18SANIA ATIQUE
HVAC
WHAT IS HVAC
EATING ENTILATION IR CONDITIONING
HV
A
GOAL OF HVAC
The goal of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is to create and maintain a comfortable environment within a building.
"Conditioned" air means that air is clean and odor-free, and the temperature, humidity, and movement of the air are within certain comfort ranges.
COMFORT REQUIREMENTS
TemperatureHumidityAir movementFresh airClean airNoise levelsLightingFurniture and work surfaces
COMFORT REQUIREMENTS BY HVAC SYSTEM
Comfort requirements that are typically impacted by the HVAC system include:
Dry-bulb temperatureHumidityAir movementFresh airCleanliness of the airNoise levelsSome HVAC systems address these comfort
requirements better than others.
FUNCTIONS OF HVAC
Control of air temperatureControl of moisture content in the airProper air movement. To hold the air contamination within
acceptable limits
FIVE SYSTEM LOOP
FIVE SYSTEM LOOP
The premise of this method is that any HVAC system can be dissected into basic subsystems.
These subsystems will be referred to as "loops/" There are five primary loops that can describe virtually any type of HVAC system.
Airside loop (yellow)Chilled-water loop (blue)Refrigeration loop (green)Heat-rejection loop (red)Controls loop (purple)
AIRSIDE LOOP
The first two comfort requirements mentioned were dry-bulb temperature and humidity.
In order to maintain the dry-bulb temperature in the conditioned space, heat (referred to as sensible heat) must be added or removed at the same rate as it leaves or enters the space.
In order to maintain the humidity level in the space, moisture (sometimes referred to as latent heat) must be added or removed at the same rate as it leaves or enters the space
COMPONENTS OF AIR LOOP
Conditioned space Supply fan and filter Cooling Coil.
CHILLED WATER LOOP
CHILLED WATER LOOP
A chilled-water applied system uses chilled water to transport heat energy between the airside, chillers and the outdoors.
COMPONENTS OF CHILLED WATER LOOP
The components of the chiller Evaporator Compressor An air- or water-cooled condenserExpansion device
REFRIGERATION LOOP
Recall that in the chilled-water loop, the evaporator allows heat to transfer from the water to cold liquid refrigerant.
liquid refrigerant at 38ºF (3.3ºC) enters the tubes of the shell-and-tube evaporator.
As heat is transferred from the water to the refrigerant, the liquid refrigerant boils.
The resulting refrigerant vapor is further warmed (superheated) to 50ºF (10ºC) inside the evaporator before being drawn to the compressor
COMPONENTS OF REFRIGERATION LOOP
COMPRESSORCONDENSOREXPANSION DEVICE
HEAT REJCTION LOOP
The fourth loop is the heat-rejection loop. In the refrigeration loop, the condenser transfers
heat from the hot refrigerant to air, water, or some other fluid. In a water-cooled condenser, water flows through the tubes while the hot refrigerant vapor enters the shell space surrounding the tubes.
Heat is transferred from the refrigerant to the water, warming the water.
Water enters the condenser at 85ºf (29.4ºc), absorbs heat from the hot refrigerant, and leavesat 100ºf (37.8ºc)
HEAT REJCTION LOOP
The water flowing through the condenser must be colder than the hot refrigerant vapor
A heat exchanger is required to cool the water that returns from the condenser—at 100ºF (37.8ºC)—back to the desired temperature of 85ºF (29.4ºC) before it is pumped back to the condenser.
When a water-cooled condenser is used, this heat exchanger is typically either a cooling tower or a fluid cooler (also known as a dry cooler).
COMPONENTS OF HEAT REJCTION LOOP
COOLING TOWERPUMP AND CONTROL VALVE
CONTROL LOOPS
The fifth, and final, loop of the HVAC system is the controls loop.
Each of the previous four loops contains several components. Each component must be controlled in a particular way to ensure proper operation.
Typically, each piece of equipment (which may be comprised of one or more components of a loop) is equipped with a unit-level, automatic controller.
In order to provide intelligent coordinated control so that the individual pieces of equipment operate together as an efficient system, these individual unit-level controllers are often connected to a central, system-level controller
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