• Endocrine glands and other systems maintain physiological equilibrium mediated by hormones.
• A study of the interaction between the neural and endocrine systems leads to an examination of the functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems and their ability to sense the environment and respond to it.
The two major concepts developed in this unit are:
1. The human organism regulates physiological processes, using electrochemical control systems
Nervous system
2. The human organism maintains homeostasis through the use of complex chemical control systems Endocrine
system
1.The human organism regulates physiological processes, using electrochemical control systems.
•Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding that:
•the human organism, like other organisms, maintains control over its internal environment with neural systems by
Neuron
2) Cell body
1) Dendrite- receives sensory info
3) Nucleus
4) Neurilemma (thin layer on outside of myelin sheath, responsible for regeneration)
5) Myelin sheath6) Schwann cells-
make up the myelin sheath
7) Axon 8) Axon ending
9) Nerve ending (same as axon ending)
10) Nodes of Ranvier- gaps between myelin sheath
11) Saltatory conduction- impulse jumps from node to node
Nerve Impulse
What type of neuron is this?
Sensory Neuron!
Pola
rized
Depol
arize
d
Repol
arize
d
Restin
g
pote
ntia
l
Restin
g
pote
ntia
l
Terms:1) Polarized2) Depolarized3) Repolarized4) Resting potential
Wave of Depolarization• explaining the formation and
transmission of an action potential
Label:a) the section of
axon that has resting potential
b) polarizedc) depolarizedd) repolarized
a
bcd
d c
c
, b
Direction of impulse in axons
Action PotentialTerms:1) Polarized2) Depolarized3) Repolarized4) Sodium/
Potassium Pump5) Hyperpolarization
6) Refractory Period
7) Active transport8) All-or-none
response9)Threshold10)Action potential
http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/
shared_resources/animations/ion_pump/ionpump.html
Sodium/Potassium pump animation:
1
2
3
4
Synapse• explaining the formation and transmission of a signal
across a synapse or neuromuscular junction and the main chemicals and transmitters involved; i.e., norepinephrine, acetylcholine and the enzyme that breaks them down
Terms:1) Presynaptic terminal2) synaptic vesicles3) Synapse4) neurotransmitters5) Active
transport(exocytosis)6) acetylcholine7) Cholinesterase or enzyme8) Diffusion
Synapse
1) Presynaptic terminal
6) Active transport (exocytosis)
8) Postsynaptic Neuron
7) acetylcholine
8) Cholinesterase or enzyme
10)Diffusion of neuortransmitter across synapse
2) Synaptic vesicle
3) Synapse
Nerve Impulse1) Excitatory neuron
Causes depolarization (Na+ in)2) Inhibitory neuron
Causes hyperpolarization (K+ out)
3. Summation 2 or more neurons release their neurotransmitters at the same time to cause an action potential in the post-synaptic neuron.
Types of Synapses
Excitatory• Causes
depolarization of the post synaptic neuron = action potential
• Na+ channels on post synaptic neuron open
(= Na+ in)
Inhibitory• Causes
hyperpolarization of the post synaptic neuron (axon becomes more negative)
• This inhibits depolarization
• K+ channels on the post synaptic neuron open
• (= K+ out)
Depends on the type of receptor activated NOT the type of neurotransmitter.
SummationTwo or more neurons
release neurotransmitters at the same time to cause an action potential– Neurons A and B must
work together to cause an action potential in neuron D
– Alone, they cannot reach threshold
Is neuron C excitatory or inhibitory?
1) stimulus
2) affectorsensory receptor converts stimulus into nerve impulse
Effector (muscle)
Sensory neuron (in)
Interneuron (CNS)
11) White matter
12) Grey matter
Motor Neuron (out)
ASIME
Has myelin
No myelin
Diploma Question
Structure:
Function: Transmits impulses to the central nervous system
Receives sensory stimulation
Carries out intructions from the CNS; is a muscle
Transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector
Numerical Response #33. Identify the structure, as numbered above, that
performs each of the functions given below.
Structure:
Function: Transmits impulses to the central nervous system
Receives sensory stimulation
Carries out instructions from the CNS; is a muscle
Transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector
2 1 5 4
1.The human organism regulates physiological processes, using electrochemical control systems.
• identifying the principal structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems and explaining their functions in regulating the voluntary (somatic) and involuntary (autonomic) systems of the human organism; e.g., cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, pons, medulla, hypothalamus, pituitary, spinal cord, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Cerebrum- frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
hypothalamus
Pituitary – master gland
Pons – relay centre
Medulla oblongata- autonomic NS
Frontal lobe- motor, thinking
Parietal lobe- sensory
Occipital lobe- vision
Temporal lobe- hearing, smelling (olfactory)
Cerebellum- balance
Spinal cord
Temp, metabolism, hunger, thirst, sleep and sex drive
Around other side
SOMATIC (voluntary) and AUTONOMIC (involuntary) SYSTEMS
SOMATIC NERVESControl the
i) neurons relay information about the environment to the CNS
ii) neurons impulses away from the CNS
AUTONOMIC NERVESSpecial motor nerves that are designed to control the
i) – fight or flightii) – rest and digest
skeletal muscles, bones and skinSensory
Motor
internal organs of the body.Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC N.S.
