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!"#$%& English Grammar

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John M. Holmes Todd S. Avera ","-) /01:

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A practical grammar of the English language written in Uighur Language

A useful hand book for the Uighur students studying English Language

A Comprehensive Handbook For Teachers

Mohammed. A. Abdukadir Buvinur Bakery

Published by XXinjiang peoples sanitary press Add: 66 Longquan Street, Urumqi 830004, Xinjiang, China

Tel: (86) (0991) 2835907

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without

the prior written permission of the author and the publishers.

First Edition , Printed in Urumqi, China, May, 2004 ISBN: 7 5372 3760 3, Chinese Libray CIP data : 047345

XINJIANG PEOPLES SANITARY PRESS

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! $%&'(- )* % +! ),# ./! 0 #! . $# 0 2%# $3 456 789! 7! "#2:! 36! ;( ),' 6 # ?@5 A)5 2%# )B?! $C! $John. M. Holmes D +!

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Special acknowledgements to our parents and to our relatives, for helping us in doing this work and living happily, in more ways than one Also special thanks to our teacher and our old friend John M. Holmes, who helped us as well as many other Uighur students in studying English and provided us with good materials and valuable advice. Thanks to our old friends Todd Avera, Alim Kasim, Kahar Turdi and Abdumijit Mohammed, who gave us some valuable advice and spent countless hours in examining and revising this book and checking for mistakes. Thanks also to our linguist, the late Professor Halik Niyaz, and to his wife Professor Muhabbat Kasim, who provided special advice in consolidating the grammatical terms and the definitions. We also want to acknowledge the help of Halide, Aliye, Risalet, Gulshan, and Gulnar in the libraries of both Xinjiang Normal University and Xinjiang University, who provided us with many good books and better environment whenever we needed, and to the help of Mr. Alim Ahed, the founder and manager of Uighursoft, who provided us with updated software. Finally, many thanks to our editor, Mr. Yalkun Abdusalam, who, because he was on the ball, made our work a piece of cake, and to all of our classmates and friends who have encouraged and supported us through this project.

Q'# : V WZ[#\ +] ^%081 - ( Add: 81 Sheng Li Road, Urumqi, 830047, XinJiang, China

Tel: (86) 13999933780, 0991) 8562198, (0903) 6482135 E-Mail: [email protected] , [email protected]

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2004-^%0 x#% V Tel: 13999933780 E-Mail: [email protected]

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*)#, #*V#Reference books

Advanced Grammar Harvard University Press 2003 Grammar for English Language teachers Cambridge University press 2000 How English Works Oxford University Press 1997 Essential Grammar of the English Language Cambridge University 1997 Advanced Grammar in Use Cambridge University Press 1999 Teaching Grammar Oxford University press 2003 English Grammar In Use Cambridge University Press 1995 Practical English Grammar Oxford University Press 1986 English Skills Programme Endall / Hunt Publishing company Modern English Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood 1976 Introducing English Grammar Century Hutchinson Publishing Group. Ltd 186 University students English grammar Oxford University Press 1999 Cassell English Usage Cassell Publishers Ltd 1991 Grammar Practice Activities Cambridge University Press 1988 Grammar Game BOBBS MERRILL Educational Publishing House 1983 A course book in English Grammar Macmillian Education 1987 Grammar for Use Voluntad Publishing, Inc. 1986 Students English Grammar Harvard University Press, 2002 A Practical English grammar Oxford University Press, 1985A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman Inc, 1985 Practical English Usage Cambridge University 1997TOEFL Grammar Golden Peach Publishing, 2001Cambridge IELTS Cambridge University Press 2003Basic English, book 1,2,3,4 Kashgar Uighur Publishing House 1988 A Uighur English Dictionary Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House 1993 Introductory Mathematics Wadsworth, Inc. Linguistics Xinjiang University Press 1999 Modern Uighur Language Xinjiang Educational Publishing House 1982 Modern Uighur Language Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House 2000 Concise HandBook Of the English Language Xinjiang Peoples Publishing House 1995 New Concept English, book 1,2,3,4 Longman Inc 1965

Teach English (A training Course For teachers) Cambridge University Press 1988

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.Contents

1. A survey of English Grammar 2. Nouns 3. Determiners 4. Pronouns

5. Verbs

6. Verb tenses

7. Adjectives

8. Adverbs

9. Prepositions

10. Simple sentence

11. Sentence types

12. Multiple sentences

13. Subordinate clauses

14. Conditional sentences

15. Idioms

1

23

49

79

113

157

205

245

263

297

319

327

339

347

353

1. 2. ! 3. "#$% & 4. !" 5. !'() 6. *# +'() 7. )% 8. ,- 9. !/"0 *"

10.

1 *22 11.

1*" 12.

1 0 13.

1 *3(4 14.

1 5 15 .!6

0Appendix .

1. How to apply for a college in abroad?

2. TOEFL / GRE / GMAT / TOEIC

3. IELTS

243

346

326

1 .70 89 :0 0 )9& " ;'& ; ?@% /A * "9B2 :,A

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)D The English Alphabet

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z

2E4a F e F i F o - u G4(D *)D HG- :G#% ID H4 J"0 . :G#% G3 )D HG- :G#% K%% !G- . 4 4 *)D HG- =L# *34 9)D H

G3 )D HG- =L# : K%% !G- =L# FG4(D.

M21 HG-Pronunciation Table

!G- =L#Consonants !G- :G#%Vowels N1Voiceless JN1Voiced

/p/ pig, pen

/t/ tin, ten

/k/ cat, kite

/f/ fat, telephone

// thank

/s/ soon

// fish /t/ cheap

/h/ hot

/b/ big

/d/ den

/g/ got

/v/ very

// then

/z/ zoo

// pleasure /d/ job

/m/ map

/n/ name

// song

/l/ leg

/r/ rat

/j/ yes

/w/ wet

/i:/ sheep

/i/ ship

/e/ pen

// map

/a:/ car, calm

// hot /:/ caught

/u/ put

/u:/ boot

// cup /:(r)/ bird // above

/ei/ day

/u/ coal

/ai/ lie

/au/ now

/i/ boy /i(r)/ here /e(r)/ there /u(r)/ poor /ei(r)/ player /u(r)/ lower /ai(r)/ tire /au(r)/ tower /i (r)/ employer

"4 - !30Abbreviations and symbols

S Subject () V Verb (-O) O Object (PG") A - adverbial (Q"D) Od Direct Object (PG" 9%M4) Oi Indirect Object (PG" 59%-) Ao object related adverbial (Q"D 5M% /PG") C Complement (/0") As Subject related Adverbial (Q"D 5M% ) Cs Subject Complement Co Object Complement adj adjective (Q)%) v verb (+'()) n noun (R) adv adverb (7-) prep preposition (/"0 *") vt transitive verb (+'() =

$) vt intransitive verb (+'()

$) AmE American English ( () BrE British English ( 6)

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1. T A survey of English Grammar

Parts of the sentence 1. The grammatical units 2. The grammatical hierarchy of the sentence

Sentence3. Form and function

Clause structure 4. Central and peripheral elements of the clause 5. Adverbials 6. Clause types 7. Objects and complements 8. Obligatory adverbials 9. Use of different types of verbs 10. Active and passive structures

Phrases11. Phrases as clause elements 12. Verb phrases and noun phrases 13. Summary of phrase structures

Word classes 14. Introduction on word classes

Variations on the basic sentence patterns 15. Subject and predicate 16. Operator and predication

224

77

8891012121314

15151617

1919

202021

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1. A survey of English grammar BILGKUT


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1.


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Sentence

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(1) Someone [S] was laughing [V] loudly [A] in the next room [A]. )9-"& I!000 A$ 0 %4(.

