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NEBOSH
WEEK 2 – ELEMENT 7
Physical and Psychological(Hazards & Control)
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NEBOSH
dB(A)
dB(Decibel) = Unit of measure of loudness (on
logarithmic scale)A= A weighted-frequency most closely resembling
human hearing (filter)
Daily Personal Noise Exposure (Lepd)
Total noise exposure individual is subjected to
during a working day averaged over 8 hour period
Decibel, Lepd
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NEBOSH
Anatomy of the Ear
Inner earMiddle earOuter ear
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NEBOSH
Health effects of Noise
Chronic:
a) Tinnitus (ringing in the ear, over-stimulation of the hair cells)
b) Permanent threshold shift (permanent damage)
c) Loss of frequency (damage to hair cells)
Acute:
a) Trauma from loud noise ( explosion, Burst eardrum)
b) Temporary threshold shift (hearing affected at
specific frequency)
c) Short term tinnitus (over-stimulation of the auditory
nerves)
d) Secondary effects (stress, loss of concentration)
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NEBOSH
How does noise get to us? (2)
There are three main ways noise can be transmitted:
1) Direct
Through the air from noise source to receiver
2) Reflected
Via walls, ceilings, and other structures
3) Ground and structure
Structure borne through wall or floor
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NEBOSH
Noise transmission Paths
Direct
Ground and structure
Reflected
NoiseSource
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NEBOSH
SourcePath
Receiver
Noise Control Techniques
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NEBOSH
Noise Control Techniques
Source: Design, maintenance/lubrication,reduce speed/energy
Path: location, enclosure, silencers,absorption, damping, isolation, lagging,
screens
Receiver: ear protection, job rotation
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NEBOSH
Source reduction on Plant Tighten loose equipment
Regular lubrication
Eliminate unnecessary leaks
Properly adjust machinery
Padded containers for catching components
Switch equipment off especially fans
Use rubber or plastic bushes
Specify noise emissions levels in orders
Check condition and performance of installed
noise control equipment
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NEBOSH
Location
Move source away from noise sensitive area
Enclosure
Surrounding the noise source with sound insulating
material (care to be taken not to overheat machine)
Silencers
Reducing noise from exhaust pipes etc. using absorbentmaterials or baffles
Absorption
Surrounding/obstructing noise source with absorbent
materials (e.g. foam)
Path of Noise prevention Techniques
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NEBOSH
Damping
Reduction in structure borne noise by the use of
rubber/cork, springs etc.
Isolation
Protection of persons from sound source by distance or
sound proofed rooms
Lagging
Insulation of pipes to reduce sound transmission
Screens
Acoustic screens placed on the path
Path of noise control techniques
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NEBOSH
Practical measures to reduce
exposure to excessive noiseLubrication and maintenance
Change the process/design
Reduce energyIsolation
Silencing
Enclosure
InsulationAbsorption
Damping
Reduce time of exposure
PPE
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NEBOSH
Types of Hearing Protection
Ear Plugs
Comfort
Hygiene
Ear Defenders
Comfort
Reusable
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NEBOSH
Assumed Protection
Frequency (Hz) 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 3150 4000 6300 8000
Mean Attenuation (dB) 19.8 19.9 20.0 22.2 24.1 30.7 38.8 41.4 41.5 40.8
Standard Deviation (dB) 7.5 7.8 6.4 4.9 3.5 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.5 5.9
Assumed Protection (dB) 12.3 12.1 13.6 17.3 20.6 26.4 34.5 36.7 37.0 34.9
Attenuation in dB
Taking the igures for assumed protection, it becomes immediately obvious that noise in the lower frequency range is more
difficult to protect against.
