Homework Text for Greek 1001(for use with Athenaze volume 1)
by Naomi J. NormanDepartment of Classics
T. Keith Dix (instructor)236 Park [email protected]
Table of Contents
Greek 1001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Homework Assignments for Week 1 August 23-26 (Chapter 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Chapter 1 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Greek Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Breathing Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Accent Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7The Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Alphabet Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Speech Acts and Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Exercise on Speech Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Tips on Translating Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Identifying Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Sentence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Thematic verbs in the present active indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Present Active indicative of �¨�?, Present Active Imperative and Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Homework Assignments for Week 2 August 30-Sept 2 (Chapter 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Chapter 2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Accentuation in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Enclitics and Proclitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Homework Assignments for Week 3 Sept 7-9 (Chapter 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Chapter 3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Homework Exercises for Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table of Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Homework Assignments for Week 4 Sept 13-16 (Chapter 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Chapter 4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Homework Exercises for Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
First Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Alpha Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Homework Assignments for Week 5 Sept 20-23 (Chapter 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Chapter 5 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Homework Exercises for Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Homework Assignments for Week 6 Sept 27-30 (Chapter 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Chapter 6 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Homework Exercises for Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Notes on the Middle Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Homework Assignments for Week 7 Oct 4-7 (Chapter 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Chapter 7 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Homework Exercises for Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Homework Assignments for Week 8 Oct 11-14 (Chapter 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Chapter 8 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Homework Exercises for Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Paradigm of %r+, %r)�, %r� and �¯+, �?�, �� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Homework Assignments for Week 9 Oct 18-21 (Chapter 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Chapter 9 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Homework Exercises for Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Present Active Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Homework Assignments for Week 10 Oct. 25-27 (Chapter 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Homework Exercises for Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Formation of the Future Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Homework Assignments for Week 11 Nov 1-4 (Chapter 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Homework Exercises for Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The Aorist System in Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Personal Endings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Homework Assignments for Week 12 Nov. 8-11 (Chapter 12) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Homework Exercises for Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
First Aorist Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Homework Assignments for Week 13 Nov. 15-18 (Chapter 13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Homework Exercises for Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Imperfect of �¨�? and �«�� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Third Declension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Paradigm of u-stem Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Homework Assignments for Week 14 Nov. 22-23 (Chapter 14a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Homework Exercises for Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14b-15�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15�-16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Homework Exercises for Chapters 15�-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Omicron Contract Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
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Greek 1001 Fall 2004
T. Keith Dix236 Park Hall 542-2195email: [email protected] Hours: MTWTh 1-2 pm
Course Texts:
Balme and Lawall, Athenaze vol. 1 (Second edition)Homework text by N. Norman (available at Bel-Jean, 163 E. Broad)
General Course Information:
1. We will go through all of volume one of Athenaze this semester.
2. There will be several tests during the term. Each test, while focusing on the materialcovered since the previous test, will of course be cumulative.
3. There will be many short quizzes. No make-up quizzes will be given, but your twolowest quiz grades will be dropped.
4. There will be a final, cumulative examination on Monday, December 13th: at noon to 3pm, for students in the morning section, and at 3:30-6:30, for students in the afternoonsection.
5. The Classics Department provides free tutors for elementary Greek students in ParkHall 242. A schedule will be distributed as soon as possible.
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Course requirements:
1. Class attendance and participation are essential. You must keep up with theassigned homework. Anyone habitually absent may be dropped from the course at mydiscretion.
Each day you will be considered either:Prepared (on time and have completed homework assignment), orUnprepared (in class but without homework assignment), orAbsent
At the beginning of each class, you will sign a sheet indicating whether you are Prepared(worth 2 points) or Unprepared (worth 1 point). In order to count yourself Prepared,you must be in class, you must have attempted to complete ALL the homework exercisesand to translate EVERY assigned sentence, and you must give those answers if calledupon. Your answers and translations do NOT have to be correct– but you must make anattempt.
If you are Unprepared, I will not call on you in class for homework translation. You willbe asked to participate in other class activities, however. Please attend class even if youare Unprepared, so that you can hear new grammar explanation or review.
2. You are required to take all quizzes, tests and the final.
Grading:
Participation 15%Tests 35%Quizzes 15%Final exam 35%
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General Introduction
Fifth century Greeks wrote in CAPITAL LETTERS, with NOGAPSBETWEENWORDS, withno accents and no breathing marks and virtually no punctuation. All of these conventions sprangup later, some very much later. Consequently the act of reading required a high level ofconcentration and a high degree of literacy. Try it in English on this fragment of Plato’s Apology.
HOWYOUMENOFATHENSHAVEBEENAFFECTEDBYMYACCUSERSIDONOTKNOWBUTIFORMYPARTALMOSTFORGOTMYOWNIDENTITYSOPERSUASIVELYDIDTHEYTALKANDYETTHEREISHARDLYAWORDOFTRUTHINWHATTHEYHAVESAIDBUTIWASMOSTAMAZEDBYONEOFTHEMANYLIESTHATTHEYTOLDWHENTHEYSAIDTHATYOUMUSTBEONYOURGUARDNOTTOBEDECEIVEDBYMEBECAUSEIWASACLEVERSPEAKER
Now, look at it in Greek.
����������� ��������������� ��������������������������� �������� ������ !�"�#� !�$&%��'�(*)�+� !�) ,�$*)�-/.*%�"�(� �.) , !�$&%0-1%�,��)�2&,�34�56�7�89�:�;&<&9*5=1> 4 5 6�9�5=�? =&:�4�@ 9�>�A�8�9�56�7 ?�;1@�48 7�B�=�:=<�9�8�CD4 ;16 9�;E4 :�A @ =�B/5�=*7�B�=�? 9�B&=�;1?=�;F89�5 G =&8�=�;D?�AC14B�;�8�>�4�:H;�B�6�4�G�=4�5�6�7�8�=8�=�@�4�5>�4IB�4�6�7�8�?�9�:�:�7�8�7�8J&K�J�L�MEN OP*Q�P*Q*L P*Q J&O R S1T�U�T�V�W�XY�Z/[�\&]�^�_`�Z&T*^*U `�a T�S�Zbc�d&e�f�g�h�i�j�k�g�i�l�c�h�c�m�f�b�f�m�in�o�p�i�d/e�k�g�ke�m�k�o�q�i�r�i
Notice that this Greek excerpt also does not have punctuation marks, accents, or breathing marks.These were all added later when the Greek language became widespread as a universal means ofcommunication and others needed help with pronunciation.
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Homework Assignments for Week 1 August 23-26 (Chapter 1)
for Monday: study the Greek alphabetread and study Athenaze (Ath.), pp. ix-xx
for Tuesday: quiz on the Greek alphabetread and study Ath. pp. 4-6read and study course pack pp. 6-8do alphabet exercise, course pack pp. 7-8
for Wednesday: read and study course pack pg. 11-14 and do the exercises on pg. 11read Ath. pp. 6-7 ("The Athenian Farmer")read and translate Reading 1 A�(p. 3)
for Thursday: study for vocabulary quiz, chapter 1 (vocabulary lists in Ath. + theaddendum in course pack)read and study course pack pp.15-17read Ath. p. 9do exercise 1 G, Ath. pg. 10read and translate Reading 1 B (p. 8)
for Monday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 13-15read and translate Reading 2�A (pp. 12-13)
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Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on Athenaze (Ath) page 2
Nouns:mGRÎW��mGROÅ�Ò: fieldoNYRVPOW��mNYR¢POU�Ò: man, human being, personAÆTOURGÎW���AÆTOURGOÅ�Ò: farmerOÁKOW��O½KOU�Ò: house, home, dwellingPÎNOW��PÎNOU�Ò: toil, workSºTOW��S¸TOU�Ò: grain, food
Adjectives:KALÎW��KAL���KALÎN: beautiful, goodMAKRÎW��MAKR���MAKRÎN: long, largeMIKRÎW��MIKR���MIKRÎN: smallPOLÃW��POLL���POLÃ: much, (plural) many
Addendum to page 8:
Nouns:�LIOW���L¸OU�Ò: sunXRÎNOW��XRÎNOU�Ò: time
Adjectives:»SXURÎW��»SXUR���»SXURÎN: strongXALEPÎW��XALEP���XALEPÎN: difficult
NOTE: The vocabulary lists in the course pack use the standard format found in Greekdictionaries. For nouns, the standard listing consists of nominative singular (mGRÎW),genitive singular (mGROÅ), gender, indicated by the appropriate form of the article (Òindicates masculine, ��INDICATES�FEMININE��TÎ indicates neuter), and English equivalent. For adjectives, the Greek forms listed are all nominative singular, in the standard ordernominative singular masculine �KALÎW), nominative singular feminine (KAL�),nominative singular neuter (KALÎN). For vocabulary quizzes, you need to learn theinformation both in Athenaze and in the course pack.
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Greek Text
A printed page in a modern edition of a Greek text includes punctuation marks, worddivisions, breathing marks, apostrophes, and accents.
Punctuation Marks:& The period (.) indicates that the sentence is complete and that all syntactical
expectations have been met.& The comma (,) operates as it does in English.& The question mark (;) indicates a questions and that all syntactical expectations
have been met.& The semicolon (�) operates as it does in English.
Breathing Marks:& The rough breathing (����) corresponds to the English “h” sound.& The smooth breathing (�’��) signals the absence of the “h” sound.& All initial vowels and diphthongs show breathing marks and so does the letter �.
Accent Marks:& The acute accent ( ) originally indicated ascending pitch on the accented syllable.& The circumflex accent ( a� ) originally indicated ascending and descending pitch
on the accented syllable.& The grave accent ( ` ) originally indicated descending pitch on the accented
syllable.& Today we pronounce all accents with a stress.& The apostrophe ( ’ ) signals a zero, that is the absence of a sound or sounds which
have dropped out, as in the English “don’t.”
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The Alphabet:
The standard Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters, as follows.
Form Name Form Name
"�A alpha#�B beta(�G gamma%�D delta&�E epsilon;�Z zeta)�H eta:�Y theta*�I iota ,�K kappa-�L lambda.�M mu
/�N nu+�J xi0�O omicron1�P pi3�R rho4�S�W sigma5�T tau6�U upsilon'�F phi9�X chi$�C psi7��V omega
The alternate sigma form,W, is used only at the end of the word; elsewhere the standardform, S� is used.
The ancient Greeks used only capital letters; the lower case letters came into use duringthe Middle Ages.
Alphabet Exercises
Exercise 1: Practice writing the Greek letters in this space.
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Exercise 2: Many English words contain Greek roots which are sometimes recognizablewithout much difficulty. In the English words below, the segments in bold type are Greekroots. With the help of a dictionary, suggest a meaning for these Greek roots. Then copythem in Greek letters.
English word meaning of Greek root Greek spelling
1. telegraph
2. apocrypha
3. logical
4. charitable
5. elliptical
Exercise 3: Transliterate the following words into Greek.
i.e., daimon = DAIMON�
1. Kadmos
2. Hektor
3. Agamemnon
4. automatos
5. Sophocles
6. Hera
7. phenomenon (=phainomenon in Greek)
8. sphinx
9. Artemis
10. logos
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Pronunciation:
stop/father a/ha a/mare t�u�v�wFxybible z�{|z&}&~|�E��ganglion (voiced velar plosive; velar nasal, before ��������������F� ) ����� ��&�|���
�decade �F������epic �����1��double consonant [sd]; zd, z adds, zone �� ¢¡�£�¤F¥ ¦I§©¨1¡�ª ��«¬they /®�¯°aspirated voiceless dental plosive (aspirated tau); fricative th.Top/atheist
±³²�´1µ
¶intrigue ·�¸�¹º¸ ¹» ¼�½1¾¿kind À�Á�ÂÄÃEÅDÆÇlogic È1ÉFÊ�ËDÌÍbilabial nasal; meter ÎEÏÑÐ&ÒEÓEÔÕdental nasal; noon Ö�×ØÖÙdouble consonant [ks]; axiom Ú�ÛFÜÝobstacle Þß�à
ábilabial voiceless plosive; poet â�ã&ä å1æEç&èétrilled alveolar liquid; rhinoceros êìëFíïîðvoiceless fricative [s]; voiced fricative [z] before voicedconsonants ñ*ò�ó�ò�ôEòFõ . symbol, plasma
ö1÷Eø ùDúüû�ý�þ1ÿ ö����
�voiceless dental plosive; topography ����� ��put, boot ����������������� ��!�"$# %& '(aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive; aspirated pi. Becamefricative in postclassical times: philosophy
)+*-, .�/ .)+021
3aspirated voiceless velar plosive; aspirated kappa. cat 4�5768 9:double consonant [ps]; eclipse ;+<�=?>@long o. ode A�B�CED�FHG�I�J
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KMLaisle N KOLQPR S
K�Thow U KWV�XYL
XZLfreight; also, digraph representing a single sound [ VXZL
X\Teh-oo; feud ]\^`_a�b�]Zc
d�eei-oo f�g h`f�ikj
l�mtoil ikj$n l7o
l�pboot q�r`s�t2u
v t u + semivocallic i [y]; in classical times iota was weakened to a glidebetween vowels and sometimes omitted in spelling
w�xzy {
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Speech Acts and Sentence Types
[Adapted from Gerda M. Seligson, Greek for Reading (Michigan, 1994), 1]
We speak for a variety of reasons; whenever we speak, we commit a speech act:
1. to give information, we make a statement2. to get information, we ask a question3. to demand an action from someone, we give a command4. to suggest an action, we utter an exhortation5. to wish for something, we make a wish6. to ask for advice, we ask a deliberative question
This information about speech acts will be useful as we consider mood and aspect inGreek.
Exercise on Speech Acts:
Exercise 1: Label the speech acts in the sentences below.
1. Shall I wash the dog
2. Let her wash the dog
3. Is he washing the dog
4. Would that I were washing the dog, instead of studying Greek
5. Wash that dog
6. I am washing the dog
Exercise 2: Add punctuation marks to the sentences above.
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Tips on Translating Greek
Word order is VERY important in English. For example, in English there is aprofound difference between
The boy hit the ball. and The ball hit the boy.
And between
I am strong. and Am I strong.
By contrast, word order in Greek is unimportant. Whereas English uses wordorder to distinguish the difference between subject and object (eg., The boy hit the ball vs.The ball hit the boy) and between statement and question (eg., I am strong vs. Am Istrong), Greek instead uses different forms to make those distinctions. Therefore youmust correctly identify forms in order to translate Greek.
Indeed, translating Greek into English involves a 4-step process:1. Identify the form of all of the words in the sentence.2. Identify what kind of sentence it is.3. Transpose the Greek sentence into English word order.4. Translate.
Important Note on Identifying Forms:
Nouns and adjectives have three characteristics: CASE, NUMBER, GENDER.
About Gender:Every noun in Greek has a gender: masculine, feminine or neuter. It is important
to note that nouns can not usually change their gender; in other words, once a masculinenoun, always a masculine noun. It is also important to note that it is almost impossible topredict the gender of a Greek noun; therefore it is imperative that when you memorizevocabulary you also MEMORIZE THE GENDER OF ALL NOUNS.
About Number:Number is the difference between a singular noun and a plural noun; in English
it’s the difference between man and men or between horse and horses. In English mostsingular forms of nouns are different from their plurals. The same is true of Greek;usually the singular form of the noun is not identical to its plural form.
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About Case:Case tells you what syntactical function the noun fulfills in the sentence. For
example in our sentence “The boy hit the desk,” “boy” is the subject and “desk” is thedirect object; in other words, the subject, “boy,” is performing an action on the directobject, “desk.” In our second sentence, “The desk hit the boy,” the subject is now “desk,”while “boy” is now in the position of the direct object receiving the action. Thisdifference is clear in the English sentence because of the word order; but note that theforms “boy” and “desk” are exactly the same in both sentences though they occupy twodifferent syntactical positions in the 2 sentences. In a Greek sentence, the form for thesubject “boy” would be different from the form for the direct object “boy.” It is thisdifference in form which tells you how to interpret and thus how to translate the nouns ina Greek sentence.
