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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2016
INDIGENOUS MEDICINE
Prasuti Tantra & Stree Roga - Ayurveda
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SHATAVARYADI
KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR
Suprabha K*, Dei LP, Harisha CR, Shukla VJ 244–252
Kriya Shareera – Review - Ayurveda
INFLUENCE OF DEHA PRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - A REVIEW
NR Navoday Raju*, S Deepika, Kekuda TR Prashanth, Kulkarni Pratibha 253–260
Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R.
Plant ID: Inflorescence of Sittharathai (Siddha) / Rasna bheda (Ayurveda)
[Alpinia calcarata (Haw.) Roscoe]* of the family Zingiberaceae; Place: Koppa,
Chikkamagalur District, Karnataka, India
*Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 29/09/2016
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF
SHATAVARYADI KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR
Suprabha K1*, Dei L P
2, Harisha C R
3, Shukla V J
4
1PhD Scholar, Department of Prasutitantra & Streeroga, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 2Prof. and H.O.D., Department of Prasutitantra & Streeroga, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University,
Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. 3Head, Pharmacognosy Laboratory, I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
4Head, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory. I.P.G.T & R.A., Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar,
Gujarat, India.
Received: 06/07/2016; Revised: 29/08/2016; Accepted: 20/09/2016
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda advocates a unique therapy for the management of fetal growth restriction in the form
of Ksheera Basti [medicated milk enema] containing anabolic drugs for proper growth and
development of the fetus. In the present work, pharmacognostical and physicochemical profile of
different ingredients of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka were studied following standard guidelines.
Results of Pharmacognostical study have shown the presence of scalariform vessels of Shatavari,
prismatic crystals of Bala, stellate trichomes of Arjuna. Physicochemical analysis of Shatavari,
Arjuna and Bala showed loss on drying 4.890%, 6.240%, 3.758%, pH 7, 6.5 and 7 respectively. In
HPTLC fingerprinting profile of individual drugs, with 254nm and 366nm, Shatavari showed 6 spots
and 2 spots, Arjuna had 7 spots and 5 spots and Bala showed 8 spots and 7 spots respectively.
KEY WORDS: HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Physicochemical, Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka
Research article
Cite this article: Suprabha K, Dei LP, Harisha CR, Shukla VJ (2016), PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF SHATAVARYADI KSHEERAPAKA IN IUGR,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5 (9): 244–252
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION:
Intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR] is a
term used to describe the condition of a fetus
whose size or growth is subnormal when
compared to the gestational age. A fetus is
growth restricted if its weight is less than 10th
percentile for its gestational age (Dutta D. C.,
2001). The growth restriction in-utero is
evaluated with the Anunnata Kukshi [fundal
height less than the period of gestation] and
Garbha Aspandana [reduced fetal activity
mainly due to the reduced amniotic fluid]
which are the salient features of Garbha
Kshaya [IUGR] (Sharma P.V., 2000). For its
management, Acharya Susrutha has mentioned
the usage of Ksheera Basti [medicated milk
enema] and Medhya [nootrophic] drugs from
8th
month onwards to nourish the growth
restricted fetus (Yadavji Trikamji Acharya,
2013). Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka is a poly
herbal formulation containing Shatavari,
Arjuna and Bala as ingredients. Due to Medhya
and anabolic effects of these drugs, the
formulation can be used in the management of
IUGR.
Lack of standardization of polyherbal
formulations creates difficulty in validating the
efficacy and establishing the quality standards
of the product. Therefore, proper identification
of raw materials at the basic level with the help
of microscopic and morphological
characteristics along with adequate analytical
methods are essential to ensure the quality and
standardize the prepared medicine. Review of
literature shows no published data is reported
regarding pharmacognostical and
pharmaceutical standardization of this
formulation. Thus, in the present study, an
initial step has been taken to evaluate
pharmacognostical, physico-chemical profile,
fingerprints of Thin Layer Chromatography
(TLC) and High Performance Thin Layer
chromatography study (HPTLC) of
Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka.
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
Procurement of raw materials
The raw drugs Shatavari, Bala and Arjuna
(Table 1) were collected from the Pharmacy,
GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. Milk for
preparing Ksheerapaka was obtained from the
PG Hospital, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar,
Gujarat, India
Identification and authentication
The procured raw drugs were identified,
authenticated and microscopically evaluated in
the Pharmacognosy Laboratory by the
Pharmacognist, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar and
cross verified with API. The study included
organoleptic evaluation and microscopic
evaluation following standard guidelines
(Anonymous, 1999).