Noise attenuation devices typically increase the pressure drop of
the air distribution system, increasing its energy consumption
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NEBOSH
Reasons for lack of wearing of
hearing protection
Poor fit
Resistance to use
Uncomfortable
Incompatibility
Interference
Hygiene
Supervision
Deterioration
Abuse
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P 209
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NEBOSH
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Ray
Neutron
Types of Ionising Radiation
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NEBOSH
The Penetrating Power of
Different Types of Radiation
Skin or paper stops
AlphaThin aluminium
stops Beta
Thick Lead stops
Gamma
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NEBOSH
Why Is Radioactivity So Useful
Easy to detect
Easy to locate radiating radioisotopes
Radiation can be very penetrating
Can be used to look inside solid objects
Non Destructive testing
Radiation can destroy living cells
Useful for sterilizing – Kills micro-organisms
Destroying cancer cells
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NEBOSH
Paper Machine
P 209
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NEBOSH Page: 209
P 209
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NEBOSH
Non Destructive Testing (NDT)
Using X or Gamma Radiation Sources
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NEBOSH
X-Rays
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NEBOSH
Harmful Effects of Ionising Radiation
Acute Effects
Somatic - Damage to exposed person
mild nausea to severe illness, diarrhoea, headaches,
death local exposure can lead to reddening of theskin/hair loss
Genetic - Damage to reproductive cells
Chronic Effects
Somatic – Chronic effects as above plus various types ofcancer (e.g. lung cancer among uranium miners)
Genetic - Damage to offspring of exposed (Reduced
reproductive success )
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NEBOSH
Protection Against Ionising
Time Dose rate is directly
proportional to exposure time
Distance All points
equidistant from the source have
same effect
Shielding placing a physical
barrier between the source and the
individual
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NEBOSH
Other types of protection against
ionising radiation
Personal Protective Equipment
Environmental and personal monitoring
Training and supervision
Good hygiene practices
Correct disposal of radiation materials
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NEBOSH
Employer may have to appoint
Radiation Protection Advisor: To advise provide expert
advice on the protection of persons from radiation(often consultants)
Radiation Protection Supervisor: To ensure that work
with radiation is carried out properly
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NEBOSH
Ultra-violet
Infra-red
Lasers
Microwave
Non-Ionising Radiation
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NEBOSH
Ultra-Violet / Infra-Red
Ultra-Violet
Welding, sun rays
Two main hazards effects on skin andeyes
Infra-red
Hot metal e.g. foundriesHeat and for eyes risk of cataracts
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Page: 212
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NEBOSH
Lasers In Use
SurgeryCutting
Eyes are more vulnerable to damage from mild retina
burns to permanent blindness
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NEBOSH
Microwave
Risk of burns to skin and eyes
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NEBOSH
Protection against non-Ionising
radiation
Shielding
Distance between source and person
Reducing duration of exposure
Personal protective equipment
Protective creams
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NEBOSH
Workplace Environment and
Welfare Requirements
Working Environment
Ventilation, Temperature, Space, Lighting,
Workstations, SeatingSafety
Floors, Traffic Routes, Falls, Falling Objects,Windows, Doors
MaintenanceEquipment, Cleanliness, Window cleaning
Welfare Facilities
Toilets, Wash stations, Drinking Facilities
Clothing, Meal Facilities and smoking
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NEBOSH
Working Environment
Lighting Thermal
VibrationNoiseSpace
Ventilation
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NEBOSH
Health and Safety effects of
inadequate lighting
Eye strain
Headaches
Poor posture
Tripping over unseen objects
Increased likelihood of error
Increased time to evacuate
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NEBOSH
Factors to consider in the provision
of adequate lighting
The tasks being undertaken
The layout and size of work area
The equipment being usedAvailability of natural lighting
Suitability of artificial lighting
The shift patterns
Glare from computer screens
Areas in shadow
Maintenance/replacement of faulty
lighting
Requirement for emergency lighting
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NEBOSH
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008
Working in Hot EnvironmentHealth Effects
Skin Burns
Dehydration
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Cramps
Heat Cataracts
Heat StrokesHeat Stress
Radiant heat burns
36
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NEBOSH
Working in Hot EnvironmentProtective Measures
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Cold Drinks
Minimise Exposure
Shielding and refuges
Regular work breaks
Ventilation
Control of humidity
Suitable clothing
Health Surveillance
Reducing hot/cold at source
Mechanical aids
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Page: 216
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NEBOSH
Working in a Cold Environment
Health Effects
Onset of fatigue
Shivering
Loss of Dexterity
Cold burns
FrostbiteHypothermia
Precautions
Thermal clothing
Reduced Exposure
Monitoring
Fail safe mechanisms
Alarms for cold stores
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NEBOSH
3 m
1.9 m
1.9 m
11 m3 for each
person of clear
space
Room dimensions and space
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NEBOSH
Workstations and Seating
The health effects of working in a seated position:
Vertebral and muscular damage
High blood pressure
Circulation problems e.g. thrombosis
Suitable seat for sedentary work:
Good lumbar support
Ability to adjust the seat back and seat height
Provision of foot rests
Stability of the seat base
Swivel ability
Provision of arm rests
Suitable seat material for the environment
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NEBOSH
Welfare Requirements
Sanitary Conveniences
Washing Facilities
Drinking Water
Accommodation for clothing
Facilities for changing clothing Facilities for eating meals
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NEBOSH
Sanitary Conveniences
g
Number of People
At Work
Number of Water
Closets
Number of Wash
Stations
1 to 5
6 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 75
76 to 100
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
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NEBOSH
Working Environmental Factors
that Can Create Stress Inadequate Lighting
Cramped/dirty/untidy conditions
Poor Layout (Privacy/Security)
Glare, Temperature/Humidity
Inadequate ventilation/stale air
Noise, Vibration
Inadequate welfare facilities
Inclement weather conditions
g
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NEBOSH
ERGONOMICS
Definition:
Study of relationship between a worker and
the working environment
or
The design of a task around the requirements
of individual human capability
g
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NEBOSH
The Cranfield Man
AVERAGE
OPERATOR
DIMENSION CRANFIELD MAN
1.75m HEIGHT 1.35 m
0.48m SHOULDER WIDTH 0.61m
1.83m ARM SPAN 2.44m
1.07m ELBOW HEIGHT 0.76m
1.35m
Ergonomics
• People vary enormously in height, weight, strength etc
• The equipment designed to average man
• This leads to physical injuries
g
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NEBOSH
Ergonomic Assessment
Organisation:
Supervision, procedures, breaks shift patterns
Equipment or process:Human limitations, Analyse task etc.
