History of Glass Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. 17 Glass & Glazing
Slide 2
Early Glass Production Largest known piece of glass in a public
bath at Pompeii By 10 th century A.D. the Venetian Island of Murano
had become major center for glassmaking Crown glass and cylinder
glass were produced Crown glass process Blowing large glass sphere
Iron rod called punty used to hold glass Reheating sphere resulting
in crown 30+ in diameter Cooled and cut Fundamentals of Building
Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009
John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. History of Glass Face
Shield Punty Disk or crown shaped glass Hand Shield Blowpipe on
other side of punty removed leaving a hole
Slide 3
Early Glass Production Cylinder glass process Blowing large
glass sphere Swinging action resulted in cylinder Hemispherical
ends were cut Cylinder slit lengthwise and reheated to flatten into
rectangular sheet Cut into panes Crown glass favored over cylinder
glass because of surface quality Cylinder glass was more economical
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. History of Glass Swinging action resulting in cylinder
Hemispherical ends are cut Blowing glass spheres
Slide 4
From Crown to Float Glass Lack of optical quality of crown and
cylinder glass gave way to introduction of plate glass in 17 th
century France Molten glass was cast into frames Spread into sheets
Cooled and ground flat Polished and cut Cylinder process evovled in
19 th Century In 20 th century drawn glass was produced In 1959
Pilkington started producing float glass which is the basis of all
modern day glass Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials
& Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons.
All rights reserved. History of Glass Float Glass Production
Process
Slide 5
Float Glass Finishing and Cutting Glass is floated on molten
tin and hardens on it producing parallel surfaces, high optical
quality and brilliant surface finish Automatic cutting can produce
glass to desired sizes Annealing Lehr gradually cools the glass to
avoid locked-in stresses Glazing is the installation of glass or
the transparent material in a glazed opening Installer of glass is
called glazier Individual pieces are called lights or lites
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. History of Glass Float Glass Ribbon Emerging from
Annealing Lehr Track-mounted Cutting
Slide 6
The Material Glass Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. 17 Glass & Glazing
Slide 7
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. The Material Glass Advanced Glazing Systems Glass is the
most-used cladding material for tall buildings due to its strength,
light weight, durability, and wide range of available optical and
thermal properties
Slide 8
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. The Material Glass Advanced Glazing Systems Glass has
seemingly unlimited optical and aesthetic possibilities
Slide 9
Glass Ingredients and Thicknesses Glass is made from Sand
(silicone dioxide) Soda ash (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate)
Lime (calcium) Alumina Potassium oxide Glass is supercooled liquid
and in sheet form strength is impacted by imperfections in glass
Thicknesses range from approximately 3/32 inch (single strength) to
1/8 inch (double strength) to 1 inch. Heat treatments such as
tempering impact glass strength and uses Fundamentals of Building
Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009
John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. The Material Glass
Tempered Glass is Used in Store Front For Strength and Breakage
Safety
Slide 10
Glass Types by Heat Treatment and Strength Annealed glass
Regular float glass which is cooled slowly to reduce in built
stress Tempered glass Produced by cutting annealed glass to
required size, reheating and then cooling rapidly. Higher strength
and breaks into small shards Heat-strengthened glass Between
annealed and tempered with breakage behavior like annealed
Laminated glass Sandwich of multiple layers of glass with PVB
interlayer. Suitable for security applications as glass stays in
place Fire-rated glass Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. The Material Glass Laminated Glass
Used in Sloped Glazing Provides Safety Against Falling Shards
Slide 11
Glass Types by Architectural Treatments Patterned glass Hot
glass can be rolled into sheets with many different surface
textures and patterns to obscure vision for privacy Fritted glass
Pigmented glass particles called frits are used to imprint glass.
Glass is dried and fired in tempering furnace to make it permanent
Spandrel glass Used to cover bands of floor/wall around the floor
edges. Usually tempered or heat strengthened with insulation behind
them Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials &
Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All
rights reserved. The Material Glass Fritted Glass Used to Create
Patterns Darker Colored Spandrel Glass
Slide 12
Glass For Controlling Solar Radiation Tinted Glass Made by
adding small amounts of selected chemical elements to the molten
glass mixture Reflective Glass or Solar Control Glass Thin Durable
films of metal or metal oxide are deposited on the surface of
either tinted glass or clear glass to make the glass reflective.