Method of preparation of Shatavaryadi
Ksheerapaka
Ksheerapaka is prepared by following
classical guidelines (Yadavji Trikamji Acharya,
1947). Fine powder of Shatavari, Bala and
Arjuna in equal quantity of 10 g each ratio
(total 30 g) with 15 parts of Ksheera (450 ml)
and 15 parts of water (450 ml) are boiled in
Mandagni [mild flame] until only milk part
remains.
Pharmacognostical evaluation:
The identification was carried out based on
the morphological features, organoleptic
features and powder microscopy of the
individual drugs. Later, pharmacognostical
evaluation (K.R. Kandelwal, 2008) of the fine
powder of Shatavari, Arjuna and Bala were
carried out. Fine particles of the powder, both
in powder mixture form and in Ksheerapaka
form were studied under the Carl Zeiss
trinocular microscope attached with camera,
with stain and without stain. Micro photographs
of the slides were taken and documented (T.E.
Wallis, 2002).
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Organoleptic Study
Contents of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka
both in dry powder form and in Ksheerapaka
form were evaluated for organoleptic characters
like taste, odour and colour etc. (Trease and
Evans, 1996).
Pharmaceutical evaluation:
Physico-chemical analysis
Physico-chemical parameters like loss on
drying, pH etc. of the fine powder of the drugs
were analyzed by using qualitative and
quantitative parameters as per the API
guidelines (Anonymous, 2007).
HPTLC Profile
Instrument used was CAMAG make
HPTLC with WINCATS 1.4.3 software and
Linomat 5 sample applicator. The stationary
phase used was HPTLC plate’s silica gel 60
F254 and mobile phase was Toluene: Ethyl
Acetate: Formic acid (6:3:1) v/v. The sample
was prepared in methanol, and 2 ml sample was
applied as 8 mm band for each spot. The plate
was visualized under short and long ultraviolet
(UV) radiations and density of the separated
spots was recorded using scanner III. The plate
was sprayed with vanillin-sulphuric acid
reagent and observed in daylight. The Rf values
were recorded. HPTLC and peak display
densitogram were noted at 254 and 366 nm (E
Stahl, 1969).
OBSERVATION & RESULTS:
Organoleptic characters
Organoleptic characters of the drugs in dry
powder form and in Ksheerapaka form were
scientifically studied as shown in the Table 2
and Table 3 respectively.
Microscopic study
Diagnostic microscopic characters of
Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka ingredients i.e.,
Shatavari, Bala and Arjuna under the
microscope revealed annular vessels, acicular
crystals of Shatavari, simple and compound
starch grains, stellate trichomes, simple
trichomes, pitted vessels, septate fibers,
prismatic crystals of Bala, tannin content,
rosette crystals of Arjuna. Further after
staining, it showed lignified fibers, cork cells,
lignified fibers through medullary rays of
Arjuna, lignified pitted vessels, spiral vessels of
Bala (Plate 1, 1–16).
The microscopic characters of the
Ksheerapaka showed oil globules of milk,
acicular crystals, fragments of annular vessels,
raphids, scalariform vessels of Shatavari, cork
cells with tannin contents, disturbed fibers
passing through medullary rays, stone cells,
disturbed walls of rosette crystals, fibers with
smoothened walls of Arjuna, fragment of
border pitted vessels, prismatic crystals, septate
fibers, simple trichomes, stellate trichomes of
Bala along with fat globules of milk (Plate 2,
1–15).
Physico-Chemical Parameters
Physico-chemical parameters of fine
powder like loss on drying, ash value, water
soluble extract, methanol soluble extract and
pH were all found to be within the normal
range as per API guidelines. Details are
tabulated in Table 4. Also the particle
consistencies of each drugs were studied as
represented in Table 5.
HPTLC study results:
Chromatographic study (HPTLC) was
carried out under 254 and 366 nm UV to
establish fingerprinting profile. Shatavari
showed 6 spots at 254 nm with Rf values and 2
spots at 366 nm with Rf values. Arjuna had 7
spots and 5 spots with 254 nm and 366 nm
respectively with Rf values. In Bala 8 spots at
254 nm and 7 spots at 366 nm with Rf values
were recorded which may be responsible for
expression of its pharmacological and clinical
actions (Plate 3 & Plate 4).