The Individual:
Physical capability, knowledge, attitude
Environment:
Temperature, noise, space, lighting etc.
g
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NEBOSH
WRULDs are caused by:
Repetitive finger, hand, or arm movements, e.g.
assembly line work, key board operators
Twisting movements, e.g. meat and poultrypreparation
Squeezing, e.g. using pliers, scissors
Pushing, pulling, lifting or reaching movements,e.g. assembling packing boxes.
Work on a production line.
Bricklaying
Causes of WRULDs
g
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NEBOSH
Symptoms of Work related
Upper Limb Disorders
1) Numbness or tingling in fingers etc.
2) Pain3) Restriction in joint movement
4) Soft tissue swelling
In addition to symptoms ..Redness, swelling and
limitation of movement
g
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NEBOSH
WRULDs Injuries
Injury Description Symptoms Causes
Tenosyno
vitis
Inflammation of the
tendons and or
tendon sheaths
Aching,
tenderness,
swelling, extreme
pain, difficultyusing hand
Repetative
movements often
non strenuous
Tendonitis Inflammation of the
area where the
muscle and tendon
join
Pain swelling,
tenderness and
redness of hand,
wrist
Repetative
movements
CarpalTunnel
Syndrome
Pressure on thenerves which pass
up the wrist
Tingling, pain andnumbness in the
thumb and fingers
Repetitive workwith bent wrist.
Use of vibrating
tools
Tension
neck or
shoulders
Inflammation of the
neck and shoulder
muscles
Localised pain in
the neck or
shoulders
Having to
maintain a rigid
position
g
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NEBOSH
WRULDS - Prevention
Identify at risk jobs (frequent hand and arm movement)
Reduce the force frequency and duration
Design of the task
Design of the equipment
Design of the work station
Automate the process
Job rotation
Regular breaks
Training Employees in correct use of tools
Medical surveillance
Assessment of individuals for the task
g
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NEBOSH
1) Musculoskeletal disorders (hand, arm, shoulder & neck)
2) Eye and eyesight problems (temporary visual fatigue)
3) Fatigue and stress (high speed, less breaks, lack of social
interaction)
Other minor or alleged health effects
1. Epilepsy ( a common chronic neurological disorder)
2. Facial dermatitis (itching, reddening)
3. Radiation (electromagnetic)
4. Effects on pregnant women - (stress)
Health Effects of DSE
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NEBOSH
Uses DSE for continuous or near continuous spells
of an hour or more at a time
Uses DSE more or less daily
Has to transfer information quickly to or from DSE
Needs high levels of attention and concentration
Highly dependant on DSE
No choice in the use or non-use of DSE
Requires special training or skills
DSE Users who are they?
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NEBOSH
D.S.E. Assessment
Organisation:
Job rotation, Breaks
Individual:
Physical Characteristics, Training
Environmental:
Noise, Lighting, Glare, Temperature, Space etc.
