—
EXTERNAL
15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE EUROPEAN ENERGY MARKET, 27-29 JUNE 2018, LODZ, POLAND
High-Voltage Direct Current transmissionEnabling single EU energy market
—Electricity interconnection targets
June 1, 2018 Slide 2
Further recommendations:
Interconnectors helping reach any of the 30% thresholds should be included in the TYNDP and future lists of PCI
Countries above the 30% but below 60% thresholds should investigate regularly possible options of further interconnectors
Motivation Indicator Indicativethreshold
Minimising price differentials
Price difference between countries, regions or bidding zones
>€2/MWh
Ensuring that electricity demand can be met
ratio between nominal transmission capacity ofinterconnectors and peak load
<30%
Enabling export potential of excess renewable production
Ratio between nominal transmission capacity of interconnectors to renewable installed generation capacity
<30%
Recommendations for development of additional interconnections
Source: Report of the Commission Expert Group on electricity interconnection targets, November 2017
—Electricity interconnection targets
June 1, 2018 Slide 3
Background Benefits
According to the European Commission, a PCI should:
– Significantly affect the energy markets of at least two EU countries
– Increase energy market competition
– Enhance the EU’s security of supply by allowing countries to receive energy from more sources
– Contribute to the EU’s energy and climate goals, for example, by integrating renewable energy into the grid
Projects of Common Interest expedite the fulfiment of the interconnection targets
Projects of Common Interest (PCI)
– Accelerated planning and permit-granting procedures, including a three-and-a-half-year time limit for granting permits
– One national permitting authority
– Lower administrative costs for project promoters and authorities
– Streamlined environmental assessment
– More transparency and public participation
– More visibility for investors
– Possibility of financial support -5.35 b€ total from 2014 to 2020-under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF)
—Electricity interconnection targets
June 1, 2018 Slide 4
90 PCIs related to transmission network expansion
– 50% interconnectors (between countries)
– 50% internal projects
Share of HVDC projects among them:
– 1/3 among all projects (internal and interconnectors)
– >55% for interconnectors (between countries)
Third list of Projects of Common Interest (2017)
HVDC transmission is a key enabler of the emerging single energy market
Source: European Comission, Annex VII to Regulation (EU) No 347/2013, 23.11.2017
—entso-e Ten Year Network Development Plan
June 1, 2018 Slide 5
Transmission network expansion projects in TYNDP
New overhead lines, underground/subsea cables
143 projects in permitting, under construction or commissioned
– >20% HVDC projects (32 in total)
– 24 subsea HVDC cables
– 7 underground HVDC cables
– 1 HVDC OHL
136 projects under consideration or planned, but not permitted
– >25% HVDC projects (37 in total)
– 30 subsea HVDC cables
– 3 underground HVDC cables
– 3 HVDC OHL
Key boundaries identified in the system needs analysis of the TYNDP 2016
Source: entso-e Ten Year Network Development Plan 2018
—What is an HVDC transmission system?
June 1, 2018 Slide 6
Cus
tom
er’s
Grid
HVDC converter station> 300 MW, Classic
HVDC converter station< 3,600 MW, Light
Overhead linesTwo conductors
Submarine cables
Land or submarine cables
HVDC converter station> 300 MW, Classic
HVDC converter station< 3,600 MW, Light
Power / energy direction
Cus
tom
er’s
Grid
Cus
tom
er’s
Grid
Cus
tom
er’s
Grid
—HVDC technologies
June 1, 2018 Slide 7
– Lower investment and lower losses for bulk power transmission
– Asynchronous interconnections
– Improved transmission in parallel AC circuits
– Instant and precise power flow control
– 3 times more power in a ROW than AC
What makes HVDC special? What makes HVDC Light special?
– Underground cables
– Easy permits
– Costs close to overhead lines
– Connection to passive loads
– Enhancement of connected AC networks
– Independent control of active and reactive power flow
– Short delivery times
—HVDC technologies
June 1, 2018 Slide 8
– Thyristor controlled
– Switched reactive power control
– Typical design: valve building plus switchyard
– Overhead lines or mass impregnated cables
HVDC Classic 300 – 10,000 MW HVDC Light 50 – 3,600 MW
– Transistor (IGBT) controlled
– Continuous reactive power control
– Easily expandable to more terminals
– Dynamic voltage regulation
– Black start capability
– Typical design: more equipment in compact building
– Extruded cables
——Installed baseOver 120 projects and over 60 years experience
CU UpgradeMaritime LinkQuebec – New England UpgradeMadawaska UpgradeCelilo UpgradeRailroad DC TileOklaunionMackinacIPP UpgradeBlackwater
20192017
20162016201620142014201420102009
AmericaOutaouaisSharylandRapic CityCross SoundEagle PassQuebec – New EnglandPacific Intertie ExpansionIntermountainPacific Intertie UpgradeMadawaskaHighgate
20092007200320022000199019891986198519851985
ChateauguayCu-projectNelson River 2Square ButteEel RiverPacific IntertieVancouver Island Pole 1
1984197919781977197219701968
Rio Madeira Back-to-backRio MadeiraBrazil – ArgentinaInterconnection I & IIItaipu
20132013
19991984
South America
Africa
North-sea LinkNordlinkIFA2Kriegers Flak CgsJohan SvedrupGotland UpgradeCaithness – MorayKontek UpgradeTroll 1 & 2, 3 & 4Borwin 1Dolwin 1, 2Åland
202120212020201920192018201820162015201520152015
EuropeNordbaltLitpol LinkSkagerrak 4East WestInterconnectorSapeiValhallNornedEstlinkItaly – GreeceTjæreborg
201520152014
2013201120112008200620012000
