Download - History notes form 2

History Form 2

Stephanie Ellul

History Form 2 Ms.S.Ellul

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1. The fall of the Roman Republic

In a republic, citizens can choose their leaders.

The Roman republic was established in 509 B.C. and lasted nearly 500 years.

One difference between the Roman republic and the Greek democracy was

that in Greece all men could vote, but in Rome, only men with money and

property could vote.

Since the Romans did not want one man to make all of the laws, they

decided to balance the power of the government between three branches:

1. The executive branch - The consuls, who were elected for just one year by

the upper class and had to supervise the Senate and order the Roman

army during wars.

2. The legislative branch – The Senate, which consisted of a group of about

300 male citizens. They owned land and they could tell the consuls how

much money they could spend and on what.

3. The judicial branch –Which was made up of six judges who were elected

every two years and were in charge of deciding punishments that criminals

would receive.

You might find the following website interesting:

http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/special/timeline_04.html


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Who was Julius Caesar?

Was born into a wealthy family and he was a

well-educated child.

In 59 BC, he was appointed a consul and in 58

BC he went to Gaul (France) where he served

as governor.

Was seen by some as a cruel man solely

driven by expanding his own personal power.

Who was Pompey?

was one of the most powerful consuls together with Caesar.

was know as Pompey the Great.

What happened between them?

Pompey was married to Caesar’s daughter but fought against him because

they both wanted power.

A. In not more than 150 words write the difference between Roman Republic

and Roman Empire.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

(12 marks)

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/roman_education.htm


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B. Crossword

1

2

7

10 4

5

6,11

8 3

9

Down

a) 1. was one of the most powerful consuls of the Roman 2.

_____________.

b) Caesar was the governor of which country? 3. .

c) 4. was one of the most powerful consuls together with

Caesar.

d) Cleopatra was the 5. of 6. .

Across

e) The 7.__________ consisted of 300 male 8. ___.

f) Caesar was appointed 9. because he wanted to be the only

person in power.

g) Caesar's heir, later known as 10. , rose to sole power, and

the era of the Roman 11. began.

(11 marks)


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2. Constantine and Christianity in Europe

In the first few centuries AD, Christians were

prosecuted and punished, often with death by the

Emperor Nero. Moreover, some say that Nero was

responsible for a colossal fire that broke out at

Rome and destroyed much of the city.

All this changed when Constantine became the Emperor of the Roman

Empire.

Constantine brought about many changes in the empire. Here are some of

the good changes brought by him:

1. ____________________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________

(2.5 marks)

Constantine chose Christian men as his

advisers. He provided many benefits for the

clergy. The clergy did not have to pay taxes

and they did not have to serve in the military.

Constantine also contributed greatly to the

building of great church buildings. Magnificent

church buildings were built in Jerusalem,

Bethlehem, Constantinople and other places.

Constantine wanted all men everywhere to embrace the Christian faith and

he wanted Christians to be united together. He thought that Christianity was

the one thing that could unite his empire and make it great.


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It was during the time of Constantine the great, that the Church in Malta

flourished.

Saint Paul's Shipwreck on his way to Rome in AD 60, saw the beginning of

Christianity in Malta. The conversation to Christianity did not happen in a blink

of an eye but Saint Paul managed to convert a large number of Maltese to

the Christian faith. According to tradition, Publius, the Roman Governor of

Malta at the time of Saint Paul's shipwreck, became the first Bishop of Malta.

A. Mark T for True and F for False in the boxes provided.

1. Constantine was known as Constantine the Great. ____

2. Nero established Constantinople as the new capital of Rome. ____

3. Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to recognize Christianity. ____

4. Constantine took from the Christians all their property. ____

5. Saint Paul's Shipwreck on his way to Rome happened in AD 400. ____

6. Saint Paul managed to convert a large number of Maltese to the Christian

faith. ____

7. Publius was the Governor of Greece at the time of Saint Paul's shipwreck.

____

8. Saint Paul became the first Bishop of Malta following his conversion to

Christianity. ____

(4 marks)

3. The Byzantine Empire

In order to improve and maintain control,

the work of the Emperor was divided

between different individuals. These so

called co-emperors had a form of power-

sharing.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Publius

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion


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The division of labour was divided between the Western and Eastern Empire

and often this division created a sense of competition between the co-

emperors.