In Greek, there are 5 cases, each of which occupies distinct syntactical positions inGreek sentences.
Case Name Primary Syntactical Function in a Sentence
Nominative Subject of sentenceGenitive To show possession; object of prepositions conveying a
sense of separation or of going away fromDative Indirect object; object of prepositions conveying the notion
of place at whichAccusative Direct object of sentence; object of prepositions conveying
the idea of going towardsVocative To address someone directly
Each case has its own form; for example, for a certain category of nouns (called thesecond declension) the cases are as follows:
Nominative oNYRVPOW
Genitive mNYR¢POU
Dative nNYR¢P¡
Accusative oNYRVPON
Vocative oNYRVPE
Note that the difference in both case and number is reflected in these forms.
Each form is composed of two parts (called morphemes) both of which convey meaning– a stem (called a stem morpheme) and a case ending (called inflectional morpheme). Thestem conveys the root meaning of the word, while the ending indicates case and sosuggests possible syntactical functions for the word within a sentence.
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Important Note About Adjectives:
As you all know adjectives modify nouns. Let us add some adjectives to our basicsentence:
The angry boy hit the red ball.
The addition of adjectives “angry” and “red” gives us additional information about thenouns in the sentence. Again, in our English sentence, we know that “angry” isdescribing the boy because of word order. In a Greek sentence, however, the sentencecould be written in any of the following ways:
The boy angry red the ball hit.The ball the boy hit angry red.The red boy hit the angry ball.etc.
Since word order does not provide telltale clues on matching adjectives to their nouns,again Greek depends on form to do that. Thus, adjectives must mimic the case, numberand gender of the nouns they modify. For example in our modified sentence,
The angry boy hit the red ball.
Since boy is the subject it would be in the nominative case in Greek; it is singular and theGreek word for boy is a masculine noun. Thus the adjective “angry” in this sentencewould be a nominative, singular, masculine form. Similarly, “red” would be anaccusative (to indicate direct object), singular masculine form to modify the accusative,singular, masculine “ball.”
Since adjectives must be able to modify not only masculine, but also feminine andneuter nouns, adjectives have forms for all three genders.
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Important Note on Verbs:
Verbs have 6 characteristics: Person, Number, Tense, Voice, Mood and Aspect. Inorder to translate Greek verbs correctly, you must first identify its characteristics.
About Person:The person of a verb refers to its subject. The person can be
1st singular/plural = “I”/ “we”2nd singular/plural = “you”/ “you”3rd singular/plural = “he,she,it”/ “they”
About Number:Number is the difference between a singular verb and a plural verb, in English the
difference, for example, between “is” and “are.” Each person has a singular form and aplural form, eg., I am (1st person singular) and we are (1st person plural).
About Tense:Tense indicates the time of the action. Did it occur in present time, past time or
future time--I eat, I ate, I will eat.
About Voice:Voice indicates the relation between the subject and the verb. In active voice the
subject performs the action of the verb; in passive voice, the subject receives the action ofthe verb. Our basic sentence is in the active voice:
The boy hit the desk. (note that the subject is doing the action of the verb)Let’s change our basic sentence to the passive voice:
The boy is hit by the desk. (note that now the subject is receiving theaction of the verb.)
Greek also has a middle voice. But more about voice later.
About Mood:Mood indicates how the subject views/thinks about the action of the verb. It is the
difference between
The boy hit the desk. and
The boy would like to hit the desk.and
Hit the desk!
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In our basic sentence, we have a plain statement of fact so the verb in Greek would be inthe indicative mood; in the second example, we have a wish which would be expressed inGreek by either the subjunctive or optative moods; and in the third example, we have acommand which would be expressed in Greek by the imperative mood. More aboutmood later.
About Aspect:Aspect reflects whether or not the action of the verb is completed. It is the
difference between
The boy hit the desk.and
The boy is hitting the desk (while he . . . .)
More about aspect later.
An Extra Note about Verbs:Just as the three characteristics of nouns and adjectives (case, number and gender)
are expressed by their form, so are the six characteristics of a verb (person, number, tense,voice, mood, aspect) expressed by their form. Thus in order to translate a Greek verbcorrectly, it is necessary first to identify fully its form.
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Important Note on Identifying Sentence Types:
There are several different types of sentences. The three types which we will seemost often this quarter are: 1. the Transitive Active Sentence (TAS), 2. the IntransitiveActive Sentence (IAS), and 3. the Linking Sentence (LS).
The TAS is governed by a transitive verb, a verb which transfers action from asubject to a direct object. The English word order for a TAS is
Subject + Verb � Direct Object.The boy + hit � the desk.
The IAS is governed by an intransitive verb, a verb which does not transfer actionto a direct object. The English word order for a IAS is
Subject + VerbI + think.
The LS is governed by a linking verb, a form of the verb “to be” which links asubject with a predicate. The English word order for a LS is
Subject/Predicate Verb Predicate/SubjectA = B
The rose is red.or
Red is the rose.
Another pattern I am a teacher.
or A teacher am I.
Note how a linking verb can link either a noun with an adjective (called a predicateadjective) or a noun with another noun (called a predicate noun).
An Important Note about LS in Greek:When a linking verb is linking a noun with an adjective, that adjective must agree
with the noun in terms of case (always nominative), number and gender; in other words, ifthe noun is singular and feminine, the adjective must also be singular and feminine.
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Thematic verbs in the present active indicative
Vowel verbs:
Singular 1st LÃV �V� lengthened thematic vowel
2nd LÃEIW �EIW� Probably from�LUE�SI� �LUEÐ� �LUEI��to which �W�hasbeen added from secondary endings
3rd LÃEI �EI The derivation of the ending is disputed.
Plural 1st LÃOMEN �OMEN
2nd LÃETE �ETE
3rd LÃOUSI�N� �OUSI�N� �ONTI� ��ONSI� ��OUSI
NT�before final I�becomes�NS� which drops N��thepreceding vowel undergoes compensatorylengthening��O �OU�
Epsilon contract verbs:
Singular 1st FIL¤ �¤� ��FIL�V
2nd FILEºW �EºW� ��FIL�EIW
3rd FILEº �Eº ��FIL�EI
Plural 1st FILOÅMEN �OÅMEN ��FIL�OMEN
2nd FILEºTE �EºTE ��FIL�ETE
3rd FILOÅSI�N� �OÅSI ��FIL�OUSI
Contractions��E +�E�EI� �EI��2nd sing., 3rd sing., 2nd plu.)E�+�O� �OU��1st plu.)E�+�long vowel/diphthong �E�drops out��1st sing., 3rd plu.)
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Present Active indicative of EE»»MM¸̧��Present Active Imperative and Infinitive
Singular 1st |~}���� ����� �$������ �Q� with compensatory lengthening
2nd ��� ����� �$� ��� , originally � ������� � truncation of sequence of two identicalconsonants �
3rd ��� ���2��� � � �� �¡� � ��� retains the original ending �� Plural 1st ����¢�£�� � ¢�¤¡� � before ¢ or � usually disappears with compensatory lengthening;
the � is due to the influence of �����7£2nd ��� ��£ � ��¤3rd ¤~¥2���2��� � � �E�� ¦ PG * §©¨`§«ª¬E®¯° before final ± becomes ¯E²�³ which drops n; the preceding vowel
undergoes compensatory lengthening, ´�µ$´Y¶·¹¸º�»·¼¸º7» ½
The accents of the present indicative forms of E»M¸ (with the exception of the second singular) areenclitic rather than recessive ¾Present active imperative of thematic verbs ¿
2nd singular: À�Á� Ã+Ä-À�Â~ÂÆÅ Ã+ÄÇÀ7ÂYÈ Present stem + thematic vowel
2nd plural: À�É�Â�Ê� Ã+È-À�Ë~Â�Ê7Â�Å Ì+ÍÇÎ7Ï�ÐÒÑ�Ï Present stem + thematic vowel + Ñ7Ï Present active imperative of Ï~Ó�Ô ÕzÖ
2nd singular: ×ÙØ�ÚEÛ Present stem ÜÞÝkßáàãâåä�æ7ÝEß is an enigma â\ç2nd plural: è æ�é7ê Present stem ÜOé�ê
Present active infinitive of thematic verbs ëìí êîê�ïñð ì�í êYß-ï òÆß ì7ó ê~ê�ïôð ò+ß ì ê�õÒï Present stem + thematic vowel ÜÞê�ï
Present active infinitive of ê~ö�÷�øQë
è æ�ï�ùOßð ê�úÒï�ùOß Present stem Ü+ï�ùMß æ before ÷ or ï usually disappears withcompensatory lengthening ûôüÆý�üYþ
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Homework Assignments for Week 2 August 30-Sept 2 (Chapter 2)
for Monday: quiz on conjugation in the PAI (Present Active Indicative)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 13-15read and translate Reading 2A (pp. 12-13)
for Tuesday: quiz on conjugation in Pres. Act. Indicative and Imperative of E»M¸
do exercise 2A (odds) and 2G (evens)read Ath. pp. 15-16 ("Slavery")read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 20-21 and 31
for Wednesday: quiz on 2nd declension formsdo exercises 2D and 2E
read and translate Reading 2B (pp. 18-19)
for Thursday: vocabulary quiz, chapter 2read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 26-27
�
for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday
for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 1-16 (pp. 24-25)do exercise 3A (odds)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 31-33read Ath. pp. 28-29 ("The Deme and the Polis")do exercises 3G and D
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Chapter 2 Vocabulary
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 10:
Nouns:oROTRON��mRÎTROU�TÎ: plowDOÅLOW��DOÃLOU�Ò: slave
Adjectives:mRGÎW��mRGÎN��lazy [a "two-ending" adjective, in which the first form isnominative singular masculine AND feminine, the second form is nominativesingular neuter. Two-ending adjectives are compound words. mRGÎW���m�ERGÎW, "not working." Compound adjectives do not have separate feminine forms, but the masculineforms serve for feminine as well.]
Addendum to page 16:
Verbs:oGV��oJV���GAGON: leadBA¸NV��B�SOMAI���BHN: step, walk, goBL�PV��BL�COMAI���BLECA: look, seeLAMBjNV��L�COMAI���LABON: takeSULLAMBjNV��SULL�COMAI��SUN�LABON: help
Nouns:BOÅW��BOÎW�Ò: oxD�NDRON��D�NDROU�TÎ: treeDESPÎTHW��DESPÎTOU�Ò: master
Note: In chapter 2B, Athenaze changes the vocabulary form listed for verbs from thethird person singular present active indicative (L�GEI) to the first person singular presentactive indicative (oGV). The vocabulary lists in the course pack use the standard formatfor verbs found in Greek dictionaries: first person singular present active indicative(oGV), first person singular future active indicative (oJV)-- or in some cases, for verbswithout active forms in the future, first person singular future middle indicative(B�SOMAI); and first person singular aorist active indicative (�GAGON). For vocabularyquizzes, you need to learn the information both in Athenaze and in the course pack.
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Second (o) Declension, Masculine and Neuter
Masculine Masc. Endings Neu. Endings Neuter
Sing. Nom. Ò�KALÏW�mGRÎW O�W O�N TÏ�KALÏN�D�NDRON
Gen. TO�KALO�mGROŠO�IO > OO (with loss of I�in diphthong beforefollowing vowel) > OU (with contraction)
TO�KALO�D�NDROU
Dat. T¯�KAL¯��mGR¯ (PIE *-oy>) VI > ¡ T¯�KAL¯��D�NDR¡
Acc. TÏN�KALÏN�mGRÎN O�N TÏ�KALÏN�D�NDRON
Voc. «�KAL���mGR� E O�N «�KALÏN�D�NDRON
Plu. Nom. O¼�KALO¹�mGRO¸ O�I A Tk�KALk�D�NDRA
Gen. T¤N�KAL¤N�mGR¤N (PIE *om >) VN T¤N�KAL¤N�D�NDRVN
Dat. TOºW��KALOºW��mGROºW O�IW TOºW��KALOºW��D�NDROIW
Acc. TOÄW�KALOÄW�mGROÃW O�NW�>�OUW A Tk�KALk�D�NDRA
Voc. «��KALO¹��mGRO¸ O�I A «��KALk�D�NDRA
Notes on accent:Final �OI in nominative plural masculine counts as short for purposes of accent.Any noun of the o declension with an accented ultima has circumflex on the ultima in all genitives and datives.In ¡, the long open vowel of V had completely overpowered the I by 100 BCE, so that �I ceased to be written in antiquity. The custom of writing �I under the line is as late as about the eleventh century CE.
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Accentuation in Greek
The long vowels are H and V; diphthongs are also long except for AI and OI at the ends of words. The short vowels are�E and O.
Originally in Greek, accents denoted changes in pitch; in English, accent is shown by an increasedstress on the accented syllable.
The accent of a Greek work must be learned as a part of its spelling, just as we learn how to stressEnglish (e.g., relative, religious, reconstruct).
In Greek, the accents for nouns and adjectives are persistent, that is they try to stay on the samevowel or diphthong in all forms of the word unless forced by the rules of accentuation to move. But the accents for verbs are recessive, that is they go back from the end of the word as far aspossible.
No matter how many syllables a word has, the accent can appear only over one of the last threesyllables: the ultima (U, the last syllable of the word), the penult (P, the next to last syllable ofthe word) or the antepenult (A, the third syllable from the end).
The ACUTE accent: appears over U, P or Aappears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs
Restrictions:CAN appear over the U ONLY when a pause followsCANNOT appear over the P when it is accented and contains a longvowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowelCAN appear over the A ONLY when the U contains a short vowel
The GRAVE accent: appears ONLY over the Uappears over short vowels, long vowels or diphthongs
Restrictions:CAN ONLY replace an acute accent over the U when there is nopause
The CIRCUMFLEX accent: appears ONLY over the U and Pappears ONLY over long vowels or diphthongs
Restrictions:MUST appear over the P when the P is accented and contains a longvowel or diphthong and the U contains a short vowelCANNOT appear over the P when the U contains a long vowel ordiphthong
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POSSIBILITIES OF ACCENTS
Antepenult Penult Ultima Examples
� � oNYRVPOW
� � mNYR¢POU
~ � N�SOW��LÅON
� � � N�SOU
� � � FÎBOW
� � � L�VN
� � LELUK¢W
� � POTAMÎW
~ 1ERIKL�W
� KA¹�M�NV
� = short vowel � = long vowel
The "Contonation" Rule:
contonation = accent + return to standard pitchshort syllable = 1 mora; long syllable = 2The rule: Contonation can be followed by no more than one mora before the end ofthe word (or phrase pronounced as one word unit).
Accent Exercise:
Given the form K¸NDUNOW, put the proper accent on these forms.
KINDUNOU KINDUN¡ KINDUNOI KINDUNOIW KINDUNOUW KINDUNON
Given the form MÅYOW, put the proper accent on these forms.
MUYON MUY¡ MUYOIW MUYOUW MUYOU MUYVN
Given the form »ATRÎW, put the proper accent on these forms.
»ATRON »ATR¡ »ATROIW »ATROUW »ATROU »ATRVN
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Enclitics and ProcliticsSome words do not appear to have any accent. They are so closely attached to thepreceding or following word as to become a part of it. Such words are called enclitics andproclitics. Compare, for example, what happens to the English word “not” whencombined with “is” into “isn’t.” Some Greek enclitics are TIW (the indefinite pronoun),MOU��MOI��ME��SOU��SOI��SE (personal pronouns), TE (conjunction), GE (particle), POU�PVW��POT���POY�N and POI (indefinite adverbs), and most forms of the present indicativeof E»MI (sum).