Which neurotransmitters do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems use?
Parasympathetic uses acetylcholine.
Sympathetic uses norepinephrine.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central N.S. Peripheral N.S.
Brain Spinal Cord
Somatic
Autonomic
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Motor Sensory
1.The human organism regulates physiological processes, using electrochemical control
systems.• explaining how human organisms
sense their environment and their spatial orientation in it; e.g., auditory, visual, skin receptors, olfactory, proprioceptors.
• These are found in tendons, muscles, ligaments and joints and provide information to the brain regarding the adjustment of posture and movement. They influence the responses required for the body to correct imbalance due to tension in muscles or ligaments caused by a twisted foot, or unforeseen stretching movement. The spinal cord and brain centers are made aware of the situation and respond accordingly.
Info to brain about body
Outer Middle Inner
Pinna
Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Eustachian tube
Auditory Canal
Semicircular canals - balance
Cochlea and organ of corti - where hearing happens
Auditory Nerve
PARTS OF THE EYE1) Aqueous humour (Anterior
chamber)2) Vitreous humour 3) Photoreceptors (rods and cones) 4) Cornea 5) Lens6) Pupil7) Iris8) Ciliary body9) Sclera10)Choroid11)Retina12)Fovea centralis13)Optic nerve14)Blood vessels15)Blind spot16)Eye muscle17)Rectus muscle*18)Suspensory ligaments*19)Conjunctiva* (optional)
ALSO KNOW!1) Pathway of light into eye2) Accommodation3) Optic chiasma
ScleraChoroidRetina
Fovea centralis
Optic nerveBlood vessels
Blind spot
Blood vesselsVitreous humor
Ciliary muscleControls shape of lens
Iris (colored muscle)
Conjunctiva
Pupil (hole)Lens (focuses)
Aqueous humor
Cornea
Suspensory ligament
Eye muscle Rectus muscle
The Eye
Hard outer white part
Rods(dim) & Cones(color)
Called accommodation
Clear, refracts light onto centre of lens
Controls size of pupil
Where optic nerve leaves eye.
No rods or cones
Black layer, absorbs stray light & contains blood vessels
Mostly cones
To occipital lobe
1)Pathway of light into eye-
Cornea, pupil, lens, retina2) Accommodation- the lens changes shape to focus3) Optic chiasma- point in brain where the optic nerves cross over
A person with a vitamin A deficiency may have night blindness. The glare from the headlights of an approaching car will temporarily reduce that person’s visual capacity. The primary structures associated with this change are thea) cornea and lensb) retina and rod cellsc) fovea and blind spotd) choroid and cone cells
Diploma Question
• the principal endocrine glands of the human organism; e.g., the hypothalamus/pituitary complex, thyroid and adrenal glands, pancreas islet cells
2. The human organism maintains homeostasis through the use of complex chemical control
systems.
• describing the hormones of the principal endocrine glands; i.e., TSH/thyroxine, ACTH/cortisol glucagon/ insulin, HGH, ADH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, aldosterone
2. The human organism maintains homeostasis through the use of complex chemical control
systems.
12
345
6789
10
1. Hypothalamus2. Pituitary Gland3. Thyroid gland4. Parathyroid*5. Liver (stores glucose)6. Pancreas
7. Adrenal Gland*8. Kidney (water
regulation)9. Ovary
10. Testes
* Are not endocrine glands, but are target tissue for hormones.
Gland/Organ Hormones
1 Thyroid Thyroxin, calcitonin
1a Parathyroid
Parathormone (PTH)
2 Liver Insulin (glucose glycogen) and glucagon (glycogen glucose)
3 Pancreas Insulin, glucagon
4 Adrenal glands
Cortex-Aldosterone, Cortisol
Medulla- Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
5 Kidney Aldosterone, ADH
6 Ovary Estrogen, Progesterone
7 Testes Testosterone
8 Hypothalamus
GnRH, TSH-RF, ACTH-RF, ADH, oxytocin
9 Pituitary TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH, (tropic) and prolactin, GH. Post: ADH, Oxytocin
Gland Hormone Target EffectThyroid Thyroxine All body cells Increase metabolic rate
Calcitonin“calcium – bone – in”
Bones, kidneys and small intestine
Stores Ca2+ in bones, decreases calcium in blood
Parathyroid Parathormone (PTH)
Bones, kidneys and small intestine
Releases calcium from bones, increasing blood calcium
Pancreas Insulin (from beta cells)
All cells, liver Lowers blood sugar, stores glucose as glycogen
Glucagon (from alpha cells)
All cells, liver Raise blood sugar, converts glycogen glucose
Adrenal GlandMedulla
Adrenaline All cells Sympathetic Nervous system response (prepare for an emergency)
Noradrenaline All cells
Adrenal GlandCortex
Aldosterone Kidney Sodium is reabsorbed into blood and water follows by osmosis
Cortisol All body cells Anti-inflammatoryReleases glucose and a.a. to repair injury
Testes TestosteroneIn interstitial cells
Seminiferous tubules, other cells
Increases sperm prod. , bone growth, larynx, hair…
Ovaries Estrogen Secondary sex cells and endometrium
Secondary sex charGrowth of the endometrium
Progesterone Uterus Maintains the endometrium by preventing contractions
PituitaryPosterior
ADH Kidney Reabsorbtion of water into blood
Oxytocin Uterus and breasts Contractions
PituitaryAnterior
Tropic Hormones- they stimulate other glands to produce hormones
GH Most cells Promotes growth
TSH Thyroid Releases thyroxin, which increases metabolism
ACTH Adrenal cortex Aldosterone and cortisol
Prolactin (PRL) Mammary glands Milk production
FSH Ovaries and testes Production of ova, estrogen and sperm
LH Ovaries and testes Female - Causes corpus luteum to produce est. and prog. Male - interstitial cells produce testosterone
•explaining the metabolic roles hormones play in homeostasis; i.e., thyroxine to metabolism, insulin to blood sugar regulation, HGH to growth, ADH to water regulation
2. The human organism maintains homeostasis through the use of complex chemical control
systems.
