http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 289 [email protected]
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 10, October 2019, pp. 289-304, Article ID: IJCIET_10_10_030
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
HOT MIX ASPHALT MODIFIED WITH CRUMB
RUBBER DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
PROPERTIES FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES OF
TIRE WASTES
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
Post Graduate Civil Engineering Programs Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
(2019-2020), Campus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This research gives a scientific contribution in order to have high durability of
flexible pavement using different crumb rubber, also contributes to the benefit of
crumb rubber as an additive material to improve the quality of the structure of
pavement layers. Scrap tires are a component of strong waste management issues.
Many tires are removed each year and many nations face the same issue with the
management of scrap tires. Incorporating crumb rubber as part of asphalt concrete
construction will help solve the environmental pollution problem in the world. Crumb
rubber (CR) Components of the pavement was suggested as waste products. Previous
studies have attempted to find alternative materials that act as additives or altered
assets in pavement building. The methods used in this research are Marshall Test,
Permeability, ITS, and UCS. The blended structure will lead in the finest and distinct
asphalt concrete mixture with the mixture of bicycle cycle, motorcycle, motorcycle,
and vehicle and truck waste tire. From the result, it can be seen that the effect of
change in the temperature of the Asphalt Concrete- the mixture is highly influential on
the stability value of asphalt itself. Where if the temperature of the Asphalt Concrete-
Wearing mixture course exceeds or is below the standard temperature, asphalt
stability will be impaired. The mixed design will result in the best and different
combination for asphalt concrete with the combination of the waste tire of a bicycle,
motorcycle, car, and truck.
Keywords: Asphalt Concrete Modifier, Crumb Rubber, Marshall Test, ITS, UCS, and
Permeability Test
Cite this Article: Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar, Hot Mix Asphalt
Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from Different
Sources of Tire Wastes. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
10(10), 2019, pp. 289-304.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=10
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 290 [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
The roadway is an essential part of the infrastructure of transport. Road construction
engineers must take into account the safety and economic requirements of road users. To
accomplish this objective, developers should consider three basic demands that include
materials from environmental variables, traffic flow, and asphalt mixtures [2]. However,
owing to some distressed such as fatigue failure, the bitumen's quality, and durability are
extremely impacted by modifications in its features with time, which can cause cracking of
the pavement [1]. Road pavement distress is usually correlated with a Combination of asphalt
binder (bitumen) and asphalt. Ruthlessness and tiredness are among the greatest difficulties.
Roads are vital to our daily life. Governments conducted many experiments annually on road
building and maintenance. It would be of great advantage to the Libyan, and Indonesia
economy if scientists and technicians were able to extend the service life of the highways as
the temperature in South Libya is high during part of the year, so the highways are quickly
degrading
The use of crumb rubber could become one of the solutions. The crumb is originally from
tire waste, which is already piling up and becomes environmental pollution in many cities in
Libya and worldwide. In addition to the obvious environmental advantages, adding this waste
to asphalt mixes increases road surface long-term efficiency as it decreases the impact of
traffic loads on the pavement. Depositing various waste produced in different industries is a
big problem nowadays. These materials result in pollution of the environment in the nearby
location as many of them are not biodegradable, such as crumb rubber, plastic, rubbers, fly
ash, bagasse ash, and tire waste. It is vital to know the materials engaged in pavement
building in order to improve pavement efficiency. Crumb rubber could, therefore, be an
alternative material to improve the quality of the asphalt hot mix (HMA).
Figure 1. TG and DTG plots for motorcycle tire wastes
Packing is limited to summer months in many nations because the compact base cools the
asphalt too much in winter before it can be filled to the required density. Hot mix asphalt
(HMA) is the most widely used form of asphalt concrete in high-speed roads, such as those on
main roads, roads, and airports. The composition of the mixture, the calculation method for
layer thickness, and the type of additive materials have been developed and studied very well
[3]. Generally, flexible pavements consist of a composition of coarse aggregates, fine
aggregates, asphalt, and fillers. Sometimes, additives are also added in the mixture to obtain a
good and quality asphalt mixture [4].
Asphalt concrete (asphalt hot-mix) a densely graded constant combination of coarse and
fine aggregates, mineral filler and mineral filler. they are mixed is the plant. It is supplied,
Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from
Different Sources of Tire Wastes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 291 [email protected]
distributing and compacting while still hot. It is necessary to pave and compact while the
asphalt is warm enough. In many countries, the pavement is restricted to summer months,
since the compact foundation will warm the asphalt too much in winter before it can be
loaded to the required density.
