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  • Aachenand Lothar IV of France and Ottonians , , , , ,

    Aachen capitulary Aachen Gospels , , , , Aaron of Bulgaria �Abbāsid caliphate

    and Byzantine empire decline and Khazars

    Abbo of Fleury , , , , –, school

    �Abd Allāh b. al-Mans.ūr �Abd Allāh b. Muh. ammad –�Abd al-Malik al-Muz.affar –, , �Abd al-Rah. mān II �Abd al-Rah. mān III , –,

    and army , –, and bureaucracy and Byzantium as caliph conquests , –and Ibn H. afs.un –and jihād and León , , –, , and Madı̄nat al-Zahrā and North Africa –, and Otto I –, and Pamplona-Navarre , and sā�ifah ,

    �Abd al-Rah. mān (Sanchuelo) , –, �Abda (wife of al-Mans.ūr) Abingdon abbey , , , –Abodrites

    and Arnulf of Carinthia and Henry II

    and Otto I , , and Otto II and Otto III and statehood and Theophanu

    Abraham of Freising , Abū Firās Abū�l-H. azm b. Jahwar Abū’l-Qāsim , –Abū Sa�ı̄d Mūsā b. Ah. mad al-D. ayf Abū Yazı̄d –Acfred of Aquitaine , , Acheloos, battle () , , , Acton, J. xivAdalbero of Augsburg , Adalbero (Ascelin) of Laon

    and Charles of Lotharingia and Cluniac monasticism –, –and Hugh Capet and Ottonians , and Robert II and society

    Adalbero I of Metz –, , , , Adalbero II of Metz , , , Adalbero of Rheims –, –,

    and Hugh Capet , Adalbero of Trier Adalbert I of Tuscany , Adalbert II of Tuscany Adalbert Azzo of Canossa , , Adalbert of Ivrea , Adalbert of Magdeburg , , , , Adalbert of Metz –, Adalbert of St Maximin see Adalbert of

    MagdeburgAdalbert (son of Berengar II) –, , ,

    INDEX

    Note: Page references in italics refer to maps, and those in bold type main discussions of central topics.Concepts such as aristocracy, kingship or trade are indexed as general topics and also under individualregions, states, principalities and duchies. Index compiled by Meg Davies, Registered Indexer, Society ofIndexers

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  • Index

    Adalbert Vojtech of Prague , and Boleslav Chrobry , burial , canonisation , , , martyrdom , , and Otto III , and Stephen of Hungary ,

    Adalbert of Weissenberg see Adalbert ofMagdeburg

    Adaldag of Hamburg-Bremen , , Adalward of Verden Adam of Bremen

    and the church –and Otto I and trade ,

    Adela (wife of William III of Aquitaine) Adelaide, abbess of Quedlinburg , –, Adelaide of Burgundy

    and Otto II and Otto III , –, as wife of Lothar of Italy , , –, ,

    –, as wife of Otto I , , , , ,

    –, Adelaide of Poitou (wife of Hugh Capet) ,

    , , Adelaide (wife of Géza of Hungary) Adelaide (wife of Louis the Blind) Adelaide (wife of Richard le Justicier) Adelaide-Blanche (wife of Louis V and William

    of Provence) , , Adelferius of Amalfi Adelman of Liège Adgaelbert (Babenberger) Adhegrinus (hermit) Adhémar of Chabannes , ,

    and Aquitaine , and Charles the Great and Hungary and Peace of God movements

    Adhémar of Poitou administration

    and episcopacy local ,

    Adosinda Gutiérrez (wife of Ramiro II) Adso of Montier-en-Der –, , ,

    Epistola de ortu et tempore Antichristi and Otto II

    Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder) Ælfhere of Mercia , Ælfric

    Colloquy, and merchants , and monarchy , as scholar

    Ælfthryth, and church reforms Ælfweard of Wessex , Ælfwold Ælfwyn of Mercia

    Æthelflæd (wife of Æthelred of Mercia) ,, –,

    Æthelred I of Wessex Æthelred II (‘the Unready’) of England

    coinage and mints , flight , and royal authority , and succession , tolls and Viking raids –

    Æthelred of Merciaand Alfred the Great and Edward the Elder , , –law-code ,

    Æthelstan ‘Half-King’ , , , Æthelstan of Wessex

    and aristocracy charters , –, , coinage , , , intellectual life , as king of the Anglo-Saxons , as king of the English , , –law-code , and Louis IV , and Mercia –and the north of England –and Northumbria and Otto I and relics and succession , –

    Æthelweard (ealdorman), Chronicon , , , n.,

    Æthelwine of East Anglia , Æthelwold (æthling), and Edward the Elder

    –Æthelwold of Winchester , ,

    and Æthelred the Unready Benedictional , , and church music and Edgar –, , and monastic reform , –as scholar ,

    Agapitus II, pope , , Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria) Aghlabid dynasty

    in North Africa in Sicily –

    Agilbert of Saint-Ricquier Agilolfing dukes , Agnes, empress (wife of Henry III) , agriculture

    arable –, and crop rotation and field pattern , , and hunter-gatherers , , –,

    –and land-clearing –and nomadism ,

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  • agriculture (cont.)production levels , and settlement patterns slash-and-burn –, and stock-rearing , , –, , , subsistence , –

    Ah. mad al-Akh. al Ah. mad b. al-H. asan al-Kalbı̄ Ahtum-Ajtony of Hungary –, Aimard of Cluny Aimerud of Auvergne (wife of Borrell II of

    Barcelona) Aimo of Auxerre Aimo of Fleury, De gestis regum Francorum Aion of Capua Akilia of León Alaholfings Alan I the Great of Brittany Alan II Barbetorte –, Alans , , , Alawich II of Reichenau Alberic II of Rome

    and monastic reform , and Otto I and papacy , ,

    Alberic of Spoleto , Albert of Vermandois , Aldred of Bamborough Alemannia see SuabiaAleppo, and Byzantium –, Aleram of Piedmont , Alexander II, Emperor

    and Symeon of Bulgaria –Alfonso II of León, and intellectual life Alfonso III of the Asturias , Alfonso IV of León –, Alfonso V of León , –, –Alfonso of Castile, and Aquitaine Alfred the Great

    and Æthelred of Mercia and amicitia and kingdom of England , and law-code , and London , and royal marriages , and Scandinavia and translations , , and urban development

    �Alı̄ b. H. ammūd Allan III of Rennes allodialists

    and castle-building and landholding –, , , , , and seigneurie –

    AlmeriaFatimid attack , and Slav leaders –

    and trade Almish ibn Shilkı̄ (Yuktawār; Bulgar leader) Almos of Hungary –Aloara of Capua Alpert of Metz, and merchants , Alsace

    and Arnulf and Henry II and Magyar campaigns and monastic reform and Otto I as part of Alemannia/Suabia

    Althing of Iceland Althoff, Gerd –Amalfi

    and Byzantium , , , and co-rulers and intellectual life –and Lombardy and princely authority , , and Saracen attack and trade , –, , –, –, –,

    , Amatus of Monte Cassino Ambrosius Autpert amicitia (political friendship) –, , ,

    , , and Henry I , , –, and Otto I , , , ,

    Anastasius the Librarian Anastasius of Sens ancestors, and settlement patterns –al-Andalus , –

    agriculture Christian population , and local autonomy –, –, –, and Sicily trade , –, see also �Abd al-Rah. mān; Córdoba; Seville

    Andernach, battle () –, Andregoto Galindex (wife of García Sánchez I)

    Andrew I of Hungary, marriage Andrew of Fleury –Andronikos Doukas , , angels, in art and literature Angilberga (wife of Louis II) Angilberga (wife of William I of Aquitaine)

    –Angilram of Saint-Riquier Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , , ,

    and Æthelred the Unready , and Æthelstan and Eadred and Edmund and Edward the Elder , and Wulfstan of York

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  • Index

    Anglo-Saxon language Anglo-Saxons, kingdom –, –animals

    for draught and stock-rearing , –,

    Anjouand Aquitaine –, armies –and Blois and Brittany , , and Capetians –, , , and castle-building and charters and the church and continuity with Carolingian patterns ,

    , , emergence , , –expansion , , –and independent castellanries –and princely ideology –, –and respect for kingship and warfare

    Anna (wife of Louis of Provence) , Anna Porphyrogenita (wife of Vladimir) , Annales Bertiniani annales tradition , –Annalista Saxo , Annals of Fulda , –, Ansegis, capitularies , Anskar of Hamburg-Bremen –Anskar of Ivrea , Antichrist , , –anti-semitism Antioch, and Byzantium , , , , aprisio/aprisionarii (Catalonia, Languedoc) , ,

    , , Apulia

    and Byzantium , , , –, , ,, –,

    and Capua-Benevento –and the church –and Henry II Latin population , –and Magyar attacks , and Otto II , , and Otto III and Saracen attacks , –

    Aquitaineand Angevins –, and aristocracy , , , and Carolingian inheritance , , and Catalonia , and Charles the Bald and Charles the Simple , –, and coinage dukes , –, , , , and Gascony –,

    and Hugh Capet , –and Hugh the Great , , , ,

    –and Lothar IV , –, and Louis IV –and Louis V –and Magyar attacks , and monastic reform , , , –and Odo of West Francia , and princely authority –, –, –,

    and Radulf , , , and Robert II of France , , and Roman law and royal authority sources –and West Francia

    Arab–Khazar wars Aragon see Pamplona-NavarreAragonta González (wife of Ordoño II) Arbo, margrave archaeology

    and castles –and consumption contribution and family patterns and necropolises and settlement patterns , , , , , ,

    and urban development ,

    archbishoprics –archbishops , archdeacons –, Archembold of Sens architecture –

    Byzantine church , –, Romanesque , urban

    Ardennes counts , Arduin of Ivrea () , , , Arduin of Ivrea () , –

    and Henry II –as king of Italy –

    Aribert of Milan , Aribo (fidelis of Otto III), and markets –arimanni , aristocracy

    and the church , , –, clerical , and clientele , and cults of saints and endogamy and family consciousness , –, , fortified residences , , , –‘imperial’ and inheritance ,