In 330 AD, Constantine, transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantine which

is located on the eastern region of the European continent.

Constantinople: Istanbul today

Byzantine, and its capital

Constantinople, held a strategic

geographical significance because it

is located right between the Black

Sea and the entrance to the

Mediterranean Sea.

One of the most famous buildings in

Constantinople was the church of

Hagia Sophia which was the largest


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cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years. This building was originally

constructed as a church.

The end of the Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire feared the Turks in fact the emperor asked the leader of

the Christian church—the Pope—to assist in a holy war against the Turks.

In the end, the Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. Turkish has replaced

Greek as the language and more than 99% of the people in modern Turkey

are Muslims.

Nomisma


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4. The Arabs and the rise of Mohammed

In the ____________ there was a great force

growing which by time managed to grow bigger

and stronger. The people of the East lived in tribes

known as Bedwini or _____________. These tribes

used to travel from one oasis to another and

every night they used to camp under the stars. The captain of the tribe was

known as ix-______ (l-ixjeħ raġel) the oldest one, and he was seen as the most

intelligent and brave.

The rise of Mohammed

In the time of 570 A.D in Mecca, Mohammed

was born. At the age of forty, Mohammed felt

that an angel named _________ came to visit him

and told him to go and spread the word of god

(Allah).

In 622 A.D, Mohammed left ________ and went to

Medina where he was welcomed well. This

journey is known as the _______. After a few years

his teachings grew and went back to Mecca. Mecca became the center of

Islam and is now regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam.

The Muslims were people of great tolerance and

did not make people change their religion.

However those who were not Muslim had to pay a

tax. The people who had to pay this tax did not

have all the privileges of the Muslims; however they

had the right of property.


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Similarities and Differences between Christianity and Islam

(9 marks)

History & Stats Christianity Islam

date founded c. 30 AD 622 CE

place founded Palestine Arabian Peninsula

founders & early leaders Jesus

major location today Europe, North and

South America

Middle East, Southeast

Asia

adherents worldwide

today 2 billion 1.3 billion

current size rank

second largest in the

world

sacred text

ultimate reality one creator God

nature of God Trinity - three persons unity - one person

identity of Jesus

true prophet of God

house of worship

day of worship

Friday

Head covered during

prayer? Generally no


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5. The Vikings Civilisation

The Vikings came from Norway, Sweden and

Denmark. Their land was not fertile so they found it

hard to grow crops. They found that England was

rich with lands and treasures. The climate was much

warmer so they preferred it and wanted to settle

there.

‘Men of war’ is how the

Vikings are thought about and indeed they

brought violence to England. Vikings were skilled

craftsmen making objects from stone, wood

and metal.

While some Vikings were establishing themselves

in Britain and Ireland, another group did the

same in the coastal region of France. In effect,

the Vikings in this region allowed themselves to

be bought off by the king of France.

When the French noted the increasing number

of Viking settlements along the coast, they

feared the worst. French defenses were

becoming more effective and Viking losses

were increasing. So a deal was struck in 912. The

Viking duke would convert to Christianity,

acknowledge the French king as his overlord

and, protect France against wilder Vikings. Thus

was born Normandy. The Normans however did not lose their characteristics.

They still were adventurous, fighters, and good sailors/navigators.


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The Vikings used long ships to raid and steal

from other lands. The Long ships were

powered by sails or by rowing with oars.

They used their boats for transporting cargo,

trading and for exploring. The Vikings even

travelled to America, which they called

Vineland, because grapes grew there.

The Vikings seemed to get everywhere...

Eric the Red founded a new settlement in Greenland.

The Vikings had settlements in Iceland in the ninth century.

The French king gave the province of Normandy to a Viking duke named

Rollo to stop him attacking.