In Greek, an accented syllable cannot be followed by more than two unaccented syllables(the "contonation" rule); so the following changes occur when an enclitic leans onto aword: 1. When preceding a 1-syllable enclitic: a word with a circumflex on the ultima (KALOÅ) keeps its accent and the enclitic has noaccent: KALOÅ�GE���a word with an acute on the ultima (mDELFÎW) keeps its accent as acute and does notchange it to a grave and the enclitic has no accent: mDELFÎW�TIW�a word with an acute on the penult (F¸LOW) keeps its accent and the enclitic has no accent:F¸LOW�TIW�
2. When preceding a 2-syllable enclitic:a word with an acute on the penult (F¸LOW) is followed by enclitic with accent on ultima(acute on short ultima and circumflex on long ultima): F¸LOW��ST¸N�or mNYR¢PVNTIN¤N�
3. When preceding a 1- or 2-syllable enclitic:a word with an acute accent on the antepenult (FILÎSOFOW) adds an acute (never a grave)on its ultima and the enclitic has no accent: FILÎSOFÎW�TIW�or�FILÎSOFÎW��STIN.a word with a circumflex on the penult (DOÅLOW) adds an acute (never a grave) on theultima and the enclitic has no accent: DOÅLÎW�TE�or DOÅLÎW��STIN�
If an enclitic is followed by another enclitic, all but the last adds an acute to its ultima:DUNATÎN��ST¸�SO¸�POTE
Some words of one syllable never have an accent of their own, but attach themselvesclosely to the following word; these words are called proclitics. Examples are Ò��O¼��OÆ�OÆK��OÆX���N��E»W���K�
If a proclitic is followed by an enclitic, the proclitic is accented: E»�L�GEI but E½�TIW
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antepenult penult ultima 1-syllable enclitic 2-syllable enclitic
mDELFÎWretains accent, none onencliticmDELFÎW�TIW
KALOÅretains accent, none onencliticKALOÅ�GE
F¸LOWretains accent, none onencliticF¸LOW�TIW
retains accent; accent on ultima of encliticF¸LOW��ST¸N
DOÅLOWadds acute on ultima: none on enclitic
DOÅLÎW�TE DOÅLÎW��STIN
FILÎSOFOWadds acute on ultima; none on enclitic
FILÎSOFÎW�TIW FILÎSOFÎW� S T I N
Mark the accents on the words below:
oNYRVPOW�TIW oNYRVPOW��STIN oNYRVPOI�TINEW oNYRVPON�GE
mNYR¢POIW��STIN mNYR¢POU�TINOW oNYRVPON�TINA mNYR¢POUW�POYEN
mNYR¢PVN�GE�POU
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Homework Assignments for Week 3 Sept 7-9 (Chapter 3)
for Monday: STUDY, no class on Monday
for Tuesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 1-16 (pp. 24-25)do exercise 3A (odds)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 31-33read Ath. pp. 28-29 ("The Deme and the Polis")do exercises 3G and D
for Wednesday: read and translate Reading 3A, lines 17-26 (p. 25)do form ID chart (all form ID charts are in this course pack)vocabulary quiz, chapter 3
for Thursday: read and translate Reading 3� (pp. 30-31)
for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-3)
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Chapter 3 Vocabulary
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 24:
Verbs:M�NV��MEN¤���MEINA: stay, wait, wait forP¸PTV��PESOÅMAI���PESON: fallPROSXVR�V��PROSXVR�SV�PROSXVR�SOMAI��PROSEX¢RHSA: (+ dative) gotoward, approach
Nouns:L¸YOW��L¸YOU�Ò: stone
Adjectives:A½TIOW��A»T¸A��A½TION: responsible, to blameDUNATÎW��DUNAT���DUNATÎN: possibleM�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GA: big
Addendum to page 30:
Verbs:LÃV��LÃSV���LUSA: loosen, releaseLE¸PV��LE¸CV���LIPON: leave
Nouns:DEºPNON��DE¸PNOU�TÎ: dinnerPAºW��PAIDÎW�Ò�or��: child, boy, girlPAT�R��PATRÎW�Ò: father
Adjectives:mNDREºOW��mNDRE¸A��mNDREºON: bravePOLLO¸��POLLA¸��POLLj: manyTOSOÅTOW��TOSAÃTH��TOSOÅTO: so great (plural), so many
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Homework Exercises for Chapter 3Form Identification PAID¸ON��PAID¸OU�TÎ� PA¸DEIOW��PA¸DEION PAIDEÃV��PAIDEÃSV�
�PA¸DEUSA
Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS (ignore the Vocative case). For each identification, first list therelevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its characteristics (5 for averb, 3 for a noun or adjective).
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
PAIDEÃEIW
PAIDE¸OU
PA¸DEIOW
PAIDEÃEIN
PAID¸¡
PAIDE¸¡
PAIDEÃV
PAID¸A
PAID¸OU
PAIDEÃOUSI
PAIDEÃETE
PA¸DEION
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Table of Contractions
Combinations Result Combinations Result Combinations Result
A�+�A �� E�+�A H�+�I
A (long) + A A��long� E +�A�(long) H H�+�AI
A + A��long� E�+�H H�+ EI ���×
A�+�I E�+�AI H�+�×
A�+�AI AI E�+�× × H�+�H
A��long) +�I E�+�E H�+�E ���H
A�+� E�+�I EI H�+�OI ���¡
A�+�E E�+�EI
A�+�H
A�+ EI#
A (long) E�+�OI OI O�+�E
A�+�EI* e +�O OU O�+�O OU
A�+�× E�+�V V O�+�EI
A�+�O E�+�¡ ¡ O�+�OI OI
A�+�V
A�+ OU#
V e +�U EU O�+�×
A�+�OI ¡ O�+�H
O�+�V V
O�+�¡ ¡
* = genuine diphthong with the sound of one vowel gliding into another, though inclassical times the sound eventually became single
# = spurious diphthong, that is to say a long vowel which occurs as the result ofcontraction or compensatory lengthening
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Homework Assignments for Week 4 Sept 13-16 (Chapter 4)
for Monday: TEST (chapters 1-3)
for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 38-42do exercises 4B (evens), 4G�(odds), 4D (evens) and 4E (odds)read Ath. pp. 43-45 ("Women")
for Wednesday: quiz on first declensionread and translate Reading 4A (pp. 37-38)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 47-50do exercise 4K
for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 4do noun-adjective agreement worksheet (all noun-adjectiveworksheets are in the course pack)read Ath. p. 284 on syllables and accentsread and translate Reading 4B (pp. 46-47)
for Monday: quiz on M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GAread and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59do exercises 5B (odds) and 5G (evens) read and translate Reading 5A (p. 55)
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Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Memorize all parts of the dictionary entry; know this vocabulary list in either direction,i.e., from Greek to English and from English to Greek
Addendum to page 36:
Verbs:mKOÃV��mKOÃSOMAI���KOUSA�: listen, hear�Y�LV���YEL�SV���Y�LHSA: wish, be willing�XV���JV�SX�SV���SXON: have, holdYEVR�V��YEVR�SV���YE¢RHSA: watch, seePOI�V��POI�SV���PO¸HSA: do, makeXA¸RV��XAIR�SV���XA¸RHSA: rejoice
Nouns:oGGELOW��mGG�LOU�Ò: messengermN�R��mNDRÎW�Ò: man, husbandGUN���GUNAIKÎW��: woman, wife�ORT����ORT�W��: festivalYUGjTHR��YUGATRÎW��: daughterKAIRÎW��KAIROÅ�Ò: time, right timeKR�NH��KR�NHW��: springM�THR��MHTRÎW��: motherÇDR¸A��ÇDR¸AW��: water jarXORÎW��XOROÅ�Ò: dance, chorus
Addendum to page 46:
Verbs:PE¸YV��PE¸SV���PEISA: persuadeSTENjZV��STENjJV���ST�NAJA: groan
Nouns:G���G�W��: land, earth, groundÒDÎW��ÒDOÅ��: road, way, journey
34
Homework Exercises for Chapter 4
Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:Nouns AdjectivesDESPÎTHW��DESPÎTOU�Ò KALÎW��KAL����KALÎNO»K¸A��O»K¸AW�� M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GAD�NDRON��D�NDROU�TÎ
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, numberand gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignorethe Vocative case.)
Form Case # Gender Adjective/s
DESPÎTHW
O»K¸AW
O»K¸AI
D�NDRA
DESPÎTOU
DESPOT¤N
D�NDROIW
D�NDR¡
O»K¸AN
DESPÎTAW
DESPÎTHN
D�NDRON
DESPÎT×
O»K¸AIW
35
First Declension
Table of stem vowel + case endings:
Feminine Masculine
Sing. Nom. A� �or�A�� H A� �W H�W
Gen. A� �W�or�H�W�� H�W A� �O (< A� �(I)O)
Dat. A� �I�or�H�I H�I A� �I� H�I
Acc. A� �N�or�A�N H�N A� �N� H�N
Voc. A� �or�A H A� A or H
Plu. Nom./Voc. A�I
Gen. (A�¤N/Ionic ��VN > ��VN > ) ¤N
Dat. A�IW
Acc. (A�NW >) A�W
1. Attic has H for original A� of the earlier period.
2. A� did not become H in Attic:a. when preceded by R, as in �M�RA� ���M�RA�Wb. when preceded by E or I, as in O»K¸A� ��O»K¸A�W
Rules for alpha/eta:1. If nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by vowel or rho, alpha is kept throughoutsingular.2. If nominative singular ends in alpha preceded by consonant other than rho, alpha ischanged to eta in the genitive and dative singular.3. If nominative singular ends in eta, eta is kept in all cases of singular.
36
First declension feminine
(A)art.
(A) adj. (A) noun (B) adj. (B)noun
(C1) (C2)
Sing. Nom. � KAL� KR�NH �D¸A� O»K¸A� YjLATTA MjXAIRA
Gen. T�W KAL�W KR�NHW �D¸A�W O»K¸A�W YALjTTHW MAXA¸RA�W
Dat. T� KAL� KR�N× �D¸ O»K¸ YALjTT× MAXA¸R
Acc. T�N KAL�N KR�NHN �D¸A�N O»K¸A�N YjLATTAN MjXAIRAN
Voc. « KAL� KR�NH �D¸A� O»K¸A� YjLATTA MjXAIRA
Plu. Nom. A¼ KALA¹ KR�NAI �uDIAI O»K¸AI YjLATTAI MjXAIRAI
Gen. T¤N KAL¤N KRHN¤N �D¸VN O»KI¤N YALATT¤N MAXAIR¤N
Dat. TAºW KALAºW KR�NAIW �D¸AIW O»K¸AIW YALjTTAIW MAXA¸RAIW
Acc. TkW KALA�W KR�NA�W �D¸A�W O»K¸A�W YALjTTA�W MAXA¸RA�W
Voc. « KALA¹ KR�NAI �uDIAI O»K¸AI YjLATTAI MjXAIRAI
A. Eta in the nominative, eta throughout the singular. (= Type 1)B. Long alpha in the nominative, long alpha throughout the singular. (= Type 2)C1. Short alpha in the nominative, after S��J��C��TT��SS���Z��LL��AIN: -A� ���HW���HI���A�N���A� � (= Type 3)C2. Short alpha in the nominative, after E��I��R: -A� ���A�W���A� I���A�N���A� ��(= Type 4)[My rule: If you know the nominative and genitive, you can predict the dative and accusative.Nominative and accusative vowel are always the same; genitive and dative vowel are always the same.]
37
Notes on accentuation:1. In nominative plural, final -AI is treated as short (as with -OI in 2nd decl. masc. nom. pl.)2. Genitive plural of all first declension substantives has ¤N. But, feminine genitiveplural of adjectives and participles in -OW has the same accent and form as the masculineand neuter (as in �uDIOW���D¸A� ���uDION, genitive plural �D¸VN).
38
First Declension Masculine
Sing. Nom. DESPÎTHW NEA�N¸A�W
Gen. DESPÎTOU -OU is borrowed from gen. sing. of 2nd decl. NEA�N¸OU
Dat. DESPÎT× NEA�N¸A
Acc. DESPÎTHN NEA�N¸A�N
Voc. D�SPOTA Nom. in A�W, voc. in A� ; nom. in THW, TA�W�
voc. in -A�; other nom. in HW, voc. in HNEA�N¸A�
Plu. Nom. DESPÎTAI NEA�N¸AI
Gen. DESPOT¤N NEA�NI¤N
Dat. DESPÎTAIW NEA�N¸AIW
Acc. DESPÎTA�W NEA�N¸A�W
Voc. DESPÎTAI NEA�N¸AI
39
Alpha Contract Verbs
Present Active Indicative:
Singular 1st TIM¤ �¤� <�TIMjV
2nd
TIMwW �wW� <�TIMjEIW
3rd
TIMw �w <�TIMjEI
Plural 1st TIM¤MEN �¤MEN <�TIMjOMEN
2nd
TIMlTE �lTE <�TIMjETE
3rd
TIM¤SI(N) -¤SI < TIMjOUSI
Present Active Imperative:
2nd
singular:T¸MA� �A� <�T¸MAE Present stem + thematic vowel
2nd plural: TIMlTE �lTE <TIMjETE
Present stem + thematic vowel + TE
Present Active Infinitive:
TIMlN �lN TIMjEEN�> TIMA� EN�> TIMlN Present stem + thematic vowel + EN
Contractions:� A + v/ o/ ou >�V��1st singular, 1st plural, 3rd plural indicative)A�+�EI�>��(2nd singular, 3rd singular indicative)�A�+�E� �A� ��2nd plural indicative, 2nd singular and 2nd plural imperative,
present active infinitive)
40
Homework Assignments for Week 5 Sept 20-23 (Chapter 5)
for Monday: quiz on M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GA
read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 56-59do exercises 5B (odds) and 5G (evens) read and translate Reading 5A (p. 55)
for Tuesday: quiz on �AV contract verbsdo form identification worksheet
for Wednesday: do noun-adjective agreement worksheetread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 64-69
for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 5read and translate Reading 5B (pp. 62-64)read Ath. pp. 59-61 ("Gods and Men")
for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-5)
41
Chapter 5 VocabularyAddendum to the Vocabulary List on page 54:
Verbs:oPEIMI��mP�SOMAI: be awayBOjV��BO�SOMAI���BÎHSA: shoutDI¢KV��DI¢JV���D¸VJA: pursueZHT�V��ZHT�SV���Z�THSA: seek, look forÒRjV��ÓCOMAI��EÁDON: seeTIMjV��TIM�SV���T¸MHSA: honorTR�XV��DRAMOÅMAI���DRAMON: runFEÃGV��FEÃJOMAI���FUGON: fleeFULjTTV��FULjJV���FÃLAJA: guard
Nouns:KÃVN��KUNÎW�Ò�or��: dogLAG¢W��LAG¢�Ò: hareLÃKOW��LÃKOU�Ò: wolfO»K¸A��O»K¸AW��: houseÓROW��ÓROUW�TÎ: mountain, hillPjPPOW��PjPPOU�Ò: grandfather
Adjectives:oKROW��oKRA��oKRON: top (of)�jYUMOW���jYUMON: careless
Addendum to page 62:
Verbs:mPOFEÃGV��mPOFEÃJOMAI��mP�FUGON: flee away, escapeGIGN¢SKV��GN¢SOMAI���GNVN: get to know, learnYAUMjZV��YAUMjSOMAI���YAÃMASA: wonder at, am amazed, admirePjSXV��PE¸SOMAI���PAYON: sufferTÃPTV��TÃCV���TUCA: strike
Nouns:MÅYOW��MÃYOU�Ò: story
Adjectives:mGAYÎW��mGAY���mGAYÎN: good ����������oGRIOW��mGR¸A��oGRION: savage, wild, fiercePR¤TOW��PR¢TH��PR¤TON: first AÆTÎW��AÆT���AÆTÎ: -self, -selves; him, her, it,
them
42
Homework Exercises for Chapter 5Form Identification:
TIMjV TIMHTÎW��TIMHT���TIMHTÎN
TIM���TIM�W�� TIMHT�W��TIMHTOÅ�Ò (note, this will decline like Ò�DESPÎTHW)
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
TIMwW
TIMHTAºW
T¸MA�
TIMw
TIMHTÎN
TIMHT�W
TIM¤MEN
TIMlN
TIMHTjW
TIMjW
TIMlTE
TIM¤N
TIMHTOÃW
TIM�
TIM¤
TIMHT�N
43
Noun/Adjective Agreement Worksheet:
Nouns Adjectives/PronounsDESPÎTHW��DESPÎTOU�Ò AÆTÎW��AÆT���AÆTÎÒDÎW��ÒDOÅ�� POLÃW��POLL���POLÃKR�NH��KR�NHW�� �
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, numberand gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignorethe Vocative case.)