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Table 1: Ingredients of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka
Raw Drugs
Name of drugs Latin name Part used (Dry) Quantity
Shatavari Asparagus racemosus Willd. Root 1 part (10 g)
Bala Sida cordifolia L. Whole plant 1 part (10 g)
Arjuna Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex
DC.) Wight & Arn.
Stem bark 1 part (10 g)
Ksheerapaka dravya
Dravya Parts Quantity
Ksheera (milk) 15 parts 450 ml
Jala (potable water) 15 parts 450 ml
Table 2: Organoleptic characters of powder of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna mixture
Sr. no Various parameters Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna
1 Colour Creamish white
2 Odour Slightly fragrant
3 Taste Astringent Bitter
4 Touch Fine Coarse
5 Texture Smooth
Table 3: Organoleptic characters of the drugs in Ksheerapaka form
Sr. no Various parameters Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna
1 Colour Light chocolate brown
2 Odour Slightly fragrant
3 Taste Astringent Bitter
Table 4: Physico-chemical parameters of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna
Sl no. Analytical Parameter Shatavari Arjuna Bala
1 Loss on drying (% w/w) 4.890% 6.240% 3.758%
2. Ash value (% w/w) 3.489% 20.868% 7.096%
3 Water solubility (% w/w) 61.775% 42.730% 9.976%
4 Alcohol solubility (% w/w) 41.733% 21.511% 3.905%
5 Acid insoluble Ash (% w/w) - 0.149% -
6 pH (5% v/v aqueous solution) 7 6.5 7
7 Specific gravity of Ksheerapaka 1.026
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Table 5: Particle consistency of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna
Characters Shatavari Arjuna Bala
Weight of sample 10 g 10 g 10 g
Moderately coarse powder (>60 mesh) 6.52% 2.26% 15.84%
Moderately fine powder (60 - 85 mesh) 7.62% 10.18% 52.40%
Fine powder (85 - 120 mesh) 24.28% 65.81% 26.34%
Very fine powder (<120 mesh) 60.20% 16.54% 1.26%
Table 6: High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)
Sample No. of peak Rf value
Shatavari 6 Observed under short
UV Light (254 nm)
0.01,0.13,0.39,0.65,0.71,0.82
2 Observed under long
UV Light (366 nm)
0.01,0.90
Arjuna 7 Observed under short
UV Light (254 nm)
0.00,0.08,0.14,0.26,0.49,0.67,0.83
5 Observed under long
UV Light (366 nm)
0.00,0.08,0.13,0.25,0.87
Bala 8 Observed under short
UV Light (254 nm)
0.01,0.12,0.18,0.38,0.57,0.67,0.75,0.83
7 Observed under long
UV Light (366 nm)
0.01,0.11,0.17,0.23,0.70,0.83,0.90
Plate.1. Microphotographs of powder drugs in mixture
1.Acicular crystals of
Shatavari
2.Annular vessels of
Shatavari
3.Cork cells of Arjuna (on
staining)
4.Lignified fibres of
Arjuna (on staining)
5.Lignified fibres passing
through medullary rays of
Arjuna
6.Rosette crystal of Arjuna 7.Tannin content of Arjuna 8.Lignified septate fibers
of Bala
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
9.Lignified pitted vessel of
Bala (on staining)
10.Pitted vessel of Bala 11.Prismatic crystal of Bala 12.Septate fibers of Bala
13.Simple and compound
starch of Bala
14.Simple trichome of Bala 15.Spiral vessels of Bala 16.Stellate trichome of
Bala
Plate.2. Microphotographs of Shatavaryadi Ksheerapaka
1.Acicular crystal of
Shatavari
2.Fragments of annular vessels
of Shatavari
3.Raphids of Shatavari 4.Scalariform vessels of
Shatavari
5.Disturbed rosette crystals
of Arjuna
6.Cork cells with tannin
contents of Arjuna
7. Fibers of Arjuna (wall
smoothened)
8.Stone cells of Arjuna
9.Fibres through medullary
rays of Arjuna
10.Prismatic crystal of Bala 11.Septate fibres of Bala 12.Stellate trichome of Bala
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
13.Fragment of border pitted
vessels of Bala
14.Simple trichome of Bala 15.Oil globules of milk
Plate 3: Densitogram of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna
Densitogram at 254 nm UV light Densitogram at 366 nm UV light
Shatavari
Arjuna
Bala
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Plate 4: TLC of Shatavari, Bala & Arjuna
At 254 nm UV light At 366 nm UV light After spray
DISCUSSION:
The mixture of dry drugs under
pharmacognostical evaluation showed their
particular microscopical characters which
prove the purity and quality of the drug.
