IMPA
CT OF
APART
HEID
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TO
RI A
, CE
CI L
LI A
, NA
DI R
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SE
KO
LA
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A·PART·
HEID/Ə
ˈPÄRT
ˌ(H)Ā
T/
A POLICY OR SYSTEM OF SEGREGATION OR
DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF RACE
ORIGINS:
1945-50—DERIVED FROM THE AFRIKAAN LANGUAGE
MEANING: APART (APART) AND –HOOD (-HEID)
LEADER
S FR
OM E
ITHER
SIDE
OF TH
E FE
NCE
FOR APARTHEID AGAINST APARTHEID
PW BOTHA NELSON MANDELA
DF MALAN STEVEN BIKO
WALTER SISULU
CHRIS HANI
CHIEF ALBERT LUTHULI
- THE BLACK AND WHITE PEOPLE WERE
SEPARATED AND DISTINGUISHED FROM
EACH OTHER.
- THE WHITES: 20% OF THE WHOLE SOUTH
AFRICAN POPULATION –INSISTED ON
CONTROLLING THE MAJORITY.
- CHEAP BLACK LABOR AND UNFAIR WAGES
FOR THE BLACK PEOPLE
- BLACK PEOPLE ARE FORBIDDEN TO OWN
HOUSES
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN BLACK AND WHITE
ALL NON-WHITE SOUTH AFRICANS
SOTHO-TSWANA PEOPLE ZULU PEOPLE SAN (BUSHMEN/HUNTER
GATHERERS) NAMAQUA (PEOPLE LIVING
A SEMI NOMADIC PASTORAL LIFE)
NON-WHITE PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT NATIVE PEOPLE OF
SOUTH AFRICA ARE ALSO DISCRIMINATED THOUGH
NOT AS SEVERELY.
WHO SUFFERED THE MOST FROM APARTHEID?
WHO DISAGREES WITH APARTHEID?Nelson Mandela:
Born: 18 July 1918
A South African Politician—against apartheid, led protest group
1944: Joined African National Congress (referred to: ANC)
1964: Was imprisoned
Recognized as the most significant Black leader
The first South African president
Stephen Biko:
Born: 18 December 1946
Expelled from his high school because of political activities
Was involved in the NUSAS (National Union of South African Students)
Quits medical school for his concern of the Apartheid policy and the struggle of the
Black
1968: Co-founder and first president of the all-Black South African Students’ Organization (SASO)
1973: Because of political activities, he was ‘banned’ in South Africa
18 August 1977: imprisoned
12 September 1977: died while in prison due to extremely severe treatments from police officers.
Chris Hani:
Born: 28 June 1942
1957: Joined ANC youth league
1967: Commissar in the Luthuli Detachment joint ANC/ZAPU military campaign
Commissar and Deputy Commander of the armed wing of ANC
Walter Sisulu:
Born: 18 May 1912
Sisulu was of mixed heritage—his father was a visiting White foreman supervisor, his mother a local
Felt distanced from his peers
1940: he joined the ANC—allied with those fighting for Black freedom
Was given the executive post in the Transvaal division
Was jailed for punching a train conductor when he confiscated a Black man’s rail pass.
He was repeatedly banned for his active role in the anti-apartheid struggle.
Was also imprisoned several times and was released in the same time Mandela was released.
Given the task of restructuring the ANC in South Africa—elected deputy president of ANC in 1991.
Chief Albert Luthuli:
Born: c. 1898
1945: joined the ANC
One of the leaders of Defiance Campaign
Refused to renounce membership of ANC
1952: elected president-general of ANC
He was repeatedly banned and in 1956 he was arrested
1960: Luthuli called for protest following the Sharpeville Massacre
He publicly burned his pass book as a sign of protest
Was detained 30th March under the ‘State of Emergency’
Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize at 1961
1962: was elected Rector of Glasgow University
1967: mysteriously died near his home.
