IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Super-beam work package in the EuroνDS:status and plans
Marco ZitoDapnia-Saclay
On behalf of the SB wp team
IDS CERN 30/3/2007
Thanks to C. Densham and M. Dracos for providing materials!
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Outline
• Superbeam : status• About this workpackage• Focusing on the most challenging/crucial problems :
– The target
– The collector
– The target/collector integration
– Neutrino beam simulation
• Deliverable: a CDR for the Superbeam!
• Participating institutes: IN2P3, CEA, CCLRC, Cracow U. of Technology + other additional partners (inside and outside Europe)
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Super-Beams projectsSuper-Beams projects
projet BNL
projet Fermilab
Cf talks by M.Bishai and N. Saoulidou
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
neutrino decayvolume
MR tunnel
Linac from front end
Linac from down stream
Linac to RCS
Extraction from RCS
RCS to MLF
Status 4
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
•Work at RAL on T2K target, windows for 750 kW operation
-> Beam dump designed for 3-4 MW operation -> Continue studies for 3-4 MW operation e.g. beam window, target limits
Target within magnetic horn
Helium cooling of target
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Superbeam in Japan : T2K phase 2w/ LINAC upgrade
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2008 2008.5 2009 2009.5 2010 2010.5 2011 2011.5 2012 2012.5 2013J FY
Beam
pow
er (k
W)
RCS power
MR power
MR powerx2 Np
MR powerx2 Npx1.5 rep rateMR powerx2 Npx2 rep rate
Be
am P
ow
er
(MW
)
0
1
2
3
Japanese Fiscal Year (Apr-Mar)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
400MeV LINAC from FY2011
lineconst.
commissioning
phys run
MR Power (Default)
RCS Power
MR (2 #bunch)
MR (2 #bunch, 1.5 Rep. Rate)
MR (2 #bunch, 2 Rep. Rate)
T2K needs Serious Upgrade
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
What Euroν DS Superbeam is about-1
• Consider as baseline the SPL to Frejus concept
MEMPHYS
Far detector R/D, feasibility, etc. is covered by the Laguna DS
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
What Euroν DS Superbeam is about-2
• Proton driver and target : many issues in common between Super-beam and NF
• Decide to join forces and tackle these problems in this WP
• The NF WP will focus on the muon front-end• The conclusion of this WP will then be incorporated in
the SB and NF CDR’s
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
~300 MeV Neutrinossmall contamination from e (no K at 2 GeV!)
Super-BeamSuper-Beam
Focus of this DS
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
SPL
• See presentation by Roland Garoby • CDR for SPL already available • Refinements, R/D, further studies in other frameworks
(HIPPI, IA …)• Changes to this proton-driver design only from the
optimization of the target and collection or from the physics and detector studies
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
CERN Super-Beam (SPL)
recent document
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
CERN Super-Beam (SPL)
Possible energy upgrade to 5 GeV could be the subject of a 3rd CDR (CDR3)
R. Garoby @NuFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
5 GeV version of the SPL
SPL (CDR3) characteristics
Ion species H-
Kinetic energy 5 GeV
Mean current during the pulse 40 mA
Mean beam power 4 MW
Pulse repetition rate 50 Hz
Pulse duration 0.4 ms
Bunch frequency 352.2 MHz
Duty cycle during the pulse 62 (5/8) %
rms transverse emittances 0.4 mm mrad
Longitudinal rms emittance 0.3 deg MeV
Length 535 m
Increasing the energy of the SPL (CDR2) is obtained by adding 105 m of =1 superconducting accelerating structures and 14 klystrons [704 MHz – 5 MW].