Based on the research gap above, this research aims to make development hot blend
asphalt design and characteristics modified with crumb rubber from different sources of tire
wastes.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Aggregate Properties
A significant factor that makes this combination resistant to rutting is the aggregate structure
and performance in HMA. The stability of the aggregate structure is therefore essential in
ensuring a combination is properly designed. Different kinds of aggregates were used in
HMA such as sandstone, calcareous, novaculite, blast furnace slag, primarily depending on
the materials ' local accessibility [5].
2.2. Asphalt Binder
Typically, the pavement asphalt binder component is about 5 to 6% of the complete asphalt
mix and the aggregate particles are coated and bonded together. Asphalt cement is used in a
warm mixture of asphalt. Liquid asphalt, asphalt cement dispersed in water with an emulsifier
or solvent, is used as a binder for soil treatment and asphalt mixture for cold pavements. We
must, therefore, use Crumb Rubber (CR) from different types of tire waste to create the best
possible mix Using additives or modifiers to improve adhesion (strength to removal), fluid,
decomposition, and elasticity, or enhance the properties of binders. Changes include oil, filler,
powder, fiber, wax.
2.3. Hot Mix Asphalt
The asphalt mix is a composite material of graded aggregates bound with a mastic mortar [3].
The physical properties and efficiency of the asphalt hot mix (HMA) are controlled by the
overall properties (shape, surface texture, gradation, skeletal structure, modulus, etc.), asphalt
binder properties (grade, complex modulus, relaxation features, cohesion, etc.), and asphalt-
aggregate interactions (~adhesion, absorption, physiochemical interactions, etc.).
2.4. Crumb Rubber
Crumb rubber is the recycled rubber produced in tiny particles by mechanical shaving or
grinding of tires. Crumb rubber is generally produced from scrap tires for vehicles and trucks.
The use of CRM in asphalt solutions was implemented as a way to improve the effectiveness
of asphalt solutions and profit the atmosphere. CRM can react differently with separate
aggregate gradations.
2.5. Disadvantages
A fabric or composite impregnated with asphalt can trap the pavement's water. The
effectiveness of a new overlay moisture barrier can be detrimental, especially If the overlay is
not compacted properly. There have been If early rapid failures are not properly compacted
when a moisture barrier has been placed on an ancient pavement and the overlay is
insufficiently compacted to allow water to be permeated.
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 292 [email protected]
In the permeable overlay, surface water is trapped by the impermeable layer. The
subsequent kneading and scouring of traffic in the presence of water results in a fast overlay
failure. [6]
2.6. Waste Tire Rubber
Chemical Properties of Waste Tire Rubber
Rubber granules have been evaluated use X-ray fluorescence to determine a waste rubber tires
chemical composition. Thermogravimetric In order to determine the suitability of the asphalt
concrete blend as an aggregate replacement, to investigate the link between temperatures and
mineralogical mine urological properties of rubber granules, differential thermogravimetric
analysis was conducted
XRF
XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) is a method to analyze the composition of elements in a sample.
The principle used is the determination of elemental composition based on the interaction of
X-rays with the material [7].
TGA
The TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) method is a procedure that is pretty much done in
the characterization of materials. This technique basically measures the decrease of the
material's mass when heated from room temperature to elevated temperatures that are
generally around 900 C [7].
SEM
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an electron microscope intended to examine a string
object's surface directly [7].
2.7. Unconfined Compressive and Creep test
Extensive studies were performed on the grounds of anticipating permanent deformation in
HMA use an unrestricted creep test (also referred to as a simple creep or uniaxial creep test).
The creep test has been found to be performed at relatively low stress levels (normally can't
over 30 psi (206.9 kPa) and low (normally not exceeding 60 ° C) pressures, otherwise the
sample will fail beforehand.
Hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) is described as moment, heat and pressure based fabric. The
mechanical conduct of HMA has been characterized by a broad spectrum of constitutive
models, Elasticity, viscoelasticity, viscose-elastoplastic, plasticity, and shrinking, for instance.
