The first Contingency The first Contingency we’ll be working on is:we’ll be working on is:
TheThe
Ineffective Ineffective Natural Natural
ContingencyContingency
Estimated Time: 15 min.Estimated Time: 15 min.
Julie’s on the swim team. Her coach says they’re doing more goofing off than practicing. So she’s going to try something new…
If everyoneimproves theirproductivity by15%, they canlisten to musicduring the nextpractice.
Julie has givenlevel of swimming
abilityJulie practices hard
Julie has infinitesimally
greater swimmingability
Julie will lose the opportunity to listen
to music at thenext practice
Julie practices hard
Julie will not losethe opportunity
to listen to musicat the next practice
Julie fears losingthe opportunity
to listen to musicJulie practices hard
Julie does not fear losing the opportunity
to listen to music
Let’s look at the Three-Let’s look at the Three-Contingency model for this Contingency model for this
example:example:
Julie has givenlevel of swimming
abilityJulie practices hard
Julie has infinitesimally
greater swimmingability
Julie will lose the opportunity to listen
to music at thenext practice
Julie practices hard
Julie will not losethe opportunity
to listen to musicat the next practice
Julie fears losingthe opportunity
to listen to musicJulie practices hard
Julie does not fearlosing the
opportunityto listen to music
The first contingency is the The first contingency is the Ineffective Natural Ineffective Natural
Contingency.Contingency.
We need to determine We need to determine whether the contingency whether the contingency
exists prior to exists prior to performance performance
management. If it does, management. If it does, it’s a natural it’s a natural contingency.contingency.
The first test for this The first test for this contingency is thecontingency is the
“ “Natural Contingency Natural Contingency Test”.Test”.
Does this contingency exist prior to performance management?
A. Yes
B. No
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
#2
Does this contingency exist prior to performance management?
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
Oops, does anyone add the increase in Julie’s ability, or is it just something that
happens? Look again!
Back to the question!
A. Yes
B. No
Does this contingency exist prior to performance management?
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
You’re right, nobody added
this contingency!
A. Yes
B. No
So then, what kind of contingency is this?
A. PM Contingency
B. Natural Contingency
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
#3
Back to the question!
A. PM Contingency
B. Natural Contingency
So then, what kind of contingency is this?
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
No, no one added this…she naturally gets a little bit
better after each time she practices.
That’s why this is a NATURAL contingency
So then, what kind of contingency is this?
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
That’s right! Julie naturally gets better
each time she practices hard…so this is a
natural contingency.
A. PM Contingency
B. Natural Contingency
Now we know that this contingency is a natural contingency…it existed prior to performance management…but we have to ask a few more questions, to make sure that it is the INEFFECTIVE Natural Contingency.
First, we look at the before and after conditions…and see if the change from the before to the after condition is large and/or probable.
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
This is the ““Ineffective Contingency Ineffective Contingency
Test”Test”
If the change is small…
Or improbable…
Then the contingency is
ineffective.
A. Ineffective
B. Effective
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
#4
Is this contingency effective or ineffective?
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
Back to the question!
A. Ineffective
B. Effective
Is this contingency effective or ineffective?
Wait a minute! Look at the before
and after conditions again!
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
A. Ineffective
B. Effective
Is this contingency effective or ineffective?
Good job! This contingency is
ineffective. Keep going to find out
why.
A. The outcome is too improbable
B. The outcome is too small
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
#5
We know this contingency is ineffective, but why?
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
We know this contingency is ineffective, but why?
No…every time Julie practices, there’s an
increase in her level of swimming ability. The
problem is not the probability, it’s the small but cumulative outcome!
Back to the question!
A. The outcome is too improbable
B. The outcome is too small
Julie has givenlevel of
swimmingability
Julie practiceshard
Julie has infinitesimally
greaterswimming
ability
Before Behavior
After
A. The outcome is too improbable
B. The outcome is too small
We know this contingency is ineffective, but why?
Very good. The increase in ability is infinitesimal, which means very small.
How about this one. Is this contingency a natural contingency?
A. Yes
B. No
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
#6
How about this one. Is this contingency a natural contingency?
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
Excellent!!!! This contingency exists
without anyone adding or planning
it.
A. Yes
B. No
How about this one. Is this contingency a natural contingency?
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
No, this IS a natural contingency. It exists
before (and without) any performance management
contingencies!
Back to the question!