Preliminary step to reach the goal of
standardization in case of a new drug
combination is to strictly follow the
pharmacognostic and physico-chemical
parameters. The finished product i.e
Ksheerapaka when pharmacognostically
evaluated showed certain
alterations/modifications in the microscopic
characters due to the processing/boiling. For
example, walls of rosette crystals of Arjuna
became disturbed; walls of the Arjuna fibers
were smoothened etc. These changes may bring
about positive effect in the form of easy
disintegration, easy absorption and assimilation
of the drug into to the body system. It increases
the efficacy of the finished product and also
boosts the cellular absorption. The study profile
mainly intended to qualify the raw materials.
Accordingly, the results obtained after
conducting the primary physicochemical
analysis of the individual drugs were within the
API norms which indicate good quality of the
product. Hence results of this study can be used
as standard in future quality control studies.
CONCLUSION:
Though management of fetal growth
restriction with medicated milk fortified with
anabolic drugs is stated in Ayurveda, detailed
description of the drugs are not mentioned.
Hence this formulation being an Anubhuta
Yoga [newly perceived formulation], its
administration in pregnant women stresses the
need for quality control and standardization of
the drug. Accordingly, the formulation meets
the minimum qualitative standards as reported
in the API at the preliminary level. These
parameters of pharmacognosy and
pharmaceutical analysis can become the
guideline for future studies.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 244–252
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
REFERENCES:
Anonymous, (1999), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
of India, Part-I, Volume 1 - 4, Govt. of
India, Dept. of Ayush, New Delhi, p.
155–56.
Anonymous, (2007), Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
of India, Part-1, Volume-5, Govt. of
India, Dept. of Ayush, Delhi, p. 214.
D.C. Dutta, (2001), Text book of Obstetrics,
New Central Book Agency (P) LTD,
Calcutta, 5th Edition, p. 461.
E Stahl, (1969), Thin-layer chromatography-A
laboratory hand book, 2nd Ed., Springer
- Verlag, New York, p. 125–133.
K.R. Kandelwal, (2008), Practical
Pharmacognosy, 19th Ed., Nirali
publication, Pune, p. 137–190.
P.V.Sharma, (2002), Nibhandhasamgraha of
Dalhana on Susruta Samhita of Susruta,
1st Ed., Chaukhambha Vishwabharati
Oriental Publishers, Varanasi, p. 162.
TE Wallis, (2002), Text book of
Pharmacognosy, 5th Ed., CBS
Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi:
p. 123–132, 210–215.
Trease and Evans, (1996), Pharmacognosy,
15th Ed., W.B. Sunders Company Ltd,
p. 569, 570.
Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, (2013), Sushruta
Samhita, Dalhana Commentary, Reprint
2013, Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan,
Varanasi, p. 70.
Yadavji Trikamji Acharya, (1947), Dravyaguna
Vignana, 2nd Ed.,
Satyabhamabaipanduranga
Nirnayasagaramudrana Yantralaya,
Mumbai, p. 33–34.
Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
INFLUENCE OF DEHA PRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
- A REVIEW
NR Navoday Raju1*, S Deepika
2, Kekuda TR Prashanth
3, Kulkarni Pratibha
4
1Post- Graduate Scholar, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of
Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 2Post- Graduate Scholar, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of
Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 3Associate Professor, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of
Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India 4HOD & Associate Professor, Department of Kriya Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College
of Ayurveda & Hospital, Hassan- 573201, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]; Mobile No.: +919533009553
Received: 12/08/2016; Revised: 25/09/2016; Accepted: 30/09/2016
ABSTRACT
The concept of Prakriti (constitution) is a unique contribution of Ayurvedic science. Ayurveda
lays great emphasis on the examination of Prakriti which is the natural physical constitution of an
individual. Individuals with Vatala, Pittala and Sleshmala types of Deha (physical) Prakriti are
supposed to have different strength, span of life etc. Ventilator functioning of lungs can be assessed
by lung volumes and capacities which can be measured with the help of spirometer. Vital capacity is
the index of physical fitness and greater chest expansion. The vital capacity of physically fit people
is always high. This review is intended to understand the influence of Deha Prakriti on lung volumes
and capacities of an individual. Most probable reasons for the variations in lung volumes and
capacities are being highlighted.