Form Case # Gender Adjective/s
DESPOT¤N
ÒDOºW
DESPÎTHN
DESPÎT×
ÒDÎN
ÒDÎW
KR�NAW
KRHN¤N
ÒDOÃW
DESPÎTAIW
DESPÎTHW
KR�NHN
KR�NH
ÒDOÅ
ÒD¯
DESPÎTAW
KR�N×
ÒD¤N
44
Adjectives: Attributive vs. Predicative
ATTRIBUTIVE PREDICATIVE
TÏ�oKRON�ÓROW the lofty mountain oKRON�TÏ�ÓROW the top of the mountainTÏ�ÓROW�oKRON
��M�SH�mGORj the central market M�SH���mGORj the center of the market��mGORk�M�SH
���SXjTH�N�SOW the farthest island �SXjTH���N�SOW the edge of the island��N�SOW��SXjTH
Ò�MÎNOW�PAºW the only son MÎNOW�Ò�PAºW�PA¸ZEI the boy plays aloneÒ�PAºW�MÎNOW�PA¸ZEI
Ò�AÆTÏW�mN�R the same man AÆTÏW�Ò�mN�R the man himselfÒ�mN�R�AÆTÏW
O¼�PjNTEW�POLºTAI the whole body ofcitizens��PlSA�4IKEL¸A the whole of Sicily
O¼�POLºTAI PjNTEW all the citizensPjNTEW�O¼�POLºTAI
45
Homework Assignments for Week 6 Sept 27-30 (Chapter 6)
for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-5)
for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 74-78read course pack pages 47-49read and translate Reading 6A (pp. 73-74)
for Wednesday: quiz on present middle indicative verb formsdo form ID chart do exercises 6G��6D� 6E (evens), 6Z (odds)read Ath. pp. 81-83 ("Myth")
for Thursday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 86-89read and translate Reading 6 B (pp.84-86)do exercise 6H (1-6)
for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-101do exercise 7B read and translate Reading 7A (pp. 95-96)vocabulary quiz chapter 6
46
Chapter 6 Vocabulary
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 72:Verbs:mPOKTE¸NV��mPOKTEN¤��mP�KTEINA:killmFIKN�OMAI��mF¸JOMAI��mFIKÎMHN:arrive, arrive atBASILEÃV��BASILEÃSV���BAS¸LEUSA:ruleBOHY�V��BOHY�SV���BO�YHSA: helpBOÃLOMAI��BOUL�SOMAI���BOUL�YHN:wish, wantG¸GNOMAI��GEN�SOMAI���GENÎMHN:becomeD�XOMAI��D�JOMAI���D�XYHN: receive
�KFEÃGV���KFEÃJOMAI���J�FUGON: flee�RXOMAI���LEÃSOMAI���LYON: come, goPE¸YOMAI��PE¸SOMAI���PIYÎMHN: obey(middle of PE¸YV�
P�MPV��P�MCV���PEMCA: sendPL�V��PLEÃSOMAI���PLEUSA: sailSZV��S¢SV���SVSA: saveFOB�OMAI��FOB�SOMAI���FOBHSjMHN:fear, am afraid of, am frightened
Nouns:BASILEÃW��BASIL�VW�Ò: king�TAºROW���TA¸ROU�Ò: comrade,companion�M�RA���M�RAW��: dayNAÅW��NE¢W��: ship
N�SOW��N�SOU��: islandNÃJ��NUKTÎW��: nightPjPPAW��PjPPOU�Ò: fatherPARY�NOW��PARY�NOU�� : maiden, girl
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 84:Verbs:�J�RXOMAI���JELEÃSOMAI���J�LYON: goout of, come out of�G�OMAI���G�SOMAI���GHSjMHN: leadMjXOMAI��MAXOÅMAI���MAXESjMHN:fightPAR�XV��PAR�JV��PAR�SXON:provide, give
POREÃOMAI, POREÃSOMAI�
�POREUSjMHN: go, walk, march, journeyPROXVR�V��PROXVR�SV�
PROEX¢RHSA: go forward, comeforward, advance
Nouns:PÃLAI��PUL¤N�A¼: gates
English derivatives:phobia, labyrinth, parthenogenesis, basil, hegemony, nautical, pylon, ephemeral,tympanum, nyctophobia, genesis
47
Homework Exercises for Chapter 6
Form Identification:
BOULEÃV��BOULEÃSV���BOÃLEUSA BOUL���BOUL�W��BOULHTÎW��BOULHT���BOULHTÎN BOÃLOMAI��BOUL�SOMAI���BOUL�YHN
Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS (excluding the Vocative case). For each identification, first list therelevant part of speech (e.g., noun, verb, adjective) and then its characteristics.
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
BOULEÃV
BOUL�W
BOÃL×
BOÃLESYAI
BOULHTO¸
BOULAºW
BOULEÃETE
BOULÎMEYA
BOULA¸
BOULHTOºW
BOÃLESYE
BOULEÃEIN
BOULHTÎN
BOUL¤N
BOULHT�
BOULEÃEI
BOULHT¯
48
Present Middle Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive
LÃV FIL�V TIMjV
Indicative
MAI LÃ�O�MAI LÃOMAI FIL��O�MAI FILOÅMAI TIMj�O�MAI TIM¤MAI
SAI LÃ�E�SAI LÃ×��LÃEI FIL��E�SAI FIL���FILEº TIMj�E�SAI TIMw
TAI LÃ�E�TAI LÃETAI FIL��E�TAI FILEºTAI TIMj�E�TAI TIMlTAI
MEYA LU��MEYA
LUÎMEYA FILE�Î�MEYA
FILOÃMEYA TIMA�Î�MEYA
TIM¢MEYA
SYE LÃ�E�SYE LÃESYE FIL��E�SYE FILEºSYE TIMj�E�SYE TIMlSYE
NTAI LÃ�O�NTAI LÃONTAI FIL��O�NTAI FILOÅNTAI TIMj�O�NTAI
TIM¤NTAI
Imperative
SO LÃ�E�SO LÃOU FIL��E�SO FILOÅ TIMj�E�SO TIM¤
SYE LÃ�E�SYE LÃESYE FIL��E�SYE FILEºSYE TIMj�E�SYE TIMlSYE
Infinitive
SYAI LÃ�E�SYAI LÃESYAI FIL��E�SYAI FILEºSYAI TIMj�E�SYAI TIMlSYAI
Second person singular indicative:E��S�AI� yields ×�(written EI in the Old Attic alphabet, before 403 BCE), which is usually given as theproper spelling in the texts of the tragic poets, whereas EI�is printed in the texts of prose and comedy. EI was often written for HI��×) after 400 BCE, since both had the sound of a close long e. �EI issometimes called Attic and Ionic in contrast to �×�of the other dialects, including the Koine. (Smyth628)
NOTE: Final �AI is counted short (�MAI���SAI���TAI���NTAI���SYAI).
49
Notes on the Middle Voice
From Smyth, Greek Grammar:
Middle usually denotes that subject acts on himself or for himself, as LOÃOMAI wash myself ,mMÃNOMAI defend myself (lit. ward off for myself).
The passive borrows all its forms, except in the future and aorist tenses, from the middle.
Deponent verbs have an active meaning but only middle (or middle and passive) forms.
The middle represents the subject as doing something in which he is interested. He may dosomething to himself, for himself, or he may act with something belonging to himself.The object of the middle (1) may belong in the sphere of the subject, as his property, etc: I washmy hands, or (2) it may be brought into the sphere of the subject: they sent for the hoplites, or (3)it may be removed from the sphere of the subject: I sell my house (lit. give away).
Direct Reflexive Middle: subject acting directly on himself. Self is here the direct object. Verbsexpressing external and natural acts: anoint oneself, wash oneself, adorn oneself, crown oneself,exercise oneself.Indirect Reflexive Middle: subject as acting for himself, with reference to himself, with somethingbelonging to himself. Self often the indirect object: provide for oneself, guard against, choose(take for oneself), furnish.Causative Middle: subject has something done by another for himself: for I had you taught this; tohave food served up.Reciprocal Middle: With dual or plural subject middle may indicate reciprocal relation. Verbs ofcontending, conversing (questioning, replying), greeting, embracing, etc.
Middle lays stress on conscious activity, bodily or mental participation, of agent.In verbs that possess both active and middle:BOULEÃESYAI deliberate, BOULEÃEIN planSTAYMlN�measure, STAYMlSYAI calculateSKOPEºN look at, SKOPEºSYAI consider�XESYAI cling toPAÃESYAI cease
Active is often transitive, middle intransitive.
Passive voice represents subject as acted on. Passive voice has been developed from the middle. With the exception of some futures and the aorist, middle forms do duty as passives: A¼REºTAI,takes for himself, ie chooses, and so is chosen.
50
From Seligson, Greek for Reading:
Subject of active verb = agentDirect object of active verb = patient
Subject of passive verb = patient
Subject of middle verb = agent and beneficiary, or= agent and patient
Agent and beneficiary: subject both acts and benefits by action:F�REI, carries; F�RETAI, wins (for his own)FULjTTEI��guards; FULjTTETAI, guards against
Agent and patient: may seem simply reflexiveKOSMEº, adorns; KOSMEºTAI, adorns himselfFA¸NEI, shows; FA¸NETAI, shows himself, seems
51
Homework Assignments for Week 7 Oct 4-7 (Chapter 7)
for Monday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 96-99do exercise 7B read and translate Reading 7A (pp. 95-96)vocabulary quiz chapter 6
for Tuesday: do form ID chart read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 100-101do exercise 7D quiz on 3rd declension forms
for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 7read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 106-109do noun-adjective agreement chart do exercises 7Z (evens) and 7H (odds)
for Thursday: quiz on 3rd declension formsread and translate Reading 7B (pp. 104-106)read Ath. pp. 102-103 ("Homer")
for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-7)
52
Chapter 7 Vocabulary
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 94:
Verbs:A¼R�V��A¼R�SV��EÂLON: take, seize�PA¸RV���PAR¤���P�RA: lift, raise EÇR¸SKV��EÇR�SV��HÍRON: find, discoverKELEÃV��KELEÃSV���K�LEUSA: order, tellPARASKEUjZV��PARASKEUjSV��PARESKEÃASA: prepare
Nouns:A½J��A»GÎW, Ò or �: goatYjLATTA��YALjTTHW���: seaÓNOMA��ÑNÎMATOW��TÎ: namePÎLIW��PÎLEVW��: city
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 104:
Verbs:mPOKR¸NOMAI��mPOKRIN¤��mP�KRINA: answerBjLLV��BAL¤���BALON: throw, put, peltM�LLV��MELL�SV���M�LLHSA: intend, be about toÒRMjV��ÒRM�SV��¨RMHSA: set in motion, set out, start, rushPAÃV��PAÃSV���PAUSA: stop; middle intransitive = stop (+ part.) or cease from (+ gen.)
NOTE: Beginning with chapter 7B, Athenaze lists nominative, genitive, and gender foreach new noun; so that information will no longer appear in the course pack vocabularylists.
English derivatives:xenophobia, ophthalmologist, pyromaniac, ballistic, eureka, thalassocracy, politics,eponymous, anonymous, oenophile = enophile, oenology = enology, panorama
53
Homework Exercises for Chapter 7
Form Identification:PÅR��PURÎW�TÎPUR���PUR�W��
PURSÎW��PURS���PURSÎNPÅROW��PÃROU�Ò
PURÎV
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
PÅR
PUR¤
PÅROW
PURSj
PURÎW
PUROÅMEN
PUR�
PÃROU
PURSÎN
PURS���
PUROÅSI�N�
PURS¸�N�
PURSOÅ
PURS¤N
PUR�W
PUR¸
54
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesXEIM¢N��XEIM¤NOW�Ò M�GAW��MEGjLH��M�GAPÅR��PURÎW�TÎ T¸W��T¸
PAºW��PAIDÎW�� S¢FRVN��S¤FRON (3rd declension adj.)
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number andgender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore Vocative.)
Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s
XEIM¤NOW
PUR¤N
PAID¸
PAIS¸
PAºDA
XEIM¢N
XEIM¤NA
PURÎW
PÅR
PUR¸
PAºDEW
PAIDÎW
PURS¸
XEIM¤SI
XEIM¤NI
55
Third Declension
Stems in the 3rd declension end either in consonants (hence the alternate name, "consonantdeclension"), or in the vowels �I and �U. The third declension shows much more variety than the1st and 2nd declensions because some of its nouns have variable stems, with different forms of thestem appearing in different sets of cases, and some feature contraction of vowels in the endings.
I. Case Endings:
Masc./Fem. Neuter
Singular Nom. – or �W –
Gen. �OW �OW
Dat. �I �I
Acc. �A or �N –
Voc. – or �W –
Plural Nom./Voc. �EW �A�
Gen. �VN �VN
Dat. �SI�N� �SI�N�
Acc. �AW �A
II. Accentuation:
Stems of one syllable (monosyllabic stems) accent the case ending in genitive and dative of allnumbers; �VN takes the circumflex accent. The gen. plu. of PAºW�is an exception to this rule.
Singular Nom. A½J PAºW
Gen. AIGÎW PAIDÎW
Dat. A»G¸ PAID¸
Acc. A½GA PAºDA
Voc. A½J PAº
Plural Nom./Voc. AÁGEW PAºDEW
Gen. A»G¤N PA¸DVN
Dat. A»G�E��S¸�N�� �mJ¸�N� PAID�S¸(N)�>�PAIS¸(N)
Acc. A½GAW PAºDAW
56
III. General Rules:
A. for nouns ending in��P���B���F (labials) or��K���G���X��velars/palatals)These nouns use �W�in the nom. and voc. singular and -A��in the acc.Note that the presence of �W�in the endings will result in double consonants in the nom. andvoc. singular and dat. plural.
Singular Nom. KL¢C FÃLAJ
Gen. KLVPÎW FÃLAKOW
Dat. KLVP¸ FÃLAKI
Acc. KL¤PA FÃLAKA
Voc. KL¢C FÃLAJ
Plural Nom./Voc. KL¤PEW FÃLAKEW
Gen. KLVP¤N FULjKVN
Dat. KLVC¸(N) FÃLAJI(N)
Acc. KL¤PAW FÃLAKAW
B. for nouns ending in �D���Y���T�(dentals)All dentals are lost before sigma: note the forms of the dative plural.Neuter nouns use no ending in nom. and voc. singular, and either the final tau is dropped(in accordance with the law that says a noun can end only in a vowel, �R�����N��or��W) or analternative stem is used in nom. and voc. singular. The nom. acc. voc. plural form of the neuter has short A, like all neuter forms.
Singular Nom. PAºW PRlGMA F¤W
Gen. PAIDÎW PRjGMATOWFVTÎW
Dat. PAID¸ PRjGMATI FVT¸
Acc. PAºDA PRlGMAF¤W
Voc. PAº PRlGMA F¤W
Plural Nom./Voc. PAºDEW PRjGMATA F¤TA
Gen. PA¸DVN PRAGMjTVNFVT¤N�
Dat. PAID�S¸(N)�>�PAIS¸(N) PRjGMASI(N)
FVS¸(N)
Acc. PAºDAW PRjGMATA F¤TA
57
C. for nouns with stem ending in �L���R (liquids) or��N (nasal)These nouns either:(1) use no ending in the nom. singular with strong-vowel form of stem, or(2) use �W�in the nom. singular. Nouns with final �N� do not have the �N� in the dat. plural, but there is no compensatorylengthening.
