How have we adapted to our constantly changing
environments?
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Learning: Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought
about by experience or practice (Change that occurs naturally and
is controlled by our biological make-up = maturation)
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Coined by Ivan Pavlov Stumbled upon while doing research on the
digestive system of dogs (including levels of salivation) Noticed
that dogs would start salivating (a natural reflex) even before
food was given to them (when they saw just the bowl)
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Some object/thing/sound/etc. that
produces a natural response Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Involuntary response (reflex) Neutral Stimulus (NS) Some stimuli
that does NOT initially produce a response Conditioned Stimulus
(CS) When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a UCS...the
stimulus can illicit the UCR....it then becomes a conditioned
stimulus Conditioned Response (CR) When the UCR happens to the CS
(learned response to the CR)
Occurs when a response spreads from one specific stimulus to
other stimuli that resemble the original Pavlovs dog example:
responding to any bell sound, no matter what pitch Human Example:
Someone who responds to fear at sound of dentist drill may also
cringe when hearing the coffee grinder Little Albert...more to come
Think about it... If stimulus generalization had occurred with
someone who had learned to be afraid of the ocean, what other
things could cause a fear response in that person? (a lake, river,
bathtub, pool)
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the ability to respond differently to distinct stimuli. Pavlovs
dog example: only responding to one type of bell Another Example:
Whenever you come home from work, the first thing you do is feed
your dog. As a result, your dog gets excited as soon as he hears
your car pulling up at the driveway, barking and running to the
door. Eventually, he begins to get excited as soon as any family
member arrives in their car, thinking that he will get fed as well.
Everytime he hears any car pull up at the driveway, he starts
barking and running to the door. That is Stimulus Generalization.
But if none of the other family members ever feed the dog as soon
as they arrive home, your dog eventually learns that it is only the
sound of your car pulling up at the driveway that's worth getting
excited about. That is Stimulus Discrimination, because he learns
to distinguish only the specific sound that means food is coming,
and learns to ignore all other car sounds as not relevant to his
getting fed
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the gradual loss of an association over time. The conditioned
response (CR) will gradually die out Pavlovs dogs example: After
the bell was rung without the presence of food, the dogs would
drool, but over time, just the ringing didnt produce drooling The
bell no longer predicted food, so the CR died out Dont forget that
learning is relatively permanent though....
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After extinction, the conditioned response can briefly reappear
when the original conditioned stimulus (CS) returns Response is
usually weak, short-lived, but there Pavlovs dog example: After a
few weeks without the bell and when the drooling response to it was
seemingly extinct, Pavlov rang the bell and the dogs all drooled
for a short time. Human example: bottom page 186
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1.strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
2.neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus
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In what way do you think classical conditioning helps with
advertising?
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Ways in which classical conditioning helps sell Pairing popular
music together with products in ads to generate positive feelings
Consistently advertising a product on an exciting game show may
result in the product itself generating excitement Christmas music
played in a story may trigger happy memories in a consumers mind
persuading them to enter the store Before we have heard of a
product, it is Neutral. If we associate the product (N) with
pleasant images (UCS), which produce pleasant feelings (UCR), the
product (CS) will later create pleasant feelings (CR).
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Lets say you have a beverage commercial that includes barely
clothed models drinking the product. Conditioning is taking place.
Neutral: beverage product UCS: barely clothed models UCR: pleasant
feelings CS: the product CR: pleasant feelings
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Little Albert Researchers: John Watson and Rosalie Rayner This
type of experiment is known as aversive conditioning because it
uses more negative approaches
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyG ozLyE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyG ozLyE
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UCS Kiss UCR Racing Heart CS Sight of Significant Other UCS
Kiss UCR Racing Heart CS Sight of Significant Other CR Racing
Heart
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A type of conditioned emotional response What is one of your
phobias? Can you think of how it might have been conditioned?
Phobias of non-dangerous things difficult to condition (like
flowers)...raisins...pickles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta-FGE7QELQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta-FGE7QELQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOtkLmXxIG4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOtkLmXxIG4 Page 189 textbook video
on the treatment of phobias with conditioning
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Know this name: John Garcia Found that taste aversions dont
need repeated trials to be conditioned Things like fear and nausea,
which are helpful to survival, tend to be conditioned with stimuli
quickly The ease of acquiring taste aversions is known as the
Garcia Effect
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Conditioned in an aversive situation...may feel helpless to
change situation and stop trying at all Human example: a woman who
feels shy in social situations may eventually begin to feel that
there is nothing she can do to overcome her symptoms. This sense
that her symptoms are out of her direct control may lead her to
stop trying to engage herself in social situations, thus making her
shyness even more pronounced.