A work lovingly created by Joanne ManasterCell Biology and Bioengineering Instructor at theUniversity of Illinois-UrbanaSeptember 2008
I could not decide how to order these slides—by date? Alphabetically? By country of origin? Or by the order we generally present the material in class? I ultimately decided to list the discoverers in
order of their birth year. I hope you can get an idea of the flow of science, if even just a little….
I am anticipating that those who have a strong biology background will get the most out of these slides. However, there are still things you can pick up even if that is not the case.› Especially if you have a good
sense of humor!
Many, but not all, of you reading this will know what histologyhistology is…but just in case you don’t know:
If you can see an bodily structure with your eyes, this falls in the category of anatomyanatomy.
If you use a microscope to view the structure up close, then you would be doing histology.
Most histologists are Most histologists are German primarily German primarily because they made because they made great microscopes. great microscopes. › The Japanese came to study The Japanese came to study
with the Germans and thus with the Germans and thus they began making great they began making great microscopes, too!microscopes, too!
Even though the French Even though the French made great strides in made great strides in early medical research, early medical research, they were distrustful of they were distrustful of microscopes and didn’t microscopes and didn’t make many early make many early histological discoverieshistological discoveries› And the Russians studied with And the Russians studied with
the French…hence…..the French…hence…..
Studying histology Studying histology was first made was first made mandatory for mandatory for medical students in medical students in 1893 by John’s 1893 by John’s Hopkins Medical Hopkins Medical School!School!
Photos of the scientists weren’t always available, so I did my best.› Expect a few
substitutions!! Thanks to Wikipedia for
providing the jumping off point for many of the portraits and scientist information!
Enjoy!
Most histological pictures come from Wheater’s Functional Histology, my favorite text and atlas for this subject.
Check out http://www.whonamedit.com for more eponyms.
Italian who was one of the founders of anatomy
Added to knowledge of anatomy of the ear› Eustachian tube Eustachian tube connects
nasopharynx (throat) to middle ear to equalize pressure
Studied development and structure of teeth
Found the adrenal glands Feared excommunication
from the church if he published his anatomy book, Anatomical Engravings› Regardless, it became a best
seller about a century later
16th century Italian anatomist
Studied the anatomy of the head and added to what was known about the inner ear
Known for the aquaductus Fallopi the facial nerve passage
and more famously for the Fallopian tubeFallopian tube in the female reproductive tract
You’re looking at the tube in cross section. The lining tissue is highly folded and the cells lining the inside have cilia to help propel to newly released oocyte to the uterus
English anatomist and physician› Wrote first thorough account of the
glands in the body Adenographia
› Explained the role of saliva in mastication
› Discovered the thyroid and gave it that name Thought it was there to make the neck
shapely (uh oh, not quite)
› Found the jelly in the umbilical cord called Wharton’s jellyWharton’s jelly We now know this a great source of
adult stem cells
› Also found the submandibular salivary gland duct that bears his name.
Mesenchymal cells: stem cells forMesenchymal cells: stem cells forall connective tissue –blood, bone,all connective tissue –blood, bone,fat, cartilage, dermis, tendon, etcfat, cartilage, dermis, tendon, etc
Italian physician› Founder of microscopic anatomy
and the first histologist
First to do the following:› Discovered taste buds› Discovered capillaries› Maybe first to see red blood cells
under microscope› Chick embryology› Discovered that insects don’t use
lungs to breathe
His name is on the following:› Malpighian layer Malpighian layer of the skin
Term for basale and spinosum layers of epithelium
› Malpighian corpuscles Malpighian corpuscles in the kidney & spleen
Dutch physician and anatomist Invented a practical syringe Describe functions of many parts
of both male and female reproductive system
Collected secretions of the pancreas and gall bladder
The Graafian follicleGraafian follicle in the ovary bears his name› Last stage of oocyte development
before ovulation
Italian anatomist and physician› Made senior consulting
physician to Pope Clement XI
Studied the kidney and discovered final ducts before the ureters called the Ducts of BelliniDucts of Bellini
Swiss anatomist› Author of an important work for
veterinary medicine› Worked with Johann Conrad Brunner› Random fact-
he was a Calvinist (and so was Bernoulli)
Found discrete tissue areas in the ileum of the small intestine› He mistakenly thought patches secreted
digestive enzymes› Are secondary lymphatic nodules
(immune system) All of the purple dots are lymphocytes
› Ileum is the last part of the small intestine before the colon Not to be confused with the ilium of the
pelvic bone
English physician Studied microstructure of
bone Haversian systems Haversian systems include
a central blood vessel and nerve in the Haversian Haversian canalcanal, lamellae, lacuna and canaliculi› Bone is laid down in calcified
layers (like tree rings) (lamellae)
› Bone cells live in the tiny holes (lacuna) and communicate via tiny channels (canaliculi)
Swiss Anatomist Studied both the exocrine and
endocrine pancreas› Removed the pancreas from a
dog and saw the symptoms of diabetes
› But, unfortunately didn’t make the leap to connect these symptoms to the disease seen in humans-oops!