(2) My mother [S] usually [A] enjoys [V] parties [O] very much [A]. )2)6# 92 _) X(G"G#D =4 (.

(3) In 1945 [A] the country [S] became [V] totally independent [C]. )1945-K/"4 I"4 +09% :" Q"2 4 A (.

(4) I [S] have been [V] in the garden [A] all the time [A] since lunch [A]. )P4 K KA4 90 =(.

(5) Mary [S] gave [V] the visitor [O] a glass of milk [O]. )*24 Q% K&9 4 /[ *(.

(6) Most people [S] consider [V] these books [O] rather expensive [C], actually [A]. )GA0 I2 K&0 ;% !49& 4 ,& )$& 96"(.

(7) You [S] must put [V] all the toys [O] upstairs [A] immediately [A]. )=(& X,9BM3 >( -0 9% ;D2 !0A G- K%(.

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1 F=#& : My mother usually enjoys parties very much. [S A V O A] Usually my mother enjoys parties very much. [A S V O A] My mother enjoys parties very much, usually. [S V O A A]

X#$ &"$4 34 :4S V O GA"4 ,9BM$A M .K%:

Usually enjoys parties my mother very much. [A V O S A] (O) Enjoys usually my mother parties very much. [V A S O A] (O) My mother parties usually enjoys very much. [S O A V A] (O)

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I have all the time since lunch. You must put all the toys immediately.

in the garden K4 upstairs :" X-O E L# K H2Z.

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3!NGA"4 ,9BM30 E .G"4 3G9" /"4 L# X#4 XE4 . To my regret (Regrettably), he refused the offer for help.

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& S( ) V(-O) O( PG" ) C(/0") A(Q"D) S V Someone was laughing (1a) S V O My mother enjoys parties (2a) S V C The country became totally independent (3a) S V A I have been in the garden (4a) S V O O Mary gave the visitor a glass of milk (5a) S V O C Most people consider these books rather expensive (6a) S V O A you must put all the toys upstairs (7a)

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$) INTRANSITIVE VERBS: ( 7 K2Z *#$- 'A 34 QD G6B2 !'()

$ !'() K/A$ . >30v.i G2Z K4. !'() :4 )K% :(1a)-

1 laugh ( FGA"4 LL# ,(& >, X&"$4 34 A& I"4 ;& X =(& "4 &"$4 K/9, I!" _0 &"$4 K/(& A& XE . K/(& !'() :4

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$ !'() J"4 K/0G. !'() :4 ) K% :(2a)-

1 enjoy F

(5a)-

1give F(6a)-

1consider F(7a)-

1put ( R - R 92 A& X *& 7(& _ X!" - "4 "Y )K% :him Fme Fyou Fher!3"0 ( X

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1become F(4a)-

1be ( X

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1 K/9, !'() :4S V C FS V A

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S V O )MONOTRANSITIVE VERBS(

S V O O )DITRANSITIVE VERBS(

S V O C S V O A (COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERBS)

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K4 )2a(-

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!,OS V C K"& &)3a(- /0"

1 ) totally independent ( K4

S V O C K"& &)6a(- /0"

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1 & F0 3( &A /3( /0" S V O C

1 &

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S V C : The country became a separated nation. (*!A "2 +09% Q"2 4) S V O C: Most people considered Picasso a genius.

(.K/0 I2 ?E %) ,& KP)

S V C F

1 & a separated nation )The country ( (4 I2 3( K !0 F,S V O C F

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8 . "D &AObligatory adverbials "4 J") +O 4 9 !" &A K4 /0" K%% "D &A ("

G& !2 "#$% K/A2Z G . /0" !/0")Cs ( PG" -

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He [S] stayed [V] very quiet [Cs]. ( 9A 9AD . ) [1] He [S] stayed [V] in bed [As]. ( 9A 9-& . ) [2] They [S] kept [V] him [O] very quiet [Co]. ( *2G! 9AD E. ) [3] They [S] kept [V] him [O] in bed [Ao]. ( *0 IG#3A 9-& E. ) [4]

SVA - SVOA &

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#$ "D : "M% KLA - ?&94 ( P K& A !0

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The road [S] is [V] under construction [As]. ( GM%A ;A 4. ) We [S] kept [V] him [O] off cigarettes [Ao]. ( :G#& & 4. )

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They [S] treated [V] her [O] kindly [A] . ( *0 % / E. ) He [S] is [V] without a job [A]. ( , . )

9 . X& +'() +OD ,9,Use of different types of verbs

34 9LL0) "6& 56@ H,O /PG"F-O F Q0) PG" 59%- - 9%M4 F+'()

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Infinitive : & & X!'()transitive : +'() =

$ Copular : !'() /P4

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7A !'() K%% &$

1:

S V SS VV (Infinitive) Prices rose (1)

S V O SS VV (transitive) OOd Buvinur enjoys Uighur classical music (2) S V C SS VV (copular) CCs

Your face seems familiar (3) S V A SS VV (copular) AAs

My sister lives next door (4) S V O O SS VV (transitive) OOi Od

We all wish you a happy birthday (5) S V O C SS V (transitive) OOd CCo

He has found this problem rather difficult. (6) S V O A SS V (transitive) OOd Ao The doorman showed the guests into the

drawingroom (7)

1 X

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9,(% X

1 +O 4*(4 "-21 -$ "% H"L# - : S V O

1 &

S V Od A number of people saw the accident. K$& 0- 4 ,& KP . & %

S V (A) The accident was seen (by a number of people). X& ;[1 GA& >0) J1 . "& P 70 1 KP 0-*"L$& Z ,& GBM"4 00 =1 X& % &A 00 1 I2 .

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S V Oi Od My father gave me the watch. .*24 % 4 N _22 & %

S V Od (A) (1) I was given this watch (by my father). N)Z _22 (*(4 Q%4.

S V Oi (A) (2) This watch was given to me (by my father). N Q% 4)Z _22 ((4K.

& ;[1

S V O C

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S V Cs (A) He was considered a genius (by Edison). *"0 I2 ?E Z K .

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S V Od Ao An intruder must have placed the ladder there. K/A0 A _0 *P.

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She sent Jim a card ~~ She sent a card to Jim. 9- 9 4 /1 (. ) She left Jim a card ~~ She left a card for Jim. (.*A0 IGG"0 9 4 /1 )

*4 #$%Phrases 11 . *4 #$% K/"4 &"$4

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1 K2 London &A F to

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1 . :4 This is very important indeed

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12 . *4#$% +'() - *4 #$% RVerb phrases and noun Phrases - R F/0 "Y X4 #$% *"6& *4#$% RD 4 #$% +'()

G4(D .GA$ "Y -O

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4 #$% R GA"(& I"4 &"$4 4 :0D X

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P! R0 a(n) "#$% & H,O P )5-944 (G"4 LL# 79, .

(some) (beautiful) (French) vases. The room contains ( 4 3N" 6@ ) 04 A$ 4. ) a (beautiful) (French) vase.

)44 3N" 6@ ) 2 4 A$ (

#$% R *#4 FGA"& =2!"G0 4 ,(4 34 *4 #$% R F396( 9) 4 A GA"4 #4 "4 "4 K/"4 3!" 4 . # 79, _0 "4 *#4G"4 L .

