(1:3) bedding to the stated thickness ; pointing
in the coloured cement
C floors and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 21 M2
Artificial granite tiles ; 100 X 100 X 15mm
thick ; all colour range
Tiles ; bedding and jointing in cement and sand
(1:3) bedding to the stated thickness ; pointing
in the coloured cement
D floors and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 27 M2
E treads ; on 5mm thick bedding 4 M2
F risers ; on 5mm thick bedding 3 M2
B3.1/2 To Collection
PLASTERING AND PAVINGS
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
INTERNALLY (Cont'd)
Non-slip tactile ; 300 X 300 X 8mm thick
Tiles ; bedding and jointing in cement and sand
(1:3) bedding to the stated thickness ; pointing
in the coloured cement
A floor and pavings ; on 5mm thick bedding 4 M2
EXTERNALLY
Spatterdash
All surfaces of concrete
B generally 142 M2
Cement Rendering ; steel trowelled finish
Walls and columns
C 15mm thick 142 M2
B3.1/3 To Collection
GLAZING
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
BILL NO. 4
GLAZING
GENERAL GLAZING (INCLUDING
ACRYLIC AND POLYCARBONATE
SHEETS)
Clear float glass
6mm thick ; to metal with metal beads or
mouldings and approved proprietary brand
non-setting compound
A panes 0.15 - 4.00 m2 20 M2
B panes exceeding 4.00 m2 38 M2
B4.1/1 To Collection
PAINTING
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
BILL NO. 5
PAINTING
PAINTING
Applying one undercoat and two finishing
coats of anti-fungi emulsion paint ; on
Plastered walls and columns
A over 300mm girth 319 M2
Plastered ceilings and beams
B over 300mm girth 120 M2
Applying one undercoat and two finishing
coats of polyurethane sprayed textured paint; on
Plastered walls and columns
C over 300mm girth 118 M2
Applying one undercoat and two finishing
coats of epoxy paint ; on
Rendered walls and columns
D over 300mm girth 142 M2
Applying two coats of hardwood synthetic
paint ; on
skirtings
E over 300mm girth 70 M
B5.1/1 To Collection
SUNDRIES
Item Description Qty Unit Rate HK$
BILL NO. 6
SUNDRIES
A Bath tub: 800 X 800mm ; as specification 2 NO
B Bath tub: 850 X 890mm ; as specification 2 NO
C Sink: 520 X 410mm ; as specification 4 NO
D Water closet ; as specification 4 NO
E Cooking bench: 810 X 500 X 655mm ;
as specification 2 NO
F Cooking bench: 745 X 500 X 655mm ;
as specification 2 NO
G Laundry Rack ; as specification 2 NO
H Sink unit and tap ; as specification 4 NO
I Water heater ; as specification 4 NO
B6.1/1 To Collection
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