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  • aristocracy (cont.)and kingship –, , , –, , and marriage alliances , , , and religious patronage , , and royal government as separate from society , and the towns –and trade see also counts/countship; dux; lordship;

    marchiones; principesArles, kingdom see Burgundy, imperialarmati (warriors) Armenia

    and Bulgaria –and Byzantium , , ,

    armies see Byzantium; cavalry; Córdoba; EastFrancia; Hungary; Saxony

    Arnold of Gascony , Arnulf I of Flanders

    and castles , and Charles the Simple , and Lothar IV and Louis IV –and monastic reform , and Normandy and Otto I and Radulf of West Francia , and territory ,

    Arnulf II of Flanders , Arnulf, Count Palatine Arnulf of Bavaria , –

    and Bohemia and Conrad I , –and Henry I , –and Italy , , , –and Magyars , , , –, , ,

    and Otto I , , quasi-regal rule –and Regensburg ,

    Arnulf of Carinthia, Emperorand Bavaria –, , and Bulgaria and Burgundy and Carolingian empire and core regions –and Hungary –, as imperial overlord –, , , and Italy , , and Pannonia papal coronation

    Arnulf of Halberstadt Arnulf II of Milan , , , Arnulf of Rheims , Arpád of Hungary , , Arpads, in Hungary , , , art –, , –

    precious objects –see also architecture; manuscripts, illuminated

    Artald of Rheims , , , , Ascoli, battle () Ashot III of Armenia Asia Minor

    Byzantine successes –, –, –, and Saracen raids , , ,

    Askold of Rus′Asparukh (Bulgar leader) Asselt treaty () assemblies –

    in Saxony –Asser, Life of King Alfred , Astrik of Bamberg , Asturia

    and intellectual life and León –, , , ,

    Atenulf I of Capua –, Atenulf II of Capua , Atenulf III of Capua , Atenulf of Monte Cassino Atienza, battle () , Ato of Vic Atto of Vercelli, Polypticum quod appellatur

    perpendiculum Augustine of Hippo, St , Austria see Carinthiaautarky, Byzantine authority

    episcopal , –, monastic , papal , –, privatisation –public, and castle-building royal , , –, –,

    autobiographyand hagiography , and historiography –,

    Auvergneand castle-building and monastic reform and population increase sources ,

    Auzias, Leonce Avar khaganate , , , –

    and Islamic lands, see Sicilysee also Hungary

    Aventine,

    Babenbergersin Bavarian marches , , –, in eastern Franconia ,

    Bachrach, Bernard , Badajoz, leadership , , Bādı̄s (Zirid ruler) Baghdad, and Byzantium –

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  • Index

    Bakay, Kornél –Balderic of Speyer Balderic of Utrecht , Baldwin I of Flanders Baldwin II (‘Iron Arm’) of Flanders

    and Alfred the Great and Charles the Simple –and the church and expansion of territory

    Baldwin III of Flanders Baldwin IV of Flanders , , , ,

    Balkans

    and Bulgars , and Khazar khaganate and Magyar attacks and Rus′ and south Slavs see also Bulgaria; Byzantium

    Balticand trade , –, –, urban settlements , –

    Balts, and Rus′ , –, , , ban , , bannum , Banū �Abbād Banū Birzā Banū Qası̄ , –Banū Razı̄n , , Banū Zannūn , , , , –Banū�l-Aftas Banū�l-H. ajjāj , Barcelona

    and al-Andalus and the church Córdoban attack , , counts , , , , , and importation of gold , and slave trade supremacy –and West Francia , , , see also Catalonia

    Bardas Phokas , , , –Bardas Skleros –Barno of Toul Baronius, C. Barraclough, Geoffrey Bashkirs Basil I, Byzantine emperor , , ,

    and Bulgaria piety ,

    Basil II, Byzantine emperor and Bulgaria , , –, , ,

    –and the church death , and kingship

    and landowners –and rebellion of Bardas Skleros –and slavery and Venice , and Vladimir of Rus′ –as war leader –, , –,

    Basil Boioannes, katepano of Italy –Basil Lekapenos, parakoimōmenos , , ,

    –Bates, David –Bautzen treaty () , Bavaria –

    and agriculture , aristocracy , , , , –and Arnulf of Carinthia –, , and Bohemia –, –, –, Carolingian inheritance –and change of dynasty –and the church , , , , –

    bishops –monastic reform –, monasticism

    and Conrad I , , , –and Frankish unity , –and Henry I , , –and Henry II , , , , and Hungary –, , ,

    Magyar attacks , , , –, ,, , ,

    intellectual life –and Italy , and Moravia –, and Otto I , –, , , –, and Otto II , , and Otto III and population increase as regnum , –, –, –and serfs and Slavs , spiritual life –see also Arnulf of Bavaria; Berthold of Bavaria;

    Carinthia; Eberhard of Bavaria; Henry Iof Bavaria; Henry II (‘the Quarrelsome’);Luitpolding dukes

    Bavarian Geographer –Beatrice (daughter of Hugh of Francia) , ,

    Beatus of Liébana Bede

    Historia ecclesiastica , and London

    Beleknegini of Transylvania (wife of Géza ofHungary)

    Belting, Hans Benedict IV, pope Benedict V, pope , Benedict VI, pope

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  • Benedict VII, pope , Benedict VIII, pope , , , –, ,

    –Benedict IX, pope Benedict of Aniane , , , , , Benedict of Benevento –Benedict Biscop, St Benedict of St Andrew, Chronicon Benedict of Soracte, Chronicon , Benevento see Capua-BeneventoBenno of Metz , , Berbers

    in al-Andalus , –, –, Kutāmah , , –in North Africa –, , , S. anhājā in Sicily –, –

    Berengar I of Friuli , and amicitia , and aristocracy –and Arnulf of Carinthia , , and bishops , and Byzantium diplomata and Hungarians , , and liturgy and Louis of Provence , and papacy , , and Rudolf II of Burgundy –and Wido of Spoleto , –

    Berengar II of Italyand Adelaide (widow of Lothar) , and aristocracy , , –and Byzantium –and Hugh Capet and Hugh of Italy , –and Hungary –and Liudprand of Cremona , , , ,

    and Otto I –, –, , –and papacy

    Berenguer Ramon of Barcelona , bernagium (tax) Bernard I of Saxony –, , , Bernard II of Saxony , Bernard of Angers, Miracula sanctae Fidis , Bernard of Cahors Bernard of Gothia Bernard of Halberstadt Bernard (margrave) BernardPlantvelueof Aquitaine , , , Bernard Pons of Toulouse Bernard of Septimania (Gothia) , Bernard William of Gascony Bernat Tallaferro of Besalú , Berno of Cluny , –, Berno of Reichenau

    Bernward of Hildesheim , , , , ,

    Bertha of Burgundy (wife of Odo of Blois andRobert II) , , ,

    Bertha of Suabia (wife of Rudolf II and Hugh ofItaly) , ,

    Bertha of Tuscany, margravine , Bertha (wife of Boso son of Robold) Bertha (wife of Romanos II) –Berthold of Bavaria , , –, Berthold, Count, and markets Berthold of Reisenburg Berthold of Suabia , –Bessmertniy, Y. L. Beumann, Helmut Bezprym (brother of Miesco II) Biddle, M. Billung dukes , , , –, , ,

    –, –genealogical table

    biography, tenth-century , , Birka, and trade –, –birth rate, increase –Bischoff, Bernhard bishoprics –bishops –,

    and aristocracy , , and canon law –and immunities –and liturgy –and mission –Ottonian –pastoral role , , and property –, –, and royal authority secular role , , –, –, –, ,

    , spiritual role , –, –and trade –, –

    Black Bulgars Black Sea

    and Byzantium –, littoral settlements , –, trade

    Bloch, Marc , , n., Blois-Chartres-Tours

    and Anjou and Brittany , and Capetians , and castellanries and the church , and continuity with Carolingian patterns ,

    , , emergence , , expansion , , –and princely ideology and warfare

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  • Index

    Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, Consolatio, , ,

    Bogomils –Bohemia , –, –

    and aristocracy –, , and Bavaria –, –, –, Christianisation , –, , , and the church ,

    bishops liturgy

    currency and East Francia –, , , , and Henry I , , –, and Henry II , –and Henry III historiography and kingship and local government –and Moravia –, –, –, ,

    –and Otto I , and Otto II paucity of sources , and Poland , , , –, –,

    –, –, prehistory –Premyslid rule

    and aristocracy crisis and reconstruction –, genealogical table and unification –

    and Rus′ and seniorate , silver mines and society –sources , –, and state formation –and towns , –tribal geography –, unity see also Boleslav I; Boleslav II; Boleslav III;

    Prague; Wenceslas of BohemiaBoleslav I of Bohemia

    and Christianisation and Czech expansion and Otto I and Silesia

    Boleslav II of Bohemiaand Christianisation and the church and Czech expansion and Otto II and Otto III , and Poland ,

    Boleslav III of Bohemiaand Boleslav Chrobry marriage

    Boleslav Chrobry of Poland , , –,–

    and amicitia and Bohemia , , –, capture of Kiev and Christianisation , , coronation , and Henry II , , and Hungary marriage and monarchy and Otto III , , –, , , and Pomerani

    bondmen Boniface VII, antipope Boniface of Canossa , Boniface of Mainz Boniface of Spoleto Boniface of Tuscany Bonitus the Subdeacon Bonn, Treaty () Bonnassie, Pierre , , Bonushomo (notary) Book of the Eparch , , –, bookland , books

    illumination , , –, –, ornamentation , , , production , –, –, , –

    Bordeaux, development Boris II of Bulgaria, and Byzantium –, Boris-Michael of Bulgaria , , –Borivoj of Bohemia borough, England Borrell II of Barcelona

    and Córdoba and county of Urgell and Hugh Capet marriage and Otto I title –,

    Boso of Arles , , , , , Boso of Burgundy and Provence , ,

    and Charles the Bald –opposition to –and papacy

    Boso (son of Richard le Justicier) Boso (son of Robold) Bosonids , –, , , –, Bosporos, and Khazar khaganate , , Bouchard I of Vendôme Bouchard II of Vendôme Bouchard, Constance Brittain –, boundaries Boussard, J. bow and arrows Brandenburg, and trade