The film turns away significant portion of solar radiation
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. The Material Glass Building With Reflective Coated
Glass
Slide 13
Impact of Glass Type on Control of Visible Light and Solar
Radiation Transmitted Radiation Reflected Radiation Absorbed
Radiation Re-radiation Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. The Material Glass Effect of Three
Different Glazing Assemblies on Incoming Sunlight Outside is on
Left
Slide 14
Glass and Thermal Considerations IGU Insulating Glass Unit Made
of multiple glass with sealed air space reducing conductance,
single glazing is single glass, double glazing is two sheets and
triple glazing is three sheets of glass Space filled by air or
inert gas in a hermetically sealed cavity Different spacers used
including warm-edge spacer Performance given in terms of U values
Low Emissivity coated glass (Low-e) Formed with transparent
metallic coating to improve thermal performance Located on surface
2 and sometimes on surface 3. Improves thermal performance
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. The Material Glass Two Methods of Sealing Edge of Double
Glazing
Slide 15
Glass and Thermal Considerations Visible Light Transmittance -
VT Ratio of visible light passing to the amount striking the glass
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient - SHGC Ratio of heat admitted to the
amount striking the glass Light Solar Gain Ratio LSG Ratio of VT to
SHGC Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials &
Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All
rights reserved. The Material Glass Glass Properties Impacting
Thermal Visual Performance
Slide 16
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. The Material Glass Glass and Thermal Considerations The
label on this fabricator's glass sample indicates that this IGU
consists of a "-thick low-e, annealed lite (with the trade name
Solarban 60) a " spacer and a " clear annealed light. VLT of 0.70
SC of 0.44 SHGC of 0.38 U-Value of 0.29
Slide 17
Glazing Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials &
Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All
rights reserved. 17 Glass & Glazing
Slide 18
Glazing Small Lights Not subject to excessive wind force or
stresses due to thermal expansion Glass first held in place by
Glaziers points and then sealed on outside with putty followed by
painting Factory glazed units employ improved putties or glazing
compounds which stay elastic for longer period of time Fundamentals
of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Glazing
Alternative Methods of Single Glazing Small Lights Outdoor Side on
Left
Slide 19
Glazing Large Lights Large lights, those over 6 ft 2 (0.6 m 2 )
require more care in glazing due to stresses Design objectives are
Support weight of glass without abnormal stress patterns Support
glass against wind pressure and suction Allow for expansion and
contraction of glass and frame without damage Avoid contact of
glass with any hard material such as frame Fundamentals of Building
Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009
John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Glazing Glaziers
Install Lights of Glass that Weigh as Much as 125 pounds (57
kg)
Slide 20
Glazing Large Lights Setting blocks are of synthetic rubber and
support weight of glass Bite or depth of grip on the edge of glass
of certain amount is required to resist wind load Glazing
components used between frame and glass are either wet or dry such
as Preformed solid tape sealant made of polybutene Wedge or roll in
gasket Lock strip gasket In good design reliance for waterproofing
relies on wet and dry seals in conjunction with pressure
equalization and drainage Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. Glazing Alternative Methods of
Single Glazing Large Lights Outdoor Side on Left
Slide 21
Glazing Large Lights Lockstrip gasket is a dry glazing method
It is faster, easier and less dependent on workmanship then wet
glazing method Wet glazing with good workmanship is more effective
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Lockstrip Gasket Installation in Progress and
Completed
Slide 22
Advanced Glazing Systems Butt-joint glazing system Head and
sill of the glass sheets are supported conventionally in metal
frames, but vertical mullions are eliminated The vertical joints
between sheets of glass are made by injection of colorless silicone
sealant There is a strong effect of unbroken horizontal band of
glass around the building Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. Glazing Mullionless Butt-Joint
Glazing With Single Glazing
Slide 23
Advanced Glazing Systems Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. Glazing Mullionless Butt-Joint
System Seen from the Outside
Slide 24
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Horizontal strip windows that need to appear
mullionless only from the outside can use a mullion on the inside
Sill and head are conventionally glazed Advanced Glazing
Systems
Slide 25
Structural silicone flush glazing The metal mullions lie
entirely inside the glass with glass adhered to the mullion by
silicone sealant Outside skin is completely flush Systems with
critical silicone work done in factory are also possible
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5
th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Glass Mounted With Four-Side Structural Silicone
Glazing
Slide 26
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Steps in assembly of a mullion for a four-side
structural silicone exterior flush glazing system Advanced Glazing
Systems
Slide 27
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Structural Spacer Glazing is a proprietary system
The glass is fastened to the mullion with an aluminum pressure
plate. The face is then sealed Desiccant is integrated into the
system Advanced Glazing Systems
Slide 28
Suspended Glazing Systems and Glass Mullion System Used
primarily for high walls of glass around building lobbies Tempered
glass sheets are suspended from above and stabilized by tempered
glass perpendicular stiffeners Metal fittings are used to join
multiple sheets of glass Stainless steel cables and fittings are
used in roof applications Fundamentals of Building Construction,
Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley
& Sons. All rights reserved. Glazing Glass Suspended from Above
With Vertical Glass Stiffeners
Slide 29
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Four point spider fitting Adjustable vertical
stainless steel rod carries the load to the structure above
Advanced Glazing Systems
Slide 30
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing A suspended glazing system with "saddle"
(anticlastic) curvature keeps the entire wall system in tension.
Advanced Glazing Systems
Slide 31
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing The spider fittings and cable system must resist
wind, seismic, and dead loads without inducing bending forces in
the glass or creating stress concentrations around the points of
attachment Advanced Glazing Systems
Slide 32
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing The glass wall obtains additional stiffness where
the cable system is tied to adjacent columns. Advanced Glazing
Systems
Slide 33
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Insulating laminated glass units serve as roof
Laminated glass fins serve as beams Vertical rods take the load
from the fins Vertical rods transfer load to cables which in turn
transfers it to steel trusses Advanced Glazing Systems
Slide 34
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Vertical rods take the load from the fins
Vertical rods transfer load to cables which in turn transfers it to
the steel trusses Upward arching cables provide wind uplift
resistance Advanced Glazing Systems
Slide 35
Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods,
5 th Edition Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons. All rights
reserved. Glazing Leaded Stained Glass
Slide 36
MasterFormat Sections For Glass Fundamentals of Building
Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright 2009
John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. 17 Glass and Glazing
CSI/CSC M ASTER F ORMAT S ECTIONS FOR G LASS 08 80 00GLAZING 08 81
00Glass Glazing 08 83 00Mirrors 08 84 00Plastic Glazing 08 85
00Glazing Accessories 08 88 00Special Function Glazing
Hurricane-Resistant Glazing Cable-Suspended Glazing
Pressure-Resistant Glazing Radiation-Resistant Glazing Security
Glazing Ballistics-Resistant Glazing