Singular Nom. XEIM¢N DA¸MVN pLW
Gen. XEIM¤NOW DA¸MONOW nLÎW
Dat. XEIM¤NI DA¸MONI nL¸
Acc. XEIM¤NA DA¸MONA pLA
Voc. XEIM¢N DAºMON –
Plural Nom./Voc. XEIM¤NEW DA¸MONEW pLEW
Gen. XEIM¢NVN DAIMÎNVN nL¤N
Dat. XEIM¤SI(N) DA¸MOSI(N) nLS¸(N)
Acc. XEIM¤NAW DA¸MONAW pLAW
Note the accents in XEIM¢N: acute in nom. and voc. sing, circumflex in most other forms,because an accented long penult followed by short ultima must have a circumflex.
The adjective S¢FRVN��S¤FRON follows the same pattern as the nouns above:
Masculine/Feminine Neuter
Singular Nom. S¢FRVN S¤FRON
Gen. S¢FRONOW
Dat. S¢FRONI
Acc. S¢FRONA S¤FRON
Voc. S¤FRON
Plural Nom./Voc. S¢FRONEW S¢FRONA
Gen. SVFRÎNVN
Dat. S¢FROSI(N)
Acc. S¢FRONAW S¢FRONA
58
Homework Assignments for Week 8 Oct 11-14 (Chapter 8)
for Monday: TEST (chapters 1-7)
for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 114-116do exercise 8B
read and translate Reading 8� (pp. 112-114)
for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 124-129, course pack pp. 62-64do noun/adjective agreement chart quiz on present middle participle formsdo form ID chart
for Thursday: quiz on 3rd declension formsdo noun/adjective agreement chart study the place words on Ath. pg. 124 (Word Building)read and translate Reading 8� (pp. 122-124)
for Monday: vocabulary quiz chapter 8read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 135-137do exercises 9B (evens) and 9G (odds)read and translate Reading 9� (pp. 133-135)
59
Chapter 8 Vocabulary
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 112:
Verbs: (note all of these verbs are deponent)DIAL�GOMAI��DIALEG�SOMAI��DIELEJjMHN: talk to, converse with�POMAI���COMAI��E»PÎMHN: (+ dat.) follow�RGjZOMAI���RGjSOMAI��E»RGASjMHN: workYEjOMAI��YEjSOMAI���YEASjMHN: see, watch, look at
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 122:
Verbs:mNABA¸NV��mNAB�SOMAI��mN�BHN: go up�GE¸RV���GER¤���GEIRA: (transitive active) wake (someone) upEÈXOMAI��EÈJOMAI��EÆJjMHN (or �UJjMHN): prayKAY¸ZV��KAYI¤���KjYISA: (transitive active) make (someone) sit down; (intransitiveactive) sit down (with reflexive pronoun); (intransitive middle) sit down
English derivatives:dialogue, erg, ergonomics, theater, vespers, theology, poet, cathedral, agora, politics
60
Homework Exercises for Chapter 8
Noun Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesPÅR��PURÎW��TÎ S¢FRVN��S¤FRONYEÎW��YEOÅ��Ò LUÎMENOW��LUOM�NH��LUÎMENONYjLATTA��YALjTTHW���POIHT�W��POIHTOÅ�Ò
Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s
PÅR
YALjTTHW
PUR¸
YEOÅ
POIHTOÅ
YEOÅW
YjLATTAN
POIHT�N
YE¤N
YE¯
YALjTTAW
YEO¸
PUR¤N
YEÎW
PURÎW
YALATT¤N
61
Form Identification:
J�NOW��J�NOU�Ò JEN¸A��JEN¸AW�� JEN¸ZV J�NIOW��JEN¸A��J�NION
Given the dictionary listings above, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS. For each identification, first list the relevant part of speech (e.g., noun,verb, adjective, participle) and then its characteristics (5 for a verb, 3 for a noun or adjective, 5 fora participle [tense, voice; case, number, gender]).
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
J�NOUW
JEN¸AW
JEN¸ZEIN
JEN¸ZV
J�NOU
JEN¸AIW
J�NON
JENIZÎMENOI
J�NVN
JENIZOM�N×
JENIZOM�NOIW
JEN¸A
J�NIA
JENIZÎMEYA
J�N¡
J�NOIW
JEN¸ZOUSI�N�
62
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesmN�R��mNDRÎW�Ò EÂW��M¸A���N or DÃO�(as appropriate)M�THR��MHTRÎW�� PlW��PlSA��PlND�NDRON��D�NDROU�TÎ
Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s
mN�R
D�NDRON
MHTRÎW
D�NDR¡
MHT�RA
MHTR¸
mNDRÎW
D�NDROIW
MHT�REW
oNDRA
D�NDRA
MHTRjSI
mNDR¤N
MHT�RVN
oNDREW
D�NDROU
mNDRjSI
63
Third Declension
D. for nouns with irregular stem ending in �RThe nouns PAT�R, M�THR, and YUGjTHR have three visible stems: a strong-vowel stemending in �THR, a short-vowel stem ending in �TER��and a weak grade (no vowel) ending in �TR (or �TRA in dative plural, where �R� between consonants becomes �RA�). The strong-vowel appears in nom. sing.; the weak grade in gen. sing., dat. sing., and dat.pl; the short-vowel in acc. sing. and all plural cases except dat. Accentuation on these nouns in the nom. and voc. sing. is irregular: the voc. sing. ofPAT�R has recessive accentuation (PjTER), as do the nom. and voc. sing. of M�THR
�M�THR, voc.�M�TER) and of �YUGjTHR� (YUGjTHR, voc. YÃGATER).Elsewhere the accent of these three words falls on the stem-ending �ER� (or �RA� in dat.pl.) or on the case ending.For PAT�R and M�THR, the monosyllabic stem rule applies, while YUGjTHR�is treatedsimilarly by analogy.The noun mN�R�is similar: the strong-vowel stem appears in the nominative��mN�R), theshort-vowel in the voc. sing. (oNER), and the weak form in �R� in the other cases, where �D��is developed between �N� and �R�.The monosyllabic stem rule applies to mN�R, except that the nom. sing. and dat. plur.(based on disyllabic stems) are accented on the second syllable and the voc. sing. hasrecessive accent.
Singular Nom. PAT�R M�THR YUGjTHR mN�R
Gen. PATRÎW MHTRÎW YUGATRÎW mNDRÎW
Dat. PATR¸ MHTR¸ YUGATR¸ mNDR¸
Acc. PAT�RA MHT�RA YUGAT�RA oNDRA
Voc. PjTER M�TER YÃGATER oNER
Plural Nom./Voc. PAT�REW MHT�REW YUGAT�REW oNDREW
Gen. PAT�RVN MHT�RVN YUGAT�RVN mNDR¤N
Dat. PATRjSI�N� MHTRjSI�N� YUGATRjSI�N� mNDRjSI�N�
Acc. PAT�RAW MHT�RAW YUGAT�RAW oNDRAW
64
E. for nouns with stem ending in��NT�
These nouns either:(1) use �W�in the nom. and voc. singular, in which case the �NT�drops out and thepreceding vowel exhibits compensatory lengthening; or(2) use a strong-vowel (i.e., long vowel/diphthong) form of the stem without the tau (dropped for phonetic reasons) and with no ending in the nom. singular.The voc. sing. is either like the nom. (ÑDOÃW, voc. ÑDOÃW) or has the weak-vowel form ofthe stem with no ending (and final �T� is simply dropped) (G¸GA�W, voc. G¸GA�W; G�RVN,voc. G�RON).In the dat. plur., the ending �SI causes elimination of �NT� and compensatory lengtheningof the preceding vowel: ÑDÎNT�SI(N) > ÑDOÅSI(N), G¸GANT�SI(N) > G¸GA�SI(N), G�RONT�
SI(N) > G�ROUSI(N).
Singular Nom. ÑDOÃW G¸GA�W G�RVN
Gen. ÑDÎNTOW G¸GANTOW G�RONTOW
Dat. ÑDÎNTI G¸GANTI G�RONTI
Acc. ÑDÎNTA G¸GANTA G�RONTA
Voc. ÑDOÃW G¸GA�W G�RON
Plural Nom./Voc. ÑDÎNTEW G¸GANTEW G�RONTEW
Gen. ÑDÎNTVN GIGjNTVN GERÎNTVN
Dat. ÑDOÅSI(N) G¸GA�SI(N) G�ROUSI(N)
Acc. ÑDÎNTAW G¸GANTAW G�RONTAW
65
Paradigm of PlW, PlSA, PlN and EÂW, M¸A, �N
Adjectives of the consonant declension with a separate set of forms for the feminine inflect thefeminine like a noun of the first declension ending in �A� �
The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix - IA(semivocalic I), which is combined with the preceding syllable in different ways.
Singular Nom./Voc. PlW PlSA PlN
Gen. PANTÎW PjSHW PANTÎW
Dat. PANT¸ PjS× PANT¸
Acc. PjNTA PlSAN PlN
Plural Nom./Voc. PjNTEW PlSAI PjNTA
Gen. PjNTVN PAS¤N PjNTVN
Dat. PlSI(N) PjSAIW PlSI(N)
Acc. PjNTAW PjSAW PjNTA
PlSA stands for PANTSA from PANT� IA.A� of PlN (for PA�N�T��) is irregular and borrowed from PlW.The accents of PANTÎW and PANT¸ follow the monosyllabic stem rule; PjNTVN and PlSI�N� donot.PlSI�N� is from PjNT�SI�N�.PAS¤N follows the usual pattern for first declension nouns (�¤N from j-VN).
Singular Nom. EÂW M¸A �N
Gen. �NÎW MIlW �NÎW
Dat. �N¸ MIw �N¸
Acc. �NA M¸AN �N
The stem for EÂW��M¸A���N�is SM (M with zero-grade vowel).The stem �N is from SEM- . Initial S before a vowel becomes the rough breathing. Original final Mpreceded by a vowel becomes N�M¸A stands for SM�¸A.EÂW is from��N�W.The accent of �NÎW and �N¸ follows the monosyllabic stem rule.Note the accent of the feminine genitive and dative, MIlW and MIw.
66
Homework Assignments for Week 9 Oct 18-21 (Chapter 9)
for Monday: read Ath. pp. 117-120 ("Athens: A Historical Outline")read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 135-137do exercises 9B (evens) and 9G (odds)read and translate Reading 9a (pp. 133-135)
for Tuesday: quiz on present active participle formsdo exercise 9D
do noun/adjective agreement chart do exercise on personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, possessiveadjectives in course packread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 145-148
for Wednesday: quiz on declensions of BASILEÃW��PÎLIW��oSTU
do exercise 9Z (2, 4, 6) and 9H (2, 4, 6)do form ID chartread and translate Reading 9� (pp.142-144)
for Thursday: vocabulary quiz chapter 9read Ath. pp. 139-140 ("The City of Athens")
for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-9)
67
Chapter 9 Vocabulary
Memorize all parts of the dictionary entry; know this vocabulary list in either direction, i.e., fromGreek to English and from English to Greek
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 133:
Verbs:oGV��oJV���GAGON: lead, drive�PAN�RXOMAI���PANELEÃSOMAI���PAN�LYON: come back�SY¸V���DOMAI���FAGON: eatKjMNV��KAMOÅMAI���KAMON: be sick, be tiredP¸NV��PIN¤���PION: drink
Addendum to the Vocabulary List on page 142:
Verbs:AÆJjNV��AÈJV��HÈJHSA: increaseKA¸V��KAÃSV���KAUSA: burn, (middle intransitive = burn, be on fire)SIGjV��SIG�SOMAI���S¸GHSA: be silentT�RPOMAI��T�RCOMAI���TERCjMHN: enjoy
English derivatives:sarcophagus, panegyric, stoa, aristocracy, ambidextrous, theology, hieroglyphics, Nike sneakers,parthenogenesis, gerontology, democracy, Uranus, pomp, and Mesolithic
68
Homework Exercises for Chapter 9
For practice with personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and possessive adjectives, translate the
following:
1. T�N�ÒDÏN�AÆTÏW�ÒRw.
2. AÆTOÅ�T�N�O»K¸AN�AÆT��ÒRw.
3. AÆTÏW�ÒRw�AÆTOÃW.
4. AÆT��ÒRw�T�N�S�N�O»K¸AN.
5. AÆT��ÒRw�TÏ�AÆTÏ�D�NDRON.
6. AÆTÏW�ÒRw�AÆT¤N�TÏN�KÃNA.
7. SÄ�ÒRwW�ME�
8. SÄ�L�GEIW�AÆTOºW�TÏN�MÅYON.
9. SÄ�ÒRlW�TÏN�SÏN�PAºDA.
10. ÒR¤��MAUTÎN��mLLq�OÆX�ÒR¤�ÇMlW.
11. Ò�PAºW�ÒRw�TÏN��AUTOÅ�KÃNA.
12. Ò�PAºW�ÒRw�TÏN�KÃNA�AÆT�W.
13. �MEºW�GkR�OÆK��Y�LOMEN��MlW�AÆTOÄW�SZEIN.
14. SÄ�L�GEIW�SEAUT¯.
15. S�L�GEIW�SEAUT�.
16. SÄ�L�GEIW��MO¸.
17. oGV�Tk�ÇM�TERA�M�LA�PRÏW�T�N��M�N�O»K¸AN.
18. KAY¸ZV�ÇPÏ�TÏ��M�TERON�D�NDRON.
19. OÆK��Y�LOMEN��MlW�AÆTOÄW��PA¸REIN.
20. Tk�M�LA�METq�AÆT¤N�FEÃGEI.
21. Tk�M�LA��AUTk�FILEº.
22. Ò�PAºW��AUTÏN�FILEº.
23. Ò�PAºW�AÆT�N�FILEº.
24. Ò�PAºW�TÏN�KÃNA��AÆT�W�FILEº.
25.���PAºW��AUT�N�FILEº.
26. ��PAºW�TÏN�KÃNA�AÆTOÅ�FILEº.
69
Noun/Adjective (Participle) Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesmRISTERj��mRISTERlW�� TIM¤N��TIM¤SA��TIM¤N¼ERÎN��¼EROÅ�TÎ LÃVN��LÃOUSA��LÅONPAT�R��PATRÎW�Ò
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, number andgender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignore the Vocativecase.)
Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s
PAT�R
¼ERÎN
mRISTERjN
mRISTERlW
mRISTERjW
¼EROºW
PAT�REW
PATRjSI�N�
mRISTERAºW
mRISTERj
¼ERj
¼ER¤N
PAT�RA
PAT�RAW
mRISTERw
¼ER¡
PATR¸
70
Form Identification:
BASILEÃW��BASIL�VW�Ò BASILEÃV��BASILEÃSV���BAS¸LEUSABASILE¸A��BASILE¸AW�� BAS¸LEIOW��BASILE¸A��BAS¸LEIONBASIL¸W��BASIL¸DOW��
Given these dictionary listings, identify fully the forms below. LIST ALL POSSIBLEIDENTIFICATIONS.
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech
Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
BASIL�VW
BASILE¸AW
BASILEÃOMEN
BASILEUÎMENOW
BAS¸LEIA
BASIL¸DA
BASILEÅSI
BASILEÃVN
BASILEº
BASILEÃONTEW
BASILEÃOUSAI
BASILE¸AN
BASIL¸DEW
BASILEUOM�NVN
BAS¸LEIOW
BASIL�A
71
Present Active Participles
Participles of the active voice have stems in NT. The masculine and neuter follow the thirddeclension, the feminine follows the first declension.