A. Yes
B. No
A. Effective
B. Ineffective
You have avery small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
#7
Is this contingency effective or ineffective?
Is this contingency effective or ineffective?
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
Careful, this contingency is
INEFFECTIVE! Look at the before and after
conditions again.
Back to the question!
A. Effective
B. Ineffective
Is this contingency effective or ineffective?
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
Right, this contingency is INEFFECTIVE!
A. Effective
B. Ineffective
A. The outcome is too small
B. The outcome is too improbable
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
#8
Why is this contingency ineffective?
Why is this contingency ineffective?
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
No, it’s ineffective because it’s too
improbable…you have less of a CHANCE of
getting hurt…you don’t get hurt a little bit each
time.
Back to the question!
A. The outcome is too small
B. The outcome is too improbable
Why is this contingency ineffective?
You have a very small chance
of getting hurt or killed in a car accident
You buckle your safety
belt
You have aninfinitesimally
smallerchance of being hurtor killed
Before Behavior
After
That’s right!!!! Getting seriously hurt in an accident is not very likely…so it won’t
control behavior.
A. The outcome is too small
B. The outcome is too improbable
When we’re analyzing the Three-Contingency Model, it’s also important to distinguish between the Ineffective Natural Contingency and Effective Competing Contingencies.
This is the“Competing Contingency Test”“Competing Contingency Test”
Talking with friends effectively competes with practicing hard.
Julie has no social
reinforcers
Julie talks with
friends
Julie has social
reinforcers
BeforeBefore BehavioBehaviorr
AfterAfter
Effective Competing Contingencies have outcomes that compete with the Natural Contingency.
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
A.A.
B.B.
A. A is a Natural Contingency
B. B is a Natural Contingency
C. Both A and B are Natural Contingencies
#9
So, which of these is a natural contingency?
So, which of these is a natural contingency?
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
After
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
Back to the question!
A. A is a Natural Contingency
B. B is a Natural Contingency
C. Both A and B are Natural Contingencies
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
A.A.
B.B.
Well, B is a natural contingency. But look at A … did anybody add or plan
that contingency?
So, which of these is a natural contingency?
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
Behavior
After
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
Back to the question!
A. A is a Natural Contingency
B. B is a Natural Contingency
C. Both A and B are Natural Contingencies
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
A.A.
B.B.
Yes, A is a natural contingency. However, look also at B. Did anybody add or plan that contingency?
AfterAfter
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
After
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
Which of these is a natural contingency?
A. A is a Natural Contingency
B. B is a Natural Contingency
C. Both A and B are Natural Contingencies
BehaviBehavioror
You got it!!!! Both of these exist prior to performance
management…no one designed them to manage
performance.BeforeBefore
A.A.
B.B.
Which of these is ineffective?
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
A. A is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
B. B is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
C. Neither. Both A and B are effective
D. Both A and B are ineffective
#10
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
A.A.
B.B.
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
A.A.
B.B.
Which of these is ineffective?
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
After
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
You’re exactly right…the outcome
is too small to control the behavior.
A. A is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
B. B is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
C. Neither. Both A and B are effective
D. Both A and B are ineffective
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
A.A.
B.B.
Which of these is ineffective?
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation No, B is effective. It’s an Effective Competing
Contingency…the outcome is big enough and probable
enough to control the behavior.
A is ineffective, because the
outcome is too small.
A. A is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
B. B is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
C. Neither. Both A and B are effective
D. Both A and B are ineffective
Back to the question!
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
A.A.
B.B.
Which of these is ineffective?
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
After
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
No, one of these contingencies is
ineffective. See if you can figure out
which one!
Back to the question!
A. A is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
B. B is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
C. Neither. Both A and B are effective
D. Both A and B are ineffective
BeforeBefore BehaviBehavioror
AfterAfter
A.A.
B.B.
Which of these is ineffective?
You have givenlevel of
knowledge
You read onepage
You haveinfinitesimally
greater knowledge
Behavior
After
You have novisual andauditory
stimulation
You watchTV
You have visual andauditory
stimulation
Back to the question!
No, B is effective. It’s an Effective Competing
Contingency…the outcome is big enough and probable enough to
control the behavior.
A. A is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
B. B is the Ineffective Natural Contingency
C. Neither. Both A and B are effective
D. Both A and B are ineffective
Let’s try a few more examples, to make sure you’ve got this
stuff down.