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The ship

was has been must have been

may have been being

(1) Sank (2) sinking (3) sunk (4) sinking

)5( sunk

*1 X

1 00A:

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2 ( R)5"(9&O (4 #$%) NOUN PHRASE ( R J%% 4 92),(4 ( K/"4 ,(4 -1 "4 "4 34 4 #$% &A K/9!% $ - K/A"4 %A H!" &A *

G"L# 2"4 K/& I!0":

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1 00A: )1( KA% K) .2 ( K KA% 9)) .3 ( KA% % X" K) .4 ( K

KA% 00 J +0 ) .5 ( & ;# J K#$ (A A K$ K

KA%) .6 ( A(D 4 :,OA ) .7 ( K/"4 ="N$& K J9(0

K I% )%) .8 (KA3 ( 9DA% ,OA J9(0 4 K/0 KG4 K. 3 ( Q)%) 5"(9&O ( *4 #$%) ADJECTIVE PHRAS ( K/"4 J%% 4),(4 ( - Q)%

4 P9!% 34 K/(& >, /G) >& 2".

*1 X

1 00A: )1( * ,OA 9AD -D) .2 ( %/ -D * K& >.) 3 ( :P% 2 %, -D

*) .4 (* J,3(A 9AD -D. 4( 7- ) 5"(9&O ( 4 #$%) VERB PHRASE ( Q)% 9D1 "G0 4 #$% 7-

G9& >,,O 4#$% . X4 #$% 7- 0) E4 "4 %%),(4 ( #$% Q)% F9,- "4 J%% X4),(4 (G) >& 9)%.

R)5"(9&O (4 #$% Post modification /3( 0 #$% &

determinative

/3( *" Premodification

,(4 head

/0" Complementation

I remember

Alices that all those a the a

fine warm better best good

(1)him (2)Peter (3)wedding (4)girl (5)days (6)story (7)trip (8)trip

with the red hair in the country last year that I once had

than that that I ever had

Post modification /3( 0 /3( *" premodification

,4 Head /0"

The weather was

.......................... too incredibly .........................

(1)pleasant (2)hot (3)cold (4)pleasant

........................ ........................ ........................ enough

......................... to be enjoyable ......................... .........................

Postmodification predmodification Head complementation

I spoke to him

quite very as

yesterday often severely clearly

indeed

as I could

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*1 X

1 00A: )1 ( R9"#$% K K4 X K) .2 ( R9"#$% =2B2 R2 K4 X K) .3 ( K 96"

R9"#$% %& 9AD K4 X) .4 (R9"#$% J( (4 X6 K4 X K.

5 ( /"0 *" 4#$% J) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE ( / - /"0 *" 4 G) >& /0" /"0 *" K"& >, . A0D FGA"4 ,4 X4 #$% 4

4 #$% :4 "0 I %4 FG G RD !,O "4GA" I"4 Q1 .

*1 X

1 00A: )1 ( K _9L$& K4 X K H"4 4 90 =) .2 ( N"4 4 XA K4 X K

_9L$&) .3 ( KL$& & K4 X K) .4 ( IL$& Z22% K4 X K

R"0 .

*

$%Word classes

14 .P *

& #$% 30 Introduction on word classes

O X

& #% +OD 2!A4 P *4 #$%- #$ 4 #$% +O "#$% =B2 F:9$ IL$& 3/0 33%O 4 #$% K4 DE

G"4 " - 5DE 8O #$ K4 9)% H"4 5"4 5& K/A"62Z . X"#$% "4 9%"0 !)"4 JA) 3G9!G A1 & *4 #$% 74 - A0

D &

1 A 9G " 3- H2Z IG9!G J)- "4 A0 GAA ;Y J3"D . 6%%O J 8O "#$ - *

& #$% K/( / 2A 4

G9%$& ) "#$% K/!) >A K%% . J X"#$ "#$% G"$4

& -$ K%% DE - 2 F*6%%O.

CCLOSED CLASSES

& "#$% JZ(A (a) Q630 "#$%

& 4 FK/"4 7(& 31G- X"#$% (A 9D1 "39

J0 7P4 J _" K4 "#$% 34 FK/"4 3309% 9D1

A

& #$% KP I"4 I *#$ FK/AEE4 % J - X#$ /

G9%$&

& "#$% K/"4 _GD 6%%O .

& #$% 34 2!" XE4GA"!0 + 4 #$% "D +09% *#$ D FG4(D *

& "#$% 2A.

PPreposition of, at, in, without, in spite of - /"0 *" PPronoun he, they, anybody, one, which - HH" Determiner the, a, that, every, some - #$% & Conjunction and, that, when, although - #$% /P4 Modal verb can, must, will, could - +'() 8 PPrimary verb be, have, do - I+'()

Preposition /"0 *" Prepositional complement /0" /"0 *"

I met her

for at on by

lunch the corner of the square Saturday morning a strange coincidence

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1.


OPEN CLASSES

& "#$% : (b)

"#$% 2 4 Q6'1 F: "A Q630 & X"#$%

& "#$% JZ(A 6%%O J - FK/"4 7(& 31G- "#$% (A >, /60

G9%$&

& "#$% K/"4 3309% 9D1. Noun John, room, answer, play R Adjective happy, steady, new, large, round Q)% Full verb search, grow, play +'() ;& Adverb steadily, completely, really 7-

4 -$ 2"6& =& A 34 2 4:

Numerals one, two, three, first, second, third !% (c) Interjections oh, ah, ugh, phew "#$% H (d)

4 34 2E4 "#$% 56@ RA %# R04 A K/A"& 8 7A " :

)K% : "4 X& not "4 X& 3( - to!3"0 (4 .

& #$% 2!44 6(& "#$% 5"4 J%% !0 JG"#$% >0 8% *.

,#$ &

1 J%% Variations on the basic sentence patterns

15 . -O - Subject and Predicate 0 HL#A DE 9% !!0 J K/"4 "#$%

1 : 0A J

:9$ IL$& 0 4 Z& X

1 : . "G0 X

1 *22 K) 4 *#A DE 9A0 P

1 IG >0 73.

2-O - 92

1 *22 F/0 90 TM' /0 J%% QG"$4 . &"$4 K/(& >, 34 X 2

1 : 4 4 ) 34 - -O A

) "D F/0" FPG" (AEE-L$& 3/ >0) 2: SUBJECT PREDICATE Habibe buys her vegetables in the market. ( G"M9(% 2#4 9&$& 4D. ) The bus arrived late today. ( *"& >9(A >(& +49) K4. ) Tigers are carnivorous. ( KMAD $ 8M"A. )

H"$4 +O4 8 =&4 /A4 9)% 6& J" $& "4 "G0 J

G(& . /9 K -O F"M% 9)% 5"4 K/(4 I!3( ( X

1 3!N G"4 K/"A0 . 92 =9,A "4 "G0 5& -O 4 M%

A I$& 6L# . F3/"L# :0 X

1 -

1 :% X$ H"$4 +O4 9A& & +O A0 F3/"G9!G :0 X#$% 2A _" //9"& /"0 X,

G(4 _2A P,BM.

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16 .-O - +'() 56@A4 Operator and predication -O - +'() 56@ -O K%% M% 9 *&

1 K/"4 H,O

Q A4 G"4 ,9MA &"$4 : . :% !'() 2A +'() 56@ G9%$& !'() K/"4 /"Y H%A

1 &A

1 . & -O A4 -O

J%%

1 34 2!'() 56@ G9%$& &"$4 K/(& I2Z . *22 D +'() 2A 24 &A 4 92 +'() 4 "0 I"4 FGAM"4 !'() 56@ 2

1

)Auxiliary (

1 :% 92 FG(& !Z, FI"4 Q 2 ;Y RD 9AD 9L#GAA .)

1 : +09%-independent Clause +'() 2A F Auxiliary(

) ]1 (*24 " ;4 300 ) .2 ( & 30 %4 K1) .2 (& 30 & K1

)3 (*"A0 I"GA /G 4 _" K9") .4 (

1.