At small altitudes, HMA is only elastic, however. To assess hot mix asphalt creep strain, A
nonlinear time-hardening creep model consisting of anticipating major damage to HMA and
strain stresses at the underside of the tire imprint as a result of different tire settings. [8]
2.8. Indirect Tensile Test (ITS)
The compaction of asphalt concrete directly affects its strength and service life. Rubberized
concrete pavement "possesses high resistance to shear and rutting [9]. The tensile strength
ratio is the average static indirect tensile strength of the conditioned specimens expressed as a
percentage of the average static indirect tensile strength of unconditioned specimens and it is
affected by moisture susceptibility [4].
For the layout and evaluation of asphalt concrete pavements, the prediction of asphalt
concrete conduct under genuine continuous charging is crucial. To model asphalt concrete
fatigue behavior under frequent charging with stillness phases, it is necessary to consider both
the advancement of harm and the restoration of strength owing to crack development,
Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from
Different Sources of Tire Wastes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 293 [email protected]
relaxation and healing. The problem in assessing these processes stems from their
simultaneous occurrence.The tensile strength of the compacted bituminous mixture is:
Where:
ITS: Indirect tensile strength, (psi)
F: Total applied vertical load at failure, (lb.).
h: Height of specimen, (in).
d: Diameter of specimen (in)
3. RESEARCH METHOD
This study uses Marshall Test, ITS, UCS, and Permeability test. The Marshall Test method is
used to determine the optimum bitumen and optimum waste crumb rubber content of asphalt
concrete. Marshall testing is carried out to determine the stability, flow, VIM, percent VFB,
percent VMA, and MQ that will be used to determine the OBC.
To assess the rutting potential of HMA mixtures, the creep test (unconfined or limited)
was used. This experiment is performed by adding a static charge to an HMA sample and
assessing the subsequent permanent deformation. During the test, the temperature for UCS
used was more than 30°C, and 40°C and 60°C for ITS. At those temperatures, the results
obtained were good.
For the design and evaluation of asphalt concrete pavements, the prediction of asphalt
concrete conduct under realistic repeated loading is crucial. To model the tired conduct of
asphalt concrete under repeated loading with rest periods, it is necessary to consider both the
advancement of harm and the restoration of strength owing to crack development, relaxation
and healing. The permeability of asphalt concrete mix can be measured by values, which is k
value (cm) which indicates its permeability value or as permeability coefficient of k
(cm/second). The value of permeability can be approached by using the empirical hydraulic
analysis, which has been widely used.
3.1. Preparing the Aggregate Samples
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with
water and Portland cement, are an essential ingredient in concrete. Aggregates used in this
study consist of coarse and fine aggregates. Coarse aggregate is defined as the aggregate
passing the sieve size greater than 4.75 mm. It generally occupies 60% to 75% of the concrete
volume. Meanwhile, fine aggregate is the aggregate which size is less than 4.75 mm—for
example, sand is used as fine aggregate in the preparation of concrete and cement mortar. Fine
aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing
through a 3/8-inch sieve.
Studies on the effectiveness of local construction equipment components were performed.
This study assessed the importance of local products on the basis of Marshall's parameters and
included some material in Yogyakarta Indonesia is nice enough for road pavement materials,
particularly base parts. [10].
3.2. Aggregate
The aggregate is used in the divided hot mix asphalt blend as the components. As can be seen
from the table, the result of characteristics testing of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The
aggregates were sieved according to the preliminary phase Indonesian standards and
Separated on the chosen aggregate gradation by sieve size. The complete weight required for
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 294 [email protected]
aggregates was 1200 grams. Table 1 shows the aggregate gradation specification for AC and
the gradation chosen used in this research. Marshall Test is used in the design of the asphalt
blend. Two items in an asphalt blend are of main concern. They are the aggregate gradation
and mix design requirements. For different mixtures, a separate Marshall Mix layout is
necessary to determine the optimum bitumen content value. The Marshall Stability and Flow
Test for the design method Marshall Mix provides the performance prediction metric [11]
3.3. Mix Specification
The bituminous mix in this research is the hot mix asphalt (Laston) The mix specification
refers to that of the Ministry of Public Works in Indonesia 2014 as follows: [12]
Table 1 Asphalt Concrete Specification Requisites
NO Properties Specification
1 Asphalt absorption (%) 1.5
2 Void in the mix (%) 3.5-5
3 Void in the aggregate (VMA) (%) 15
4 Void filled with asphalt (%) 65
5 Stability (kg) 800
6 Flow (mm) 2-4
7 Melting (mm) 3
8 Marshall quotient 250-350
Source: Public Works Ministry in Indonesia (2014)
3.4. Asphalt
In this research, the asphalt used is the asphalt hot mix (HMA) with 60/70 penetration. The
requirements of HMA with penetration of 60/70 displayed in Table 2.