Most stems in ONT make the nominative singular masculine without W, like the noun GERVN,dropping the T and lengthening O to V.But stems in ONT in the present and second aorist of MI-verbs (DIDOÃW��DOÃW), and all stems inANT��ENT��UNT add W, lose NT, and lengthen the preceding vowel (-OUW, -A�W, -EIW, -U�W).
The nominative neuter singular of all participles drops final T of the stem.
The feminine singular is made by adding - IA (semivocalic I) to the stem: LÃOUSA�< LUONT� IA��OÌSA�< ÓNT� IA�
The accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to the monosyllabic stem rule.
72
Present active participles of contract verbs
Singular Nom. FIL��VN�>� FIL¤N FIL��OUSA��>� FILOÅSA� FIL��ON�>� FILOÅN
Gen. FIL��ONTOW�> FILOÅNTOW FILE�OÃSHW�> FILOÃSHW FIL��ONTOW�> FILOÅNTOW
Dat. FIL��ONTI�>� FILOÅNTI FILE�OÃS×�>� FILOÃS× FIL��ONTI�>� FILOÅNTI
Acc. FIL��ONTA�>� FILOÅNTA FIL��OUSA�N�> FILOÅSA�N FIL��ON�>� FILOÅN
Voc. FIL��ONTEW�> FILOÅNTEW FIL��OUSAI�> FILOÅSAI FIL��ONTA�>� FILOÅNTA
Plural Nom./Voc. FILE�ÎNTVN
>�FILOÃNTVN FILE�OUS¤N�> FILOUS¤N FILE�ÎNTVN
>�FILOÃNTVN
Gen. FIL��ONTSI�> FILOÅSI FILE�OÃSAIW�> FILOÃSAIW FIL��ONTSI�> FILOÅSI
Dat. FIL��ONTA�W�> FILOÅNTAW FILE�OÃSA�W�> FILOÃSA�W FIL��ONTA�>� FILOÅNTA
Singular Nom.
TIMj�VN >� TIM¤N TIMj�OUSA>� TIM¤SA TIMj�ON�>� TIM¤N
Gen. TIMj�ONTOW > TIM¤NTOW TIMA�OÃSHW�>� TIM¢SHW TIMj�ONTOW�> TIM¤NTOW
Dat. TIMj�ONTI�>� TIM¤NTI TIMA�OUS×�>� TIM¢S× TIMj�ONTI�>� TIM¤NTI
Acc. TIMj�ONTA > TIM¤NTA TIMj�OUSAN�>� TIM¤SAN TIMj�ON�>� TIM¤N
Voc. TIMj�ONTEW > TIM¤NTEW TIMj�OUSAI�>� TIM¤SAI TIMj�ONTA�>� TIM¤NTA
Plural Nom./Voc.
TIMA�ÎNTVN > TIM¢NTVN TIMA�OUS¤N�>� TIMVS¤N TIMA�ÎNTVN�> TIM¢NTVN
Gen. TIMj�ONTSI > TIM¤SI TIMA�OÃSAIW�>� TIM¢SAIW TIMj�ONTSI�> TIM¤SI
Dat. TIMj�ONTAW > TIM¤NTAW TIMA�OÃSA�W�>� TIM¢SAW TIMj�ONTA�> TIM¤NTA
73
Third Declension
F. for nouns with stems in I�and UStems in I�and�U�vary with stronger stems, of which E�in the cases other than nom., acc.,and voc. sing. is a survival.EI�and�EU�before vowels lost their I�and�U���I�and�U�of diphthongs often disappear before afollowing vowel; they become semivowels, I �and� U��which are not written. So�POLE� I ��I���POLE� I ��EW���which contract to PÎLEI�and�PÎLEIW�There is also a stem in H��as in Homeric�PÎLH�OW��whence�PÎLE�VW��by transfer ofquantity (quantitative metathesis).Dat. pl.�PÎLE�SI�for�PÎLI�SI�is due to the analogy of forms from stems in�EI��EU�Final �VW of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on theantepenult: PÎLEVW retains the accent of the earlier PÎLH�OW, which became PÎLEVW bytransfer of quantity. The accent of the gen. pl. follows that of the gen. sing.Acc. pl. PÎLEIW is probably borrowed from the nom. pl.
Singular Nom. PÎLIW (<�PÎLI�W) oSTU
Gen. PÎLEVW (<�PÎLH�OW) oSTEVW (<�oSTH��OW)
Dat. PÎLEI (<�PÎLEI�I) oSTEI (<�oSTEU�I)
Acc. PÎLIN (<�PÎLI�N) oSTU
Voc. PÎLI oSTU
Plural Nom./Voc. PÎLEIW (< PÎLEI�EW) oSTH (<�oSTE��A)
Gen. PÎLEVN (<�PÎLEI�VN) oSTEVN (<�oSTEU��VN)
Dat. PÎLESI�N) oSTESI�N�
Acc. PÎLEIW oSTH� (<�oSTE��A�
74
G. for nouns with stems in EU��AU��OU:Stems in EU show pure form only in vocative; other forms are derived from the stronger stem HU�HU and A�U�before a consonant become EU, AU, as in BASILEÃW��BASILEÅSI, from BASILHUW���BASILHUSI�Stems lose U�before case endings beginning with a vowel, U (semivocallic�U��passing into�W��vau, "digamma"��BASIL�VW��BASILEº��BASIL�A���BASIL�A�W come from BASIL��8��OW��BASIL��8��I��BASIL��8��A��BASIL��8��AW, by transfer ofquantity ("quantitative metathesis").In BASIL�VN, E is shortened from the H of BASIL�VN (a long vowel may be shortened before another long vowel).Nominative plural of EU nouns in older Attic ended in -�W (BASIL�W), derived either from -�EW by contraction or from -�HW bytransfer of quantity.
Singular Nom. BASILEÃW < BASILHUW NAÅW <�NA�UW BOÅW
Gen. BASIL�VW < BASIL��8��OW NE¢W <�NH�8��ÎW BOÎW < BO�8��ÎW
Dat. BASILEº <�BASIL��8��I NHÚ <�NH�8��¸ BOÚ
Acc. BASIL�A� <�BASIL��8��A NAÅN BOÅN
Voc. BASILEÅ NAÅ BOÅ
Plural Nom./Voc. BASIL�W N�EW � BÎEW
Gen. BASIL�VN <�BASIL�VN NE¤N <�NH¤N BO¤N
Dat. BASILEÅSI�N� <�BASILHUSI NAUS¸�N� <�NA�USI BOUS¸�N�
Acc. BASIL�A�W <�BASIL��8��AW NAÅW BOÅW
75
Homework Assignments for Week 10 Oct. 25-27 (Chapter 10)
for Monday: TEST (chapters 1-9)
for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pg. 152-155, 158-160read and translate Reading 10� (pp. 156-157)do noun/adjective agreement worksheet
for Wednesday: Quiz on future formsread and digest the grammar on Ath. pp. 166-170do exercise 10B (odds) and 10G (evens)do form ID charts
for Monday: quiz on future formsread and translate Reading 10� (pp. 165-166)read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")
for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 10read and digest grammar on pp. 176-181read and translate Reading 11� (pp. 175-176)
Chapter 10 Vocabulary
Beginning with Chapter 10, Athenaze lists three principal parts for every verb; so there will nolonger be an addendum for each chapter here in the course pack.
English derivatives:Nike, encephalitis, hydraulic, sophomore
76
Homework Exercises for Chapter 10
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesPÎLIW�PÎLEVW�� S¢FRVN��S¤FRONoSTU��oSTEVW�TÎ LÃVN��LÃOUSA��LÅONBASILEÃW��BASIL�VW�Ò
Form Case # Gen. Adjective/s
PÎLIW
oSTU
oSTEI
BASILEÃW
PÎLIN
PÎLEIW
oSTEVN
BASILEº
BASIL�A
BASIL�W
PÎLEVN
PÎLESI
oSTESI
oSTH
BASILEÅSI
BASIL�AW
77
Form Identification:
POL¸TEUMA��POLITEÃMATOW�TÎ POL¸THW��POL¸TOU�ÒPOLIÎW�POLIj��POLIÎNPOLITEÃV��POLITEÃSV���POL¸TEUSA PÎLIW��PÎLEVW��
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
POLITEÃEIW
POLITEÃMATA
PÎLEVW
POLIlW
PÎLEIW
POLITEÃONTOW
PÎLESI
POL¸T×
POLITEÃMATOW
PÎLIN
POLITEÃOUSI
POLITEUOM�NOIW
POL¸THN
POLITEÃMASI
PÎLEI
POLIÎN
POL¸TAIW
POLI¤N
78
Formation of the Future Tense
1. The future stem is formed by adding the tense-suffix -S�O�E to the verb-stem: LÃSV�
LÃSOMAI��Y�SV from T¸YHMI; DE¸JV from DE¸KNUMI.
2. In verbs showing strong and weak grades, the ending is added to the strong stem: LE¸PVLE¸CV��T�KV�T�JV��PN�V�PNEÃSOMAI��D¸DVMI�D¢SV.
3. Verb stems ending in a short vowel lengthen the vowel before the tense suffix (A to Hexcept after E��I��R): TIMjV�TIM�SV��FIL�V�FIL�SV.
4. Verb stems ending in L��M��N��R, add -ES�O�E-; then S drops and E contracts with thefollowing vowel: FA¸NV (FAN-), FAN¤ from FAN��SV; ST�LLV (STEL-), STELOÅMEN fromSTEL���S�OMEN.
5. Labial (P��B��F) and palatal (K��G��X) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with S toform C or J. Dentals (T��D��Y) are lost before S.KÎP�T�V��KOP����KÎCV��KÎCOMAI��BLjP�T�V��BLAB����BLjCV��BLjCOMAI��GRjFV�GRjCV��GRjCOMAI��PL�KV��PL�JV��PL�JOMAI��L�GV��L�JV��L�JOMAI��TARjTTV��TARAX����TARjJV�TARjJOMAI��FRjZV��FRAD����FRjSV��PE¸YV��PIY���PEIY����PE¸SV��PE¸SOMAI�
6. When E or O is added to the verb stem, it is lengthened to H or V: BOÃLOMAI��BOUL�E���BOUL�SOMAI��nL¸SKOMAI��nL�O����nL¢SOMAI.
7. So-called "Attic futures" occur when S is preceded by A� or E and these vowels are notpreceded by a syllable long by nature or position. S�is dropped and �AV and �EV arecontracted to -¤� When I precedes S, the ending is �I��S��V which contracts to -I¤.KAL�V��KAL¤��KALOÅMAI���LAÃNV���LA�����L¤��KAY�ZOMAI��KAYED����KAYEDOÅMAI�MjXOMAI��MAXE����MAXOÅMAI��ÓLLUMI��ÑL�E����ÑL¤�
8. All verbs in �ANNUMI have futures in �j�S�V, -¤: SKEDjNNUMI��SKEDA����SKED¤. Similarly some verbs in -ENNUMI: mMFI�NNUMI��mMFIE����mMFI¤��STÎRNUMI��STOR�E��
STOR¤.
9. Verbs in -IZV of more than two syllables drop S and insert E, thus making -I�S��V, �I�S��OMAI, which contract to -I¤ and -IOÅMAI: NOM¸ZV��NOMID�� makes NOMIS�V��NOMI��V�
NOMI¤� NOMI¤ etc. are due to the analogy of the liquid verbs.
79
Homework Assignments for Week 11 Nov 1-4 (Chapter 11)
for Monday: quiz on future formsread and translate Reading 10� (pp. 165-166)read Ath. 162-163 ("Festivals")
for Tuesday: vocabulary quiz chapters 10 and 11Aread and digest grammar on pp. 176-181read and translate Reading 11� (pp. 175-176)
for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 189-191do exercises 11K (odds), 11M (evens), and 11N (odds)read Ath. pp. 184-184 ("Greek Science and Medicine")read and translate Reading 11� (pp. 187-188)
for Thursday: quiz on 2nd aorist formsdo noun/participle agreement sheet do form ID chart
for Monday: quiz on 2nd aorist active participle formsread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 196-198read and translate Reading 12� (pp. 194-196)
PLEASE NOTE: It is expected that all of you will do the Word Building Exercises in each chapteron your own. These are very useful for building vocabulary.
English derivatives:genesis, paschal, scope, Philadelphia, psychiatrist and all the other -iatrist words,anthropology and all the other -ology words
80
Homework Exercises for Chapter 11
Noun/Participle Agreement:
Nouns ModifiersmDELFÎW��mDELFOÅ�Ò LAB¢N��LABOÅSA��LABÎNmRGÃRION��mRGUR¸OU�TÎ GENÎMENOW��GENOM�NH��GENÎMENONDRAXM����DRAXM�W�� �D¸VN���DION
Form Case # Gen.
Modifiers
mRGÃRION
DRAXM�W
mDELFOºW
mRGÃRIA
DRAXM�
DRAXMjW
mDELFÎW
mRGUR¸OU
DRAXM¤N
mRGUR¸OIW
mDELFOÃW
mDELFO¸
DRAXMA¸
mRGUR¸¡
DRAXM�N
mDELF¤N
mDELFÎN
81
Form Identification:
MANYjNV��MAY�SOMAI���MAYON MAYHT�W��MAYHTOÅ�ÒMjYHMA��MAY�MATOW�TÎ MAYHTÎW��MAYHT���MAYHTÎN
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
�MAYON
MAYHTÎN
MANYjNVN
MANYANOM�NHW
MAYÎNTI
�MjYOMEN
MANYjNEIN
MAY�MASI
MAYHTOºW
�MAYEW
MAYOÅSA
MANYjNOUSA
MAYHT�
MjYE
MANYANOÃSAIW
MAYHTAºW
MAY¢N
82
The Aorist System in Greek
In the indicative mood, aorist is used to refer to simple, unique occurrences in the past:& Dikaiopolis’ brother opened the door.& The god Asklepios healed Philip.
You have already noticed that the temporal augment � for the aorist occurs only in theindicative mood. This is because, in the aorist, only the indicative mood emphasizes time. All other forms of the aorist usually emphasize, instead, aspect.
Aspect refers to how one views the action of the verb6that is, whether the action is viewed ascompleted vs. incomplete, customary vs. a single occurrence, a general truth vs. a specificoccurrence. Present tense has an incomplete, customary, or habitual aspect; aorist tenseconveys a completed or simple (i.e., one time occurrence) aspect.
Note the difference between these two indicative sentences.& Mother takes her medication every day. (present time, customary aspect = present
tense = LAMBjNEI)& I took a present to the party. (past time, simple aspect = aorist = �LABON)
Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time. Note, forexample, the difference between these two imperatives:& Mother, take your pill every day! (customary aspect = present imperative = LjMBANE)& Take the money and run! (simple aspect = aorist imperative = LjBE)
Note, LjMBANE and LjBE are each translated into English by “take!” but that two differentaspects are conveyed.
Also, note that certain verbs denote a state of being or an action which by its nature iscontinuous; these verbs may require a somewhat different translation in the aorist to denotesimple aspect (i.e., the action at a single moment in time). Often the aorist of such verbsrefers to the single moment in time at which the subject enters in the state of being or beginsthe continuous action; these are called ingressive aorists.
& �XV = I have �SKON = I came to have, I got& BASILEÃV = I am king �BAS¸LEUSA = I became king& DAKRÃV = I am crying �DjKRUSA = I began to cry
83
In progress, mere occurrence, completed
1st principal part: Progressive (imperfect) aspect stemAorist: merely names action– aorist or neutral aspectA�ORISTOW = unlimited, indefinite, undefined time. Doesn't show limitation of continuance(expressed by imperfect) or of completion with permanent result (expressed by perfect)Perfect: completed action
Progressive Aorist-Neutral Perfective
Past was teaching taught had taught
Present is teaching teaches has taught
Future will be teaching will teach will have taught
Aorist = mere occurrence of action in past.Action regarded as event or single fact without reference to length of time it occupied.
