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Original OR Group
Impaired Vision andBlindness
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Refractive Errors
Bararodin, Monique
Cagigas, Nessa
Soto, Denise
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-vision problems thathappen when the shape
of the eye keeps youfrom focusing well
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Four Common RefractiveErrors:
Myopia Hyperopi
aPresbyopia
stigmatism
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•Myopia: inherited; discovered inchildhood and progresses; causes light
rays to focus at a point in front of theretina, rather than directly in its surface.
•Hyperopia: distance betweenthe cornea and retina is not great enough.
Causes:
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•res!yopia: eye loses itsfocusing ability and becomes difficult to readat those range after the age of 40.
•"stigmatism: cornea has anassymetric curvature and the surface of the
cornea is curved more in one direction thanthe other.
Causes: !cont"#
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Risk Factors:•Myopia # Hyperopia:
- stress is the eye strain from doing
detailed work•"stigmatism:
-usually inherited -can be associated with diseases such as
keratoconus
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Risk Factors: !cont"#
•res!yopia:- Age (40 and above
- Anemia- !ardiovascular disease
- "iabetes- #ye trauma or disease
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$igns % $ymptoms:Myopia
• difficulty reading roadsigns
•
seeing distant objectsclearly• squinting•
eye strain• Feeling fatigued when
driving or playing
sports
• blurred vision
• eye strain
• difficulty concentratingor focusing on nearbyobjects
• fatigue or headacheafter performing closetasks such as reading
Hyperopia
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$igns % $ymptoms:res!yopia
• Eyestrain, fatigue, orheadache from doingclose works
• difficulty reading smallprint
• need for brighter
lighting when reading• need to hold material at
an arm's distance
• s uintin
• distortion or blurring ofimages at all distances
•
headaches and fatigue • squinting and eye
discomfort or irritation
"stigmatism
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Me&ical Managment:$enses
• corrects myopia, presbyopia, astigmatism and
hyperopia
• hyperopia, myopia and presbyopia.
• !onve$ lenses are prescribed for patients
with hyperopia.• !orrective lenses for astigmatism and
presbyopia
Glasses
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Me&ical Managment:
!cont"#
•
one wears special rigid gas permeable (rgpcontact lenses at night that reshape yourcornea while you sleep.
• cornea temporarily retains the new shape soone can clearly see during the day withoutglasses or lenses.
Ort%o&eratology
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$urgical Managment:%otore'ra(ti)e *erate(tomy
• most common refractive procedure
• refractive surgery to correct myopia,hyperopia, and astigmatism
$aser+"ssisted in Situ *eratomil$"SI*-
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$urgical Managment:
!cont"#%a&i( Intrao(ular lenses
• for myopia
• are alternative to %&' and A)*'
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'ow (isionan& )lin&ness
.!a/ay, Coleen
$i!oon, 0o%n Mi(%ael
1!ay+u!ay, C%armaine
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(isual *mpairment
• vision impairment orvision loss
• decreased ability to see
to a degree that causesproblems not fi$ableby usual means
• a best corrected visualacuity of worse thaneither +040 or +00
)lin&ness
• complete or nearlycomplete visionloss
Cl i+ i
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Classi+cations:
•23453 to 23463: mild vision loss, ornear-normal vision
•23473 to 234863: moderate visualimpairment, or moderate low vision
•234233 to 234933: severe visual
impairment, or severe low vision
Cl i+ i
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Classi+cations: !cont"#•23433 to 2348,333:
profoundvisual impairment, or profound lowvision
•More t%an 2348,333: near-totalvisual impairment, or near total blindness
•No lig%t per(eption: total visual
impairment, or total blindness
C
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Causes:
Glau(oma Catara(t
,iabetic
retinopathy
Chil&hoo&
)lin&ness
Ma(ular Degeneration
Ri k F
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Risk Factors:People age over 5!hildren age below "5#ifestyle $%lcoholic, &moker, iabetic(E)posed to teratogenic agents during
pregnancy *acterial and +iral nfection $-eisseriagonorrhea(
.cular trauma /alignancies of the eye -utritional deficiency $+it0 % def0(
+ascular disease $stroke, ocular inflammation(
$i % $ t
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$igns % $ymptoms:
Se)ere, suddeneye pain
Ha;y, !lurredDou!le )ision
S
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ssessment % ,iagnosticesting
2efraction+isual Field !ontrast &ensitivity
3lare 4esting
% ,
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reatments % ,rugs:
Opti(alDe)i(es
=e(%niques
.n)ironmentalModi>(ations
"dapti)e non+Opti(al
de)i(es
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.laucoma
"lmonte, Cleo
Regis, amela
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• used to re'er to a group o'
o(ular (onditions (%ara(teri;ed!y opti( ner)e damage
•opti( ner)e damages is relatedto t%e intrao(ular pressure(aused !y t%e (ongestion o' t%e
aqueous %umor in t%e eye?