Diploma Question
In humans, when iodine levels are adequate, abnormally high TSH secretion would likely result ina) nervousness and weight gainb) nervousness and weight lossc) sleepiness and weight gaind) sleepiness and weight loss
Diploma Question
A hormone that regulates glucose levels in the blood and a hormone that regulates Na+ in the blood and, indirectly, water reabsorption by the kidneys are, respectively,
a) aldosterone and insulinb) glucagon and aldosteronec) epinephrine and glucagond) insulin and antidiuretic hormone
28. Humans, as well as rats, release glucagon in response to stress. The row below that identifies the gland that secretes glucagon and the target organ of glucagon in humans is
Row Secreting GlandTarget
Gland/Organ
A. 2 3
B. 4 2
C. 3 2
D. 3 4
8
9
1a
Diploma Question
Diploma Question
The endocrine function of the pancreas was studied in Canada using dogs as experimental animals. The pancreatic cells with an endocrine function area) islet cellsb) blood cellsc) Sertoli cellsd) interstitial cells
Steroid hormones • SLOW• Enter cell
Protein hormones
• Prompt (fast)• Attaches to receptors
on cell membrane• Ex. Insulin, growth
hormone and epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Most hormones are this type
Negative feedback loop
Hypothalamus
TSH-RF
Pituitary
Thyroid Gland
TSH
Thyroxine
Negative Feedback
Low Metabolism
Need iodine to make thyroxine
Diploma Question
Normally, inhibition of the pituitary gland would occur if the secretion of hormone Xa) increased, causing a decrease in the secretion of hormone Yb) decreased, causing a decrease in the secretion of hormone Yc) increased, causing an increase in the secretion of hormone Yd) decreased, causing an increase in the secretion of hormone Y
Control of the Secretion of Hormone Y by the Pituitary Gland
•explaining how the endocrine system allows human organisms to sense their internal environment and respond appropriately; e.g., sugar metabolism
2. The human organism maintains homeostasis through the use of complex chemical control
systems.
•comparing the endocrine and neural control systems and explaining how they act together;
2. The human organism maintains homeostasis through the use of complex chemical control
systems.
e.g., stress and the adrenal gland
Adrenal Gland
Medulla
Adrenaline All cells Sympathetic Nervous system response (prepare for an
emergency)
Noradrenaline
All cells
Gland Hormone Target Response
The adrenal gland releases epinephrine in the blood stream. This stimulates the medulla to increase heart rate and breathing rate through nerve pathways.
In general, circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine released from the adrenal medulla have the same effects on target organs as direct stimulation by sympathetic nerves, although their effect is longer lasting.
A listing of some major effects mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine are:
•Increased rate and force of contraction of the heart muscle: this is predominantly an effect of epinephrine acting through beta receptors. •Constriction of blood vessels: norepinephrine, in particular, causes widespread vasoconstriction, resulting in increased resistance and hence arterial blood pressure. •Dilation of bronchioles: assists in pulmonary ventilation. •Stimulation of lipolysis in fat cells: this provides fatty acids for energy production in many tissues and aids in conservation of dwindling reserves of blood glucose. •Increased metabolic rate: oxygen consumption and heat production increase throughout the body in response to epinephrine. Medullary hormones also promote breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle to provide glucose for energy production. •Dilation of the pupils.•Inhibition of certain "non-essential" processes: an example is inhibition of gastrointestinal secretion and motor activity.
Common stimuli for secretion of adrenal medulla hormones include exercise, hypoglycemia, hemorrhage and emotional distress.
• describing, using an example, the physiological consequences of hormone imbalances.
2. The human organism maintains homeostasis through the use of complex chemical control
systems.
What would happen as a result of too much
a) GH? _______________________________________b) Thyroxine? _____________________________________c) Cortisol? _______________________________________
Gigantism or acromegaly (in adults)
Hyperthyroidism- weight loss, nervousness, insomniaCushing’s Syndrome: Weight gain, weakened immune
system
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