Table 2. Specification Asphalt testing requirements
No Aspects Examined Ways of Examination Requisites Unit
Min. Max.
1. Penetration (25oC, 5 seconds PA.0301 – 76 60 79 0.1
mm
2. Softening point PA.0302 - 76 48 58 oC
3. Flash point PA.0303 - 76 200 - oC
4. Solubility of CCL4 PA.0305 - 76 99 - % of
Weight
5. Ductility (25oC, 5 cm/minute) PA.0306 - 76 100 - cm
6. Specific gravity PA.0307 - 76 1 - -
Source: Public Works Ministry in Indonesia [13]
3.5. Aggregate
The properties of aggregate must be recognized prior to their application as the basic material
of construction, because they will influence the strength of construction. The properties of
aggregate [5] are generally viewed from granular size and gradation, cleanliness, density,
granular form, granular surface, chemical characteristic, and viscosity to asphalt.
Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from
Different Sources of Tire Wastes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 295 [email protected]
Table 3. Requisites for Examination of Coarse Aggregate
No. Aspects Examined Requisites
1. Weariness of aggregate with Los Angeles
machine
< 40%
2. Viscosity to asphalt > 95%
3. Water absorption < 3%
4. Specific coarse aggregate gravity > 2.5
5. Specific dry surface gravity >2.5
6. Durability < 12%
Source: Public Works Ministry in Indonesia [13]
Table 4. Requisites for Examination of Fine Aggregate
No. Aspects Examined Requisites
1. Value of sand equivalent > 50%
2. Water absorption < 3%
3. Specific gravity of fine aggregate > 2.5%
Source: Ministry of Public Works in Indonesia [13]
3.6. Additive Material
The additive material used in the pavement mix of this research is crumb rubber with the
content variations of (o%, 2.5%, 4.5%, 6.5%, 8.5%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5%, and 20%) against
the total mix (weigh of asphalt content). This additive material functions to stabilize and
retain the asphaltic properties, which may change due to the climate and traffic load during
the road service period. The standard indirect tensile test is used to test the crumbs under wet
conditions for this research purpose.
.
Figure 2. Electron micrograph scanning of the tire rubber tiny particles
Crumb rubber is produced by buffing tires or peeling tires. Tire buffers and pneumatic
peelings are waste products of the scrapping sector. A used tire is buffed with residual dust or
the material is removed from the tire to create a soft, standardized texture for assembly of the
fresh tread. After disposal of the product from the old tire with other solid waste.
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 296 [email protected]
Figure 3. Percent increase in weight after tap water sorption
Recycling crumb rubber into asphalt paving mixtures, especially asphalt rubber
technologies, has been effective for decades. Adding crumb rubber to asphalt binder may
result in enhanced resistance to the three main types of pain, rutting, fatigue cracking, and
cracking at low temperatures. Once correctly built, rubberized asphalt floors can be perfect.
Based on the results of this research, the lowest permeability is the lowest crumb rubber
mixture and the finest crumb rubber mixture with CR 4.5%.
Using waste tire into asphalt pavement is very common in the latest years. Modified
crumb rubber(CRM) pavement can eat a significant amount of waste tires, The addition of
crumb rubber to asphalt can also enhance its efficiency [14]. Many surveys have shown that
CRM asphalt pavement improves paving lives by enhancing cracking and routing strength,
reducing traffic noise and reducing overall maintenance costs. Indeed, several researchers
found that the use of crumb rubber in asphalt binders can improve the resistance to fatigue.
From here, it is possible to complete previous studies to discover the new percentage of
crumb rubber also to conduct experiments on temperature variations.
Crumb Rubber Modified pavement mixtures ' decay and regeneration activities have been
researched on the basis of a suggested stochastic viscoelastic-viscoelastic constitutive model.
It has been discovered that the coarse asphalt blend Crumb Rubber Modified has the greatest
elasticity among the three asphalt mixtures regarded. Over four centuries of Caltrans
expertise, asphalt rubber goods can be lasting and stretch the service life of the pavement if
correctly intended, produced and built [15].