The Vikings settled in an area called Rus. The name Russia comes from this

word.

The Vikings were the first Europeans to reach America.

Sagas

Viking children did not go to school so instead, lessons came in the form of

Sagas or long stories. They described the adventures of great Viking warriors

or gods. The Sagas were an important way to teach History, Geography and

navigation.

The Viking alphabet was called the Futhark. The letters or runes were carved

into wood or stone.


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Crossword

Across

a) The Vikings preferred to settle in 1.________ because of the 2._________.

b) Some Vikings settled in England and Ireland while others preferred to

settle in another European country. Which country? 3.___________

Down

c) These were descendants of the Vikings. 4.___________

d) The Vikings alphabet. 5.____________

e) This is a long story about something dramatic or about heroic events.

6.__________

(6 marks)

6

1 4

2

3,5


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6. Normans and their military

The Normans were formed in the ninth

and tenth centuries. Despite adopting

concepts like Christianity from their

neighbours, they soon developed a

culture distinct from both the Vikings and

the French.

Norman soldiers and mercenaries quickly

spread across Europe, fighting for many

different nations, though often against

Islamic forces. The high points of this

expansion were the conquests of

England, Sicily and Antioch which came

under the direct rule of Normans.

The Normans in Italy

A Norman presence in Italy is first recorded in

1017. Expansion continued until Normans ruled

almost all of Southern Italy.

In 1060 Count Roger I

invaded Sicily. At the

time, Sicily was ruled by Arab Muslims and the

population was mostly Byzantine Christians. The

whole island was conquered by 1091. In 1101

Count Roger I died and his son Count Roger II took

everything.


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7. Count Roger I and the Normans in Malta

In 1091 Count Roger I, in order to avoid an attack

from North Africa, set sail with a fleet to conquer

Malta. His ship reached the island before the rest.

The following day Roger marched to the capital

Mdina. He subjected the Muslims in Malta to pay

him an annual tribute but let them continue running

the affairs of the island. Norman rule was, however,

consolidated in 1127 by Count Roger II. With the

treaty many Greek and other Christian prisoners

were released. He left the islands with many who wished to join him and so

many were on his ship that it nearly sank.

Maltese legend has it that the Count gave

the Maltese their red and white flag by

cutting a part of his banner. Mass is said

once a year in remembrance of the Count

at the Cathedral of Mdina, as a

recognition for the Count's role in liberating Maltese Christians from Muslim

dominance and rule.

Answer the following questions.

Did you know......

The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 metres (230 ft) long, which

depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England.


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Answer the following questions:

1. Who were the Vikings?

___________________________________________________________________________

(1mark)

1. What did they wear?

___________________________________________________________________________

(1mark)

2. How did they travel from one country to another?

___________________________________________________________________________

(1mark)

3. How did the Vikings learn new things?

___________________________________________________________________________

(1mark)

4. Who were the Normans?

___________________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

5. What makes them different from the Vikings?

___________________________________________________________________________

(1.5 marks)

6. Who was Count Roger I?

___________________________________________________________________________

(1mark)

9. Feudalism

The Feudal System was introduced to England

following the invasion and conquest of the

country by William I (The Conqueror).


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Who was William I (The Conqueror)?

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

During the period of history known as the Middle Ages, feudalism was the law

of the land. The system had been used in France by the Normans from the

time they first settled there in about 900AD.

It was the basis by which the upper class maintained control over the lower

classes. This structure of government consisted of:

The king:

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________


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The barons:

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

The peasants:

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

(6 marks)

The church leaders often also held a great power

over the people, much like the lords of the manor.

Many church leaders were active in politics and

government. In fact the church was really the only

universal European governing force.

Social Studies Form 2

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10. Medieval Europe and Medieval life

Use the following website to answer the questions:

http://www.medieval-life.net/life_main.htm

a. Write FIVE differences that

describe the clothing worn

in the Middle Ages in

contrast to Modern clothing.

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

___________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

(5 marks)

b. Write FIVE points that give a realistic

account of Medieval life.