KEYWORDS: Vatala; Pittala; Sleshmala; Prakriti; lung volumes; capacities.
Review article
Cite this article: NR Navoday Raju*, S Deepika, Kekuda TR Prashanth,
Kulkarni Pratibha (2016),
INFLUENCE OF DEHAPRAKRITI ON LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES - A REVIEW,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(9): 235–243
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION
The concept of Prakriti (constitution) is a
unique contribution of Ayurvedic science.
Ayurveda lays great emphasis on the
examination of Prakriti which is the natural
state of an individual because only by
understanding the original state of the body
function one can understand the possible
derangement in the functioning. The primary
aim of Ayurveda is to maintain health in a
healthy person (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014)
and hence knowledge of Prakriti is imperative.
There are many differences at the physical and
psychological levels of different Prakriti
individuals (Dhargalkar ND, 2009). Individuals
with Vatala (Vata predominant) type of
constitution possess strength, span of life etc.,
in lesser quantity (Sharma RK & Dash B,
2014). Pittala (Pitta predominant) type of
constitution is endowed with moderate
strength, span of life etc. (Sharma RK & Dash
B, 2014). Sleshmala (Sleshma predominant)
type of constitution is gifted with excellence of
strength, energy and longevity etc. (Sharma RK
& Dash B, 2014).
Spirometer is the instrument used to
measure lung volumes and capacities (Kim EB,
2012) (Tables 5, 6, 7). Vital capacity is the
index of physical fitness and greater chest
expansion. If person is strong, vital capacity
will be more (Chaudhari SK, 1994).
Prakriti is formed as a result of
predominance specific Dosha. Dosha have
their individual Guna. So, different Prakriti
individuals are endowed with specific Guna
which are dominating their functions in both
physical and Psychological dimensions.
Therefore there must be some change in the
pulmonary functions i.e. lung volumes and
capacities in individuals of different Prakriti. In
this review influence of Prakriti on lung
volumes and capacities is being discussed.
LITERARY REVIEW
Prakriti
People are borne with various proportions
of Dosha. Their body constitution is referred
accordingly (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014) (T
Sreekumar, 2008). Those borne with equal
proportion of three Dosha are Sama Prakriti.
These individuals are generally healthy people
and remain healthy. Few of them show
predominance of one Dosha (humour). Those
exhibiting predominance of Kapha, Pitta and
Vata are called Sleshmala, Pittala and Vatala
respectively (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).
Dominance (Utkata) (Acharya YT, 2010) and
unchangeable nature of Dosha are called as
Prakriti (T Sreekumar, 2008). Prakriti denotes
individual‟s natural body constitution (Monier
W, 2002).
Dosha
Vata, Pitta and Kapha are the Dosha
responsible for the formation of Prakriti.
Dosha are classified into two components:
Prakrita and Vaikrita Dosha (Sharma RK &
Dash B, 2014). Prakrita Dosha are congenital,
maintain homeostasis, regulate physiological
processes and responsible for health. Vaikrita
Dosha are generated in metabolic processes
and is responsible for diseases.
Types of Prakriti
Prakriti based on Tridosha and Triguna are
Deha Prakriti, and Maanasa (psychological)
Prakriti respectively (Dhargalkar ND, 2009).
Deha Prakriti
Prakriti with reference to Dosha is known
as Dosha Prakriti or Deha Prakriti as it
expresses mainly physical characters (Sharma
RK & Dash B, 2014) (T Sreekumar, 2008).
Ekadoshaja (single Dosha) types are concerned
with one dominant Dosha they are three Vata,
Pitta and Kapha. Dwidoshaja types exhibit
dominance of two Dosha and they are three
(Vata Pitta, Pitta Kapha, Vata Kapha) while
Sama Prakriti has three Dosha in balanced
state. Thus there are 7 types of Deha Prakriti
(Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).
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Maanasa Prakriti
It mainly deals with attributes of mind.
Gunaja Prakriti is again classified into the
following types: Shuddha/Sattva, Rajas and
Tamas (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).
As this review is based on Deha Prakriti,
more emphasis is given to Deha or Doshaja
Prakriti.