Equipment:
Height/position of keyboard and screen, seatingposture, design of chair, screen definition and colour,adjustability of equipment
NEBOSH
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NEBOSH
© TWI Gulf WLL 2008
D.S.E. Workstation Layout1) Good lighting
2) No glare, distracting reflection
3) Noise to a minimum
4) Ample legroom to allow
postural movement
5) Minimise glare (windows)
6) Suitable software
7) Screen suitable position
8) Ample work surfaces
9) Suitable chair/adjustable
10) Footrest if necessary
11) Suitable environment 54
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NEBOSH
Other DSE Requirements
Plan work with breaks
Provision of eye/eyesight test
Training and information
• Risks from DSE work
• Importance of good posture
Laptops (design, usage)
The Mouse (good posture & technique)
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NEBOSH
Display Screen Equipment: Laptops
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NEBOSH
Health Effects of Vibrating tools
Acute:
Tingling or pins and needles in the hands andextremities
Chronic:
Numbness and blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful joints
Reduction in manual dexterity
Reduction in the sensation of touch
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NEBOSH
Risk Factors of vibrating tools
Frequency of theequipment
Magnitude of the energy
Strength of the grip andother forces
Time of exposure
Frequency of exposure
Low temperature
Individual factors
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NEBOSH
Control Measures for vibrating tools
Eliminate the use of vibrating tools
Select low vibration equipment
Maintenance of equipment and
tools Reducing grip force required
Reducing exposure time
Introducing health surveillance
Provision of gloves and heatedpads
Information and training on risksand indication of injury
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NEBOSH
Stress
Home
Sickness
Children
Marital
Financial
Travel
Bereavement
Work
Kind of work
Physical conditions
Uncertainty
Conflict
Kind of jobs
Is def ined as the react ion peop le have to excessivepressures or o ther types of demands placed upon them
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NEBOSH
Health Effects of Stress
PHYSICAL EFFECTS BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS
• Raised heat rate
• Increased sweating
•
Headaches• Dizziness
• Blurred vision
• Aching neck and
shoulders
• Skin rashes
• Lower resistance to
infection
• Increased anxiety
• Irritability and sudden mood
changes
• Drink or smoke more
• Difficulty sleeping
• Poor concentration
• Inability to deal with tasks
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NEBOSH
Work Problems of Stress
Results
Lack of motivation
Lack of commitment
Poor timekeeping
Increases in mistakes
Increases in absence
Poor decision making
Poor planning
This reflects in relationships
at work as
Tension between
colleagues andsupervisor
Poor service to clients
Ind. Relationship
Problems Increase in discipline
Problems
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NEBOSH
Culture of the organisation
Shift work, Unsociable hours, Excessive Overtime
Job insecurity, fear of redundancy
Repetitive/Monotonous work
Lack of breaks and control over job
Work rate too high or too low
The working environment
Relationships (supervisors & peers)
Harassment and bullying
Fear of violence
Lack of communication
Personal & social factors
Problems that lead to stress
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NEBOSH
Management action to avoid Stress
Clear company objectives
Selection of employees, training, clear defined
roles, clear work objectives
Good communicationRealistic work schedules
Close employee involvement
Training and development of staff
Impartial investigation of stress
Policies to recognise and deal with stress
Good management support
Consistency of treatment
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NEBOSH
Stress control measures
Individual Job Organisation
• Selecting
employees
• Training
• Clearly defined
roles
• Comfortable
workingenvironment
• Realistic work
schedules
• Grievance
procedure
• Investigation of
stress (signs /
complaints)
• Work flexibility
• Clear work objectives
• Communication
• Employee involvement
• Management support,
training and development
• Management of change
• Risk management, openness
• Management style
NEBOSHPage: 228
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NEBOSH
VIOLENCE AT WORK
HSE Definition:
Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened
or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work
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NEBOSH
Areas of Violence at Work
Internal Violence
By fellow employees and this can involve bullying
External Violence
Physical, verbal aggression and assault by people
outside the organisation
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NEBOSH
Preventative Measures (1)
1) Queue management and information (The time
customers have to spend waiting to pay – and their experiences in
the queue)
2) Less face to face contact3) Use “cashless systems”
4) Check credentials and locations
5) Avoid lone working in high risk areas
6) Call in systems for lone workers
7) Arrangements for Staff working late
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NEBOSH
Preventative Measures (2)
8) Employee training
9) Change public waiting areas
10) Provide staff with escape routes
11) Video Cameras, alarms, visible security
12) Protective screens/security codes
13) Wider counters/higher floor staff side
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NEBOSH
Drugs and Alcohol at Work
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NEBOSH
Drugs and Alcohol at Work
All new applicants will be screened
Random testing will be applied automatically.
Test will apply to all staff
Testing will be carried out after specific incidents
Training for supervision to recognise the problem
What help the employer will make available to
the employee
If an employee brings to the attention of the
employer they have a problem it will be treatedwith confidence.
What are the disciplinary actions the employer
will take
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NEBOSH
Welding Hazards
Electric shock (arc welding)
Oxygen enrichment (gas welding)
Manual handling (cylinder handling)
Fire risk (sparks)
Eye damage (UV)
Burns (hot metal)
Fume inhalation
Tripping over cables
Musculoskeletal problems
NEBOSHPage: 231
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NEBOSH
Hazards of Busy hotel kitchen
Electrical and mechanical hazards associated with
machinery such as food mixers & processors
Hot surfaces
Sharp implements Wet or obstructed floors increasing the risk of slips,
trips & falls
Boiling water & hot cooking oils causing burns;
Manual handling hazards
Health hazards (e.g. foodstuffs causing allergic
reactions); & cleaning materials that may be
corrosive
Hot, busy environment of a commercial kitchen
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NEBOSH
Various cleaning operations
Vehicle workshops
Fibre insulation in loft
Night shift working
Other Job Hazards
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