How do organisms get their energy?
A. Autotrophs - use sun’s energy directly (plants)
B. Heterotrophs - obtain energy by the foods they eat. (animals)
* all organisms
use the energy from
the
HETEROTROPH OR AUTOTROPH?
PhotosynthesisProcess of converting CO2 and H2O, in
presence of the sun, into glucose and releasing O2
Steps of Photosynthesis1. The pigment
chlorophyll captures in the chloroplasts.
2. Energy from the sun is then temporarily stored in the energy storing compounds ATP and NADPH
3. The ATP and NADPH is then used to power the Calvin cycle which generates glucose and releases O2
Cellular Respiration
ALL organisms obtain usable energy (ATP) in a process called cellular respiration.
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Characteristics• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• photosynthetic (autotrophic)• most reproduce sexually and
asexually• Contain cell walls (cellulose),
chloroplasts, and large central vacuole
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Comparison Diagram
Plant adaptations:Introduction to Plants
Plants evolved from aquatic algaeHad to gain the ability to conserve waterCuticle – waxy covering, helps prevent
the water loss and is a barrier to microorganisms
Stomata - openings in the outer cell layers of leaves for gas exchange
Roots - take in water and dissolved minerals
Stems - Transport water and dissolvedsubstances, stores food and water,contains vascular tissue (xylem and Phloem)Leaves (blade) – site of photosynthesis
Vascular Tissue – allows faster transport of water and nutrients, provides structure (xylem and phloem)
Seeds - contains an embryo, nutrients, and protective coat; allows seeds to survive in harsh conditions and sprout when favorable
Transpiration• evaporation of water from plants. • occurs chiefly at the leaves while
their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis.
Classification of Plants
Divided into 3 basic groups based on evolutionary adaptations.
1. Nonvascular plants (mosses)2. Seedless vascular plants (ferns)3. Seed plants (gymnosperms and
angiosperms)
1. Non-vascular Plants• Ex. Mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts and
hornworts• 400 million years old; 16,000 species• Gametophyte is dominant• Required water to reproduce –
swimming sperm• No vascular tissue to low to ground• Evolutionary adaptation – Cuticle;
stomata
2. SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS• Ex. Ferns (pterophyta), whiskferns,
lycopods and horsetails• All are seedless, sperm must swim (no
pollen)• sporophyte is the dominate
generation.• Evolutionary adaptations – roots,
stems and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
3. Seed Plants• Gymnosperms “cone-bearers”
(conifers, ginkos) and angiosperms (flowering plants)
• Gametophyte becomes more reduced
• Evolutionary adaptations - Pollination replaces swimming sperm, seed evolved, flower
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