Features of individual Deha Prakriti
The Guna (attributes) of Dosha are
expressed in physical and psychological
characteristics. The Lakshana as per the Guna
are mentioned below in Table 2, 3 & 4.
Because of the features mentioned in table
2 individuals with Vatala constitution will be
endowed with strength, span of life,
procreation, accessories of life and wealth in
lesser quantity (Sharma RK & Dash B, 2014).
By virtue of the qualities mentioned in table
3 individuals with Pittala constitution will be
endowed with moderate strength, span of life,
spiritual and materialistic knowledge, wealth
and accessories of life (Sharma RK & Dash B,
2014).
By virtue of mentioned qualities in table 4
individuals, a man having Sleshmala type of
constitution will be endowed with the
excellence of strength, wealth, knowledge,
energy, peace and longevity (Sharma RK &
Dash B, 2014).
Respiration and Prana Vata
Prana Vata is responsible for respiration
(Dhargalkar ND, 2009). According to
Gheranda Samhita, the natural speed of Prana
Vata is decreased, the life span increases and if
it is increased, the lives span decreases (Bhat S
& Giri GP, 2014).
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Pulmonary function tests or lung function
tests are useful in assessing the functional
status of the respiratory system both in
physiological and pathological conditions
(Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P, 2012).
Lung function tests are based on the
measurement of volume of air breathed in and
out in quiet breathing and forced breathing.
Table 1: Dosha Guna (attributes) (T Sreekumar, 2008)
Vata Pitta Kapha
Vagbhata Ruksha (dry)
Laghu (light)
Sheeta (cool)
Khara (rough)
Sukshma (subtle)
Chala (mobile)
Bahu (abundance)
Snigdha (unctuous)
Teekshna (penetrating)
Ushna (hot)
Laghu
Visra (foetid)
Sara (flowing)
Drava (liquid)
Snigdha
Sheeta
Guru (heavy)
Manda (slow)
Slakshna (fine)
Mritsna (sticky)
Sthira (stable) Sushruta Ruksha, Laghu,
Sheeta, Khara
Teekshna, Drava, Pooteegandha
(foul smelling), Neela (blue),
Peeta (yellow),Ushna, Katurasa
(pungent), Amlarasa (sour) in
Vidagdha (decomposed) state
Shweta (white), Guru, Snigdha,
Picchila (sticky), Sheeta,
Madhura (sweet), Lavana (salt)
in Vidagdha state
Charaka Ruksha, Laghu,
Chala, Bahu,
Sheeghra (swift),
Sheeta, Parusha
(harsh), Vishada
(transparency)
Ushna, Teekshna, Drava, Visra,
Amla, Katu
Snigdha, Slakshna, Mridu,
Madhura, Saara (firm), Sandra
(viscous), Manda (slow),
Sthimita (stable), Guru, Sheeta,
Vijjala (compactness), Achha
(clear)
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Table 2: Vata Pradhana Prakriti
Guna Features
Ruksha Dry, slightly built physique dry, low, broken obstructed and hoarse voice, alert in
approach.
Laghu Light and inconsistent in actions, movement, likes and dislikes.
Chala Unstable joints, eyes, eyebrows, jaws, lips, tongue, head, shoulder, hands and legs.
Bahu Talkativeness, abundance in visibility of tendons and veins.
Sheeghra Quick in initiating actions, quick in getting irritated and quick in the onset of ailments.
Quick in affliction with fear, quick in likes and dislikes, quick in understanding and
forgetting things.
Sheeta Intolerance for cold things, often getting afflicted with cold, tendency towards
shivering and stiffness.
Parusha Roughness in the hair of the head, face and other parts of the body, nails, teeth, face,
hands and feet.
Vishada Cracking of the limbs and organs, production of cracking sounds in joints when they
move.
Table 3: Pitta Pradhana Prakriti
Guna Features
Ushna Intolerance for hot things. Tender and clear body. Abundance of freckles,
black moles and birthmarks. Excessive hunger and thirst. Quick advent of
wrinkles, greying of hair and baldness, the hair will be soft and will have a
tinge of light brown colour in the scalp and face.
Teekshna Sharp (demonstration) of physical strength, strong digestive power, intake
of food and drink in large quantity, intolerance to stressful conditions.
Drava Looseness and softness of joints and muscles, voiding of sweat, urine and
faeces in large quantity.