3.7. Coarse Aggregate and Fine aggregate
Table 5. Test Water Absorption For Courses Aggregates
Based on the above chart, it is understood that weight form (All) is the largest amount in
samples 1 and 2 and water absorption is the smallest. For both samples, the median weight
Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from
Different Sources of Tire Wastes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 297 [email protected]
form crumb fabric (Bulk) is 2.60, the weight form (SSD) is 2.65, the weight form (All) is 2.73
and the water absorption is 1.91. Aggregate is a sand, gravel, and crushed stone material.
Table 6. Test Water Absorption For Fine Aggregates
Based on the above chart, it is understood that weight form (All) is the largest amount in
samples 1 and 2 and the weight oven wet exam is the smallest. For both samples, the median
crumb rubber for the cold oven transfer experiment is 2,60, the weight form (SSD) is 2,274,
he weight form (All) is 2,82, and the water absorption is 1,67.
Table 7. Crumb Rubber Specific Gravity
Based on the above chart, the largest score in sample 1 is the viscometer weight + crumb
rubber + aqua dest (gr) and the smallest range is crumb rubber amount (3-7) (gr). The largest
score in sample 2 is the viscometer weight + crumb rubber + aqua dest (gr) and the smallest
array is the crumb rubber amount (3-7) (gr). For both samples, the average Specific Gravity
crumb rubber was 1,13
3.8. Marshall Test
Figure 4. Marshall test without crumb rubber
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 298 [email protected]
Figure 4. showed the result of the Marshal test without CR and the result showed that the
OBC was 6.10%. this result also more stable.
Figure 5. Marshall test with 2.5% Crumb Rubber
Figure 5. showed the result of the Marshal test with 2.5% CR and the result showed that
the OBCwas 6.20%. this result also more unstable rather than without CR (Crumb Rubber).
Figure 6. Marshall test with 4.5% CR
Figure 6. showed the result of the Marshal test with 4.5% CR and the result showed that
the OBC was 6.33%. this result also more stable rather than without CR (Crumb Rubber).
Figure 7. Marshall test with 6.5% CR
Figure 7 showed the result of the Marshal test with 6.5% CR and the result showed that
the OBC was 6.35%. this result also more unstable rather than without CR (Crumb Rubber).
Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from
Different Sources of Tire Wastes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 299 [email protected]
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Unconfined Compressive (UCS)
Figure 9. Temperature 24OC
The pressure at 24°C with AC type without CR with OBC was 6.1, weighs 1148.27, and
kg load of 5060. The pressure at 24°C with type 2.5% AC CR with OBC was 6.2, weighs
1149.79, and kg load of 3030. The pressure at 24°C with a type of AC CR 4.5% with OBC
was 6.33, weighs 1198.27, and a kg load of 2,010. The pressure at 24°C with a type of AC CR
6.5% with OBC was 6.35, weighs 1096.83, and kg load of 2,465.
Plastic Rubber Asphalt (PRA) mixture and styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) combination
of asphalt has comparably elevated and poor humidity and performance of water durability.
Plastic Rubber Asphalt (PRA) the mixture is environmentally friendlier (Bin Yu, 2014).
Mixtures containing these binders are more prone to cracking at low temperatures. Comparing
the systems outlined and offering justifications and recommendations for the extensive use of
RTR-MBs (Presti, 2013). The features of crumb rubber altered binders should be deeper
known so that the surface efficiency of crumb rubber modifier pavements can be more
correctly forecast. [4].
This study presents the incorporation of crumb rubber hot mix asphalt (the dry process)
and its impact on the cohesion and ability of bituminous mixtures. Crumb rubber, also called
ground rubber, is produced by shredding and grinding scrap tires into very small particles
Utilization of used vehicle tires on road pavement construction is one solution that can
improve Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) performance and solve garbage problem to achieve
sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of crumb rubber
used on the flexible pavement of Asphalt Concert (AC) by using the dry method. Crumb
Rubber is a rubber cycle recovered by mechanical grinding or tire milling into small crude
rubber crumb to have high durability in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). [21] Asphalt pavement also
faces multiple types of stress. Mechanical or chemical stress (such as traffic loading, moisture
damage, and oxidative aging) can eventually lead to pavement cracking. Asphalt absorption
will reduce the effective binder content in the pavement, while oxidative hardening of asphalt
will eventually lead to pavement fatigue cracking. A better understanding of these two
properties in asphalt pavements can help minimize the maintenance of pavement and improve
its performance to reach a successful HMA pavement design [15]
Due to the rise in the number of cars globally, disposal tire disposal has posed severe
issues about pollution. The big quantity of manufacturing and the durability of the material
are two main factors contributing to this problem. A tire does not break down and can stay 80
to 100 years in a landfill. [17] In China, and Indonesia waste rubber and plastic accumulate
strongly and cause major economic problems globally.