"MD ( G"4 6@ HL#A QE/ +O 4 . 00A)5(- F)6(- 2

1 shall Fhad A QE/ !3"0 2!'() 2A FK$ "Y HL#been Fbe % "4

8EO K/"4 !"$4 4 XA4 -O A FK"9%$&. do Fbe - have KA4 XE FI"4 DE +'() 56@ !3"0

%

1*"L9 & 2!" -$ "Y HGG!A

1 F

1 ::

DECLARATIVE INTERROGATIVE OR NEGATIVE & KA4 J9% *& &A :%

They often go Abroad. ( D EG >3 "' ,. ) Do they often go to abroad? Her father works in a factory. ( GA, 9G-# 22 X. ) Where does her father work? We received your letter. ( :G" IG,) 9(O 4. ) We did not received your letter. Everything is ready. (*"4 6A % D) Is everything ready? Dilnur was a painter. ( _% 4 "4 2. ) Was Dilnur a painter? These houses are for sale. ( G9(% A$ 4. ) Are these houses for sale?

*K4 !" " 0 XL#

1 -

1 :% IL$&

$ .A04 IL#

1 :% IG I0 I2 A"#

1 J9% *22:

)a( YES) : FD ( &ANO) :A (

1 K/(4 I-1 K4)YES-NO QUESTIONS : (G(& " X +'() 56@ 2

1 :4:

Have you taken my pencil? ( H(0( "0 ) Yes, I have. (or No I have not)

)b( WH-

1 K/(& >4 K4 )WH- QUESTIONS :(4 *" 2

1 :4 KWH-

X"4 K/!4 K4WH- 3/" &A K/" #$ #$% K"L# K4 F"M3( :

)1( WH-GA"4 7#$ :3(D M

1F"4 5"4 K/!4 K4 .K%: Who has taken my pencil? ( X( R& H(0

2. !Nouns 1. Introduction

Structures of noun phrase

Noun classes 2. Count, noncount, common and proper noun 3. Concrete and abstract nouns 4. Nouns with dual class membership 5. Reclassification of nouns

Count nouns 6. Regular and irregular plural nouns

Regular plurals 7. Formation of regular plurals 8. Pronunciation of plurals 9. Plural of compound nouns

Other plurals 10. Irregular plurals 11. Words of foreign origin 12. Nouns which dont change in the plural 13.Nouns which look singular but are in fact plural 14.Singular nouns ending in s15. Nouns which occur only in the plural 16. Nouns can be either singular or plural

Noncount nouns

Formation of nouns 17. Gender nouns 18. Ending to describe size 19. Nouns describing professions 20. Abstract nouns 21. Gerund (verbal nouns) 22. Distinguish nouns from verbs 23. Formation of compound nouns 24. The possessive form of nouns Index: Common nouns formed from phrasal verbsIndex: Common compound nouns

24

24

2626272829

2929

30303031

3232323334343435

35

3737373839404141444648

1. 30

"G0 X4 #$% R

*" X!2.! H2 - 8O FK/A"% FK/% 3 .! ?&94 - ?B&4 . ! I H05 .,"$4 9A0 X!

! K/%6 . 50! =)$& 0 -

! =)$& 507 .,%A X! =)$& 508 .,0 #Z)" X! =)$& 509 .& =)$& X! 4

! =)$& 3410 .! =)$& 011 .& 2! 34! K12. ! K/A"4 7#$ & =)$&13 .! =)$& K/"L$& & 5"414 .-s! 5"4 K3EO K4 15.! K/"L$& !& =)$&16. ! K/"4 &)$& F"4

% ! K/A"

,%A X!17 .! 118.-!0 0 K/A2Z &19 .! K/A2Z Z%&20 . ! ?&9421 .!D22 .HLL0) 2!'() !23 .,%A X! 424 . X!& 7(& 5

_!) : ! 4 K"L# 2!'() 4_!) :!4 K/9, I$&

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1 . 30Instruction

% &A _2 !2D Q'4 FQ 2"#$% K/9, 9 .

R)5"(9&O ( X"#$% 34 "D K/0 #& 04 &A 4 _" 4 #$%"%A 0 "0 Z)G "#$% 5"(9&O R K/"4 /"Y H2Z J( ( FK/

Q .5"4 J%% 4 #$% R ! .4 _"4 #$% R 92 " ,A 4 #$% R K/"4 H,O K/"4 2!" -$:

The girl ( 0 4R% X( :. ) [1] The blonde girl ( R% X( :0 J K9" 4. ) [2] The blonde girl in blue jeans ( R% X( :0 K/"M6& 9, !2) =$&. ) [3] The blonde girl wearing blue jeans is my sister. ( H,O 0A. ) [4] The blonde girl who is wearing blue jeans ( H,O 0A. ) [5] She ( R% X( . ) [6] Amina ( R% X( . ) [7]

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2. Nouns BILGKUT

com.bilgkut@yahoo . 25 .

1 0A1- 25- R 4 H,O X

1 K/"4 )girl( #&

K/0 +D K%% /3%,O X"#$% M& X4 #$% R 4 FI"4 4 #$% R F:0)1(- "#$% & Q0) FI"4 /"G0 T22 A9 4 #$% R

1

+ J( K/"4 -

&)the (- #$% T& )girl ( K3) & !2)2(- #$% R

1 Q)% F+ J( 4)blonde ( K3) & 2#$% T& -)3(- F)4(- F)5(- #$% R 2

1

K3) & 2!/3( 0 A FQ% 20A *4 FA F)3(- #$% R

1 4 #$% J/"0 *" 24 & 4)in blue jeans( F)4(- #$% R

1

1 : K3) & & 3( X!'() & 4)wearing blue jeans ( F%4 2)5(-

1

1 *3(4 QM% & 4 #$% R )who is wearing blue jeans ( %4 2

4) .6(- H" E4 Q0) 4 #$% R

1)she (K3) & ) .7(- #$% R

1 R 8O 4 Q0) 4)Amina ( & !2K3).

A0 P!" -$ A:

My father is a teacher. ( 30 4 _22 X(. ) [8] My white shirt is in my suitcase. ( RN$& : X(. ) [9]

[8]- & 7(& 5 X" 5O 4 #$% R

1 )my ( R T& -

)father (K3) & 2. ] 9[- & 7(& 5 X" 5O 4 #$% R

1 )my( Q)% F)white ( R T& -)shirt (3) & 2K.

#$% & "D K/0 #& *4 #$% R F:0/A 20A

)Determinative( Q)% F)Adjective( 4 #$% J/"0 *" F)Prepositional phrase( F

1 *3(4 J'() &)Nonfinite Clause( QM% F

1 *3(4)Relative clause( 8O F

R)Proper noun( H" 5,& F)Personal pronoun ( H" 5 -)possessive pronoun (G"4 P!"G0 =-$ ,,G A4 > _" X!3"0:

Determinative ( the/a/an/this/that/these/those/every/each/some) + Noun

e.g. The girl is my younger sister.

Determinative + Adjective + Noun

e.g. The blonde girl is my younger sister.

Determinative + Adjective + Noun + Prepositional Phrase

e.g. The blonde girl in blue jeans is my younger sister.

Determinative + Adjective + Noun + Nonfinite Clause

e.g. The blonde girl wearing blue jeans is my younger sister.

Determinative + Adjective + Noun + Relative Clause

The blonde girl who is wearing blue jeans is my younger sister.

Pronoun +

She is my younger sister.

Proper noun +

Amina is my sister

Possessive Pronoun + Noun

My father is a teacher.

Possessive Pronoun (my/your/his/her/its)+ Adjective(s) + Noun

My white shirt is in my suitcase.

%

1 F=2$ IL$& 0A 4 #$% R K/(& I"4 PG" &A K% "#$% & FQ)% FH" "4 F9%) & ! Q0))!3"0 #$% 3 F+( QM% F

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2.