Cl i+ ti
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/pen ngle
• sually bilateral but on eyemay be more severelyaffected than the other;anterior chamber angle isopen and appears normal.
• / types – P2/%2 .PE- %-3#E
3#%6!./% $P.%3( – -.2/%# 4E-&.-
3#%6!./% – .!6#%2 7PE24E-&.-
ngle Closure
• 1bstruction in the a2ueoushumor outflow due to thecomplete or partial closureof the angle from the
forward shift of theperipheral iris to thetrabecular.
• / types – %!64E %-3#E !#.&62E
3#%6!./% $%%!3( – &6*%!64E %-3#E !#.&62E
3#%6!./% – !72.-! %-3#E !#.&62E
3#%6!./%
Classi+cations:
$i % $ t
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$igns % $ymptoms:
Heada(%e Ha;y, !lurredDou!le )ision
$oss o'perip%eral)ision
Seeing rain!o
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ssessment % ,iagnosticesting.cular and /edical 7istory 4aking
1 useful in identifying the predisposing factors 4onometry
1 essential in measuring the intraocular pressure(3ormal *1% -+ mm 5g.pthalmoscopy
1 used to inspect the optic nerves.!entral +isual Field 4esting
1 used to detect blind spots (scotomas, which
could be a sign of eye diseases.
t t % ,
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reatments % ,rugs:
.ye Drops
Oral Medi(ations
• %rostaglandins.
• 6eta blockers.
•Alpha-adrenergic agonists.
• !arbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
• 7iotic or cholinergic agents.
• !arbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
$ i l M t
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$urgical Managment:$aser =%erapy
@iltering Surgery
• minimally invasive procedure to removetissue from the trabecular meshworkusing a 8rabecutome
• aser trabeculoplasty• an option for people with open-angle glaucoma.
Draining =u!es.le(tro(autery
' esty e % Home
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' esty e % HomeReme&ies:
.at a Healt%y Diet.Aer(ise Sa'ely
$imit our CaeineSip @luids @requently
Sleep
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Cataractpa-ap0 C1
'uton0 2uennie
$ilvano0 3obrem
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• lens opa(ity or (loudiness?
• Catara(ts is a leading (ause o'
!lindness in t%e
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• posterior subcapsular
cataract –occur in front of the posterior capsule
– at risk8 %eople with diabetes or those taking highdoses of steroid medications
• nuclear cataract
– forms deep in the central 9one (nucleus of thelens
– tends to have a substantial genetic component that
causes a central opacity in the lens
ypes:
ypes: !cont #
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•
cortical cataract – involves the anterior, posterior, or e2uatorial corte$of the lens.
–
:ision is worse in a very bright light.
ypes: !cont"#
Causes:
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ge-relate& cataracts can a5ect your
vision in two ways:• !lumps of protein reduce the sharpness of the
image reaching the retina.
• 8he clear lens slowly changes to ayellowishbrownish color, adding a brownish tint tovision.
Causes:
Causes: !cont #
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Causes: !cont"#
Congenital
cataract
Ra&iationcataract
$econ&arycataract
raumaticcataract
Risk Factors:
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Risk Factors:
%ging%ssociated .cular !onditions 4o)ic factors -utritional factorsPhysical factors
&ystemic diseases andsyndromes
$igns % $ymptoms:
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$igns % $ymptoms:
Cloudy,Blurry Vision
Multiple orDou!le )ision
Color Seems@aded
%alosaround lig%ts
oor nig%t)ision
,i ti ti
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,iagnostic esting
egree of visual acuity is directlyproportional to density of the cataract
&nellen visual acuity test
.phthalmoscopy
&litlamp biomicroscopic e)amination
M &i l M t
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Me&ical Management:
-o nonsurgical $medications, eyedrops, eyeglasses( treatment cures
cataracts or prevents age1relatedcataracts0
$ i l M t
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$urgical Management:
1 %lso called 9small incisioncataract surgery0:
%a(oemulsi>(ation
.Atra(apsular Surgery1 a longer incision on the side of the
cornea and removes the cloudy core ofthe lens in one piece
8$. ,9 % Managements:
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• ,isturbe& $ensory Perception
–1rient patient to environment. –&ecommend use of visual aids when appropriate.
–#ncourage use of sense of touch.
• Risk for *n6ury r7t (isual*mpairment –&emove environmental barriers to ensure safety.
–uide patient when ambulating, if appropriate
– *nstruct patient to touch and feel for the seat ofchairs without arms.
8$. ,9 % Managements:
8$. ,9 % Managements:
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• ,e+cient 1nowle&ge r7t theproper management of the
&isease – *nvolve caregiver in patient
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