0
2000
4000
6000
without CR with CR 2.5% with CR 4.5% with CR 6.5%
Temperature 24OC
Weight Load kg)
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 300 [email protected]
The advantage in bonding properties leads to an advantage in mixed field performance
where asphalt rubber is used [16]. These benefits include enhanced abrasion resistance,
enhanced durability, enhanced fatigue life, enhanced constructive cracking strength, enhanced
rutting strength, reduced noise, reduced construction time reduction, and energy and resource-
saving [18]. However, standard asphalt's vibrant characteristics and durability are deficient in
preventing pavement distress. The job of present scientists and technicians in asphalt is,
therefore, to search for various types of polymer-modified asphalt such as crumb rubber [1].
Figure 10. Temperature 30OC
With OBC 6.1, weighing at 30C with AC form without CR, weighing 1103.57, and
loading kg 3,990. The pressure with AC type 2.5 percent at a temperature of 30C with OBC
6.2, weighing 1144.97 and loading 2,770 kg. The stress with AC type 4.5 percent at a
temperature of 30C with OBC 6.33, weighs at a weight of 1119.8 and 3170 kg load. The
pressure at 30C temperature with 6.5 percent AC CR form. The best result at 30°C is with CR
4.5%.
Therefore, that is why we need to develop a design use crumb rubber in hot mix asphalt.
This is due to in Indonesia, with its tropical climate and Libya with its hot climate, road
construction and repair require a lot of petroleum asphalt as a binder. The damage is caused
by air temperature and high rainfall.
Figure 11. Temperature 40OC
The pressure at 400C with non-CR AC type with OBC 6.1, weighing 1136.49 and 2.280
kg load. Pressure on AC type 2.5 percent at 400C with weights of OBC 6.2, weighing
1076.59, and loading kg 2,470. Weighs 400C pressure with AC type 4.5 percent with OBC
6.33, weighing 1088.69 and 1,900 kg load. The pressure at a temperature of 400C with an AC
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
without CR with CR 2.5% with CR 4.5% with CR 6.5%
Temperature 30OC
Weight Load kg)
0
1000
2000
3000
without CR with CR 2.5% with CR 4.5% with CR 6.5%
Temperature 40OC
Weight Load kg)
Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from
Different Sources of Tire Wastes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 301 [email protected]
CR form of 6.5 percent with a weight of OBC 6.35, a weight of 1047.7, The use of petroleum
asphalt as a pavement mixer, although it meets the requirements of the specification, often
shows a decrease in service behavior due to rutting, fracture, and other forms of damage.
Fractures from or on the sidewalk allow water to enter easily and it can damage the paving
structure due to the movement of air and water on the sidewalk causing oxidation and
evaporation to occur in the binder. As a result, sidewalks have relatively low durability.
In pavement, asphalt is absorbed by the porous aggregates, illustrating a typical asphalt
absorption status. Asphalt absorption needs to be correctly estimated for a successful
pavement mixture design because it affects the effective binder content. Asphalt oxidation can
significantly increase pavement stiffness.
There is strong evidence that asphalt oxidation happens in the whole depth of pavement,
dramatically affecting pavement durability [19]. The purpose of this research the effect of
adding Crumb Rubber to asphalt mixes should be evaluated. Performance-related to rutting
and fatigue resistance is a major consideration for this evaluation. The main reason for using
rubber modifiers in hot mix asphalt is to obtain a more robust HMA at high business speeds, a
more elastic HMA to withstand fatigue cracking at medium business speeds and a reduced or
untouched stiffness at low business speeds to withstand heat testing [20].