You are trying to You are trying to quit smoking, so quit smoking, so you tell your you tell your roommate you will roommate you will pay him $1 for pay him $1 for every cigarette you every cigarette you smoke…smoke…
You do not feelthe rush of
nicotineYou take a puff
You do feel the rush of nicotine
You will not have To pay your
Roommate $1You take a puff
You will have toPay your roommate
$1
You have a givenLevel of health
You take a puffYou have
Infinitesimally worsehealth
A.
B.
C.
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
#11
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?Ineffective Natural Contingency?
You do not feelthe rush of
nicotineYou take a puff
You do feel the rush of nicotine
You will not have To pay your
Roommate $1You take a puff
You will have toPay your roommate
$1
You have a givenLevel of health
You take a puffYou have
Infinitesimally worsehealth
A.
B.
C.
Back to the question!
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
No, one of the contingencies is
ineffective. See which one it is.
You do not feelthe rush of
nicotineYou take a puff
You do feel the rush of nicotine
You will not have to pay your
Roommate $1You take a puff
You will have topay your roommate
$1
You have a givenlevel of health
You take a puffYou have
infinitesimally worsehealth
A.
B.
C.
Back to the question!
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
Nope…B is an effective contingency. Try the
question again!
You do not feelthe rush of
nicotineYou take a puff
You do feel the rush of nicotine
You will not have To pay your
Roommate $1You take a puff
You will have toPay your roommate
$1
You have a givenLevel of health
You take a puffYou have
Infinitesimally worsehealth
A.
B.
C.
Back to the question!
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
This one is the effective competing contingency. So it fails the ineffective contingency test. Try it
again!A.
B.
You do not feelthe rush of
nicotineYou take a puff
You do feel the rush of nicotine
You will not have To pay your
Roommate $1You take a puff
You will have toPay your roommate
$1
You have a givenLevel of health
You take a puffYou have
Infinitesimally worsehealth
A.
B.
C.
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
You’re right!!! C passes all the
tests!!!
Yoko wants to practice her violin more. For every day she doesn’t practice, for 30 minutes, Yoko will have to do one of her roommate, Rick’s, chores .
Yoko has a givenlevel of ability on
the violin
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko has aninfinitesimallyhigher level ofability on the
violin
Yoko has 30minutes of free
time
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko doesn’thave 30 minutes
of free time
Yoko will haveto do one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko won’t have todo one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A.
B.
C.
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
#12
Yoko has a givenlevel of ability on
the violin
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko has aninfinitesimallyhigher level ofability on the
violin
Yoko has 30minutes of free
time
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko doesn’thave 30 minutes
of free time
Yoko will haveto do one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko won’t have todo one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A.
B.
C.
Back to the question!
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
Watch out! This is the Effective Competing
Contingency. Look at the contingencies again.
Yoko has a givenlevel of ability on
the violin
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko has aninfinitesimallyhigher level ofability on the
violin
Yoko has 30minutes of free
time
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko doesn’thave 30 minutes
of free time
Yoko will haveto do one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko won’t have todo one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A.
B.
C.
Back to the question!
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
Uh-oh! This is the Performance Management
Contingency. It was designed by Yoko and Rick to manage her
performance.
Yoko has a givenlevel of ability on
the violin
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko has aninfinitesimallyhigher level ofability on the
violin
Yoko has 30minutes of free
time
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko doesn’thave 30 minutes
of free time
Yoko will haveto do one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko won’t have todo one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A.
B.
C.
Careful! One of these contingencies is the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency.
Try to find out which one it is.
Back to the question!
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
Yoko has a givenlevel of ability on
the violin
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko has aninfinitesimallyhigher level ofability on the
violin
Yoko has 30minutes of free
time
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko doesn’thave 30 minutes
of free time
Yoko will haveto do one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Yoko practices herviolin for 30
minutes
Yoko won’t have todo one of her
roommate’s choreson Saturday
Which of these contingencies would be the correct Ineffective Natural Contingency?
A.
B.
C.
A. A is the correct Contingency
B. B is the correct Contingency
C. C is the correct Contingency
D. None of the Contingencies are correct.
Good job! The natural outcome of Yoko’s practicing is an
infinitesimal increase in her abilities. However, the tiny change in size makes that contingency ineffective in
controlling behavior.
The Ineffective Natural Contingency portion of the work-
show is complete. You may choose to stop here or continue on
with the Performance Management Contingency Section
(est. 15 mins.)
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