R. Garoby @NuFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
The target
• 300-1000 J cm-3/pulse • Severe problems from : sudden heating, stress,
activation• Safety issues !• Baseline for NF is mercury jet, for superbeam is solid
target• Extremely difficult problem : need to pursue two
approaches : – Liquid metal target (Merit experiment)
– Solid target (extensive R/D program at CCLRC)
• Envisage alternative solutions
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
MERIT
• MERIT experiment will test Hg jet in 15-T solenoid– 24 GeV proton beam from CERN PS
• scheduled Spring 2007
15-T solenoid during tests at MIT
Hg delivery and containment system under construction at ORNL. Integration tests scheduled this Fall at MIT.
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Solid target study programme at RAL
• Future Programme• Continue wire tests with Tungsten and Graphite.• Continue modelling computations.• VISAR measurements to asses the properties of tungsten, and
any changes, during the wire tests. (Effect of thermal shock.)• Tests with a proton beam to confirm wire tests and VISAR
measurements – but limited number of pulses.• Radiation damage studies.• Test alloys of tungsten.• Design & build a model of the target bar system.• Design the solenoid.• Design and cost the complete target station including the beam
dump.
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Target ParametersProton Beam pulsed 50 Hz pulse length ~40 s energy ~10 GeV average power ~4 MW
Target (not a stopping target)
mean power dissipation 1 MW energy dissipated/pulse 20 kJ (50 Hz) energy density 300 J cm-3 (50 Hz)
2 cm
20 cm
beam
R. Bennett @NUFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Pulsed Power Supply.
0-60 kV; 0-10000 A
100 ns rise and fall time
800 ns flat top
Repetition rate 50 Hz or sub-multiples of 2
Coaxial wires
Test wire, 0.5 mm Φ
Vacuum chamber, Vacuum chamber, 2x102x10-7-7 -1x10 -1x10-6-6 mbar mbar
Schematic circuit diagram of the wire test equipment
R. Bennett @NUFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
R. Bennett @NUFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Some Results of 0.5 mm diameter wires
36-
48
24
Beam Power
MW
4.2x106
+PLUS+
>6.5x106
>1.6x106
>3.4x106
0.2x106
No. of pulses to
failure
1900
2050
1900
2000
1800
Max. Temp
K
23-
12.5
12.5
130
140
5560
5840
2.5Not broken;
still pulsing
23
6.2517064003Stuck to top Cu connector
23
12.510049003Broke when increased to 7200A (2200K)
Tungsten
Tantalum is not a very good material – too weak at high temperatures.
12.56030004Tantalum
Target dia
cm
Rep RateHz
Pulse Temp
.K
Pulse Current
A
Lngth
cm
Material
“Equivalent Target”: This shows the equivalent beam power (MW) and target radius (cm) in a real target for the same stress in the test wire. Assumes a parabolic beam distribution and 4 micro-pulses per macro-pulse of 30 s.
Equivalent Target
R. Bennett @NUFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Chain Sprocket for the rear of the bars
Target Bar Chain Links
Schematic arrangement of the chain mechanism for the target bars
Chain Sprocket for the front of the bars
R. Bennett @NUFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
A new Nufact/SuperBeam target concept being studied at RAL: fluidised jet of particles
• A Fluidised jet of tungsten or tantalum particles in He could be used as a neutrino factory target
– It could have high Z + high volume density– Can be effectively removed from the solenoid field hence reducing the pion
reabsorption– Can be replenished as particles wear out– Particles can be easily cooled (in an external fluidised bed)
C. Densham
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Attractions of fluidised target concept
• Combines the advantages of the solid target with those of the liquid target
• Solid displacement without moving parts
• Shock waves constrained within the material(no cavitation, no splashing)
• Highly effective cooling of the target material
• Favourable material geometry for the stress waves
• Target easily replenishedand reasonably safely contained
• Nothing else on the beam line apart from the target material
• BUT: Is it technically feasible? - Study needed
www.tudelft.nl
C. Densham
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Outline Targets Programme
• Results of MERIT experiment at CERN eagerly anticipated. This will answer many technical questions regarding liquid metal jet targets and will inform future Nufact targets programme
• Continue solid target studies• Continue fluidised particle jet target studies • Begin studies of target integration with collection system
both for Nufact (solenoid) and for SuperBeam (magnetic horn)
• Important synergies with R/D in US labs
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
The collector
• Focus on the magnetic horn collection method• Initial design at CERN followed by optimization and
redesign• Currents: 300 kA (horn) and 600kA (reflector)• Horn : 3mm to minimize energy deposition• 50 Hz (vs a few Hz up to now) • Longevity in a high power beam• Large em wave, thermo-mechanical stress, vibrations,
fatigue, radiation damage
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Collector
• Main challenges:• design of a high current pulsed power supply (300
kA/100 μs/50 Hz), • cooling system in order to maintain the integrity of
the horn despite of the heat amount generated by the energy deposition of the secondary particles provided by the impact of the primary proton beam onto the target,
• definition of the radiation tolerance,• integration of the target.
