UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Hydrocarbon Fluids Properties,
Models and Applications
Fluids/DHI consortium, Oct. 26, 2015
D. han (UH) &. M. Batzle (CSM)
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
IT’s ALL ABOUT
FLUIDS
Colorado School of Mines - University of Houston
“ FLUIDS” Consortium
GEOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES of FLUIDS
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIFrom Ivar Brevik, STATOIL
CO2 Injection, Sleipner Field, Norway
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
-0.2
-0.2 -0.1-0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3
0.1
0.2
B
A
General A–B Trend with Fluid
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
King Kong vs. Lisa Anne
(O’Brien, 2004)
•Green Canyon, GOM •Plio-Pleistocene•Target TVD 11800ft, OB 4100ft
No one escape to drill dry holes.
We are in risk business
GasFizz
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Mixture of brine (50000ppm) & gas (0.78)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 20 40 60 80 100Brine Volume (%)
Mo
du
las
(M
pa
)
6.9Mpa, 20C
At low pressure, for a light gas-brine mixture, the modulus is dependent mostly on the gas
modulus. Only near 100% brine saturation does the modulus increase substantially.
5%80%
Water
Gas
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
AVO Sw inversion
2D Line
Wet
Gas
Gas
Gas
Patch A
Patch B
Chi and Han, 2007
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Rulers
Understand PhysicsFluid is our target
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Fluid Effects
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Model Constrain: Gassmann’s Equation
P-wave modulus (ф > 15%)
Md FluidrVp2
Han & Batzle (2004)
Gain
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Shallow (1000 ft) and Deep (20,000 ft) Gas EffectShallow (1000 ft) and Deep (20,000 ft) Gas Effect
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
15 attributes
1. Den
2. Vp
3. Vs
4. Vp/Vs
5. Zp
6. Zs
7. K
8. m
9. M
10. DK
11. l*r
12. m*r
13. r*DK
14. r*Kf
15. Kf
Sensitivity of DHI (Shallow)
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DHI Attribute
to a
wate
r zo
ne
Gas, 90% Fizz, 10%
Sensitivity of DHI (Deep)
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DHI Attribute
to a
wa
ter
zo
ne
Gas, 90% Fizz, 10%
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
AVO Response (Shallow)
-0.4
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Angle (degree)
Rp
W-S
G-S
F-S
AVO Response (Deep)
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Angle (degree)
Rp
W-D
G-D
F-D
Shallow
Deep
Gas
Fizz
Water
)(*5.00r
rD
D
V
VR
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIJenkins et al. (1997)
DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
DURI FIELD STEAM FLOOD, SEISMIC TIME LAPSE
Jenkins et al. (1997)
P , T variation with steam,
oil, gas phase transition
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
AVO Response
Base P.
Pp
Gas
Sw
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
properties
Fluid Properties-- It is the Key
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Working Hypothesis
Uniformity (scaleless)- - Small sample
Dynamic elasticity of fluids -- Can not obtained from PVT data
-- Can be measured ultrasonic
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Working Hypothesis
Investigate velocity & density
of single phase fluid with
constrain of the phase boundary
Calculate velocity
of multi-phase fluids with the
wood equation
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Working Hypothesis
Calculate velocity
of multi-phase fluids with the
wood equation
Calculate density
of multi-phase fluids with the
Linear mixing law
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
EFFECTIVE FLUID MIXTURE BULK MODULUS
WOOD’S EQUATION (Reuss bound)
1
Kmix
A
KA
(1 – A)
KB
= +
P
P
P P
1
KA
= -1
VA
DVA
DP
A
B
Fluid mixtures can be calculated under
the presumption of equal pressure.
This result is often called Wood’s
equation.
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Fluid Property Control
GoM Fluid properties with Depth
500040003000200010000
Bulk Modulus, MPa
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
De
pth
, m
Brine: 28,500 - 350,000 ppm NaClHeavy Oil: API 10, GOR 0-105 L/LMedium Oil: API 30, GOR 0-210 L/LLight Oil: mw = 120 - 60
Condensate: mw = 50Gas: mw = 25
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
TEMPERATURE
PR
ES
SU
RE
CRITICAL
POINT
GAS
LIQUID
SOLID
T.P.
GENERAL PHASE BEHAVIOR: PURE COMPOUND
Water
Butane
CO2
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Fluid – Density
0 2 4 6 8 100
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Fluid Pressure [MPa]
Flu
id D
en
sit
y [
kg
/m
3]
Butane
Brine
CO2
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Fluid – Modulus
0 2 4 6 8 100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Fluid Pressure [MPa]
Flu
id M
od
ulu
s K
f[M
Pa
]
Butane
Brine
CO2
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
In situ Phase Relation
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Fluid Trend (Density Control)
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
•WATER and BRINE
(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONS
Oil
Gas
Mixtures
•HEVEY OIL
•DRILLING MUD FILTRATE
•PRODUCTION FLUIDS
Steam
Miscible Injectants
(CO2, Dilute, …)
Frac Fluids
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIHinch, 1980
O
H H
WATER a.k.a. H2O
d+
d-
2.7 A
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
localized brine Properties
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
False DHI
Is dissolved gas reduce modulus
of water and causes DHI?