WALTER SISULU
NELSON MANDELA
CHRIS HANI
CHIEF ALBERT LUTHULI
DF MALAN
PW BOTHA
STEVEN BIKO
APARTHEID AND THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA
MAJO
R STU
DY CASE
1: T
HE
BIRTH
OF
INFL
UENTI
AL
LEADER
S
- 1948-1994: APARTHEID MADE AS A LAW
- SOUTH AFRICAN WERE SEGREGATED INTO CATEGORIES, DEPRIVED OF THEIR CITIZENSHIP AND DIFFERENT LAWS ARE ALSO ESTABLISHED.
- THIS LED TO A PASSIVE RESISTANCE PROTEST AGAINST INEQUALITY LED BY NELSON MANDELA—WHICH LATER ON JOINED FORCES WITH ANC.
- STEPHEN BIKO QUIT MEDICAL SCHOOL AND PURSUED A POLITICAL LIFE, ROUNDING UP PEOPLE FOR DEMONSTRATIONS AGAINST APARTHEID.
- CHRIS HANI BECAME COMMISSAR AND DEPUTY COMMANDER OF THE ARMED WING OF ANC.
- JOE SLOVO FOUNDED THE ARMED WING OF ANC
- 2 FEBRUARY 1990: ANC, PAC & SACP IS LEGALIZED
MAJO
R STU
DY CASE
2: P
OST
APART
HEID
- POST APARTHEID: SOUTH AFRICA IS NOT THE HARMONIOUS “RAINBOW NATION” SO CELEBRATED BY NELSON MANDELA ON HIS INAUGURATION DAY.
- NOVEMBER 2008: POWER STRUGGLE IN WHICH THE GOVERNING AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS, REPLACED THE SOUTH AFRICAN PRESIDENT, THABO MBEKI WITH A STAND-IN, JACOB ZUMA.
- ECONOMIC GROWTH SLOWED DOWN AND PRICES SHOT UP.
- XENOPHOBIC RIOTS IN SEVERAL CITIES AND MOBS KILLING DOZENS OF IMPOVERISHED FOREIGNERS.
- THE COUNTRY’S POWER COMPANY RAN OUT OF ELECTRICITY AND RATIONED SUPPLY.
- SOUTH AFRICA HAS ONE OF THE WORST CRIME RATES. ROBBERIES ARE OFTEN FOLLOWED BY VIOLENCE EVEN MURDERED.
- LOCAL SOUTH AFRICAN GIVING OUT IDEAS TO ADOPT LEGISLATIONS THAT WORKED DURING THE APARTHEID REGIME.
RESOURCES
Apartheid Dictionary.com, LLC, Available: http://http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid Last accessed: 4th March, 2012
Apartheid Legislation in South Africa About.com, African History, Available: http://http://africanhistory.about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm Last accessed: 4th March, 2012
The Khoikhoi HistoryWiz, Available: http://http://www.historywiz.com/khoisan.htm Last accessed: 4th March, 2012
Hani, C (1991) Chris Hani, My Life - An Autobiography Written in 1991 South African Communist Party, Available: http://http://www.sacp.org.za/main.php?ID=2294 Last accessed 4th March, 2012
Mandela, Nelson. Nelson Mandela Speaks: Forging a Democratic, Nonracial South Africa. New York: Pathfinder, 1993.
Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom. The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston & New York: Little Brown, 1994.
Mandela, Nelson. The Struggle Is My Life. New York: Revised, Pathfinder, 1986. Originally published as a tribute on his 60th birthday in 1978. Speeches, writings, historical accounts, contributions by fellow prisoners.
Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1994
Stephen Bantu Biko (2007) ZAR, Available: http://http://zar.co.za/biko.htm Last accessed: 4th March, 2012
Bearak, B (2008) Post-Apartheid South Africa Enters Anxious Era New York Times, Available: http://http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/06/world/africa/06safrica.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all Last accessed 4th March, 2012
Smitha, F (2011) African into the 1990s Macrohistory, Available: http://http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch34-sa.htm Last accessed 4th March, 2012
Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu (2012) About.com, African History, Available: http://http://africanhistory.about.com/library/biographies/blbio-WalterSisulu.htm Last accessed: 5th March, 2012
PW Botha (2012) About.com, African History, Available: http://http://africanhistory.about.com/od/pwbotha/PW_Botha.htm Last accessed: 5th March, 2012
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