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  • Braslav of Pannonia Bratislava, battle () , , , Brenta, battle , Brescia, battle Bretislav I of Bohemia and Moravia –, ,

    , , Brihtsige (Mercian prince) Brisca (wife of William V of Aquitaine) Brittany

    and Anjou and Blois , , and Charles the Bald and the church and continuity with Carolingian patterns ,

    , dukes hunter-gatherer tribes and Normandy , –and princely ideology , and Robert II –and Viking attacks , , and West Francia ,

    Brühl, Carlrichard , Brun of Augsberg see Gregory V, popeBrun of Cologne

    as chancellor , and the church , , , –, –,

    as duke of Lotharingia , , –, ,

    and Wichmann

    Brun of Langres , Brun of Querfurt

    and Henry II and Hungary and Life of Adalbert of Prague Vita quinque fratrum

    Brun of Roucy Brun of Saxony Brunanburh, battle () , Bruning Bruningus of Asti , Brüske, W. Brussels, growth Budic of Nantes Bulcsú harka of Hungary , , Bulgaria –,

    and administration , and aristocracy and Byzantium , , –, –, ,

    –, , , –Christianisation , –, , –and the church –, , , economy and Hungary , –, , , , –and Khazars , , and Macedonia , and Otto I ,

    and papacy rulers , and Rus′ , –and Serbia , , and society –sources , –and Thrace –, , and trade , see also Boris-Michael; Kubrat; Peter; Symeon

    Bulgarophygon, battle () Bulgars

    Black Danubian , , and Khazars –in Russia see also Volga Bulgar amirate

    Bur, Michel Burchard of Raetia Burchard of the Reichenau, Gesta Witigowonis Burchard of Suabia , , , Burchard of Thuringia Burchard of Worms

    and canon law collection , –and fortifications –, and liturgy and parishes

    Burghal Hidage burgi , Burgundy –,

    and aristocracy –and Capetian dynasty , –, Carolingian inheritance , and the church

    bishops , monastic reform , , ,

    and Conrad II , counts dukes French , –, –, , and Henry I –and Henry II , and Hugh the Great , , , imperial , , –, –, –, ,

    ; see also Provenceand intellectual life and Lothar of France , , and Lotharingia and Magyars and Otto I –, –, –, paucity of sources , and population increase and Radulf of West Francia , , –,

    , , , and Robert II , , –see also Provence; Rudolfings

    burgwards , –burhs (England) –,

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  • Index

    burialfreedom of monastic see also cemeteries

    Byrhtferth of Ramsey , Byrhtnoth of Essex , , Byzantium

    administration , –, –, –, and agriculture , army , , , –, –, –, ,

    –, and Bulgaria , , –, –, ,

    –, , , –and Christianisation of Europe , , and the church

    liturgy , monasteries

    and coinage , , , and court ritual , , –, , , ,

    and Crimea , –, –, –and Croatia emperors in equilibrium –expansion –, –and filioque clause historiography –and Hugh of Italy , –, and Hungary –, , –, , , ,

    –, –and industry and Islamic lands –, , and Khazars –, –, –law-codes , , –and marriage alliances , , , , monarchy , –and peasantry , and population increase , , and post-Carolingian cultures provinces –, –, –, ; see also

    Asia Minor; Dyrrachium; Greece; Italy,southern; Macedonia; Thessalonika;Thrace

    and Rus′ , , –, , , and Saracen attacks –, and slavery sources , , and taxation , , , , , towns , , and trade , , –, , , , –, ,

    , , , , and the west –

    Hungary –, , –, , , ,–, , –

    Lombardy , –, –, –, –and Otto I , –, , –, –and Otto II , –, , ,

    and Otto III , , –papacy , , , –, , –,

    –, –Venice –, , –and western Christians –see also Italy, southern; Sicily

    see also Basil II; Bulgaria; Constantine VIIPorphyrogenitus; Constantinople; fleet;Italy, southern; Leo VI; NikephorosPhokas; Romanos I Lekapenos

    Calabriaagriculture –Byzantine rule , , , , , ,

    , , Greek population , Latin population and Otto II , , , , , and Otto III and Salerno –and Saracen attacks , , , , ,

    , –, , –caliphate see Baghdad; Córdoba; Fatimid dynastycalligraphy Calvus Zyrind (Michael) of Hungary , ,

    Cameron, Averil Candiano family of Venice Canigou, church of St Martin Cannae, battle () –cannibalism canon law , , –

    collections , –Canterbury, and support for monarchy , Capetian dynasty

    and Anjou –, , , and Burgundy , –, , and kingship , , , , –and southern principalities –, , ,

    –, capitularies

    Carolingian , , Ottonian , , ,

    Capo delle Colonne, battle () , , ,,

    Cappadocia, and Byzantium , , , Capua-Benevento

    and Apulia –and Byzantine claims , , and the church –,

    music and co-rulers –, and counts –and Henry II –and intellectual life , and Magyar attacks , and Muslim threat –

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  • Capua-Benevento (cont.)and Otto I , , –, –and Otto II and Otto III , , and papacy partition and unification –, , –,

    –and princely authority –, , –princes , and Spoleto ,

    Carinthiaand Bavaria , , –, –and Henry II and Venice

    Carloman of Bavaria and Italy , , –,, ,

    Carolingiansand capitularies , and Carolingian inheritance , , ,

    –, –, , and the church , , , , –,

    –, –and Frankish unity , , , and kingship –, , , –, –and nobility and tenth-century kingdoms –, –,

    and urban development see also Robertines

    cartularies , , –, Cashel, and overkingship Casimir I (‘the Restorer’) of Poland , Caslav of Serbia , castellans

    in Burgundy , , in Italy in northern principalities , –, and Peace of God movement in southern principalities , , , , in West Francia , ,

    Castileand Córdoba , , , , –, counts , frontiers history and León , , –, , –, –and Pamplona-Navarre –, –population movements sources

    castle-building see incastellamentoCatalonia –

    and agriculture , , , and al-Mans.ūr , , , –and Aquitaine , and aristocracy , , ,

    titles –and castle-building

    and Charles the Simple and the church , , , and coinage and Córdoba , , , –, councils Franks and Goths , , –history and Hugh Capet –, , , , , and importation of gold , , and landholding , , , and Languedoc and Lothar IV , and monastic reform and national consciousness and Odo of West Francia and Pamplona-Navarre and papacy peasant communities population , , –and princely authority , –, and Radulf of West Francia , and Roman inheritance –, , –and royal absence , , –, –, and rural society , , , , , , and Septimania sources , , –and Spain towns and West Francia , see also Barcelona

    catepans see katepanocathedrals

    clergy , , , , –, and education , –, , and urban development

    cavalryByzantine , –, heavy , , , Magyar , , Ottonian , ,

    Cedynia (Zeden), battle () cemeteries –, centralisation, England centuriation, Roman Champagne , , , –, , ; see also

    Blois-Chartres-Tourschanceries , , , , , , chant see musicchapels, royal , , –, , chaplains, royal , , , –Charles II (‘the Bald’) of France

    and amicitia , , and Aquitaine and Brittany and Burgundy , –, and coinage and Flanders

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  • Index

    and fortification and northern principalities and papacy

    Charles III (‘the Fat’), Emperor , , and Burgundy deposition , , and papacy ,

    Charles III (‘the Simple’) of France , , and amicitia , and Aquitaine , –, , and aristocracy –, , , , and Arnulf of Carinthia and charters , death deposition , , , and Henry I , , and Lorraine and Lotharingia , , –, , and Neustria and Radulf of France , recovery of kingship , –, and Robert I , –and Vikings in Normandy , ,

    Charles the Great , canonisation and church architecture and cultural development , and Italy , and justice and monastic reform , and Otto I , , and Otto III , , , , , and papacy , , and political friendship and regionalisation and Saxony , ,

    Charles of Lorraine see Charles of LotharingiaCharles of Lotharingia

    and Hugh Capet , –, , , and Lothar IV of France , , and Normandy and Otto II , , –, –

    Charles Martel, and Aquitaine Charles of Provence Charles the Simple see Charles III (‘the Simple’)

    of FranceCharles-Constantine of Provence , , –,

    , charters

    papal as sources –, , , , –,

    Chartres, battle (?) , Cherson

    and Byzantium , , , and Khazars –as trade centre –,

    Christianisation of Europe , , , –

    Christianity, Latinand Frankish unity , and Islam and Slavs ,

    Christianity, Orthodoxin the Balkans , –, in Rus′ –

    Christopher Lekapenos , , Chrodegang of Metz chronica genre –, –, –Chronicle of Alfonso III Chronicle of Sampiro , , , , , ,

    –Chronicon pictum Chronicon Salernitanum , , , , church –

    and aristocracy , , –, and Carolingian inheritance , , –,

    imperial –, and kingship –, –, –, , ,

    and landholdings , , , , –, –and legislation –and localism –, organisation –, –and reform , –, , , , –, and seigneurie and servitude see also councils; episcopacy; monasticism;

    papacychurch and state –

    in East Francia , in England in Italian kingdom and missionary endeavours –in West Francia , ,

    churchesarchitecture , –, estate imperial , , –, proprietary and urban development –, –, and villages –see also liturgy; parish

    Cicinnius Cilento, N. n.Cilicia, and Byzantine conquests –Cistercian order cities, Roman, in England , city, episcopal , ,

    in France in Italy –in Lotharingia

    civitates, economic development , , –, ,,

    clan (Sippe) , ,

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  • Clarius (chronicler) Clement II, pope Clement of Ochrid, and Symeon of Bulgaria

    –, –, , clergy

    cathedral , , , , –, parish –purity and royal rituals , see also bishops

    clientele , climate

    fluctuation improvement ,

    Clunyarchives , , , and confraternity –, , foundation , , , , and hagiography and liturgy , and monastic reform , –, , –,