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIBaztle&Wang, 1992
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
'Live' and 'Dead' Water
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
65 75 85 95 105
Pressure (MPa)
Ve
locit
y (
m/s
)
Live water
dead water
25C
150C
100C
60C
GWR = 6.5 L/L
B.P. = 69 MPa
Gas effects
Han & Batzle (2002)
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIBaztle&Wang, 1992
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Pressure(MPa)
Den
sit
y(g
m/c
c)
40 c
60 c
80 c
90 c
0.69
0.71
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pressure (MPa)
Den
sit
y (
gm
/cc)
100 c
Gas Phase near the Bubble Point
Density as a function of pressure for live oils
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
IMPORTANCE OF PHASE TRANSITION
To Seismic Data
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
CRITICAL POINT
Seismic Gas Effect
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
•WATER and BRINE
(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONS
Oil
Gas
Mixtures
•HEAVY OIL
•DRILLING MUD FILTRATE
•PRODUCTION FLUIDS
Steam
Miscible Injectants
(CO2, Dilute, …)
Frac Fluids
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Gas
Hydrocarbons come in many flavors, each with specific properties. In addition, complex mixtures of thes
components will change composition under differing conditions.
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
PR
ES
SU
RE
TEMPERATURE
Gas-Like
Behavior
Liquid-Like
Behavior
Two Phase
Region
CRITICAL POINT
BLACK
OIL
VOLATILE
OIL
RETROGRADE
CONDENSATE
DRY GAS
Live Oil Properties API, GOR, G
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Gas #5 (gravity of 0.7)
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Pressure (MPa)
Velo
cit
y (
m/s
)
26C
60C
100C
150C
Gas Properties
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
400
600
800
10 30 50 70 90 110
Temperature (c)
Ve
loc
ity (
m/s
)
15
20
28
35
41 MPa
HEAVY GAS COMPRESSIONAL VELOCITY
? ~2 km depth
Gas gravity ~ 1
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Reinecke (Dead Oil: API 46.6)Vp (m/s) = A - B * T + C * P + D * T * P
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Pressure (Mpa)
Ve
loc
ity
(m
/s)
T=21c
T=40c
T=60c
T=80c
ModelV=1340-3.52*T+4.61*P+0.0137*T*P
(R2 > 0.99)
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Reinecke Dead & Live OilGOR = 1300 cuft/stb, B.P. = 1900 psi at 60 C
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pressure (Mpa)
Ve
loc
ity (
m/s
)
T=21 c(d)
T=40 c(d)
T=60 c(d)
T=80 c(d)
T=23.8c(L)
T=40c(L)
T=60c(L)
T=80c(L)
T=100c(L)Vp = 936.7 - 4.688 * T + 7.659 * P + 0.0456 * T * P
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Reinecke Live Oil
Velocity vs. GOR at 60C
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500
GOR (scf/stb)
Velo
cit
y (
m/s
)
P=13.79Mpa(2000psi)
P=20.69Mps(3000psi)
P=27.58Mpa(4000psi)
P=34.47Mpa(5000psi)
P=41.37Mpa(6000psi)
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Velocity versus Depth (km)
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
0 1 2 3 4 5
Depth (km)
Ve
loc
ity
(m
/s )
V(30c/km)-Re.
V(20c/km)-Re.
V(30c/km)-Indo.
V(20c/km)-Indo.
V(30c/km)-C2
V(20c/km)-C2
V(30c/km)-Jnoc
V(20c/km)-Jnoc
Rei necke
Indoni si a
Statoi l C-2
Jnoc
V = A - B * Z * 30 + C * Z * 10.5 + D * Z2 * 315
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Velocity Models (H-B 1)
Two step regression
1. Fit velocity data with equation
V = A (VP0) - B * T + C * P + D * T * P (R~0.99)
2. Fit coefficient A, B, C, D with GOR, API, and gas
gravity
Works for dead oil (no Rs, G), but not for live oil
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Pseudoliquid density and Pseudovelocity
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Pseudoliquid density (gm/cc)
Ps
eu
do
ve
locit
y (
m/s
)
Dead oil
Live oil
Wang's data (dead)
Model 1
V-Model using Pseudoliquid Density
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Model 1
600
1000
1400
1800
2200
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
psuD
Vp
0 (
m/s
)
dead oil
live oil
Pure oil
Wang's data (dead)
Model
Vp0=1900.273*psuD^0.64773-256.216
VP0 for H-B Model
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00
Pressure (MPa)
Ve
loc
ity
(m
/s)
T=23.8 C,Measured
T=23.8 C,Model1
T=23.8 C,Model 2
T=60 C,Measured
T=60 C,Model 1
T=60 C,model 2
T=100 C,Measured
T=100 C,Model 1
T=100 C,Model 2
T=23.8 C,B-W Model
T=60 C,B-W Mode
T=100 C,B-W Model
Reinecke
GOR=231.5L/L
API=45.6
Gasgravity=0.914
Model Comparison
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Program Name in FLAG14
FLuid Application of Geophysics
Fluids
Poil14-xyy
Pgas14-xyy
Pbrine14-xyy
Psteam14-xyy
VHO14-xyy
Others
EstVs14-xyy
PAVO14-xyy
Pgasm14-xyy
Version Information
The year of the annual
meeting for releasing
x is series number. 3 means series
3 (used under EXCEL 2003), and
7 means series 7 (used under
EXCEL 2007).