Uses of aorist may be explained by figure of point in time:1. The starting point (ingressive aorist): "become ruler," "fell in love," "become silent"2. The end point (resultative aorist) "I brought"3. The whole action, concentrated to a point (complexive aorist)
Aorist enumerates and reports past events. It may be employed in brief continuous narration. As a narrative tense it is often used to state the chief events and facts, while the other pasttenses set forth subordinate actions and attendant circumstances.
Greek aorists active and middle have no futureExist only as past tense
Outside of the indicative, aorist emphasizes aspect and does not refer to time.
84
1st/ sigmatic aorist:
Most form aorist stem by means of morpheme {S}Verbs whose roots end in liquid or nasal consonant do not have sigmatic aorist, but insteadlengthen the root vowel: MENV��EMEINA
Aorist appears in dictionary as 3rd principal part
Formation of 1st Aorist stem:Labial �P��B��F) �S�=�CDental��T��D��Y��and�Z�<=�SD>) +�S�= SPalatal/guttural��K��G��X) +�S�=�J
Smooth Middle Rough
Labial (lips) P B F
Dental (teeth) T D Y
Palatal/guttural (palate) K G X
2nd/ root aorist:Aorist stem + thematic vowel + secondary endingsMANYANV��EMAYON
Most 2nd aorists belong to type which has weak grade of root and accent originally on thethematic vowel. Old accent is preserved in infinitive and participle, as LIPEºN��LIP¢N.Becomes characteristic of the aorist, without regard to the original distribution
Accentuation of the imperative is normally recessive, but strong aorist middle -OŠfrom -��S�O (with accent on thematic vowel) is an exception
Second person singular of five verbs is oxytone in 2nd aorist active imperative:E»P����LY���EÇR���»D���LAB����Plurals accented�E»P�TE���LY�TE��etc.
Past time marked by prefix called augmentAbsence means present or future timeVerb stems beginning with consonant prefix E Those beginning with vowel lengthen vowelIf verb has prefix, augment appears after prefix
85
Personal Endings
Primary/Secondary = Non-past/Past
ACTIVE MIDDLE
PRIMARY SINGULAR 1st A���MI �MAI
2nd �W�(for��SI)���YA���SYA) �SAI
3rd �SI��for��TI)� �TAI
PLURAL 1st �MEN �MEYA
2nd �TE �SYE
3rd �NSI�(for��NTI) �NTAI
SECONDARY SINGULAR 1st �N �MHN
2nd �W���SYA �SO
3rd u �TO
PLURAL 1st �MEN �MEYA
2nd �TE �SYE
3rd �N���SAN �NTO
86
Homework Assignments for Week 12 Nov. 8-11 (Chapter 12)
for Monday: quiz on 2nd aorist participle forms, active and middleread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 196-199read and translate Reading 12 A (pp. 194-196)
for Tuesday: quiz on 1st aorist formsdo form ID chartdo exercises 12G, 12H (evens)
for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapters 11B and 12read and digest grammar on pp. 207-209read and translate Reading12B (pp. 204-206)
for Thursday: read Ath. pp. 200-203 ("Trade and Travel")quiz, 1st aorist participle
for Monday: STUDY FOR TEST (chapters 1-12)
87
Homework Exercises for Chapter 12
Form Identification:
FRONT¸ZV��FRONTI¤���FRÎNTISA FRONTIST�W��FRONTISTOÅ�ÒFRONT¸W��FRONT¸DOW�� FRONTISTIKÎW��FRONTISTIK���FRONTISTIKÎN
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
FRONT¸ZVN
FRONT¸ZONTOW
�FRONT¸SAMEN
�FRONT¸SV
FRONT¸SASYAI
FRONTISTIKÎN
FRONT¸DA
FRONTISTA¸
FRONT¸ZEIN
FRONTIZÎMEYA
FRONT¸SATE
FRONT¸SASA
FRONTISTIKO¸
FRONTIST¤N
�FRÎNTISE�N�
�FRÎNTISAW
FRONT¸SON
�FRONT¸SANTO
FRONT¸ZOUSI
88
Form Identification:
LÃV��LÃSV���LUSA �LÃSIW��LÃSEVW��� LÃSIOW��LUS¸A��LÃSION
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
LÃSETE
LÃSIA
LÃONTOW
LÃSEI
LÃSEVW
LÃSOUSI
�LUSE
LUOM�NHN
LÃSETAI
LUSOÃSHW
LÃSESYAI
LÃEIN
LÃSIN
LÅSAI
LUS¸OIW
�LÃSV
LÃSESI�
LÅSON
89
First Aorist Active
Athematic formation
Indicative Sing. 1st �LUS�MI� �LUSA�
2nd �LUS�WI �LUSAW
3rd �LUS�TI �LUSE From perfect, no personal ending
Plural 1st �LUS�MEN �LUSAMEN
2nd �LUS�TE �LUSATE
3rd �LUS�N�T� �LUSAN
Imperative 2nd Sing. LÅSON Ending obscure in origin
2nd Plu. LÃSATE
Infinitive LÅSAI Old dative ending
Participle LUSANTW��LUSANT IA��LUSANT
>LÃSAW��LÃSASA��LÅSAN
The secondary endings of the 1st aorist active were originally added to the stem ending in �S� (athematic formation).From �LUS�MI came �LUSA (a vowel may take the place of an original liquid or nasal after a consonant).The A spread to the other forms of the indicative (except 3rd singular active), imperative (except 2nd singular active andmiddle), infinitive, and participle.
90
Homework Assignments for Week 13 Nov. 15-18 (Chapter 13)
for Monday: TEST (chapters 1-12)
for Tuesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 213-217do exercise 13D (1-10)read Ath. pp. 218-221 ("The Rise of Persia")
for Wednesday: quiz on imperfect indicative formsread and translate Reading 13� (pp. 212-213)do form ID chartread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 224-225
for Thursday: quiz on relative pronoundo worksheet on relative pronouns and clauses in course packread and translate Reading 13� (pp. 223-224)read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 226-228do exercises 13H (odds)
for Monday: quiz on vocabulary chapter 13read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 234-238read and translate Reading 14� (pp. 233-234)
English derivatives for chapters 12 and 13:gerontology, cacophony, orthodontics, taxometer, emporium, nautical, euphony,megalopolis, barbarian
91
Homework Exercises for Chapter 13
Form Identification chart:�SUXjZV���SUXjSV���SÃXASA �SUX¸A���SUX¸AW�� �SÃXIOW��SÃXION
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
�SUXjZVN
�SUX¸AW
�SÃXION
�SÃXAZON
�SUXjZON
�SUX¸OIW
�SÃXASAN
�SUXjSAN
�SUXAZÎMENOW
�SUXAZÎMEYA
�SUXI¤N
�SUX¸AN
�SÃXAZE
�SUXjSANTOW
92
Imperfect of E»M¸ and EÁMIImperfect of E»M¸�sum (the verb "to be"):
Singular 1st
ÿ�� ÿ �
Old Attic · is from
� � (Hom.) =
��� � � � augmented + the secondary ending �, which becomes a (as inthe first aorist).�� was formed by analogy to
��� � � ��� � �.2nd
��� ���
3rd
���
The 3rd plural was originally
�� , contracted from
��� � (Hom.); this
�� came to be used as 3rd singular.
Plural 1st
��� � �
2nd
��� ��� ��� � �
3rd
��� � � � � � is imported from the sigmatic aorist.
Imperfect of EÁMI�ibo (the verb "to go"):
Singular 1st
!#" $ %�&' (
ú is the stem &' augmented ( )* with the iota gone subscript)
2nd
+�, -. /�0 1 +, -2
3rd
+�, - 3 1 +, -
Plural 1st
+�4 , 3
2nd
+65 ,
3rd
+ . 0 3 1 +�, . 0 3
93
Worksheet on Relative Pronouns and Clauses
In the following English sentences, underline the relative clause, circle the relativepronoun, and place a box around its antecedent (when one is expressed).
1. The poet who wrote the book is good.
2. The poet whose book we sent to the publisher is good.
3. The poet to whom we dedicated the book is good.
4. The poet whom we educated is good.
5. The girl who helped the children will get the reward.
6. Who(ever) helped the children will get the reward.
7. Who steals my purse steals trash.
8. Many people dislike what they don’t understand.
9. Whoever wins will be praised.
Rewrite these sentences to include a relative clause.
1. I love hot coffee.
2. A biting dog is a nuisance.
3. The big book is a bad thing.
4. A small book is a better thing.
94
In the following Greek sentences, the relative pronoun has been omitted, and its antecedenthas been underlined. Give the number, gender, and case for each underlined noun; supplythe missing relative pronoun; and identify it by number, gender, and case. Then translatethe sentence.
�����NAÅW����������������������FÎRTIA��FERE���N�MEGjLH�
���Ò�oNYRVPOW���������������������ÒR¤��N�KALÎW�
����STIN�D¸KHW�ÑFYALMÎW�����������������������Tk�PjNYq�ÒRw�
���MAKjRIOW�oNYRVPOW�����������������������NOÅN��XEI�
�����������������������O¼�YEO¹�FILOÅSIN��AÆTÏW�mPOYN�SKEI�N�OW�
���Ò�mN�R������������������������b"TÎSSA�YERAPEÃEI��%AREºÎW��STIN��
�����NAÅW���N����������������������b"TÎSSA��PLEI���N�MEGjLH�
�����GUN�����������������������mN�R��N�BASILEÃW��b"TÎSSj��STIN�
���Ò�NEAN¸AW�����������������������T¤N�.OUS¤N��PILANYjNETAI��TÏN�B¸ON�DIAFYE¸REI�
DIK�: justicemPOYN�SKV: dieN�OW���H���ON: youngYERAPEÃV: help, heal
�PILANYjNOMAI: forgetsomething (+gen. case�DIAFYE¸RV: destroy
Transform the two simple sentences into a single complex sentence by replacing thepersonal pronoun with a relative pronoun and then translate into Greek.
The boy was blind. The man led him onto the ship. Ò�PAºW�TUFLÏN��N�ÖN�Ò�mN�R�E¹W�T�NNAÅN��GAGEN�
1. They prayed to Asklepios. His temple was at Epidauros.
2. The boat was big. It was in the harbor.
3. The boat was big. On it Dikaiopolis and Philip were sailing.
95
Third Declension H. for nouns with stems in �S�Stems in sigma are contracted where �S� falls out between the vowel of the stem and the vowel of the ending.So, G�NOW (stem GENES�), gen. GENE(S)�OW�G�NOUW, dat. GENE(S)�I�G�NEI.In a large group of neuter nouns the �ES� ending appears in the O-grade form �OW in nom., acc., voc. sing., as in G�NOW.Neuters with stems in �AS���TÏ�G�RAW) have �AW in these cases.Masc. and fem. acc. plu., when contracted, borrow the form of the contracted nom. plu. The acc. plu. �EIW is not derived from �EAW.In dat. plu., union of S of the stem and S of the ending produces SS, which is reduced to S without lengthening the precedingvowel.Masculine stems in ES with nominative in �HW are proper names (Ò�4VKRjTHW, Ò�%HMOSY�NHW); the feminine TRI�RHW is anadjective used substantively ("triply fitted:" ��TRI�RHW��NAÅW�, "ship with three banks of oars").Proper nouns in �HW have recessive accent in the vocative.TRI�RVN ( from TRIHR��VN) has irregular accent by analogy to the other forms.
Singular Nom. T�G�NOW �TRI�RHW
4VKRjTHW T�G�RAW
Gen. G�NOUW� < G�NES�OW TRI�ROUW < TRI�RES�OW 4VKRjTOUW G�RVW < G�RAS�OW
Dat. G�NEI� < G�NES�I TRI�REI� < TRI�RES�I 4VKRjTEI G�RAI < G�RAS�I
Acc. G�NOW TRI�RH� < TRI�RES�A 4VKRjTH G�RAW
Voc. G�NOW TRI�REW 4¢KRATEW G�RAW
Plural Nom./Voc. G�NH� < G�NES�A TRI�REIW� < TRI�RES�EW G�RA < G�RAS�A
Gen. GEN¤N� < GEN�S�VN TRI�RVN� < TRIHR��VN G�R¤N < GERjS�VN
Dat. G�NESI(N) < G�NES�SI TRI�RESI(N)
< TRI�RES�SI G�RASI�N� < G�RAS�SI�N�
Acc. G�NH TRI�REIW G�RA < G�RAS�A
96
When �ES� of the stem is preceded by E, the forms are inflected as follows:
Singular Nom. :EMISTOKL�W < :EMISTOKL�HW
Gen. :EMISTOKL�OUW < :EMISTOKL�E�S�OW
Dat. :EMISTOKLEº < :EMISTOKL�E�S�I
Acc. :EMISTOKL�A� < :EMISTOKL�E�S�A After E, EA contracts to A�.
Voc. :EMISTÎKLEIW < :EMISTÎKLEEW
The adjective mLHY�W��mLHY�W also has its stem in �ES- and shows contraction.
Masc./Fem. Neut.
Singular Nom. mLHY�W mLHY�W
Gen. mLHYOÅW <�mLHY�S�OW > mLHYOÅW
Dat. mLHYEº < mLHY�S�I�> mLHYEº
Acc. mLHY� < mLHY�S�A� mLHY�W
Voc. mLHY�W mLHY�W
Plural Nom./Voc. mLHYEºW <�mLHY�S�EW mLHY� < mLHY��A
Gen. mLHY¤N < mLHY�S�VN�>� mLHY¤N
Dat. mLHY�SI(N) < mLHY�S�SI�> mLHY�SI(N)
Acc. mLHYEºW mLHY�
97
Paradigm of�U-stem Adjectives
Like PlW��PlSA��PlN, adjectives with U-stems have masculine and neuter forms of the 3rd
declension, with a separate set of forms for the feminine which inflect like a noun of thefirst declension ending in �A� �
The feminine is made from the stem of the masculine/neuter by adding the suffix - IA(semivocalic I) to the e-grade stem, TAXE U�- IA. The masculine and neuter forms followthe pattern of nouns with stems in I and U.
Masc. Fem. Neu.
Singular Nom. TAXÃW TAXEºA TAXÃ
Gen. TAX�OW TAXE¸AW TAX�OW < TAXE U�OW
Dat. TAXEº TAXE¸ TAXEº < TAXE U�I
Acc. TAXÃN TAXEºAN TAXÃ
Voc TAXÃ TAXEºA TAXÃ
Plural Nom./Voc. TAXEºW TAXEºAI TAX�A
Gen. TAX�VN TAXEI¤N TAX�VN
Dat. TAX�SI�N� TAXE¸AIW TAX�SI�N�
Acc. TAXEºW TAXE¸AW TAX�A Masc. acc. is from thenominative
98
Homework Assignments for Week 14 Nov. 22-23 (Chapter 14A)
for Monday: quiz on vocabulary chapter 13read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 234-238read and translate Reading 14� (pp. 233-234)
for Tuesday: quiz on comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbsdo exercise 14B (all)do first noun-agreement chart for Chapter 14read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 244-246
for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectivesdo second agreement chart for Chapter 14do exercise 14Dread and translate Reading 14� (pp. 243-244)
During the Thanksgiving break, you should STUDY, STUDY, STUDY–make good use of this time toreview and master your forms and vocabulary.
English derivatives for chapter 14:oligarchy, praxis, hoplite soldier, polemic, metaphor, strategic, monarchy, agonistic
99
Homework Exercises for Chapter 14
Nouns AdjectivesMjXH��MjXHW��� mME¸NVN��oMEINONPL�YOW��PL�YOUW��TÎ mLHY�STATOW��mLHYESTjTH��mLHY�STATONSTRATI¢THW��STRATI¢TOU�Ò
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, numberand gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignorethe Vocative case.)
Form Case # Gen.