    , , and public order and Radulf of West Francia

    Cnutand Aquitaine and England , , , law-code

    Coblenz, council () , –, Codex Wittekindeus , coinage –,

    comital princely –, , , , , and royal government , , , , ,

    and trade , and urban development , see also copper; gold; money; silver

    Collins, Roger –colloquia, in Saxony –, Cologne

    diocese , –growth ,

    comes/comites see counts/countshipcommerce see tradecommunication

    improvement –symbolic/non-verbal –see also literacy

    communications, and Otto I concords (convenientiae), as sources confraternities, urban coniurationes , –Connacht, and overkingship Conon I of Brittany Conrad I, king of East Francia , –

    and amicitia

    and Bavaria , , , –consecration , , , and Henry I , , and Magyar attack –, regalia

    Conrad II, Emperorand Bavaria and Bohemia and Burgundy , election –and Hungary and Italy , and kingship and monastic reform and Poland , and trade

    Conrad of Auxerre Conrad of Constance Conrad the Elder Conrad the Red of Lotharingia , , ,

    , Conrad of Suabia , Conrad (‘the Pacific’) of Burgundy

    and Adelaide of Germany and Lothar of France and Otto I –, , –paucity of records and Provence , ,

    Conradine dukesand Carolingian rulers , –genealogical table and Henry I , , and Henry II and Lotharingia , , , and Otto I and Otto II

    consecration, royal conservatism, and custom Constance of Arles (wife of Robert II) , ,

    , Constantine II of Scotland

    and Æthelstan of Wessex and royal cult-centres

    Constantine VII Porphyrogenitusand court ceremonial , crisis of , death and diplomacy and Hungary , –, and Italy and law –, and learning –legitimacy , –, , marriage , –and piety and Polish tribes and regency –,

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  • Index

    and Romanos Lekapenos –, and Saif al-Dawlah –and Sicily and Symeon of Bulgaria –, , see also De administrando imperio

    Constantine VIII Porphyrogenitus Constantine Doukas , Constantine Gongylios –Constantine Lekapenos , Constantine of Preslav , Constantinople

    Bulgar attacks , , –as imperial centre , –Magyar attack population , and Rus′ size , , and trade , ,

    Constitutio romana () consuetudines , –, , consumption, levels , , , , control, social

    and bishops and castle-building –

    conventus , Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum copper, as coinage Córdoba

    abolition of caliphate –, , , , administration , –, , , , –army , –, –, , –

    Berbers , –, –, and militia –Negro troops Slav troops –, , , , –,

    –caliphs , –, , and Catalonia , , , , –, and Christian states , –, ; see also

    Catalonia; León; Pamplona-Navarrecoinage , growth , , , and Islam and jihād , , and literature and Magyar attack and muwallads –and North Africa –, sack () –siege (‒) , and slave trade , sources and trade –see also �Abd al-Rah. mān III; al-Andalus; Al-

    H. akam; Hishām IIcore and periphery, and historiography Corinth, wealth

    corruptionand the church papal –

    corvée , Cosmas of Prague , Cosmas the Priest, Treatise against the Bogomils –Cotrone, battle see Capo delle Colonnecouncils, church

    and Carolingian councils –and cults of saints –and legislation , –and Peace of God movement , , ,

    –, , rarity

    country life –counts/countship

    administrative role and allodial lands in Bavaria , –in Burgundy –, –in East Francia and inheritance –in Italian kingdom , –, –, in León , , –in Lotharingia , , , –in Provence , –in Saxony , , , in southern Italy –in West Francia , , , , –

    northern principalities –, –southern principalities , , , ,

    , –, –, , , –courts (judicial)

    borough hundred shire –, ,

    courts (royal)as artistic centres , –Byzantine , Carolingian as intellectual centres , –Islamic itinerant , and manners

    Cracovia, and Bohemia and Poland Cracow

    Bohemian capture and the church –and Miesco I as Polish capital , and trade

    craftsin al-Andalus in Flanders in Germany in Italy , in Scandinavia –

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  • Crescentii family , and Otto II , and Otto III , and papacy , , ,

    Crescentius II , , , –Crete, and Byzantium , –, –, ,

    , Crimea

    and Byzantium , –, –, –and Hungarians and Khazars settlement –

    Croatiaand Bohemia and Bulgaria , , and Byzantium Christianisation –unification

    Cronica di Cambridge crop rotation crowns, importance , , , , cult-centres, royal , , –, , ,

    , –culture

    antique Byzantine , , –elite , Islamic urban , –, and schools –, written

    curtes , , , custom

    and conservatism and lordship ,

    Cuthbert, St , , Cyprus, Byzantine conquest Cyril-Constantine, St , , Czechs , ; see also Bohemia; Prague

    Daleminzi attacks on

    Dalmatiaand Bavaria , and papacy , and Venice

    danegeld , , Danelaw

    and trade and Wessex , , , , –

    Danzig, development Daugmale, development David Curopalates of Tao , , De administrando imperio , –, , ,

    , De thematibus , dead, commemoration –, , –deans –

    Decani tribe demography see populationDenmark

    Christianisation , , , , and England , , –and Henry I and kingship

    royal government , , –, royal ritual –, , ,

    and Norway and papacy see also Harald Bluetooth

    Derevlianians, and Rus′ , , demesne lands –, Dhondt, J. , , , , , , Dhū’l-Nūnids , –, , –dialectic , Díaz y Díaz, Manuel Didactic Gospel-Book Diego Muñoz of Saldaña diet , –, Dietrich I of Upper Lotharingia , Dietrich (brother of Miesco II) Dietrich, margarve –, , , , ,

    Dietrich of Metz , Dietrich of Trier differentiation, social , , dioceses , diplomata, and kingship , , –, , Dir of Rus′ districtio, in Italy , districtus, in Italy , , , , Dobrava (wife of Miesco I) , Docibilis I of Gaeta Docibilis II of Gaeta Dodwell, C. R. Domesday Book , –, , domestics (Dienstmänner) Donation of Constantine , Donatus, Ars minor Dortmund, growth Drahomira (wife of Vratislav I) drama

    by women , –liturgical , , –

    dress, and ‘house’ druzhina (levy) Dublin

    excavation and trade , , as Viking kingdom , , ,

    Duby, Georges , , , , –Duchesne, A. n.Dudo of Saint-Quentin , ,

    Historia Normannorum Dufour, Jean

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  • Index

    duke/duchy see duxDulebi tribe Dumas-Dubourg, F. Dunbabin, Jean –, , Dunstan of Canterbury

    and Eadred –and Eadwig –and Edgar , and Edmund letters Life , and the papacy , as scholar

    duxin Bavaria –, –, –in East Francia , , in Hungary in Italy in Lotharingia in Saxony , –, in West Francia ,

    northern principalities , , , ,

    southern principalities , , , –,, , –, ,

    Dyfed, kingdom, and royal government –dynasties, ruling –, Dyrrachium

    Bulgarian capture , , , Byzantine capture , ,

    Eadgifu (wife of Edward the Elder) , , Eadgifu (wife of Heribert the Old) Eadhild (wife of Hugh of Neustria) , Eadred of England

    charters –and the church –as king of the English and Northumbria –and royal government , and Scotland will –

    Eadric Streona Eadwig of England

    and burning of Ripon charters , , –and the church and division of the kingdom –and Dunstan of Canterbury –and Edgar as king of the English

    Eadwine (æthling) ealdormen (England) , , East Anglia

    and Æthelwold and Edward the Elder , and royal government

    East Franciaand aristocracy –, , , –, –army –, , and art and Bohemia –, , , , and book production –Carolingian rulers –, –, and the church

    and bishops –, –, –, , and councils and liturgy –and monasticism , , –, –

    and eastward expansion , –, –and historiography , –, , , –and intellectual life , , –, –kingdom kingship , –, –,

    and the church , and government , –, and royal ritual –, –and title , , , , , , ,

    and landholding and Lotharingia –, –, and markets , and papacy and Poland , , –, –, , ,

    , and population increase regionalisation , , –silver mines , sources , , , and towns –trade , –, see also Bavaria; Franconia; Germany; Henry II;

    Lotharingia; Otto I; Saxony; Suabia;Thuringia

    Ebbo of Déols Eberhard of Bavaria , , Eberhard of Einsiedeln –Eberhard of Franconia, and Otto I , ,

    –Eberwin, abbot Ebles Manzer of Poitou , Ecbasis cuiusdam per tropologiam economy

    and Carolingian inheritance growth , , –, , –

    economy, rural , –and agriculture –, –and coinage –and family as basic unit of production –and landholding , –and markets , , , and technology –

    economy, urbanof Byzantium –, –

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  • economy, urban (cont.)of Islamic lands –and lordship –see also markets; trade

    Edessa, and Byzantium –, , Edgar of England

    and aristocracy capitularies and Carolingian kingship charters –and the church

    bishops monastic reform –, , reforms , –

    and coinage and division of the kingdom –and Eadwig –and Glastonbury , and intellectual life law-codes –marriage mints as overlord and succession

    Edith (wife of Otto I) , , Edmund of the East Angles Edmund of England ,

    and the church , as king of the Anglo-Saxons as king of the English and Louis IV and Northumbria

    Edmund Ironside, succession bid education

    and the church , –, , –and classical authors curriculum –

    Edward the Elderand Æthelwold and aristocracy and charters , –coinage , , coronation and the Danes –, –as king of the Anglo-Saxons –, and Mercia , –and royal government and sources , –and succession and urban development ,

    Edward the Martyrdeath and social disorder –and succession

    Egbert of Trier –, –, , , ,

    Egil’s Saga

    EgyptFatimid rule , , , , , and Jews and trade , Tulunid rule

    Eigenkirchen Einold of Gorze , Einold of Toul , –Einsiedeln monastery , Eirik Bloodaxe Ekbert (‘the One-Eyed’) of Saxony , , ,

    –Ekbert of Westfalia , Ekkehard I of Meissen

    death as duke of Thuringia imperial aspirations , , –and Poland , ,

    Ekkehard I of St GallenVita sanctae Wiboradae Vita Waltharii manufortis –

    Ekkehard IV of St Gallen Ekkehard ‘son of Liudolf ’ Elbe Slavs see Slavselection

    abbatial , , episcopal , , , –, , , ,

    , , papal –, , royal ,

    Bavaria Burgundy , , , , East Francia , –, , , –,

    , –, England Saxony –, , –West Francia , , –, , , ,

    Elvira Menéndez (wife of Ordoño II) Elvira Ramírez (daughter of Ramiro II)

    as regent , , Elvira (wife of Vermudo II), as regent –Ely abbey , , –Emma of Provence (wife of William II of