_____________________________________

____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(5 marks)


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c. Understand the plan of a medieval village and compare it to a village of

today.

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

(5 marks)

11. The Crusaders

The Crusades were a series of ______ _______ launched by the Christian states

of Europe against the Saracens. The term 'Saracen' was the word used to

describe a _________ during the time of the Crusades.

The word Crusade comes from the Latin word crux, meaning a '________'. It

referred to the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified and to go on a


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crusade meant going to fight for _________. The cross that appears on the

shield was common during the Crusades as it represented God.

12. Causes and consequences of the Crusades

There were numerous crusades over the three _______

___________ period, the majority of which involved

journeys to the ______ ________. This map shows five

different crusade routes.

In AD _______, the Muslims captured the

city of ____________, which was a holy

city to Christians because Christ had

lived and died in that area.

For a long time, the Muslims allowed

Christian to visit Jerusalem as pilgrims,

and many thousands made the journey

from Europe. Then, in _________, a group

of fanatical Turkish Muslims captured


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Jerusalem. They would not tolerate Christians.

In 1095, _______ ________ _____ delivered a speech in front of a large crowd at

the Council of Clermont, urging them to engage in a Christian “holy war” to

liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule.

Despite many attempts, this goal

was never reached. Small Christian

states were established for a time

in and around Jerusalem, but they

soon returned to Muslim control.

The _______ ____ _______ took place

in 1291 and resulted in the loss of

the Crusader controlled city of

Acre to the Muslims. It is

considered one of the most important battles of the time period. When Acre

fell, the Crusaders lost their last major stronghold of the Crusader Kingdom of

Jerusalem.

(6 marks)

13. Black Death in the14th century (1347-1351)

Coming out of the East, the Black

Death reached the shores of Italy in

the spring of 1347 causing death

across Europe.

The Black Death is thought to have

started in China or Central Asia, it had


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reached the trade city of Caffa by 1346 and from there, black rats carried it

onto merchant ships. It then spread throughout the Mediterranean and

invaded Europe.

How Did It Spread?

In towns and cities people lived very close

together. The filth littered streets gave rats the

perfect environment to breed and increase their

numbers.

Also the disposal of bodies was very crude and helped to spread the disease

still further as those who handled the dead bodies did not protect themselves

in any way.

In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as fifty percent of the

population to die. Although governments had medical workers try to prevent

the plague, the plague persisted. Most medical workers quit and journeyed

away because they feared getting the plague themselves.

There were; however, methods that did work. For example, in Milan, city

officials immediately walled up houses found to have the plague, isolating

everyone (even the healthy along with the sick) inside of them. Venice took

sophisticated and stringent quarantine and health measures, including

isolating all incoming ships on a separate island.

A plague doctor's duties were often limited to visiting victims to verify whether

they had been afflicted or not. Surviving records of contracts drawn up

between cities and plague doctors often gave the plague doctor enormous

latitude and heavy financial compensation, given the risk of death involved

for the plague doctor himself.


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Its path of death was generally from

south to north and east to west passing

through Italy, France, England,

Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland,

Finland, and eventually reaching as far

as Greenland. If the plague had just

stayed in one city, the containment

might have spared Europe.

Unfortunately, the plague spread when

people fled to other cities.

It is difficult to accurately estimate the number of people killed by the Black

Death. Many times, the Church and monks kept records of the census and

populations, but as the sick poured into their monasteries, monks themselves

were infected and their records were also lost or destroyed. At best, it can be

estimated that between 1/3 and 2/3 of European population were destroyed

by the disease. (25-50 million people out of 75 million).

Consequences of the Black Death

a. Fields went unploughed as the men who usually did this were victims of the

disease. Harvests would not have been brought in as the manpower did

not exist.

b. Those lords, who lost their manpower to the disease, turned to sheep

farming as this required less people to work on the land. Grain farming

became less popular – this, again, kept towns and cities short of such

basics as bread.

c. Inflation – the price of food went up creating more hardship for the poor. In

some parts of England, food prices went up by four times.