yy is version number
Program name
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Oil Model with Phase Transition
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
•WATER and BRINE
(BRINE = H2O + Salt)
•HYDROCARBONS
Oil
Gas
Mixtures
•HEAVY OIL
•DRILLING MUD FILTRATE
•PRODUCTION FLUIDS
Steam
Miscible Injectants
(CO2, Dilute, …)
Frac Fluids
TYPES of PORE FLUIDS
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIMap courtesy of Schlumberger: slb.com
Heavy Oil Map of World
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Heavy Oil
High Density
* Definition by US Department of Energy
22.3º
10.0ºHeavy Oil
Extraheavy Oil
1000 kg/m3
920 kg/m3
API gravity
22.3º
10.0ºHeavy Oil
Extraheavy Oil
1000 kg/m3
920 kg/m3
API gravity
High Viscosity
Thermal Diluting
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Molecular Structure of
Asphaltene Proposed for 510C
Residue of Venezuelan Crude
by Carbognani [INTEVEP S.A.
Tech. Rept., 1992]
3D Picture of Carbognani's Model of Venezuelan Crude Asphaltene Molecule
(Courtesy of Prof. J. Murgich)
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIMichael Jardine
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
T
V
Liquid
Glass
Glass P.
Quasi-Solid
Liquid P.
Figure 1. Schematic of Velocity trend for heavy oil.
Velocity vs. temperature of heavy oil
UH&CSM Fluid /DHIFigure 1. Measure Vp and Vs data versus temperature on two heavy oil sample.
Temperature Effects
Liquid P.
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Gas Bubble out at Higher Temperature
API: 8.0
GOR: 3
‘Flag’ Calculator
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
F – T effects on Vp ( API = 9.38)
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Experiment design
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Velocity and density of oil (water)
with dissolved CH4 and CO2
2013
De-hua Han, University of Houston
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Component property
CO2
Gas-free oil
CH4CO2
Gas-free oil
CH4
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Gas effect comparison: HC vs. CO2
Dead oil
Oil-HC
Oil-CO2
HC
CO2Oil: API 32.84
GOR: 200L/L
T: 60° C
G (HC): 0.9112
G (CO2): 1.5281
Dead oil
Oil-HC
Oil-CO2
HC
CO2
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Dead oil
Oil+HC(201.91L/L)
CH4
CO2
Oil+CO2(97.83L/L)
Oil+CO2(100.86L/L)+HC(201.91L/L)
60°C
FLAG
Oil: ρ0 = 0.861 g/cc ( 32.84 API )
Our models for oil-HC-CO2 mixture
Dead oil
Oil+HC(201.91L/L)
CH4
CO2 ( FLAG)
Oil+CO2(97.83L/L)
Oil+CO2(100.86L/L)+HC(201.91L/L)
60°C
Oil-HC-CO2
oil: ρ0 = 0.861 g/cc ( 32.84 API )
symbols: measured data
lines: models
FLAG
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
July. 2015
De-hua Han (UH), Luanxiao Zhao & Geng Jianhua (Tongji)
Geophysical CharacterizationOf Tight Oil Reservoirs
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Viscosity : oil > gas*10^3Modulus: oil > gas*10^4
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Production is controlled by Darcy’s law
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Hydro-frac: key to enhance (A) production
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Production is fluid control
Fluid properties: Low API and Viscosity, High GOR
and Pressure
Permeability: Matrix permeability, Natural
fractures…
Hydrocarbon Fluid
Sweet spots
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI74
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Thank You!
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
UH&CSM Fluid /DHI
Sponsors (~ 20…)
• Fluids/DHI Consortium/UH & CSM (21 years)
Anadarko, Apache, BP, BHP, CGGVeritas, Chevron,
Cenoves, ConocoPhillips, Encana, Eni, ExxonMobil,
Hess, Ikon, JOGMEC, Marathon, Maerskoil, Nexen,
Paradigm, Petrobras, Shell, SINOPEC, Statoil, Total…
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