    Toulouse) Emma (wife of Boleslav II) Emma (wife of Lothar of France) , , Emma (wife of Louis the German) Emma (wife of Radulf of West Francia) ,

    , Emma (wife of William IV of Aquitaine) empire

    and Arnulf of Carinthia –and monarchy –and papacy –, , , –, ,

    –, –, –and Rome , –

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  • Index

    emporia, tradingEnglish , German Mediterranean –Scandinavian , ,

    encellulement (regrouping)ecclesiastical intellectual and landownership , –, –and rise of the seigneurie , , –

    endogamy, and aristocracy , Engilberga (wife of William II of Aquitaine) England –,

    and administration , and agriculture , , aristocracy , –, , –, , ,

    armies and assemblies and book production , , and Carolingian inheritance , , , and castle-building and centralisation , charters , , , –, –, ,

    –and the church

    bishops –, , –cult of Virgin Mary monastic reforms –, –, , ,

    monasticism , , –, –music organisation reforms , –,

    and coinage , , , , , , ,,

    division of the kingdom –, historiography , –, , –as imperial realm , , and intellectual life –, , , kings and kingship –, –,

    revenues –ritual , , royal government , , –, , ,

    , –, succession titles , , , –, , , ,

    –and literacy and Normandy and Norway and peasantry and population increase regionalisation and rural society , , , and Scandinavia ,

    and Scotland –, , , , and serfs sources , , –, , , –, –,

    –and towns –, trade , , , , ,

    with France with Germany with Scandinavia , –

    unification , , , and Viking raids ‒, , –and Wales –, –, , see also Æthelstan; Alfred the Great; Danelaw;

    Eadwig (‘All-Fair’); East Anglia; Edgar;Edward the Elder; Mercia; Northumbria;Wessex

    environment, reorganisation –, –Eohric of Denmark episcopacy, and papacy Eraclius of Liège , Erchanger of Suabia –, –Erchempert, Historia Langobardorum

    Beneventanorum , Erdmann, Carl Erfurt, synod () , Ermengald of Rouergue , Ermengard (wife of Adalbert of Ivrea) , Ermengard (wife of Boso of Burgundy and

    Provence) , –Ermengard (wife of Rudolf III) Ermengol of Urgell , , Ermentrude of Mâcon Ermessent of Barcelona Ermogius of Tuy Ermoldus Nigellus eschatology

    and the millennium , , –, , and monarchy –

    Essen nunnery, Ottonian treasure –estates, large

    disintegration –and labour service size ,

    Esztergom (capital of Hungary) , , ethnicity

    and kingship and southern principalities –

    Eu, battle () Eudes see OdoEugenius Vulgarius Europe

    and Byzantium –Christianisation and Islamic lands , –and trade –, –urban culture

    Everger of Cologne

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  • exchange, and money –, , exogamy Ezzo, count palatine of the Rhine

    fairs Falicsi of Hungary Falkenhausen, V. von n.familia , , , –

    cathedral , family

    aristocratic , –, extended nuclear , –, , , , , royal –size , see also clan

    famines –, , , , Fatimid dynasty

    and Bulgaria and caliphate in Egypt , , , , , in North Africa , , –, , –in Sicily –and trade

    Faucembergues, battle () –fear

    of the dead Feldgraswirtschaft feodum Fernán González of Castile –, , Fernando I of Castile-León Fernando I of Pamplona-Navarre Fernando Ansúrez of Castile feudalism

    Carolingian , , origins , –, , and the rich –, and serfdom –, , in West Francia , , ,

    Fichtenau, H. , , , fideles/fidelitas ,

    in East Francia , –in southern Italy in Spain in Venice in West Francia –, –

    northern principalities , , –,,

    southern principalities –, Fides of Conques, St, liber miraculorum field patterns

    and centuriation strip farming ,

    Finno-Ugrian language, and Magyar Finno-Ugrian peoples , –, , ,

    Fiorenzuola d’Arda, battle () , fishing industry –

    Flandersand agriculture and Charles the Simple and the church

    bishops monastic reform , , , and schools

    and continuity with Carolingian patterns ,, ,

    counts , and expansionism , and independent castellanries and Lothar IV of France , , and mints and population increase and Radulf of West Francia –and royal authority territorial identity –and urban economy , and Viking attacks see also Arnulf I; Baldwin I; Baldwin II;

    Baldwin IV; Magyarsfleets

    Byzantine , , , –, , , ,

    Muslim , Venetian , ,

    Fleury, monastery , , , , , –Flodoard of Rheims

    Annales , –and Burgundy and Italy and Lotharingia , and Radulf and West Francia , –, , ,

    De triumphis Christi Historia Remensis ecclesiae , , –, , ,

    , –and historiography , , , , –

    Florennes, battle () fodrum (regnal dues) , , Folcuin of Lobbes , , –Formosus, pope –fortification

    and military policy refuge , –, residential , , , –, of towns , –, , , , , see also incastellamento; residence

    Fortūn ibn Muh. ammad Fossier, Robert , –, , France

    and historiography –, , and literacy and markets and monarchy , and serfs silver mines

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  • Index

    and towns –, , trade –, see also Burgundy; West Francia

    Francia media see LotharingiaFrancia occidentalis see West FranciaFrancia orientalis see East FranciaFranconia

    and Arnulf of Bavaria and Arnulf of Carinthia –and Conradines , –and East Frankish monarchy , , and Henry II and Otto I –, and population increase see also Babenbergers

    Frankfurt, and Otto I Franks

    unity , , , , , , –see also Carolingians; East Francia; West

    FranciaFratres presbyteri, sermon Fraxinetum

    Byzantine attack , , and Saracen raids ,

    Frederick I of Upper Lotharingia , , ,

    Frederick of Mainz , , Frederick of Salzburg –freedom, personal –

    restrictions on , and servitude –

    freemen , Frideruna (wife of Charles the Simple) ,

    Fried, J. , friendship, political see amicitiaFrisia

    hunter-gatherer tribes and Lotharingia and Otto I and trade

    Frithegod, Breuiloquium vitae beati Wilfredi Friuli, march, political role , Fromund of Tegernsee Fruela II of León, and succession disputes ,

    , fueros , Fulbert of Chartres , , , , ,

    letters and William of Aquitaine

    Fulk the Good of Anjou Fulk le Réchin Fulk Nerra of Anjou –, , , –,

    n.Fulk the Red of Anjou –Fulk of Rheims , , funerals, royal –fur trade , , –, , , –,

    Al-Fust.āt. –, trade ,

    fyrd ,

    Gabriel-Radomir of Bulgaria , Gaeta, duchy , –

    and co-rulers and princely authority , , and trade , , ,

    Galiciaand Córdoba , , and León , , , , , –, ,

    , Gallus Anonymus , n., , Gandersheim

    royal convent , , , , , –see also Hrotsvitha

    García I of León , García Fernandez of Castile , –, ,

    García Gomez of Carrion García Gomez of León García Gomez of Saldaña García Sánchez I of Pamplona-Navarre , ,

    , , , García Sánchez II (‘the Trembler’) of Pamplona-

    Navarre García Sánchez III of Pamplona-Navarre García Sánchez of Castile –García Sánchez of Gascony Garigliano, Saracen base , –

    Byzantine attack , , and papacy

    Garin le Lorrain –Gascony

    and Aquitaine –, and the church cultural and ethnic identity , dukes , and Hugh Capet and Pamplona-Navarre , , , and princely authority , –, and sources , and Viking attacks , and West Francia , –,

    gastald, in southern Italy , , , –, ,–

    Gausfred of Roussillon-Empuries Gauzlin of Fleury n., , –Gauzlin of Toul Gauzlin of Verdun Gebhard of Constance –Gebhard, duke of Lotharingia , , Geertz, Clifford genealogies, as source , Genoa, and trade , , Geoffrey Grisegonelle of Anjou –, ,

    –,

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  • Geoffrey Martel , , –George I of Georgia Georgia

    and Byzantium , and Khazars

    Gerald of Aurillac –, Life , , , , and Odo of West Francia

    Gerald of Toul Gerard of Augsburg, Vita santi Oudalrici , ,

    Gerard of Brogne , –, , Gerard of Cambrai I , , Gerard of Csanád

    Deliberatio supra hymnum trium puerorum and Hungary

    Gerard of Saint-Médard Gerberga

    and Berthold of Bavaria as wife of Gislebert of Lotharingia , ,

    as wife of Louis IV , , , ,

    Gerberga (wife of Albert of Vermandois) Gerberga (wife of Hermann of Suabia) Gerbert of Aurillac , ,

    and historiography –, and Hugh Capet , and Life of Adalbert of Prague and Otto II , and Otto III , , , as Pope Sylvester II , , –, , ,

    , –school

    Gerbert of Rheims , , , , letters , ,

    Gerhard of Augsburg see Gerard of AugsburgGerhard of Metz , , Germany

    map –see also East Francia

    Gero Codex –Gero of Cologne , , Gero, Margrave , , –

    and Elbe Slavs , , , , and Gernrode convent –as margrave –and Miesco of Poland ,

    Gesta Apollonii –Gesta Berengarii Gesta comitum Barcinonensium Géza of Hungary , , –Ghālib b. �Abd al-Rah. mān , –, ,

    Ghent, importance –Gibuin of Châlons Gibuin (son of Richard le Justicier) gift-giving ,

    Gilbert (heir of Hugh the Black) Gisela (wife of Henry of Bavaria) Gisela (wife of Stephen I) –, , Giselher of Magdeburg Gislebert of Burgundy Gislebert of Lotharingia

    and Charles the Simple and Henry I , , –, , and monastic reform , and Otto I , , –and Radulf

    Gislebert of the Meuse Gisulf I of Salerno , , Glastonbury, as royal cult-centre , , ,