SwepolGotland LightHällsjönKontekBaltic CableFennoskan 1 & 2DürnohrSkagerrak 1-3Gotland 1-3Konti-skanEnglish Channel
20001999199719951994198919831976197019651955
Changji-GuquanRaigarh-PugalurNorth East AgraJinping - SunanMülünbeir – LiaoningLingboa li ExtensionXiangjiba – ShanghaiThree Gorges – ShanghaiVizag LiThree Gorges – GuangdongThree Gorges – ChangzhouChapadRihand-DelhiGezhouba – ShanghaiVindyachaiSakuma
2019201920162013201020102010200620052004200219991990198919891965
Asia
Broken HillMurraylinkDirectlinkLeyte-LuzonNewZealand 1 & 2
20132013
19991984
Australia and OceaniaInga – Kolwezi UpgradeCahora Bassa, SongoCaprivi LinkApollo UpgradeInga – KolweziCahora Bassa
201620152010200819821977
——VSC HVDC LightABB supplied 70% of all VSC links in the world
VSC-HVDC projects commissioned
In construction
*VSC: Voltage sourced converter
—
Transmission capacity
HVDC technologies
June 1, 2018 Slide 11
Power (GW)
HVDC Lightwithextrudedcable
HVDC Classicwith mass impregnated cable
HVDC Light with overhead lines
Udc (kV)
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
0 6 754321
HVDC Classic with overhead lines
8
1,100
109
100
900
1,000
1
10
100
1000
10000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Pow
er (M
W)
Vo
ltag
e (k
V)
Commissioning
Voltage (kV)Power (MW)
—
20 years of HVDC Light development
Evolution of HVDC Light
June 1, 2018 Slide 12
– Increased voltage rating
– Cutting-edge, bi-mode insulated gate transistor (BIGT)
– Optimized switching
– Modular multi-level converter (MMC) technology
– Very low no-load losses
How is it done?
—
Plant Design (symmetric monopole)
HVDC Light
June 1, 2018 Slide 13
Climate system
Diesel generator
MVS building
Service building
Coolers
DC yard Valve hall
Converter reactors
Transformers
Optional harmonic filters
—
Value proposition with new offering
HVDC Light
June 1, 2018 Slide 14
high availability
low losses
small footprint
highly modularized
higher ratings
reduced delivery time
increased service intervals
improved converter valves
optimized mechanical design
simplified project adaption
higher voltage and current ratings
base design and standardized delivery model
increased utilization
reduced OPEX
reduced environmental impact
proven technical solutions
technology suitable in more applications
lower project and capital cost
HVDC Light able to cover all market demands
Values Features Benefits
—
System configuration
Introduction to HVDC Light
June 1, 2018 Slide 15
Symmetric monopole Asymmetric monopole Bipole
=~
=~
=~
=~
=~
=~
=~
=~
PositiveLow costLow transmission lossesNegativeLoss of 100 % power at trip
PositiveHigh Availability for half powerNegativeTemporary ground current (can be avoided at the expense of a metallic return conductor)
PositiveOnly one high voltage cableBipole enabledNegativeLess compact
—
System configuration
Introduction to HVDC Light
June 1, 2018 Slide 16
Rigid Bipole Back-to-Back Multi-terminal
PositiveHalf power at converter outageLower stress on cable compared to sym. monopoleNegativeLoss of 100 % power at line tripLess compact, higher cost than sym. monopole
PositiveConverters at different locations on one lineNegativeComplex control system
PositiveLow CostLow lossesSimpler permittingCompact stationNegativeLimited suitable locations
=~
=~
=~
=~
=~
=~
=~
=
=~
—
Independant active and reactive power control
Power transmission with HVDC Light
June 1, 2018 Slide 17
valve
2-level,3-leveln-level
3PWMOPWM
XOutput voltage at AC valve terminals can be freely adjusted in both magnitude and phase angle
− Active power control via phase angle
− Reactive power control via magnitude
− Control in dq coordinates
Power and current control common for all valve topologies
Voltage source converter
𝑃𝑃 =𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣 � 𝑈𝑈𝑐𝑐 � sin 𝜑𝜑 − 𝜃𝜃
𝑋𝑋
Q =𝑈𝑈𝑐𝑐 � 𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣 � cos 𝜑𝜑 − 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑈𝑈𝑐𝑐
𝑋𝑋
𝑈𝑈𝑐𝑐∠𝜃𝜃
𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣∠𝜑𝜑
𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑈𝑈𝑣𝑣
𝑈𝑈𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑈𝑈𝑑𝑑
𝑃𝑃,𝑄𝑄
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Independant active and reactive power control
Power transmission with HVDC Light
June 1, 2018 Slide 18
Active power(MW)
Reactive power (MVAr)
AC voltage(%)
DC voltage(kV)
Direct current(A)
Step decrease of transmitted power by 10%
No change in reactive power exchange with the AC network
Transient change in DC voltage, quickly regulated to reference value by remote station
New load flow results in decreased direct current flow
-100% to +100% power without changing the DC polarity
Example: step change of active power
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Enhanced system resiliency – black start with HVDC Light
Operational flexibility
June 1, 2018 Slide 19
—
Field experience from reference projects
Operational flexibility
June 1, 2018 Slide 20
“The field experience in Caprivi link project shows that HVDC Light can not only operate in extremely weak AC system with SCR below one and down to zero, but also enhance the stability of the weak AC system significantly.”
“Stability enhancement and blackout prevention by VSC based HVDC”, Cigré Symposium, Bologna
Stationary load flow optimizationbetween Sweden and FinlandPOD control for small-signal stabilityIn operation for over 20 years
The ability to damp depends on the converter station location and the feedback control signals usedMost favorable with parallel connection of AC ties with an HVDC link
Caprivi Link Interconnector Fenno-Skan Pacific Intertie
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