Unless properly recycled and/or discarded, waste tires pose significant health and
environmental concerns. Over the years, waste tires have been recycled in civil engineering
applications, particularly asphalt paving mixtures. [10] Crumb rubber or waste tire rubber is a
blend of natural rubber synthetic rubber, black carbon, antioxidants, fillers, and extender type
of oils that are soluble in hot paving grade Waste tire has been one of the country's major
problems, but there are no major environmental problems with properly handled scrap tires or
waste tires. However, scrap tires can be a threat to the environment if handled incorrectly.
Tires exposed to the elements can hold water and be a breeding ground for disease-carrying
mosquitoes. It is also possible to set tire piles on fire through incendiary or accident.
Figure 12. UNS Result
From the result of UNS, without Crumb Rubber, with CR 2.5%, 4.5%, 6.5% with
different temperature 10°C,20°C, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C showed the higher temperature will result
on the lower UCS. In addition, the UNS test showed that the higher temperature will make the
lower load.
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
24 30 40 60
UNS
Without CR With CR2,5% With CR4,5% With CR6,5%
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 302 [email protected]
Figure 13. ITS Result
From the outcome of ITS, without Crumb Rubber, with CR 2.5 %, 4.5 %, 6.5 % with
different temperatures 10 ° C, 20 ° C, 40 ° C, 60 ° C, 80 ° C indicates the greater temperature
will work on the lower ITS. Moreover, the ITS (Indirect Tensile Strength) experiment
indicates that the greater temperature will lead to reduced strain
4.2. Permeability Test
Figure 14. Permeability Test
The Crumb Rubber type 0% on asphalt content 6.1, the first permeability is 0.011 lt/sec
and the second permeability is 0.026 lt/sec. Crumb Rubber type 2.5% on asphalt content 6.2,
the first permeability is 0.019 lt/sec and the second permeability is 0.043 lt/sec. Crumb
Rubber type 4.5% at 6.33 lt/sec asphalt content, the first permeability is 0.023 lt/sec and the
second permeability is 0.047 lt/sec. Crum Rubber type 6.5% on asphalt content 6.35, the first
permeability is 0.034 lt/sec and the second permeability is 0.055 lt/sec. The effect uses a
different type of crumb rubber the lowest when the Optimum Bitumen Content is 6.1 and the
highest when the Optimum Bitumen Content is 6.35 inter water fast inside samples.
5. CONCLUSION
It can be seen in the outcomes of the information assessment that the impact of changing the
temperature of the Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course combination is very influential on the
asphalt stability value itself. Where the temperature of the Asphalt Concrete-Wearing blend
0
100
200
300
400
10 20 40 60 80
ITS
Without CR With CR2,5% With CR4,5% With CR6,5%
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
6.1 6.2 6.33 6.35
PERMEABILITY TEST
Permeability lt/sec 1 Permeability lt/sec 2
Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber Design and Development Properties from
Different Sources of Tire Wastes
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 303 [email protected]
Course exceeds or is below the standard temperature, the stability of the asphalt will be
impaired. The conclusion is:
1. The mixed design will result in the best and different combination of bicycle, motorcycle,
car, and truck waste tire for asphalt concrete.
2. It can be said that the greater proportion of CR (Crumb Rubber) makes produces a reduced
asphalt combination from the consequence of the Marshall Test.
3. In addition, the ITS test shows that a greater load will result from a higher temperature.
4. This study makes a major scientific contribution when using separate types of Crumb
rubber of tires waste.
5. The best result was 2.5CR then 4.5 CR and 6.5 CR in the permeability test. The higher
permeability affects higher water absorption.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
On this happy occasion, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to various parties who
have helped me in completing this research and journal, including to:
1- The technical staff of Highway Laboratory, Department Civil Engineering in ITS (Institut
Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember).
2.Ir. Subarkah, M.T., as the Head of Highway Laboratory, Department Civil EngineeringUII
(Universitas Islam Indonesia).
3-Mr.Sukamoto, and Mr. Pranoto as the technical staff of Highway Laboratory, Department
Civil EngineeringUII (Universitas Islam Indonesia).9
4- The technical staff of Highway Laboratory, Department Civil Engineering in UGM
(Universitas Gadjah Mada
REFERENCES
[1] Mashaan NS. 2012. The effect of crumb rubber modifier to the properties and rheological
behaviour of asphalt binder [M.S. thesis] Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaya.