    , Gnëzdowo, development Gniezno

    Bohemian capture and the church , –as Polish capital , , , , , ,

    and Prague and support for monarchy and trade

    Godfrey of Metz , , , Godfrey of Verdun Gojslav of Croatia gold

    in book illustration in coinage , , in precious objects –, –trade in , , ,

    Gombaud of the Gascons Gonzalo Muñoz of Galicia –Gopl-ani tribe , , Gorze, monastery

    and hagiography and liturgy , and monastic reform , , –, –,

    , , , Gothia , , , , –, government –

    and the church –of the church –and cultural differences –royal –

    Gozelo I of Lower Lotharingia grammar –Gran, and support for monarchy , Granada, and S. anhājā Berbers gravarium (tax) Great Moravia see MoraviaGreece

    Bulgarian attacks Byzantine rule , , ,

    Greek , , , Gregory III, pope

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  • Index

    Gregory IV, pope Gregory V, pope –,

    and Crescentii and Hungary and liturgy and Otto III , , , ,

    Gregory VII, pope, and Henry IV Gregory Master , Gregory of Saint-Sever Guadbert, Epitoma Prisciani –Guaimar I of Salerno , Guaimar II of Salerno , Guaimar III of Salerno Guaimar IV of Capua Guarimbotus Guido of Arezzo , guilds

    craft merchant –,

    Guillot, Oliver Guillou, A. n.Gunzelin of Meissen Gunzo of Novara Gwynedd, kingdom, and royal government

    –Gyula of Hungary , , Gyula of Transylvania ,

    Hadwig (daughter of Henry of Bavaria) –

    Hadwig (wife of Hugh the Great) , , ,

    Hagano , , , –, hagiography

    and intellectual life , –, , as source , , –, , , verse , –,

    Haithabu, and trade , , , –Al-H. ajar (�Abd Allah b. �Abd al-�Azı̄z) Al-H. akam II al-Mustans.ir, caliph

    and administration and army and Castile –and León library , and North Africa –, and succession ,

    Al-H. ākim, caliph Hallinger, Kassius Hamburg-Bremen, archdiocese –, , ,

    H. ammūdı̄s Harald III of Norway, marriage Harald Bluetooth of Denmark

    and Christianisation , and fortresses , and grave-monument ,

    and Normandy and royal government –,

    Harald Fairhair of Norway harmscar Hartwig of Salzburg , Al-H. asan b. �Alı̄ al-Kalbı̄ Al-H. asan b.�Ammār al-Kalbı̄ Al-H. asan b. Qannūm Hasday ibn Shaprut Hatto of Mainz , Head, T. Heimskringla Helena (wife of Constantine VII) Helgaud of Fleury

    and Denmark Life of Robert the Pious , , , ,

    Hellas, Magyar attacks Helmold of Bosau Henry I of Bavaria , , ,

    and Bohemia marriage and rebellion against Otto I , , , ,

    , , Henry I of France , –

    and Burgundy , marriage

    Henry I of East Francia , , , –and amicitia , , –, and aristocracy , –and Bavaria , , –, and Bohemia , , –, and Charles the Simple , , , and the church , , , , and Conrad I , , , and Danes death as duke of Saxony , –, –, and Elbe Slavs –and Francia et Saxonia –, and Heribert of Vermandois –and Italy and Lotharingia –, –, and Magyars –, , , –and regalia , and royal cults of saints and royal marriages –, , , ,

    and Slavs , , and Suabia and succession ,

    Henry II, Emperor , –and aristocracy and Bavaria , , , , and Bohemia , –and book production , –and Burgundy , and Byzantium

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  • Henry II, Emperor (cont.)canonisation –and the church

    and bishoprics –, and book production , monastic reform , –,

    coronation , death , , , diplomata and Elbe Slavs , and government –and historiography –, –and Hungary –, , , , and imperial kingship –imperium and regnum –and Italy , , –, –, and Lotharingia , , , , and papacy –, –and Poland , , –, , and regalia and Saxony , –, , succession to Otto III –, , , and trade –, and William V of Aquitaine

    Henry II (‘the Quarrelsome’) of Bavaria –and Bohemia and Hungary , marriage minority , and minority of Otto III , –, ,

    and Poland rebellion against Otto II , , , and Saxony –, –and Slavs

    Henry III, Emperorand Bohemia and book production and Burgundy and papacy ,

    Henry IV, Emperorand Gregory VII and Saxony and uncultivated land

    Henry IV of Bavaria see Henry II, EmperorHenry V, Emperor, and Saxony Henry V of Bavaria Henry (Henry-Odo), duke of Burgundy ,

    , , , Henry of Louvain Henry of Schweinfurt , , Henry (son of Stephen of Hungary) –Henry of Stade –Henry ‘the Younger’ of Carinthia , ,

    Henry of Trier Henry the Wrangler see Henry II (‘the

    Quarrelsome’) of Bavaria

    Heraclius, Byzantine emperor , heresy

    and laity and monasticism see also Bogomils

    Heribert I of Vermandois Heribert II of Vermandois ,

    and Charles the Simple , , and Henry I –and Hugh the Great and Louis IV , –, –and principality of Flanders –and Radulf of West Francia , ,

    –Heribert (chancellor of Otto III) , Heribert the Old of Omois , , , Heribert the Young of Troyes , Heriger of Lobbes , Heriveus of Rheims Hermann Billung , , –, , , ,

    Hermann of Hamburg-Bremen Hermann of the Reichenau Hermann I of Suabia , , , , Hermann II of Suabia –, , hermits , –, , , Hervé of Autun Hevelli, conquest , –hide , Hierotheus of Tourkia , Hilarion, metropolitan of Rus′ Hildibald of Worms , Hilward of Halberstadt Himerios (Byzantine commander) Hincmar of Rheims , ,

    De ecclesiis et capellis Hishām II (‘al-Mu�ayyad’), caliph

    and Ibn Abı̄ Āmir –and al-Mahdı̄ –

    Hishām b. Muh. ammad Hispania see SpainHistoria Silense historiography

    Marxian , , Normanist –�Romanist’ tenth-century , , –

    Bavarian English –and eschatology , –French , –German , Italian Lotharingian Norman Ottonian , , –Russian Saxon , –

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  • Index

    twentieth-centuryand Carolingian continuity –, cultural approach and encellulement , –and periodisation , , traditions –, , ,

    see also hagiographyhistory

    cultural/intellectual –, –economic and hagiography and interpretative schemata xiii–xiv, , –,

    , political xiii, , , –

    and ritual religious –social –

    Hodo, Margrave and Miesco of Poland ,

    Hoffmann, Hartmut –, Hohenaltheim, synod () , , , ,

    Holme, battle () Holy City, as model Holy Cross, relics , , Holy Lance , , , , , –Holy Sepulchre, replicas –Honoratiae civitatis Papie see Instituta regaliahouse (dwelling) see residencehouse (unit: Haus, maison, domus) –household, royal Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim , , –,

    , Abraham –Calimachus –Gesta Ottonis , , Primordia coenobii Gandeshemensis , ,

    –Hucbald of Saint-Amand, Vita sancta Rictrudis

    Hugh I of Dijon Hugh II of Atuyer Hugh the Abbot , , Hugh of Arles see Hugh of ItalyHugh of Beauvais Hugh the Black (son of Richard le Justicier) ,

    , , Hugh of Burgundy see Hugh of ItalyHugh Capet, king of France , , , ,

    –and aristocracy –and Byzantium and Catalonia –, , , , and Charles of Lotharingia , , , ,

    and the church , , , and coinage as duke of the Franks , ,

    and kingship , , and Lothar IV of France –, –,

    and Lotharingia –, marriage , , , and northern principalities , , and Senlis assembly –and southern principalities –, , ,

    , , –Hugh of Chalon , Hugh of Chaumontois Hugh of Empuries Hugh of Farfa , –Hugh of Francia see Hugh the GreatHugh the Great

    and Aquitaine , , , , –and Blois and Anjou –and Brittany and Burgundy , , , and Charles the Simple and church and state as duke of the Franks , , and justice and Liudprand and Lothar IV , and Louis IV , , –, –, , ,

    and Normandy and Otto I , , and Radulf –, and relics and Saxony

    Hugh of Italy and aristocracy , –, –and Arnulf of Bavaria –and Berengar II –, , –and Burgundy –, , and Byzantium , –, , as imperator and Louis IV and Magyars marriage , , , , and monastic reform , and Rudolf II –,

    Hugh of Lusignan, and William V of Aquitaine

    Hugh of Provence see Hugh of ItalyHugh of Rheims , , , Hugh (son of Robert II) Hugh of Tuscany , Humbert of Parma Humbert of Tuscany , , hundred ,

    courts Hunfridings , Hungary , –

    and aristocracy , , army ,

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  • Hungary (cont.)and Arnulf of Carinthia –, Arpad rulers , , and Bavaria –, , , Black Hungary , and Bohemia –and Bulgaria , , , , , –and Byzantium –, , –, , ,

    , –, –Carolingian inheritance , Christianisation , , –, , , ,

    , , –, , and the church , , –and Conrad II and Croatia eleventh-century succession –and empire , and Great Moravia and Henry I and Henry II –, , historiography and kingship , –, , –

    royal government royal regalia , , , , titles –

    and Lotharingia and Moravia and nomadism –and Otto I , and Otto III , , , , –and papacy , , , , and Poland , and Rus′ and seniorate –sources , , , –, –, and state formation , –, –Taksony and Géza –territory –tribes –, see also Arpád; Géza; Magyars; Stephen;

    TaksonyHunifred of Pallars hunter-gatherers , , –, –hymns , Hywel Dda of Wales , , ,

    Iaropolk (brother of Vladimir) Iaroslav (‘the Wise’) of Kiev , –, Ibn �Abbād, Muh. ammad b. Ismā�ı̄l Ibn Abı̄ �Āmir (‘al-Mans.ūr’), Muh. ammad ,

    –, , army –, and Catalonia , , and Christian states , –, , and jihād , and Madı̄nat al-Zāhirah , and North Africa –

    and Sicily and Tujı̄bı̄s , , ,

    Ibn Abı̄ Khanzı̄r (Al-H. asan b. Ah. mad) Ibn Abı̄’l-Fawāris Ibn al-Andalusı̄ , Ibn al-Athı̄r Ibn Fad. lān , , Ibn H. afs.ūn, �Umar, and �Abd al-Rah. mān –Ibn Haijan Ibn al-H. ajjāj Ibn Hawqal –, , , Ibn H. ayyān, Muqtabis , , , , , ,