Visra Putrid smell of axilla, mouth, head and body in excess
Amla and Katu
Pradhana
Insufficiency of semen, less sexual desire and procreation power.
Table 4: Kapha Pradhana Prakriti
Guna Features
Snigdha Unctuousness of organs.
Slakshna Smoothness of organs.
Mridu Pleasing appearance, tenderness and clarity of complexion.
Madhura Semen of good quality, desire for sexual act and number of procreation.
Saara Firmness and stability of the body.
Saandra Plumpness and roundedness of all organs.
Manda Slow in action, intake of food and movement.
Sthimita Slowness in initiating actions, getting irritated and morbid manifestations.
Guru Non-slippery and stable gait with the entire sole of the feet, pressing against the earth.
Sheeta Lack of intensity in hunger, thirst, heat and perspiration.
Vijjala Compactness in joints.
Accha Happiness in the look and face, happiness and softness of complexion and voice.
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Table 5: Static Lung Volumes
Volumes Definition Normal
Value
1. Tidal Volume (VT) Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in a single
normal quiet respiration.
500 mL
2. Inspiratory Reserve
Volume (IRV)
Additional volume of air that can be inspired
forcefully after the end of normal inspiration.
3,300 mL
3. Expiratory Reserve
Volume (ERV)
Additional volume of air that can be expired out
forcefully, after normal expiration.
1,000 mL
4. Residual Volume (RV) Volume of air remaining in lungs even after forced
expiration.
1,200 mL
Table 6: Static Lung Capacities
Capacities Combination Normal Value
1. Inspiratory Capacity
(IC)
Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume 500 + 3,300 = 3,800
mL
2. Vital Capacity (VC) Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume +
Expiratory Reserve Volume
3,300 + 500 + 1,000
= 4,800 mL
3. Functional Residual
Capacity (FRC)
Expiratory Reserve Volume+ Residual Volume 1,000 + 1,200 =
2,200 mL
4. Total Lung Capacity
(TLC)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume +
Expiratory Reserve Volume+ Residual Volume
3,300 + 500 + 1,000
+ 1,200 = 6,000 mL
Table 7: Dynamic Lung Function Tests
Definition Normal Value
1. Forced Vital
Capacity (FVC)
The volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully
and rapidly after a maximal or deep inspiration.
4800 mL
2. Forced Expiratory
Volume (FEV)
Forced expiratory volume is the volume of air,
which can be expired forcefully in a given unit of
time.
FEV1- 83% of VC,
FEV2- 94% of VC
FEV3- 97% of VC
After- 100% of VC
3. Maximum
Voluntary
Ventilation
Maximum volume of air, which can be breathed in
and out of lungs by forceful respiration per minute.
Male - 150 to 170
L/minute
Females - 80 to
100 L/minute.
4. Peak Expiratory
Flow Rate
Maximum rate at which the air can be expired after
a deep inspiration.
400 L/minute.
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume,
expiratory reserve volume, residual volume are
the lung volumes and total lung capacity, vital
lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional
residual capacity and forced vital capacity are
the lung capacities. Spirometer is the
instrument used for the measurement of lung
volumes and capacities (Sembulingam K &
Sembulingam P, 2012).
Ventilation
In general, the word „ventilation‟ refers to
circulation of replacement of air or gas in a
space (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P,
2012). In respiratory physiology, ventilation is
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260
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the rate at which air enters or leaves the lungs.
Ventilation in respiratory physiology is of two
types:
1. Pulmonary ventilation and
2. Alveolar ventilation.
Compliance
It is the ability of the lungs and thorax to
expand or it is the expansibility of lungs and
thorax. (Sembulingam K & Sembulingam P,
2012). It is defined as the change in volume
per unit change in the pressure.
Significance of determining Compliance
Determination of compliance is useful as
it is the measure of stiffness of lungs. Stiffer
the lungs, less is the compliance.
Spirometry
Itis the method to measure lung volumes
and capacities. Simple instrument used for this
purpose is called spirometer (Sembulingam K
& Sembulingam P, 2012). Modified spirometer
is known as respirometer. Nowadays
plethysmograph is also used to measure lung
volumes and capacities.
By using simple spirometer, respirometer or
computerized spirometer, not all the lung
volumes and lung capacities can be measured.