[2] E. J. F. Peralta, Study of the interaction between bitumen and rubber [M.S. thesis], Faculty
of Engineering, University of Minho, 2009―
[3] Stakston, A.D., and Bahia, H. 2011. The Effect of Fine Aggregate Angularity, Asphalt
Content and Performance Graded Asphalts on Hot Mix Asphalt Performance, University
of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Submitted
to Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Division of Transportation Infrastructure
Development, Research Coordination Section, WisDOT Highway Research Study 0092-
45-98.―
[4] Palit, S. K., Reddy, K. S., and Pandey, B. B., 2014, Laboratory Evaluation of Crumb
Rubber Modified Asphalt Mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering.16(1):45-53.―
[5] Golalipoura, Amir., Jamshidib, Ehsan., Niazic, Yunus., Afsharikiad, Zahra., Khadem,
Mahmood. 2012. Effect of Aggregate Gradation on Rutting of Asphalt Pavements.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 53 (2012),pp. 440 – 449―
[6] Brown, E. R., Kandhal, P. S., Zhang, J., 2011, Performance Testing For Hsot Mix
Asphalt. NCAT Report 01-05. ―
[7] Shan-Yang Lin. 2016. An Overview of Advanced Hyphenated Techniques for
Simultaneous Analysis and Characterization of Polymeric Materials. Critical Reviews in
Solid State and Materials Sciences, 41 (6) , 482-530.―
Abdallh. A. A. Lhwaint, Indrasurya B. Mochtar
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 304 [email protected]
[8] Brown, S.F., 2014. Properties of road layers. In: Bituminuous mixtures in road
construction, pp.43-63. Edited by Hunter, R.N. Thomas Telford, London. ―
[9] Lee, S. W.,Bae, J. M., Han, S. H. and Stoffels, S.M., 2012, Evaluation of Optimum
Rubblized Depth to Prevent Reflection Cracks. Journal of Transportation Engineering.
Vol.133(6):355-361.―
[10] Yamin, A., Aschuri, I., and Djunaedi, E. 2011. The Potential Use of East Kalimantan
Local Aggregates as a Road Pavement Materials , Symposium Papers FSTPT to IV. Bali.―
[11] Schuler, T.S., Pavlovich, R. D., Epps, J. A and Adams C. K, 2012, Investigation of
Materials and Structural Properties of Asphalt Rubber Paving Mixtures. Technical Report
FHWA/RD-86/027, Volume 1.―
[12] Bina Marga, (2014), Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Lapis Aspal Beton (LASTON) Untuk Jalan
Raya(SKBI-2.4.26.2014). Public Work Departments, PU Publisher Foundation, Jakarta.
[13] Bina Marga, (2014), Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Lapis AspalBeton (LASTON) Untuk Jalan
Raya. Public Work Departments, Jakarta. ―
[14] He ZY, Lu ZF, Zhang WW. Performance study on rubber powder modified asphalt of
waste tire. In: Proceedings of the 10th international conference of chinese transportation
professionals, Beijing, China, 4–8 August, 2013.―
[15] G.C. Hurley, B.D. Prowell, Evaluation of potential processes for use in warm mix asphalt,
Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists 75 (2016) 41-90.―
[16] Bekheet, W, Abd El Halim, A.O., Easa, S.M. and Ponniah, J., 2014, .Investigation of
shear stiffness and rutting in asphalt concrete mixes. Can. J. Civ. Eng. Vol. (31): 253–
262.―
[17] M. K. Batayneh, I. Marie and I. Asi: Waste Management. Vol 28 (2013), p. 2171–2176. ―
[18] Van Kirk, Jack, 2010, Reduced Thickness Asphalt Rubber Coucrete Leads to Cost
Effective Pavement Rehabilitation. 3050 Beacon Blvd. Suite 205 West Sacramento, CA
95691―
[19] M. B. Takallou, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Portland, Portland,
Oregon, 97203. H. B. Takallou, BAS Engineering Consultants, 1920 Main Street, Suite
610, Irvine, California 92714.―
[20] Lhwaint, Hmade, Ervina ets, Analysing properties of asphalt concrete modified with
crumb rubber compare to other mixture ICCER2017. ―
[21] Nguyen, H.T.; Tran, T. 2018. Effects of crumb rubber content and curing time on the
properties of asphalt concrete and stone mastic asphalt using dry process. Int. J. Pavement
Res. Technol. 2018, ―
Top Related