K/) & 2"4 J"0

1 *3(4 & F

1 *3(4 #$ 4 #$% R F3/"4G(& P ,4 DE T X"4 J"4 K/AEE . #$% R 944 4 4

3 I T) K4 ! 5"4 J%% & 4 . 6(& "4 34 2!44G"G9 .

*" X!Noun classes

2 . ! H2 - 8O FK/A"% FK/%Count, noncount, common and proper nouns

74 " K/A,O X! FA) 4-% 9D1 _D J ( EG2L# K 7 J) . " XE -$ R T& 4 #$% R Q$

E FIG I0 I2I saw ; 9)% PG" X

1 K2 (a) F%#$% & :3(D (b) K P 5(A + J(the // FK4 (c) a // FK4 (d) some /sm/ FK4 (e) & =)$&

>9,G"4 =%$& -$ F:A0 /9 J0 HL9"& ;)* = O( :

Todd book(s) furniture brick(s)

M21 79%$& " X! :Test table for noun classes (1) (2) (3) (2 + 3) (a) Todd *book furniture brick

(b) *the Todd the book the furniture the brick

(c) *a Todd a book *a furniture a brick

(d) * some Todd *some book some furniture some brick

( e) * (some) Todds (some)books *(some)furnitures (some) bricks

)1(- K9% ) !O 4 Q0) ( K4)3+2(- K9%) J"4 ( 9G(4 IL9 & 2 X3OO 9 *" R :)) .1(- 9%Todd H,O 0

! K/"0)AParis FTokyo FHotan FUrumqi!3"0 ( R 8O)Proper Nouns ( G"4 .

! H2 D :4 F"4 P!,"0 - & +OO ! 9% 34)Common Nouns ( Q 2 .0) RD 9AD 9 XE :44 ) .2(- 9% book 0

H,O)bottle Fchair Fforest FideaJ"0 (K/% _0 ! K/9 & 'A RA ! K/% E F3/"4)Count Nouns (G"4) .3(- 9%furniture ! H,O P ) A

bread Fgrass Fwarmth Fmusic! J"0 ( K/,-2 &"# FK/(& 9"D I F0) _0 F3/"4 K/9, 9L9 & 'A K/A"4 2Z 9%M4 % K4 !% :% &A

K/A"% ! :4)Noncount or Uncountable (G6B2 !.

F34 )3+2(- 9%brick H,O 0 ) Acake Fpaper FstoneJ"0 (K/% _D ! GAEE4 R K/A"% _D . K/A"4 H% 4 ! :4

P!"6(K/% &A &, 90 G"4 &, 90 P!9(64 . - H0 ! :4G6B2 ! .

e.g. The house is built of brick. ( K/"G)0 9&(& $ 4. )

He used bricks to build the house. ( =(& 9,(% A$ 4 9,. )

K4 *" ! F:0/A 0A R 8O I0 /9(64 H2Z XE )Proper Noun ( -H2 R )Common Noun (G"4 "$4 I2.

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2. Nouns BILGKUT


R 8O- 2D Q'4 _D 0- F% - _2 K/"A0 K HLL0) 936G2! .

e.g. Norahmed London September 11th Terrorist Attack Turkey

F3/"4 K% 7 _D J0 K ! 8O 944 4 0 P ! 8OA(4G . *DE 79, =2! H2 - ,9, 9"4 K4 "#$% & X! 8O

44 "#$% &)3-944 (G0 KA4. R H2- - 2D F'A K/"4 336 +O 4 &A K/"4 - 4 _"

G K/"4 : D X. e.g. book teacher diamonds happiness

A E K%% DE =93%"4 &A H"4 /% X'A K/9%$& !

2 ! K/A"% - ! K/%G"4 3,A I.

H2 K%% ,"$4 9D1 K% X! K%% /"Y J - X! FI"4 K/9%$& ,"$4:A 96L# X,0 J3 9D1 K% ! 8O 92 .

/%! K 9%M4 % K4 !% :% FJAE0 3% FK/"4 & J0 92

Q 2! K/9, 9 'A K/"4 2Z J( _D . A& X! K/%-(e)s& =)$& I0 G"4 3%A .K%:

a ship five ships a car six cars

! K/A"% FK/A"4 H2Z 9%M4 % K4 !% :% _D H% 92 FK/,-2 &"#$ FK/(& 9"D I F0)"#$% 3 Q0) 3 !4 2A X

G0 I2 R K/A"% F3/"4 ! K/9, 9 'A K/"4 2Z .E FG9, !& 5"4 Q0) A& !0sGA"4 ,9, & =)$& I0 .

-$ X! K/A"% !0 F*& =)$& - 5"4 X! K/% "-21

& K4 "#$% 2A 34*& 7(*9%$& :

Count Noun R K/%

Singular R 5"4 a snow ball

a cell one cell

Plural R =)$& (thirty / many) snow balls

cells two cells

some cells many cells

Uncountable Noun R K/A"%

snow some snow

Information some information

a lot of information much information

"#$% 3 _" "D 8 =2B2 R2 ! K/A"% =9%$& "-21 0A)G) & 2! K/% )$& "#$% 3 4 (G(& 9"4 K4 . ! K/A"%

3 X% K/9%$& >A) 2"#$% 3 K%% :"4 &2Z =)$& XA2Z .K%:

water a glass of water , two glasses of water

3 . ! ?&94 - Q&Concrete and abstract nouns

Z - XE A ! R Q& K%% 9"D X'A K2)Concrete Noun ( R ?&94 -)Abstract Noun (G"4 3,A I2.

R Q&-Q X'A & ?& .K%: Ship (QO)) car () toy (:A)

R ?&94-# FQAD FQD - K/L4 !0 ?&94 34 - Q6(D FJ"OG2! .K% :

difficulty shame music homework

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2.


!0/A =%$& -$ " X! F/0/A 0AG"4 3:

4 . ! I H0Nouns with dual class membership

H"4 /% X!- I2 R K/A"% - R K/% A) 96 J%"4G G %% ,A . F=9%$& " -$ P!9(64 *#4 + 4 !0

G9A H0 9) ! =93%"4 _D H"4 /% .

A: would you like to buy a cake? (A1 90- HA X. ) (3) Shes had many difficulties. [COUNT] ( 4 *360 KP X. ) (4) Shes not much difficulty. [NONCOUNT] ( :A 360 J1 X. ) (5) Hes had several odd experiences. [COUNT] ( 4 *9#% DE 04 X. ) (6) He hasnt had much experience. [NONCOUNT] ( :A 1 J1 X. ) (7) There were bright lights and harsh sounds there. [COUNT]

( * 4 E#- ;)0 - !0 :" 2A . ) (8) Light travels faster than sound. [NONCOUNT] ( G0 ( 2#- . ) (9) She will give a talk on Chinese art. [COUNT] ( 9'% N1 GA"#$% : P . ) (10) Thats foolish talk. [NONCOUNT] ( 9)4 ) 0O . ) (11) The lambs were eating quietly. [COUNT] ( G-! 9Z !!0). ) (12) Do you want any lamb? [NONCOUNT](& '4news: e.g. No news is good news. ( $ X/"4 X-O :3(D ,OA *#)-O.( ) Bad news travels faster.( G0 ( -O KA. )

. b *#4 K/A I$&& (" K"0 : K/!:

measles, mumps, rickets, shingles . c34% *#4 X*:

billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes, droughts

. d 43 - Q6") *# X0 Q3*: athletics, ceramics, classics, economics, ethics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics,

phonetics, physics, politics :

statistics9, +O X,

a . 9%G9%$& 9 .G9, K4 !'() & 5"4. e.g. I have studied Statistics in college. ( K$ 99% 949& " K. )

. b L4 KB2 Q" J% G .G9, K4 !'() & =)$&.

e.g. These statistics describe college freshmen in 1972.