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
CollectorsCollectors
horns
Or solenoid
In operation
completed
built
MiniBooNE
CNGS K2K
(SB)
NUMI
In operation
M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Previous Studies
•S. Gilardoni: Horn for Neutrino Factory and comparison with a solenoid
•http://doc.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/thesis/thesis-2004-046.pdf
•http://newbeams.in2p3.fr/talks/gilardoni.ppt
•A. Cazes: Horn for SPL
•http://tel.ccsd.cnrs.fr/tel-00008775/en/
•http://slap.web.cern.ch/slap/NuFact/NuFact/nf142.pdf
•http://slap.web.cern.ch/slap/NuFact/NuFact/nf-138.pdf
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Focusing system: magnetic horn
Protons
Current of 300 kA
To decay channel
Hg Target B1/R
B = 0
M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Horn prototype ready for tests M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Proposed design
Particle at target
In collaboration with LAL
2.2 GeV protons
M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
New Geometry
• 2.2 GeV proton beam :– <p> = 405MeV/c
– <> = 60°
• 3.5 GeV proton beam :– <p> = 492MeV/c
– <> = 55°
z(m)
r(m
) I = 300 kAmp
30 cm
4 cm
z(m)
r(m
) I = 300 kAmp
30 cm
4 cm
M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Power Supply for horn pulsing (major issue)
values considered by CERN
M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
the power supply
Due to the high price go to a modular system and increase small by small the current
M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Neutrino Beam simulation
• Needed to optimize the target, collector, decay tunnel• Use modern tools (GEANT 4) and recent data (HARP)• Input to the physics work package for the performance
evaluation• Need to develop in synergy with similar studies in
existing SB and in the IDS community
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
"Physics" studies to be restarted"Physics" studies to be restarted
energy depositionz (cm)
P (
kW
)
z (cm)corne
corne 2
M. Dracos
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Sensitivity 3.5GeV
sin221310-110-210-3
m2
23
10-3
10-2
10-4
90%CL95%CL99%CL
Minimum:13= 1.2°(90%CL)
PreliminaryA.Cazes thesis
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Conclusions
• SuperBeam work package of the Euroν DS is focusing on the key issues for this project
• The SPL to Fréjus project is the baseline• The SPL CDR2 study is an excellent starting point for
the proton driver• Feasibility and conceptual solutions for the target and
collector (horn) will be studied• A strong European collaboration is ready to contribute to
this field
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Scenario for accumulation and compression (2/13)
Accumulation
Duration = 400 s
Compression
t = 0 s
t = 12 s
t = 24 s
t = 36 s
etc. until t = 96 s
Accumulator[120 ns pulses
-60 ns gaps]
SPL beam[42 bunches -
21 gaps]Compressor
[120 ns bunch -V(h=3) = 4 MV]
Target[2 ns bunches
– 6 times]
R. Garoby @NuFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Scenario for accumulation and compression (4/13)
Kinetic energy [GeV] 5
ETotal [MeV] 10