Volume, which cannot be measured by
spirometry, is the residual volume. Capacities,
which include residual volume, also cannot be
measured. Capacities that include residual
volume are functional residual capacity and
total lung capacity. Volume and capacities,
which cannot be measured by spirometry, are
measured by nitrogen washout technique or
helium dilution technique or by body
plethysmograph (Sembulingam K &
Sembulingam P, 2012).
DISCUSSION
In a study titled “Assessment of the relation
between different Prakritis and basal metabolic
rate” differences were noticed among different
Prakriti groups (Sivaram Anjali, 2006). In
other study titled “The study of physiological
pattern of electrocardiogram in different Deha
Prakriti persons” different physiological ECG
patterns were recorded in different Prakriti
persons (MUHS, 2015) and in another study
titled “Analytical study of seasonal variations
of vital signs in different healthy young
individuals of different Shareera Prakriti”
variations of vital signs in physiological limits
were recorded in different Shareera Prakriti
persons (Hiremath R Anupama, 2015).
Dosha Guna will show their influence over
Prakriti. The Chala, Sheeghra, Laghu
Guna of Vata; Ushna, Snigdha, Teekshna
Guna of Pitta and Manda, Sthimita, Guru
Guna of Kapha Prakriti will have specific
effects on all functions of the body (Tables
1, 2, 3, 4) along with respiratory
functioning i.e. increase or decrease of lung
volumes and capacities within their
physiological limits.
The main function of lungs i.e. gaseous
exchange is carried out by Prana Vayu.
Prana Vayu must have more or less
influence of these Guna of Prakriti which
will affect its function i.e. Shwasana
(respiration).
According to Gheranda Samhita, span of
life will be more for individuals with more
rates of respiration and vice versa.
Prakriti and Lung Volumes/ Capacities
In physiology of respiration, lung volumes
and capacities are dependent upon age, gender,
height, weight, occupation of the individuals,
strength of individuals and respiratory muscles
strength.
Strength depends on muscles of the body
especially skeletal muscles. Strong people are
supposed to have more vital capacity and vice
versa. So, lung volumes and capacities must
vary with strength of an individual so also with
Prakriti of an individual. Height, weight,
strength of individual as well as respiratory
muscle strength must vary with Prakriti.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 9 | September 2016 | 253–260
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Vatala/ Vata Pradhana Prakriti
These individuals are supposed to have less
life span. Because of dominance of Laghu,
Chaladi Guna those individuals are supposed
to have more rate and rhythm of respiration.
So, life span of Vatala individuals should be
less with more rate of respiration. They are
supposed to have rapid ventilation with shallow
breathing. Total lung capacity must be less
because persons will be lean. Compliance may
be less because of predominance of Ruksha and
Khara Guna.
Pittala/ Pitta Pradhana Prakriti
These individuals are supposed to have
moderate span of life with the dominance of
Ushna, Snigdha, Teekshna Guna. Moderate
rate and rhythm of respiration are because of
absence of Chala Guna/ Sheeghrata and
counter action of Ushna Guna and Snigdha
Guna with Teekshana Guna. Compliance and
lung volumes and capacities must be more
compared to Vatala individuals because of
presence of Snigdha Guna and Laghu Guna
respectively.
Sleshmala/ KaphaPradhanaPrakriti
These individuals are supposed to have
more life span. Because of dominance of
Manda, Guru, Sthira, Snigdha Guna those
individuals are supposed to have less rate and
rhythm of respiration. So, life span of
Sleshmala individuals should be more with less
of rate of respiration. Rate of ventilation must
be less and deeper because of Sthira Guna
predominance. Compliance must be more
because of predominance of Snigdha Guna.
lung volumes and capacities must be more
because of good body built.
Thus Prakriti plays vital role in the
functionality of the body system i.e. respiratory
system thereby controls the Lung Volumes and
Capacities.
CONCLUSION
Predominance of specific Dosha at the
time of conception leads to Prakriti formation
and it is permanent throughout the life of an
individual. Guna of the dominant Dosha are
supposed to influence all the activities in the
body. So, lung volumes and capacities must
vary with Prakriti along with all other
physiological activities in the body because
Prakriti is the entity which decides the
structural and functional makeup of the body.
Therefore, research works in the direction of
evidence based science to prove the influence
of Prakriti on respiratory system as well as
other bodily systems is the need of the hour.
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Shareera Prakriti. Rajiv Gandhi
University of Health Sciences.
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Monier W (2002). Sanskrit English Dictionary:
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MUHS (2013). The study of physiological
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