) !" J% 41971-GA2Z P0 (A I9& T" A(.

15 . $& !& =)$& Q0)L" K/! Nouns which occur only in the plural 1 .& 9&"$4 'A K) 4 K3) X*

Tools ( ;0-!A% ): bnoculars, glasses, pliers, scales, scissors, shears, spectacles, tweezers

Clothing ( R6&-&(& ): races, knickers, pants, pajamas, Shorts, tights, trousers, underpants

!D : 1. 4(64 !9P a pair of 2Z & 5"4 I0 G"4 .

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2. Nouns BILGKUT


e.g. a pair of glasses (=A#$& 4) a pair of trousers (K9, 4)

) ) E4 RAK"L# 2&"$4 a pair of stockings R6& H,O P- =(&

G >0)(.

2. ! +O 4 & =)$& X K H2Z _0 x pairs of& =(& 79, : e.g. I need two shirts, three pairs of trousers and two pairs of pajamas.

) 6& H!O - K9, F=N$& N=(& (.

2 .& =)$&!$& L! 34 K/" 2"#$% +O 4503(A & I"4 #$% F"0 I$&*/:

arms (= weapons), clothes, contents, customs, earnings, goods, lodgings, means,

minutes, odds, outskirts, premises, headquarters , regards, stairs, surroundings, thanks

16 ."4 ! K/AEE4 &)$& F Nouns can be either singular or plural

3,,A & =)$& &A & 5"4 K/9%$& ,& Z)G 4GBM"4 .4 Z)G K) T'A E QD =2 4 KA4 D Z)G A F:0 I2

G"4 R 5"4 R K/9%$& Z)G 4 F"4 K3M0. e.g. The new Labour party has announced its programme.

) ( Y) X#$ 6) =*0 K!(.

The UN Security council has produced its final report. )*A0 /9 !&Y2 0O X#$ ,(& 5")-O ! "2 K"4.(

4 % 0 + Z)G 'A &A K/!A F I2 R =)$& 4 "D 0G.

e.g. The team are celebrating their victory tonight.

)G-4 "P X"#$ & K4 *"# X& 4(.

The staff are going to buy a leaving present for their supervisor. ) ,-34 OG-"4 0"M9(% P-% 7A /P.(

"0 I$& "#$% 2 4*/:

Association, crew, class, crowd, majority, minority, club, committee, family, gang, the public,

staff, company, council, government, group, team, union

7% :Cattle, clergy, people, police G"4 ! & =)$& R2 ! J"0 .

! K/A"%Noncount Nouns

FQ% 2! 5"4 K/%% &A K/A"%% K/A"% 3* X $&)4 R 5"G2Z &.

e.g. bread, coffee, cheese, milk, sugar, air, grass, soap, snow, water, fun, happiness

hope, laughter, sleep

P! :4 How much? )50...

2.


R2 K4 ! K/%many K/A"% :4 FG"4 ,9, 9"4 !% &A K4!much9, 9"4 "#$% 3 34 &A .

X! K/A"%DE: 1( GA"4 & =)$& 92G"L$& & 5"4 R2 F. 2( G9, 9"4 K4 "#$% 3 R2 .

a bottle of water a glass of milk a breath of air 3( P! & 5"4a/anGA" 0 .I0 9%M4 !% :%GA"4 ,9, .K%:

*a water (O) *a milk (O) *an air (O)

G" #$ ! =-$ ! K/A"%:

1( * X!"6( 9"D 6 _O & J0 - !22 J"4 .K%: milk water iron rice soil oil

2( J"4-ness! ?&94 K3EO K4 .K%: happiness sadness goodness

3( * X"(&. mumps flu, influenza cancer

4( * X" 649 .K%: football table tennis volleyball golf

5( -ing!D K3EO K4 .K%: singing running driving meeting

"#$% 3 4 F9, 9"4 K4 "#$% 3 92 ! K/A"%"4 /% K/

!K/) & 2 E F3/"4 =)$& _D 5"4 +O &G"4 ,BM9, . /% >A) DE =9"4 R K/% X"#$% 3 92 3 X% K/A"4

G"4 =2Z .K%: e.g. a slice /loaf (of bread ) a kilo (of sugar) many kinds of cheese

a cup (of coffee) plenty of sugar lumps a lot of coffee-beans a piece (of cheese) three slices / loaves (of bread)

a pint ( of milk) several bottles of milk

4PE How many are there?)

2. Nouns BILGKUT


Two glasses of wine.(:D K&9 ) Would you like some cake? (

2.


-ling ( 0 #$&9, 92Z 'A K/"4 3N , ) e.g. weakling hireling

92 4 :9, )% K H2Z G.K%: 1 .%& X2Z K Hlittle F nice little&A tiny little )% J"0

9,. 2 .%N X0K H2Z big, great big, large"09, !3.

4 2!A 33(A% *#4 2!!( )"4 KA& X *" K H2Z 50 mini- 0 0 K4 -ett90" - 79, . 0 *" ( micro - macro !3"0

G9, =)$& .K%: e.g. microchip technology (( 0)A Y) macro-economics (J%293 G&).

&!0 0 K/A2Z 2D & _D - 5:

0 X"#$% #4 -inkle ,-ingle, -iggle, -tter, -mble, -bble, -ddle, -ttle J"0D X"#$% 30 !0G"4 /"M0 ( . K%:

e.g. inkle: twinkle winkle -ingle: jingle tangle tingle

-ggle: giggle wriggle

-tter: chatter flutter mutter pitter-patter stutter

-mble: mumble ramble rumble stumble thimble (thumb)

-bble: bubble pebble quibble rabble rubble stubble

-ddle: cuddle muddle paddle puddle

-ttle: little tittle-tattle

!/"0 0 2"#$% 4 I"4 ! *#4 A2=0A 3"& &A 5& GA3 K/L4 . K% : ankle letter single middle

19 .Z%&K/A2Z ! Nouns describing professions 4 _"9, !0 0 K/"4 H,O K H2Z 2 K/0 , G :

1. - (e)r

) /"0 0 4('/F K/A" I"4 Q1- RA 30# - / "#$% I"0 &( ,.

VER+(E)R: bake-baker, build-builder, design-designer, manage-manager

speak-speaker, teach-teacher

NOUN+( E)R: engine- engineer, football-footballer, garden-gardener, law-lawyer,

photograph-photographer, trumpet-trumpeter

Others: butcher, carpenter, grocer, plumber, usher

2. -or :

e.g. actor, author, director, doctor, editor, professor, solicitor, surveyor, tailor.

3. -ist, -ian, -ant, -ent ( A P4 4 P /"0 E4G$A /P4 4 )

-ist:

a ( . M% /" *#44!/" !GA2Z ) e.g. 'cello 'cellist, pi'ano -'pianist, 'violin -vio'linist, trom'bone - trom'bonist ,

b . ology -ologist ( ) G9%$& !2O %D% K ) : e.g. ge'ology -ge'ologist, orni'thology -orni'thologist, biology, ecology, zoology

c . ics -icist ( G9%$& !2O %D% K) ) :

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2. Nouns BILGKUT


e.g. 'physics - 'physicist, eco'nomics - e'conomist

d . -ist

e.g. 'science - 'scientist, 'telephone - te'lephonist , 'chemistry - 'chemist, 'art - 'artist

-ian:

a . ic(s) -icican:

e.g. mathe'matics - mathema'tician, 'music - mu'sician

'politics - poli'tician, sta'tistics - statis'tician

b . ian

e.g. 'history - his'torian, 'library - li'brarian

-ant:

e.g. a'ccount -a'ccountant, a'ssist -a'ssistant, a'ttend - a'ttendant, con'sul-con'sultant,

de'pend-de'pendant, in'form - in'formant, in'habit - in'habitant

-ent:

e.g. 'resident, superin'tendent

20 .! ?&94 Abstract nouns

! ?&94GA2Z( - _0 ?&94 . F& 0) 2! ?B&&B ?! (concrete nouns)KP I"4 Q1- 26G2 ;' 'A A an eggFa house &A a girl

"0!3'A H,O P K/A2Z 2!Q .