    Ibn Idhārı̄ Ibn Khaldūn Ibn Khordādhbeh , Ibn Marwān al-Jillı̄qı̄ Ibn Rusta –Ibrāhı̄m �Abd-Allāh Ibrāhı̄m ibn Ya�qūb

    and Bohemia and Bulgaria , –and coinage and Poland , and Prague , ,

    IcelandChristianisation government , sagas ,

    iconoclasm Iconoclastic Controversy iconography , , , , –, , Ida (daughter of Hermann of Suabia) Idrisids of North Africa , , Ifrı̄qiyyah see Morocco; North Africa; TunisiaIgor of Rus′ , , Ilduin of Verona Immo of Chèvremont immunities

    aristocratic episcopal , , –, , , , ,

    monastic

    incastellamento , , , and lordship –, , –, , , ,

    in Lotharingia and royal authority , –in southern Italy –, , and towns –, and trade in West Francia , ,

    infanticide, ‘hidden’ Ingelheim, synods

    , , ,

    Ingigerd (wife of Iaroslav of Rus′)

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  • Index

    inheritancepartible see also primogeniture; seniorate

    Inn, battle () , Innocent III, pope, and cult of saints inscriptions, runic , Instituta regalia intellectual life –

    in Bavaria –in European periphery –historiography and literature –and the millennium –and monasticism –theatre and poetry , –tropes and hagiography –

    Investiture Contest , Ireland

    and kingships and liturgy and Vikings see also Dublin

    ironand tool-making –, –, trade in and urban development

    Īsā b. Sa�ı̄d al-Yah. s.ubı̄ , Isidore of Seville, Historia Gothorum Islam

    and Christianity and Khazar khaganate spread Sunni and Shi’a and Volga Bulgars –see also Saracens

    Islamic landsand Byzantium –, , and Caucasus and Europe , –historiography –and post-Carolingian cultures and Rus′ –and Seljuk attacks and slave trade , and trade –, , , , –and urban culture –see also al-Andalus; Catalonia; Córdoba; Sicily

    Israel the Grammarian , Italy, kingdom –,

    and administration , –, –, , ,–, ,

    agriculture , aristocracy –, , , –, , –,

    , , –army and Arnulf of Bavaria , , , –and Arnulf of Carinthia , , and Bavaria , ,

    and book production and Byzantium , –Carolingian inheritance –, and the church

    and bishops , , –, –, –liturgy –monastic reform –, –,

    and feudal mutation and Henry I and Henry II , , –, –historiography –, house of Spoleto –, house of Tuscany –, and intellectual life –, –, , ,

    –and landholding and literacy , Magyar campaigns –, , , , and Otto I –, –, –, , ,

    –, –, , –, and Otto II –, –, , , and Otto III , , –, –, ,

    –, and papacy particularism and royal power –regionalism , , , , –, –and regnal dues and royal government –and Rudolf II of Burgundy –, , sources –, and taxation towns , –, and trade , , –see also Berengar I; Berengar II; Hugh of Italy;

    Pavia; Rome; Wido of SpoletoItaly, southern –,

    administration –, and agriculture –, and aristocracy –and book production , and Byzantine empire , –, , ,

    , , –, –and Henry II , and intellectual life –Magyar attacks and monasteries –and Muslim attacks , , , –,

    –, –and Normans , , and Otto I –, , and Otto II –, , , , , and Otto III , , and papacy population growth and princely authority –and private fortifications , sources , ,

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  • Italy, southern (cont.)and trade , , –and Venice see also Amalfi; Apulia; Calabria; Capua-

    Benevento; Gaeta; Lombardy; Naples;Salerno; Sicily

    Itil′ (Khazar capital) , , , , –ivory, use of , , , , Ivrea

    and Arduin () , –and Berengar II –and Hugh of Italy –political role , ,

    Ja�far b. Yūsuf al-Kalbı̄ , Jantzen, Hans Jaromir (brother of Boleslav III) –Jerusalem

    liberation pilgrimage to , ,

    Jewsmerchants –, , privileges in Spain

    jihādin al-Andalus , , in Sicily –, , see also Saracens

    Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona-Navarre Johanek, Peter , –John VIII, pope John X, pope , , , , , John XI, pope, and Byzantium John XII, pope

    and Berengar II , and Hungary , and Otto I , –, , ,

    John XIII, pope , , and Otto I , , ,

    John XIV, pope , John XV, pope John XVI, antipope (John Philagathos) , ,

    –, John XVII, pope John XVIII, pope , , John XIX, pope John of Amalfi John Canaparius John Chryselios , John Cinnamus John of Cluny John the Deacon John the Exarch John of Gorze ,

    and �Abd al-Rah. mān III , , –, , and monastic reform –

    John Kourkouas –,

    John Muzalon John Philagathos ,

    as antipope John XVI , , –, John of Ravenna John of Rila –John of Saint-Arnulf –

    Vita Iohannis abbatis Gorziensis –, John of Salerno , , , , –John of Spoleto John Tzimisces, Byzantine Emperor

    campaigns against Muslims death , and Nikephoros Phokas and Otto I , , and Sviatoslav of Rus′ ,

    John of Vercelli John Vladimir of Dyrrachium John Vladislav of Bulgaria –Jordan, bishop Joseph, Khagan –, Joseph Bringas, parakoimōmenos Judaism, and Khazars , , Judith (wife of Baldwin I of Flanders) Judith (wife of Henry I of Bavaria) , , Judith (wife of Louis the Pious) jurisdiction, private , –justice

    local , –and monarchy , –,

    Kabars, and Khazars Kairuan , , Kalbı̄s, in Sicily –Kantorowicz, E. H. Karmates, seizure of power katepano of Italy , –, –Kaupang, and trade –, Keller, Hagen Kennedy, Hugh –Keynes, Simon –Khalı̄l b. Ish. āq Khalı̄l b. Ish. āq b. Ward Al-Khandaq, battle () , Kharijite Muslims Khazar khaganate ,

    army and Bosporos , , and Bulgars , –, and Byzantium –, –, –defeat dual kingship and Islam and Judaism , , and Magyars , and nomadism , and Rus′ –, as Russia’s first medieval state , , –

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  • Index

    sources –and trade , , , –and tribute payments , , ,

    Khusraw II (Turkic leader) Kiev

    Cathedral of St Sophia and Christianisation establishment , gates growth , Iaroslav’s City and industry and Khazars and nomads , Polish capture as political centre –and trade , , , Vladimir’s City , see also Rus′

    kingdomsindivisibility –, , , , and kingship –

    kingshipand aristocracy –, , , –, ,

    and the church –, –, –, , ,

    , and devolution of power –and eschatology –and ethnicity and iconography , –, , images –itinerant , –, , –, , , and kingdom –and ritual , –, and royal cults , , –, , , ,

    –, –and royal government –, –and royal rituals –, , –sacral –, and succession –,

    kinship structure –see also clan; family; lineage; tribe

    Kizo (Saxon noble) –Klebel, Ernst knights Koblenz, synod () , –, Komi-Permians (Finno-Ugrian people) Komi-Zyrians (Finno-Ugrian people) Koppány/Calvus Laizlaus of Hungary –Kourim, and trade Krakras of Pernik –Krautheimer, R. –Kresimir III of Croatia Kubrat (Bulgar leader) Kunigunde (wife of Henry II) , , , ,

    ,

    Kunigunde (wife of Luitpold of Bavaria andConrad I) ,

    Kurszán of Hungary

    Lacarra, J. M. Laidulf of Capua laity

    and cult of saints –and episcopal property , , –and monasteries , –, –, participation and royal rituals ,

    Lambert of Hainault , , Lambert of Louvain Lambert of Milan Lambert of Spoleto –Lambert of Tuscany land

    clearance –, , size of holdings –, values

    land-management –Landenulf of Capua , landownership

    allodial –, , , , , , , , ,,

    and bookland , and the church , , , –, –, and the family Jewish and nobility , and wealth

    Landric of Nevers , –Landulf I of Capua-Benevento , , ,

    –, , Landulf II of Capua-Benevento Landulf III of Capua-Benevento , , Landulf IV of Capua Landulf of Milan Langobardia see Apulia; LombardyLanguedoc

    and castle-building and Catalonia , and coinage and monastic reform and population increase and Raymond III Pons and rural society , , , , sources , and Truce of God see also Toulouse

    Lantfred of Winchester , Laon, diocese, and episcopal estates Lapps , , –Lasko, Peter Last World Emperor Latin , –, –, , –,

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  • Latium, history laudatio parentum Laurence of Cassino law

    codes ecclesiastical Gothic , , legislation as historical source –Lombard , Roman , , royal –, written see also canon law

    Lechfeld, battle ()and Bavaria , , and Conrad the Red as decisive , , , , and East Frankish army and Otto I , , , , ,

    Ledgarde of Rouergue (wife of Borrell II ofBarcelona)

    legatio/legatus Legend of Christian legislation see lawLeinster, and overkingship Lemarignier, J.-F. , n., , , Lemuzi tribe Lendit Lendizi tribe –, , Lenzen, battle () , , Leo III, pope , , Leo VI (‘the Wise’), Byzantine Emperor ,

    and army –and the church –and Italy and laws , –, and Louis III of Provence marriages , and Symeon of Bulgaria , , , –,

    Tactica , , , see also Book of the Eparch

    Leo VII, pope , , Leo VIII, antipope , , Leo IX, pope, reforming councils Leo, archpriest Leo Choerosphaktes –Leo (papal scribe) Leo Phokas (son of Nikephoros) –, –,

    , Leo of Synada –, Leo of Tripoli , , Leo of Vercelli , , , , León, kingdom –

    and �Abd al-Rah. mān , , –, administration , –and aristocracy , , –, –,

    and Castile , –, , –, –charters , , , and the church and Córdoba –, –, , , –frontiers –, , –, fueros kings , –, and kingship

    royal government succession , , –,

    and literature and Pamplona-Navarre , –, , ,

    –, –population movements , and rural society and slave revolt () sources , –, , –,

    Leonardi, Claudio , , –Leopold (margrave of Bavaria) Leotold of Mâcon Lestek of Poland Letald of Micy