Adjective/s
MjXHW
PL�YOW
PL�YEI
STRATI¢THN
STRATI¢T×
PL�YESI
PL�YH
MAX¤N
STRATI¢TAIW
MjXAW
PL�YOUW
MjXHN
STRATI¤TAI
STRATI¢TAW
MjXH
MjXAI
STRATI¢THW
100
Nouns AdjectivesMjXH��MjXHW��� ÔDE���DE��TÎDE��gen��TOÅDE��T�SDE��TOÅDE�PL�YOW��PL�YOUW��TÎ OÍTOW��AÉTH��TOÅTO��gen��TOÃTOU��TAÃTHW��TOÃTOU)BASILEÃW��BASIL�VW��Ò
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, numberand gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignorethe Vocative case.)
Form Case # Gen Adjective/s
MjXHW
PL�YOW
PL�YEI
BASIL�A
BASILEº
PL�YESI
PL�YH
MAX¤N
BASILEÅSI�
MjXAW
PL�YOUW
MjXHN
BASIL�W
BASIL�AW
MjXH
MjXAI
BASILEÃW
101
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
I. Comparative in��TEROW���TERA� ���TERON
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Sing. Nom. mLHY�STEROW mLHYEST�RA mLHY�STERON
Gen. mLHYEST�ROU mLHYEST�RAW mLHYEST�ROU
Dat. mLHYEST�R¡ mLHYEST�R mLHYEST�R¡
Acc. mLHY�STERON mLHYEST�RAN mLHY�STERON
Voc. mLHY�STERE mLHYEST�RA mLHY�STERON
Plu. Nom./Voc. mLHY�STEROI mLHY�STERAI mLHY�STERA
Gen. mLHYEST�RVN mLHYEST�RVN mLHYEST�RVN
Dat. mLHYEST�ROIW mLHYEST�RAIW mLHYEST�ROIW
Acc. mLHYEST�ROUW mLHYEST�RAW mLHY�STERA
II. Superlative in��TATOW���TATH���TATON
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Sing. Nom. mLHY�STATOW mLHYESTjTH mLHY�STATON
Gen. mLHYESTjTOU mLHYESTjTHW mLHYESTjTOU
Dat. mLHYESTjT¡ mLHYESTjT× mLHYESTjT¡
Acc. mLHY�STATON mLHYESTjTHN mLHY�STATON
Voc. mLHY�STATE mLHYESTjTH mLHY�STATON
Plu. Nom./ Voc. mLHY�STATOI mLHY�STATAI mLHY�STATA
Gen. mLHYESTjTVN mLHYESTjTVN mLHYESTjTVN
Dat. mLHYESTjTOIW mLHYESTjTAIW mLHYESTjTOIW
Acc. mLHYESTjTOUW mLHYESTjTAW mLHY�STATA
102
III. Comparative in -IVN���ION
Masculine/Feminine Neuter
Sing. Nom. KALL¸VN KjLLION
Gen. KALL¸ONOW
Dat. KALL¸ONI
Acc. KALL¸ONA�KALL¸V KjLLION
Voc. KjLLION
Plu. Nom. Voc. KALL¸ONEW�KALL¸OUW KALL¸ONA�KALL¸V
Gen. KALLIÎNVN
Dat. KALL¸OSI�N���<�KALL¸ON�SI�
Acc. KALL¸ONAW�KALL¸OUW KALL¸ONA�KALL¸V
The accusative plural masculine/feminine form KALL¸OUW is borrowed from the nominativeplural.
103
Homework Assignments for Week 15 Nov 29-Dec 2 (Chapters 14B-15�)
for Monday: quiz on demonstrative adjectivesdo second agreement chart for Chapter 14do exercise 14Dread and translate Reading 14� (pp. 243-244)
for Tuesday: read Ath. pp. 238-240 ("The Rise of Athens")quiz on vocab. for chap. 14, including adjectives and adverbs on pp.234-236
for Wednesday: read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 252-254read and translate Reading 15� (p. 251)
for Thursday: quiz on athematic second aorist formsread and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 261-263do exercise 15B (evens) and 15G (3, 6, and 7)
for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbsdo verb synopsis chart in course packread and translate Reading 15� (pp.259-261)read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")
English derivatives for chapter 15:cosmology, necrophiliac, Nike shoes, patriotic, progeny, ambidextrous
104
Homework Assignments for Week 16 Dec 6-9 (Chapters 15�-16)
for Monday: quiz on o-contract verbsdo verb synopsis chart in course packread and translate Reading 15� (pp.259-261)read Ath. pp. 255-256 ("Aeschylus's Persae")
for Tuesday: NO GREEK CLASS; GO TO YOUR FRIDAY CLASSES!
for Wednesday: vocabulary quiz chapter 15do noun-adjective agreement worksheet read and digest grammar on Ath. pp. 269, 276-277read and translate Reading 16A (pp. 267-268)do exercise 16B
for Thursday: quiz on verbs with athematic presents and imperfects do form ID, noun-adjective agreement worksheets read and translate Reading 16B (pp. 275-276)read Ath. pp. 271-273 ("The Athenian Empire")
Students in the morning section:Your final is scheduled for Monday, December 13, noon-3 pm.
Students in the afternoon section:Your final is scheduled for Monday, December 13, 3:30-6:30.
THE FORMAT WILL BE LIKE YOUR WEEKLY TESTS, ONLY LONGER. ESTIMATED TIME FOR COMPLETION: 2 HOURS. PLEASE CONSULT THE TUTORS IN PARK HALL 242 FOR EXTRA HELP.
Grading:
Participation 15%Tests 35%Quizzes 15%Final exam 35%
105
Homework Exercises for Chapters 15�-16
Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verb� �LEUYERÎV���LEUYER¢SV���LEUY�RVSA
(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)
ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
For participles, give the nominative singular masculine form.
Write out here the: 2nd person singular present active imperative:
2nd person singular present middle imperative:
2nd person singular aorist active imperative:
2nd person singular aorist middle imperative:
106
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesNOÅW��NOÅ�Ò mLHY�W��mLHY�WM�ROW��M�ROUW�TÎ DHLOÃMENOW��DHLOUM�NH��DHLOÃMENONNAÃTHW��NAÃTOU��Ò
Given the dictionary entries listed above, identify each form listed below by case, numberand gender and then write the correct form of the adjective/s to modify the noun. (Ignorethe Vocative case.)
Form Case # Gender Adjective/s
NAÃTHW
M�RVN
M�RESI
NOÅW
NAÃTOU
NAUT¤N�
NOÅ
M�RH
NOºW
NAÃTAW
M�ROW
107
Form ID:
DÃNAMAI��DUN�SOMAI���DUNHSjMHN DÃNAMIW��DUNjMEVW��DUNATÎW��DUNAT���DUNATÎN
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
�DUNjMEYA
DUNATÎN
DÃNASYAI
DÃNAMIN
DÃNASYE
DUNATO¸
DUNjMENOI
DUNATAºW
DÃNASO
DUNjMEVN
DUNjMESI
�DÃNASYE
DUNjMENOW
DUNjMEIW
�DÃNATO
DUNAT�N
DUNATOºW
DUNAT¤N
DÃNANTAI
108
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesNAÅW��NE¢W��� oJIOW��mJ¸A��oJION��gen.mJ¸OU��mJ¸AW��mJ¸OU�BOÅW��BOÎW��Ò S¢FRVN��S¤FRON��gen.�S¢FRONOW�
�TOW���TOUW��TÎ mLHY�W��mLHY�W��gen.�mLHYOÅW�
Form Case # Gen.
Adjective/s
�TH
NE¢W
BOÅN
�TOUW
�T¤N
NAÅW
BOÎW
�TESI
N�EW
BOÚ
NAUS¸N
BOÅW
BOUS¸
�TOW
NHÚ
109
Omicron Contract Verbs
Present Active Indicative:
Singular 1st DHL¤ <�DHLÎV
2nd DHLOºW <�DHLÎEIW
3rd DHLOº <�DHLÎEI
Plural 1st DHLOÅMEN <�DHLÎOMEN
2nd DHLOÅTE <�DHLÎETE
3rd DHLOÅSI�N� <�DHLÎOUSI�N)
Present Active Imperative:
2nd singular: D�LOU <�D�LOE Present stem + thematic vowel
2nd plural: DHLOÅTE <�DHLÎETE Present stem + thematic vowel + TE
Present Active Infinitive:
DHLOÅN <�DHLÎEEN Present stem + thematic vowel +� �EN
Present active participles:
Sing. Nom./Voc.798;:=<?>A@
> B9C;D;EGF H9I;J=K;LNMNO P Q > R9S;T=UWVYX Z [ R9S;T=\;U=] > R9S;T;UNVN]Gen. ^9_;`=a;b=c9d=b?e > ^9_;`=bWfYc9d=bge h9i;j=k;kNlNmWion > h9i;j=kWlYm=ign h9i;j=p;k=q9r=k?n > h9i;j;kNsNqtr;k?n
Dat. u9v;w=x;y=z9{?| > u9v;w=yW}Yz9{?| ~9�;�=�;�N�N�W� > ~9�;�=�W�Y�=� ~9�;�=�;�=�9�?� > ~9�;�;�N�N�t�g�
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Contractions:�O� �E�EE�O�OU�>�OU��O� �EI�OI��>�OIO� �H�V�>�V�
110
Present Middle Indicative:
Singular 1st DHLOÅMAI <�DHLÎOMAI
2nd DHLOº <�DHLÎESAI
3rd DHLOÅTAI <�DHLÎETAI
Plural 1st DHLOÃMEYA <�DHLOÎMEYA
2nd DHLOÅSYE <�DHLÎESYE
3rd DHLOÅNTAI <�DHLÎONTAI
Present Middle Imperative:
2nd singular: DHLOÅ <�DHLÎESO Present stem + thematic vowel�+�SO
2nd plural: DHLOÅSYE <�DHLÎESYE Present stem + thematic vowel�+�SYE�
Present Middle Infinitive:
DHLOÅSYAI DHLÎESYAI Present stem + thematic vowel�+�SYAI
Present middle participles:
DHLOÎMENOW DHLOÃMENOW DHLOOM�NH�� DHLOUM�NH DHLOÎMENON DHLOÃMENON
Etc. Etc. Etc.
Imperfect:
Imperfect Active Imperfect Middle
Singular 1st �D�LOUN <��D�LOON �DHLOÃMHN <��DHLOÎMHN
2nd �D�LOUW <��D�LOEW �DHLOÅ <��DHLÎESO
3rd �D�LOU <��D�LOE �DHLOÅTO <��DHLÎETO
Plural 1st �DHLOÅMEN <��DHLÎOMEN �DHLOÃMEYA <��DHLOÎMEYA
2nd �DHLOÅTE <��DHLÎETE �DHLOÅSYE <��DHLÎESYE
3rd �D�LOUN <��D�LOON �DHLOÅNTO <��DHLÎONTO
111
Review
For the final exam, you need to know:
FORMS:1. how to decline 1st declension nouns and adjectives (including those that end in A�insteadof H�2. how to decline 2nd declension nouns and adjectives3. how to decline 3rd declension nouns4. how to decline 3rd declension adjectives 5. how to conjugate regular verbs and �jV�����V� and �ÎV�contract verbs in the present,imperfect, and aorist active indicative and imperative moods, the present, imperfect, andaorist middle indicative and imperative, and the future active and middle indicative.6. how to form the present, future, and aorist active infinitive and the present, future, andaorist middle infinitive7. how to form and decline the active and middle participles in the present, future, and aorist8. how to decline the adjectives for “one” and “all”9. how to decline reflexive, interrogative, and relative pronouns10. how to decline the definite and indefinite articles (Ò�����TÎ�and�TIW��TI)
CONCEPTS:1. transitive, intransitive and linking sentence structure and word order2. the complementary infinitive3. agreement between nouns and adjectives or participles4. use of dative as indirect object, object of preposition, in expressions of time, to showmeans or instrument, to show respect, and to show possession5. use of genitive to show possession, as object of preposition, and in expressions of amount(partitive genitive)6. use of accusative as direct object, object of preposition and in expression of time7. aspect8. relative clauses9. comparison of adjectives and comparative constructions10. substantive11. appositive12. attributive vs. predicate position
VOCABULARY:1. all the vocabulary presented on vocabulary lists + addenda for volume I2. verbs which take dative direct object3. verbs which take genitive direct object
112
Review Exercises
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesmN�R��mNDRÎW��Ò LÃVN��LÃOUSA��LÃONM�THR��MHTRÎW��� PlW��PlSA��PlND�NDRON��D�NDROU��TÎ
Form Case # Gen.
Adjective/s
mN�R
D�NDRON
MHTRÎW
D�NDR¡
MHT�RA
MHTR¸
mNDRÎW
D�NDROIW
MHT�REW
oNDRA
D�NDRA
MHTRjSI
mNDR¤N
MHT�RVN
oNDREW
D�NDROU
mNDRjSI
113
Noun/Adjective Agreement:
Nouns AdjectivesPÅR��PURÎW��TÎ �D¸VN���DION��gen.��D¸ONOW�YEÎW��YEOÅ��� TIM¤N��TIM¤SA��TIM¤N��gen.�TIM¤NTOW��TIM¢SHW��TIM¤NTOW�YjLATTA��YALjTTHW��� POL�MIOW��POLEM¸A��POL�MIONPOIHT�W���POIHTOÅ��Ò
Form Case # Gen.
Adjective/s
PÅR
YALjTTHW
PUR¸
YEOÅ
POIHTOÅ
YEOÅW
YALjTTAN
POIHT�N
YE¤N
YE¯
YALjTTAW
YEO¸
PUR¤N
YEÎW
PURÎW
YALATT¤N
114
Form Identification:
¼EREÃW��¼ER�VW�Ò ¼EREÃV¼ERÎW��¼ERj��¼ERÎN ¼ER¸A��¼ER¸AW���¼EREºON��¼ERE¸OU��TÎ
Part of Verbs Nouns/Adjectives
Form Speech Person # Tense Voice Mood Case # Gender
¼ER�VW
¼ERÎN
¼EREÃONTI
¼ER¸AN
¼EREºON
¼ER�A
¼ER¤N
¼EREUOM�N¡
¼ERI¤N
¼EREÅSI
¼EREÃOUSI
¼EREUOÃSHW
¼ERÎW
¼ER¯
¼EREÃEIW
¼EREº
¼EREUOM�NHW
¼EREÃONTA
¼ER¸
¼ER¤N
¼ER�AW
¼ERj
115
Verb Review: Synopsis Chart
Give a synopsis in the 3rd person singular of the verb�FIL�V��FIL�SV���F¸LHSA
(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)�
ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
For participles, give the nominative singular masculine form.
Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:
2nd person singular present middle imperative:
2nd person singular aorist active imperative:
2nd person singular aorist middle imperative:
116
Verb Review: Synopsis Chart
Give a synopsis in the 3rd person plural of the verb�FEÃGV��FEÃJOMAI���FUGON
(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)
ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
For participles, give the nominative singular masculine form.
Write out here: 2nd person singular present active imperative:
2nd person singular present middle imperative:
2nd person singular aorist active imperative:
2nd person singular aorist middle imperative:
117
Verb Review: Synopsis Chart
Give a synopsis in the 2nd person singular of the verb�TIMjV��TIM�SV���T¸MHSA
(Note: you do not yet know the forms in the shaded boxes.)
ACTIVE VOICE MIDDLE VOICE PASSIVE
INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ. OPT. INDIC. SUBJ.
PRES. PRES.
IMPF. IMPF.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
PPF. PPF.
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE INFINITIVE PARTICIPLE
PRES. PRES.
FUT. FUT.
AOR. AOR.
PERF. PERF.
For participles, give the nominative singular masculine form.
Write out here the 2nd person singular present active imperative:
2nd person singular present middle imperative:
2nd person singular aorist active imperative:
2nd person singular aorist middle imperative:
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