4 3/"4 =DE /0 P! ?B& 9(64 H2Z - ,"L# X! ?&94) P ! ?&94 9&"$4$ >9O =6 .

K4 ," X!0 =- A& X)% - +'() F R ! ?&94

G%A. -tion ( G" /0 X! R0 I$&. ) e.g. inform - information, situate - situation, solve - solution, nation, station

-sion . ( GA%A R ?&94. 2 !'() K3EO K4 -de ) e.g. explode - explosion, persuade - persuasion, invade - invasion

conclude - conclusion, decide decision

-sion, -ssion : ( K3EO K4 A%A ! ?&94 2! G . vert ) e.g. convert - conversion, pervert - perversion

-ssion: ( GA%A ! & ! K3EO K4 . -de,-d ) e.g. succeed - succession, proceed - procession, recede - recession

-ment: ( G%A 2!'() )$&. ) e.g. amuse - amusement, judge - judgement, excite -excitement argue - argument, state - statement, arrange arrangement

-ness: ( G%A 2)% )$&. ) e.g. sad - sadness, ready - readiness, useful - usefulness, red - redness,

busy - business [biznis]

-ance, -ence, --ancy, -ency:

e.g. independent - independence, attend -attendance, account - accountancy

efficient - efficiency , nuisance, conscience, emergency

-y, -ty, -ity, -iety : ( G"4 & Q)% 8 X)$& X! K3EO :4 . )

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2.


-y: comic(al) - comedy, harmonious - harmony, jealous - jealousy, rival rivalry

tragic - tragedy, autocracy, democracy, plutocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, anarchy

-ty: pity(adj: pitiful) beauty (beautiful), loyalty(loyal)

-ity: dense - density, equal - equality, hilarious - hilarity, scarce scarcity

-iety: anxious - anxiety, notorious - notoriety, proper - propriety,

social - society, various variety

-ability, -ibility: ( G%A 2)% K3EO K4. -able,-ible ) e.g. probable - probability, respectable - respectability,

possible - possibility, responsible- responsibility

-t: high- height, weigh weight

-th: ( # 2)%LG"F &A HG- :G#% G"4 7#$ 2)D ) e.g. broad - breadth, deep - depth, long - length, wide width

-ship: relation - relationship, scholar - scholarship, workman workmanship

-ism:

)# 2)%LG"F G"4 7#$ 2)D &A HG- :G#% F "4 % *M)") J( - 9( 239G9, 92Z !3"0.(

)% _2 /!"P A R3(E239( & Classical

communist

conservative

defeatist

liberal

optimistic

pessimistic

realistic

romantic

socialist

Classicist

communist

conservative

defeatist

liberal

optimist

pessimist

realist

romantic

socialist

classicism

communism

conservatism

defeatism

liberalism

optimism

pessimism

realism

romanticism

socialism

-al: arrival (vb arrive), committal (vb commit), denial (vb deny), dismissal (vb dismiss)

proposal (vb propose), refusal (vb refuse), withdrawal (vb withdraw)

-dom: kingdom (n king), wisdom (adj wise)

-hood: likelihood (adj likely), neighbourhood (n neighbour)

-our: behaviour (vb behave), candour (adj candid), demeanour, endeavour

humour (adj humorous), favour, flavour, rancour, valour.

-or: horror (adj horrible), terror (adj terrible)

-ure: departure (vb depart)

vb=verb F+'() adj=adjective FQ)% n=noun R GA2Z .

21 .!D Gerund (verbal nouns) _D- 7-D(9&O J'() FK/L4 X G2"#$% K/"4 .

1 E

1 3/"4 (9&O +'() A 4 K4 HA ;Y H,O P! K%% X!'() A 2 R !A :4 FG(& >( "D - PG" 8O #$ )$& H,O & %-O 34

G"4 DE X4 #$% R FI"4 - 4 #$% .

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2. Nouns BILGKUT


K%% !D) ('X! % X&A& -ingG%A J0 H0 . K%: Verb + ing

1. [ +OD K/"4 JA) E%: sporting, climbing, dancing, fishing, horse-riding, gliding, jogging, potholing,

skiing, skating, shooting, surfing, swimming, walking

e.g. Fishing is my favorite sport. ( * Q[ K/$& ,OA K J3(4. ) I am very interested in fishing. ( K30 =4 3 J(4 K. )

2. 7 34-2 - D : bird-watching, drawing, drinking, eating, hitch-hiking, painting, sketching,

smoking, stamp-collecting, touring, typing, listening, speaking, reading, writing.

e.g. Smoking in the public places is the worst behavior in the world.

)Q2 26G2 7( & 2!G% *M(. I dont like smoking. ( KA90A ,( & K. )

22 .!) (!'20) LHL Distinguish nouns from verbs

"#$% K/P "4G0 I":3D D 9%"4 7#$ ) _(GAEE4 R _D +' .L0) I0 /"MD 79, Q0) "#$% :4.

e.g. I have got a lot of work to do.(noun) ( 4 R, KP 5,( 3,0 X(. ) I work in a factory.(verb) ( KA, 9G-# 4 K. )

34*/9, I$& : charge, comment, copy, cut, dance, design, diet, drink, hope, hurry, lift,

look, love, offer, notice, paint, plan, post, promise, queue, reply, shout, sleep,

smell, stay, stock, stop, study, swim, taste, travel, visit, walk, welcome, worry.

: 1. 50 R "& P4 4 P I"4 #$% ) G9,F P4

) "&(G9, +': e.g. Noun: I have a present for you. [ 'present ] ( % 4 P-% 4 K/(4 . )

Verb: May I present Mrs Kennedy? [pre'sent](

2.


!0 FG9, I$& 9AD ! 4A(! 4 ?0- D & /A &"#$ >G.

a. X&"$4 # 4 "#$% "$4 X! 4) -$ A 2!" engine F pool F room F

man !3"0( 4(4 K3M96(62 &A ?G9%$& . "#$% "$4 4) A police F bed F swimming Fsteam 3"0!(4X% &A _2 "$4 &A 9Z A0 2

2 _ &A4(6 ? G(4 >96( &A X9(64092Z G(4 I. e.g. A policeman is a man who works in the police force.

( 0%-_2 K/A, 0 0% . ) A bedroom is a room with a bed.(a room for sleeping in.)

)A$ :-$ K/A!O FK/"A0 QM& (. A swimming pool is a pool for swimming in .

)"$& HL# %-="$& K/9, L# % (. A steam engine is a type of engine which is driven by steam.

) D-+O 4 K/9P#0 J0 D % (.

Man Police

Room Bed

Pool Swimming

Engine Steam

G(4 >96( &A R& E4

G(4 >966( Q0 &A > :0 E4

DE H2Z =0A K%%a houseboat K4 a boathouse F:%9,(% a houseboat F%$& 36(0 +O4 "4 a boathouseG9%$& 4 +O4 "4 .