Described the tubuloalveolar glands in duodenum› Brunner’s glands Brunner’s glands secrete an
alkaline substance that helps neutralize stomach acid coming into the small intestine
German anatomist Found the ampulla of Vater› Juncture of pancreatic duct
and common bile duct
In 1719, he discovered oval shaped organs in the skin with concentric layers of connective tissue with a nerve ending in the center
Rediscovered by Filippo Pacini in 1831
Corpuscles of Vater-PaciniCorpuscles of Vater-Pacini
German anatomist and physician› Invented the solar microscope› Also invented a reflector to
view opaque specimens easily
Main histological contribution was discovering the glands of the small intestine and colon-the crypts of crypts of LieberkuhnLieberkuhn› Main source of various Main source of various
digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes
French physician and professor of anatomy in Paris
Discovered the innermost of the cornea’s five layers called Descemet’s Descemet’s membranemembrane
Johnny DeppHe has the same initialsAs Jean Descemet.He likes to live in France and is seen here with a French style mustache and goatee, and undoubtedly has corneas! F
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Bohemian physiologist Pioneer in histological techniques› First to use something like a microtome
Like a mini meat slicer to section tissue Described the Purkinje effectPurkinje effect
› as light intensity decreases red objects seem to fade faster than blue objects of the same brightness
Found Purkinje cells Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
Found Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers of the heart Introduced the term plasma
› And protoplasm
Except for Pacini› Because he’s
Italian?› And it truly just
worked out this way! Weird!
German Professor of anatomy› May have robbed graves to
obtain cadavers for his research and teaching
› Injected red wax into arteries of cadavers to make them easier to view
Discovered corneal nerves of eye
Discovered canal of canal of SchlemmSchlemm› Collects aqueous humor from
anterior chamber of the eye and delivers it to the blood stream
German physiologist, anatomist
Contributed to the understanding that sympathetic nerves arise from sympathetic and spinal ganglia
Found the blood vessel channels in bone called Volkmann’s Volkmann’s canalscanals› These run perpendicular
to the Haversian canals
A Scottish anatomist and friend of Charles Darwin.
The “Father of Modern Physiology” in Britain
Spoke out about using unanesthitized animals for experimentation.
Wrote many papers about ciliacilia and its function. Cilia is found atop epithelial cells to help
move items in the lumen along Found the collagenous bundles
that anchor the periosteum to the bone. (1848)› These fibers also anchor teeth to
gums › Also binds cranial bones so they are
firmly attached but moveable› His name is befitting the long pointy
things he is credited with› Probably did NOT invent the Sharpie
marker, although that would have been a pretty lucrative idea.
Cortical bone
periosteumSharpey’s fibers
German physician, pathologist, anatomist› Wrote Handbook of
Systemic Human Anatomy
› Published papers on new species, the lymphatic system, the development of hair, the formation of mucus and pus, the distribution of epithelia through the human body.
Most well known for discovering the loop of loop of HenleHenle in the kidney that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule› Henle’s layerHenle’s layer: Outer
layer of cells of root sheath of a hair follicle.
Along with Robert Koch, Robert Koch, his student, they clearly defined the four criteria to establish that a bacteria caused a specific disease.
Cross section through hair
German physiologist, histologist and cytologist
Developed the cell theory› All living things are composed
of cells or cell products.
Discovered pepsin› Digestive enzyme in stomach
Invented the term “metabolism”
Discovered Schwann cell Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system› Provides the myelination and
support for axons
A=axon, My=myelin (black), N=nucleus of Schwann cell
Italian anatomist› Famous, after the fact, for isolating
Vibrio cholerae in 1854 (beating Robert Koch by 30 years) Causative agent of cholera
› Studied the retina of the human eye
Rediscovered the mechanosensory endings in the skin that sense deep pressure called Pacinian corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles › Or corpuscles of Vater-Pacinicorpuscles of Vater-Pacini to
credit the first discoverer› Onion shaped structures are always
identified correctly by histology students!
English surgeon, histologist and anatomist
Worked as an opthalmologist Started work young› Studied the structure of striated
muscle (that was HIM??)› At age 25 he discovered the
capsule of the glomerulus in the kidney called Bowman’s capsuleBowman’s capsule
› Also discovered Bowman’s Bowman’s glandsglands in the olfactory mucosa
› Bowman’s membraneBowman’s membrane in the cornea of the eye
British physician, chemist and microscopist
Made advances in public health and food safety
Known for discovering the epithelial whorls in the medulla of the thymus (1849)— Hassall’s Hassall’s corpusclescorpuscles› function unclear› Also Hassall-Henle bodies:› Transparent growths in the
periphery of the Descemet membrane of the eye.
So sorry, couldn’tresist! The similarities are uncanny, but thislittle Tamarin will neveruse a microscope.
German physician Discovered the innermost
membrane of the choroid of the eye that touches the retina called Bruch’s Bruch’s membranemembrane› Basement membrane of the
pigmented epithelia (layer 1) and the endothelium of underlying capillaries
The choroid is layer between sclera (white part) of the eye and the retina› Isn’t the retina beautiful up
close??
Sorry, this is not Karl Bruch but Max Bruch, the famous German composer.Click and listen-very romantic Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26I like Mendelsohn a touch better, though.
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German anatomist› Found fibers of neuroglial cells
in retina (Muller’s fibersMuller’s fibers) They support retinal neurons
Also Muller’s muscleMuller’s muscle› Ciliary portion of eye
It’s advantageous to be named Muller in science!All of these men are named Muller, the first 3Won Science Nobel Prizes—none are Heinrich, though•Hermann Joseph MullerHermann Joseph Muller: 1946 NP in med & phys for discovering that x-rays cause mutations.•Paul Hermann MullerPaul Hermann Muller: 1948 NP in med & phys for finding that DDT kills arthropods•K. Alexander MullerK. Alexander Muller: ½ of 1987 NP in physics for studies of ceramics as superconductors•Johannes Peter MullerJohannes Peter Muller: GREAT German physiologist, amazing synthesizer of knowledge…read his stuff sometime! Many discoveries including some related to the nervous system and embryology…Mullerian duct of developing female reproductive tract named after him.
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