lbunch total [ns] at injection 120
Time interval between centres of consecutive bunches [ns]
~ 354
Time interval between transfers [s] ~ 12
Duration of bunch rotation for 1 bunch [s] ~ 3 x 12
Number of protons per bunches 1.7 1013
Bunch characteristics at injection in
the compressor
Kinetic energy [GeV] 5
ETotal [MeV] ~ 170 MeV
bunch [ns] at ejection ~ 2 ns
Time interval between ejection [s] ~ 12
Number of bunches 6
Duration of full burst to the target [s] ~ 60
Number of protons per bunches 1.7 1013
Bunch characteristics at ejection to
the target
R. Garoby @NuFact06
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Focussing powerFocussing power
corne
corne 2 (réflecteur)
focalisation CNGS
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Result of a geological survey:•Very good rock quality•3-4 shafts Φ=70m (250k m3 each, fiducial 150KT)•5 years excavation•80 ME x N(shaft)
PMT R/D ongoing
A possible timeline2010 decisions for cavity excavation, SPL and Eurisol
Memphys
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
K. McDonald @ISS, Irvine
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
K. McDonald @ISS, Irvine
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
K. McDonald @ISS, Irvine
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Flux summary, 2.2 GeV
positive focusing negative focusing
Flux
(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition
Flux
(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition
3.89 1013 + (99%) 5.08 1012 +(99%)
3.19 1012 - (99%) 2.93 1013 - (99%)
e 1.77 1011 ++(80%) 2.85 1010++( 38%);
K+ (37%) ;K0 (25%)
e 1.24 1010 K0 (55%); --(45%) 8.14 1010 --( 90%)
4.21 1013 (+8%) + (99%)5.06 1012
(-0.4%)- (99%)
3.38 1012 (+6%) - (99%)3.18 1013
(+8.5%)+ (100%)
e 2.66 1011 (+50%) ++(90%)3.09 1010
(+8.5%)
++(40.%)
K+ (35%) ;K0 (25%)
e 1.42 1010 (+14.5%)K0 (50%)
--(50%)
1.14 1011
(+40%)--( 95%)
Decay
tun
nel :2
0m
Decay t
un
nel :8
0m
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Flux summary, 3.5 GeV
positive focusing negative focusing
Flux
(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition
Flux
(/100m2/y)Majoritary composition
7.82 1013 + (100%) 1.42 1013 - (98%)
1.10 1013 - (99%) 6.65 1013 + (99.5%)
e 4.07 1011 ++(84%) 1.19 1011K+ (50%);K0 (30%)
++( 20%)
e 5.34 1010 K0 (70%) --(30%) 1.87 1011 --(80%)
8.32 1013 (+6%) + (99%) 1.56 1013 (+10%) - (98%)
1.19 1013 (+8%) - (98%)7.03 1013
(+6%)+ (100%)
e 5.60 1011 (+38%) ++(89%)1.30 1011
(+9%)
K+ (45%);K0 (30%)
++( 25%)
e 5.93 1010 (+11%)K0 (60%)
--(40%)2.59 1011 (+38.5%) --(85%)
Decay
tun
nel :2
0m
Decay t
un
nel :8
0m
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
13 Sensitivity
• Use Mauro Mezzetto code.• detector:
– Water Cerenkov– 440 kt– at Fréjus (130 km from CERN)
• Run:– 2 years with positive focussing.– 8 years with negative focussing.
• Computed with CP=0 (standard benchmark) and = 0• parameter…
m23 = 2.5 10-3eV2
m12 = 7.1 10-5eV2
sin2(223) =1 sin2(212) =0.8
IDS CERNMarch 30, 2007
Marco Zito
Sensitivity 2.2GeV
sin2213
m2
23
10-110-210-3
10-3
10-2
10-4
90%CL95%CL99%CL
Minimum:13= 1.6°(90%CL)
Preliminary
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