For example: A houseboat is a kind of boat, but a boathouse is a kind of building.

tea cups e.g. a teacup, i.e. a cup designed to contain tea .

cups of tea e.g. a cup of tea, i.e. a cup filled with tea.

a milk bottle ("4 Q% 2 4) and a bottle of milk (Q% "4 4)

a matchbox (Z(0 N% 4) and a box of match (N% I04)

a cigarette packet (Z(0 & 4) and a packet of cigarettes (& I0 4)

a flower vase (9 ; 4) and a vase of flowers (; =9 4)

b .,0 #Z)" X! 4 4 #$% 4 P 2!G :

e.g. po'liceman 'swimming-pool 'bedroom 'steam engine 2!"MD K0D P #$% :

e.g. 'headmaster or 'head'master

R0 I$&2!'() & 4 #$%"4 ! 50 ! 4 K"L# FI'by -'passer - 'hanger-'onG "$4 4 P D X34 2!3"0.

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2. Nouns BILGKUT


K%% PP) 'greenhouse 5) F$ K/9%$ =

%$( F 'blackbird ) J3(A +O4H0 K/AA%( H,O P! 4 K"& K4 )%green 'house )$ K/E% +,(A ( F

black 'bird ) H0 5N 0( H,O P 2"#$% T22) 0G .

COMPOUND (R 4) ADJECTIVE + NOUN ( R+Q)% ) a 'greenhouse a green 'house

a 'blackbird a black 'bird

" X! 40 3K4 R K9, 24 K9, )% )% 0)LLRD A9 H:

COMPOUND NOUN a 'woman-hater = someone who hates woman (_2 $ P!"A) ADJECTIVE + NOUN a woman 'driver = a female driver () ;A 4) COMPOUND NOUN a 'ladybird (ladybird) = a species of beetle (0 ?O4) ADJECTIVE + NOUN a lady 'doctor = a female doctor (9OY2 ;A) COMPOUN NOUN a 'schoolboy = a male pupil (P0) ADJECTIVE + NOUN school 'premises = the buildings and grounds of the school (9 I9&)

G"L$& I1 4 -$ 0) =0A: an 'English teacher = someone who teaches English (30 ) an English 'teacher = a teacher who is English (30 )

c .,(A: "$4 X! 4-$ (A K4 !"% =G"4 3,:

1 .!&2#$% 43(A (A G .K% : bedroom armchair 2 .A >A K4 3%(G .K% : swimming-pool air-brake 3 .=2#$% >A(A G .K% : steam engine

& >9, KA4 G#(K3MFG(A =2#$% E4 ! 4 K"L# 9&"$4 30 .

e.g. homework breakfast cupboard

A4 0 0A "#$% R0 I$& 34(A FG J( 9"O "#$% :4 P#D :4F:A 0 " 9D"G0 :4 2P0 Q #4 ! , .! 4 2!"MD )$& 4

A I0 =2#$%G"4 (. "9#1 9% ;MD K4 #$% A(A >A $A 7# #4GA.

d. *& -$R "-21 F)(' F+O 7- - Q)%9&("5 4 2"#$% H,O 9%A !

47P4 K/""% *(4 *. Noun Verb Adverbial

Noun +

history teacher daylight

motorcycle goldfish

oil well fire engine

bedclothes snowball

girlfriend babysitter

rainfall

haircut

book-keeping

horse-riding

'passer-'by

'hanger-'on

Verb + turntable washing machine

punchcard chewing gum

swimming-pool

throwaway

cutout

lookout

Adjective+ greenhouse blackboard

shorthand heavyweight

highbrow blueprint

'dry-'cleaning

Adverbial+ onlooker

bystander

offset

income

outlook

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2.


24 .5 X!7(& & The possessive form of nouns

KY 20 4 !,(& 5 K4 7(& H4 Q0) & 7(& X! FQ !& % X! & 7(& H4 FI"4 & % & 7(& 5

G%A J0 "0 X"4 2A _" & . & % Q0) K ,(& 34A)& !,9,.

X!57(& & _2F ) 2)G" #$ "2( 34 - !MAD FXE F>9, K4 * X%9%$& 9M% K/"4 K4 'A 34 G . QM% 5

9M% 24 K/(& I"M% & 7(& 5 : ;2.

X,(& 5

K4 7(& 5,2Z ?(64 5M% K4 Possessor Object Expressed in possessive

form

some books which = They are Yusups books Yusup + belong to him

B(!49& :" )%A) = (*49& X)%A E)

Amine + she studies at = This is Amine's school.

this school.

( GA0 9)9& 4 . ) = ( Z9& X 4. ) an idea which = It is the teachers idea.

the teacher + he has had () K/"4 A) ) = ( *) X" . )

this is the car = This is the boys car.

the boys + which they use.

( K/9, E) = ( X!"4 4. )

+ space shuttle = USAs space shuttle ((& _") = ((& _" X()

57(& ,%A X&

! X! & 7(& 5 X A& s0J0 H &A of 79, & J0%A G .

K%% A& X! "4 * X'A J1 ! sG%A J0 H0 . ! -s4! =)$& K3EO K! F"4 Q0) A& X H) ()0 E G" . 34

)$& "4 * X%ofG%A >A) & .K%:

+ s: Michael - Michaels woman - womans Anna - Annas children - childrens + : the boss - the bosss the boys - the boys ladies - ladies the Smiths - the Smiths

of : Bank of China the screen of the television the top speed of the car

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2. Nouns BILGKUT


0 X4 #$% 5G"

6@ #$% & & 7(& 5 X! 34 K4 7(& 5 3/"4 &A "#$% & K4 )% :4 FGA"4 ,9, 4 #$% 4 "#$% &

G"4 ,9, 9"4 & 7(& 5 X!.

)% K4 #$% & 4 #$% 4 & )% F"& P ,9, 9"4 G9, 6(& & 7(& 5 X! &A 2"#$% .

Yusup + some books - [Yusup + s ] + [ some books ] = Yusups books

Amine + this school - [Amine+ s ] + [ this school ] = Amines school

the boss + an idea - [ the boss + s ] + [ an idea ] = the bosss idea

the boys + the car - [ the boys + ] + [the bedroom ] = the boys bedroom

USA + space shuttle - [ USA + s ] + [space shuttle] = USAs space shuttle

:

1 .4 #$% R 30 K4 ! 4A& XE4 F/"4 0%A & 7(& 5 )$& s G(& I"0 : K%:

mother-in-law - his mother-in-laws opinion, sergeant major - a sergeant majors duties

the Duke of Edinburgh - the Duke of Edinburghs latest speech

2 . s- ! K3EO K4 :

* ,& -s ! 4 K3EO K4e.g. Thomas) (:#F:G - 1 K/G4 @ _D! ( e.g. Davies, Jones ) 7(& 5 X! :4 /( FI"4 =)$&

X! &A& [iz] J0 H0 G-A2Z.

e.g. Thomas [tms ] [tmsiz ] Jones [ dounz ] [ dounziz ]

& J(A s &A M"4 "4BGF )$& s , G9: e.g. Thomas = Thomass , Jones = Joness

A%A & 5/0 0 K/"0 #Z)" X!,

A& X! s 0 3 =)$& 2! -sX" 0 #Z)7 #Z)" A4 %0 0G.

Voiced ( JN1 ) [z] : e.g. the dogs , Alans , Annas , the councils

Voiced (JN1) [iz]: e.g. the horses , Georges , the bosss , Selfridgess

Unvoiced (N1) [s] : e.g. cats , Philips , the staffs

57(& & *,9, 34 X

a . 5 R0 4 & 7(& ?0-*- R0 4 # A 4 J0 4 K G9,:

a days work For heavens sake ( K /(& 4 K4 sake 34 D ) a months salary at the waters edge

a fortnights holiday a stones throw from her (not far from here )

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