    Liber miraculorum Sancti Maximini Miciacensis–

    Within piscator –Letgardis (wife of Otto of Burgundy) letters, as sources Leuthoricus of Sens Lex Baiuuariorum Leyser, Karl libellarii (Italy) Liber pontificalis Liber Tramitis libraries , –, , –, Liège

    and church music development , , –

    Life of Methodius Lindisfarne Gospels lineage (gens; Geschlecht) –

    male , Lintzel, Martin Listven′, battle () , literacy

    decline , –, and government and law , lay and trade , see also writing

    literaturevernacular , , , see also hagiography; historiography; poetry

    Lithuania, and Christianisation Litomeri tribe liturgy –

    and architecture –

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  • Index

    and art –and chant –, and kingship , , , Mozarabic and sequences and tropes –

    Liubice, and trade Liudgard (daughter of Otto I) Liudgard (wife of Louis the Younger) –,

    Liudolf of Saxony –, Liudolf of Suabia (son of Otto I) ,

    and Italy , –and Magyars , rebellion , , –, , ,

    Liudolfing dynastyin Bavaria , and empire , , –, and indivisibility of kingdom –and monastic reform –in Saxony –, , see also Henry I of East Francia; Henry II,

    EmperorLiudprand of Cremona ,

    Antapodosis , , , , –and Berengar II of Italy , , and Byzantine court –and historiography –, , –and Hugh of Italy , –and Hungary , and intellectual life , and kingship Legatio Liberde rebus gestis Ottonis magni imperatoris mission to Constantinople , , ,

    –, –, and papacy , Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana , and southern Italy –and trade , , ,

    Liutfrid (Mainz merchant) Liutgard (wife of Conrad the Red) Liutgard (wife of Louis the Younger) Liuthar, margrave , Liutizic confederation

    and Bohemia –, and Henry II , , and Ottonians , –

    Liutwald of Vercelli Lombard, Maurice Lombardy

    and agriculture and Bavaria , and book production and Byzantium , –, –, –,

    –, –, , , –and castle-building and law ,

    and Magyar attack and Ottonians –, , , and population increase and princely authority , and Rudolf II , and rural society , , and slave trade and succession and towns see also Capua-Benevento; Salerno; Spoleto-

    CamerinoLondon

    and Alfred the Great , and trade , , ,

    lordshipand castle-building , , –, and imperial kingship , legitimation , –and markets , –, , and monastic reform , , –, and serfdom –signs and towns –see also aristocracy; seigneurie

    Lot, Ferdinand Lothar I, Emperor

    and imperial Burgundy and liturgy and Lotharingia , and papacy

    Lothar II, Emperorand Burgundy , , and Lotharingia

    Lothar, king of West Franciaand Aquitaine , –, and aristocracy , –and bishops and Burgundy , , and Catalonia , and Charles of Lotharingia , , ,

    and charters , , , and Flanders , , funeral and Hugh Capet –, –, and justice and kingship –, and Lotharingia –, , , marriage , , and Otto II , –, and Otto III , and succession , and trade ,

    Lothar of Italy and Berengar II –, , , marriage , , , , and monastic reform

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  • Lotharingia –, - –, –, –‒ , –‒ , , –and al-Andalus aristocracy –, , –, –and Arnulf of Carinthia , and art –borders –, and castle-building and Charles the Simple , , –, ,

    and the church

    bishops , , –, –landholdings monastic reform , , , monasticism

    and Conradines , , division , , ducal families and East Francia –, –, economic growth –and Frankish unity and Henry I –, –, and Henry II , , , and intellectual life , , –landholdings , languages and Lothar IV of France –, , , and Louis IV , , Lower –, –and Magyars , , and markets , and Otto I , , –and Otto II , –, and Otto III , and Ottonian unity and Radulf of West Francia , sources and Theophanu and towns , , –trade , as transit region –Upper , –and West Francia , –, , –,

    , , –, –see also Aachen; Brun of Cologne; Dietrich I of

    Upper Lotharingia; Frederick I of UpperLotharingia; Gislebert of Lotharingia;Zwentibald

    Loud, G. A. –Louis I (‘the Pious’), Emperor

    and Burgundy and empire , , and Jews and Lotharingia marriage

    and monastic reform , and papacy ,

    Louis II, Emperor , Louis II (‘the Stammerer’) of West Francia ,

    Louis III (‘the Blind’)

    and Arnulf of Carinthia and Carolingian inheritance , as emperor , as king of Italy , –, as king of Provence , –, , , marriage ,

    Louis IV (‘d’Outremer’) of West Franciaand Æthelstan , , and aristocracy , –, and Burgundy , , and charters and the church and duchy of the Franks , and Heribert of Vermandois , , ,

    –and Hugh the Great , , –, –,

    , , and kingship –, and Lotharingia , , marriage , and Normandy –, and Otto I , –, , and papacy and southern principalities , –

    Louis IV (‘the Child’), of East Francia –and Bavaria , and Lotharingia –and Magyars , marriage and Saxony ,

    Louis V of West Franciaand Aquitaine –and Catalonia as co-ruler , , , death and Lotharingia marriage , , , –

    Louis the Blind see Louis III (‘the Blind’)Louis the German

    and Bavaria –, –and Bulgaria and Hungarian attack and marriage alliances ,

    Louis the Pious see Louis I (‘the Pious’)Louis (son of Radulf of West Francia) Louis the Younger of East Francia , –,

    Lucania, and Byzantium , , –Ludat, H. Ludmila (wife of Borivoj) , Luitpirc (wife of Tassilo III)

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  • Index

    Luitpold of Bavaria, margrave , , Luitpolding dukes

    and Bavaria , , , , –and empire , genealogical table

    Luke of Armento, St –Lupus Aznar of Gascony Lusatia, and Poland –, Luxemburg dynasty , , luxury goods

    production , trade in , , , , , , , ,

    Macedonia, and Bulgaria , , , McKitterick, Rosamond , –Madı̄nat al-Zāhirah , , Madı̄nat al-Zahrā , , , , Magdeburg

    archbishopric , , –, , , –,

    cathedral diocese and monarchy , , , , monastery , and trade ,

    Magi, as kings Magyar language , Magyars

    and Arnulf of Bavaria , , , –,, ,

    campaigns , , , –in Aquitaine in Balkans in Bavaria , , , –, , ,

    , , in Italy –, , , , –, , in Lotharingia , , in Moravia , in Saxony , –in Spain in Suabia , , in Thuringia , in West Francia –, , , ,

    defeat see Lechfeld, battleand Luitpold as mercenaries , in Russia , , tribes see also Hungary

    Al-Mahdı̄, Muh. ammad b. H. ishām, caliph –Mainz, councils

    Maiolus of Cluny , , –, , Maksān (Zirid leader) Mal of Derevlianians Malcanus, Dialogus de statu sanctae ecclesiae –

    Malcolm of Scotland, and Edmund of England

    Manasses ‘l’Ancien’ , , , –mancipia mandylion –, Manigold, and relics Manso of Amalfi , , Manso of Monte Cassino –, Al-Mans.ūr, caliph of Baghdad Al-Mans.ūr of Córdoba see Ibn Abı̄ �Āmir (‘al-

    Mans.ūr’)mansus , –manuscripts

    collection illuminated , , –, production –, –, , –

    marches see marchionesmarchiones see margravesmargraves

    in Bavaria in East Francia , , in Italy –, –in Lotharingia in Saxony –in West Francia

    northern principalities , southern principalities , –, –,

    , , Margut, peace () Mari/Cheremis (Finno-Ugrian people) , Maria (wife of John Vladislav) Maria (wife of Peter of Bulgaria) , , Marinus II, pope markets

    and lordship , –, , monastic regulation and royal government and rural economy , and towns , –, , –, , ,

    Marozia (wife of Hugh of Italy) , , marquess see margravesmarriage

    age at –aristocratic , , , , and the church endogamous , exogamous freedom in French principalities pagan–Christian royal –, , –, , , , ,

    and serfdom

    Martin, St, and monarchy Marwān, caliph Marxism, and historiography , ,

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  • Mastalus II of Amalfi Mas�ūd b. Tajt Mas�ūdi , Matfrid of Lotharingia Matfriding dukes , , , Mathuédoi of Cornouaille Matilda of Essen –, , Matilda of Quedlinburg , , –Matilda (wife of Conrad of Burgundy) , Matilda (wife of Henry I) , , , –, ,

    –, , Maurice, St Mayr-Harting, Henry , –Mazovi/Mazovia , , –, Mediterranean Sea

    and trade –and urban culture –

    Meinwerk of Paderborn , , Melitene, and Byzantium , , Melo of Apulia –mendicant orders Menendo González of Galicia mercenaries

    Magyar , Viking

    merchantsEnglish European –, –, –Greek guilds –, importance Islamic –, , Jewish –, , privileges –Rus′ –, , and urban development –, ,

    Merciaand Æthelstan –and the church and Danelaw and Danes –, and Eadwig and Edgar –and Edward the Martyr kingship and aristocracy and royal government towns and Wessex –, , , , , –

    Merians (Finno-Ugrian people) –Merseburg, and trade Merseburg, peace () Mesopotamia, and Byzantium , , metal-working –, , Methodius, St , , , , , Metz, diocese

    and aristocracy and church lands

    and monastic reform –Michael III, Byzantine emperor Michael (Calvus Zyrind) of Hungary , ,

    Michael Psellos , Miecl-aw of Mazovia Miesco I of Poland , ,

    and army and Bohemia , and Christianisation , , death and Elbe Slavs marriage , and Otto I , , , and Otto II and Otto III , , and papacy and Pomerani , –and Silesia ,

    Miesco II of Polandand collapse of Piast state –death , marriage and royal ritual

    Milan, and trade –, miles milites , , , , , millennium

    and eschatology , , –, and images of monarchy and ‘Terrors’ ,

    mills –, , , Milo of Verona , Milzen, and Poland –, ministeriales , , , , mints

    and episcopal power –, , and royal government , , , and urban development –,

    Miro of Roussillon Missal Mistui (Abodrite prince) , , monarchy see kingshipmonasteries

    and educat