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d. Many people turned their back on the Church. As a result of death in the

church, written language was almost lost and whole churches were

abandoned.

Imagine you are a doctor living in London at the time of the plague (1348 –

1350).Write a reply to this letter from John Smith, a friend living in a nearby

village. Remember that a medieval doctor would not give the same kind of

advice as a modern day doctor.

Dear Sir,

I am writing to you to beg you for advice. A terrible curse has

come to our village. It began with a few people complaining of

pain in the head and the stomach. Now, just two short weeks

later, the streets are full of corpses, shops and houses lie empty,

and animals are running wild in the street. Some of the animals

are even feeding on the dead.

I believe this sickness has been sent by God to punish us for our

sins. I have been praying for forgiveness day and night but I

have been sickening these last days and I fear that I shall not be

spared. I had thought to go to London to seek help from a man of

medicine.

What should I do?

Yours,

John T. Smith


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___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(6 marks)

14. The Maltese Islands under the Angevin rule and later under the Aragonese

rule.

Fill in the blanks below with the words provided. All words must be used.

Words may only be used once.

Monroi Feudal French Universita’

Aragonese 1090 Sicilian Frederick

Charles of Anjou Angevins Maltese Sicily


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In ________________, Count Roger the Norman, with a small force, landed in

Malta. The Maltese Islands were formally incorporated with the Sicilian Crown

about the year 1123 when Sicily was governed by Roger II (1105-1154), the

Son of Roger the Norman.

After the death of King William II of Sicily his aunt Constance who was married

to the Emperor Henry VI of the German royal family of Hohenstaufen inherited

the ________________ Crown. As a consequence, both Sicily and Malta fell

under the German rule.

The heir to the kingdom of Henry VI and his wife

Constance was their son ________________, who later

became known as Emperor Frederick II of

Hohenstaufen. In 1250, his kingdom was divided

between his two sons, Manfred and Conradino.

Conradino ruled over the Hohenstaufen lands in

Germany and Italy while Manfred became king of

Sicily and the Maltese Islands in 1258.

Manfred married off his daughter Constance to Peter, the king of the Spanish

Kingdom of Aragon. This marriage had the effect of forging an alliance

between the ________________ and Hohenstaufen royal families. However,

one of Manfred’s bitterest enemies was King Charles of the French kingdom

of Anjou. King Charles of Anjou was determined to conquer Sicily from

Manfred and add this island, together with the Maltese Islands to his kingdom.

King Charles of Anjou gathered his armies and marched them down the

Italian peninsula towards Sicily.

Henry's descendants ruled Malta and Sicily till 1266 when they were defeated

by the French Prince, ________________, at the Battle of Benevento (1266) and

Tagliacozzo (1268).


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The Angevins proved to be harsh rulers, especially in Sicily. Under the

________________ the people of Sicily lost most of their rights and liberties and

were also made to pay heavy taxes to their Angevin rulers.

Angevin rule did not last long. In March 1282 the Sicilians rose against the

French and by September the ________________ had left the Island. King Peter

of Aragon now became King of Sicily, and by December 1282 the great

majority of the Maltese had adhered to the new ruler of ________________.

During this period, Malta was sold and resold to various ________________ lords

and barons.

After widespread discontent between 1393 and 1397 the Aragonese King

once again ordered that the ________________ islands were not to be given

away as a fief but his promise was broken once again in 1420. A

new feudal lord made the Maltese pay heavy taxes and by 1425 under yet

another count, Gonsalvo Monroy, the Maltese were reduced to poverty.

It was finally agreed that the Maltese were to pay back ________________ the

30,000 but up to 1428 the Maltese were unable to raise that amount. Destiny

resolved the situation when on his deathbed Monroy decided he would

accept just 10,000 florins with another 10,000 going to the King of Aragon,

while 10,000 would be pardoned. Thus the Maltese only needed to provide

20,000 florins.

In the following century there were no Feudal Lords in the Maltese Islands and

there was very little interference from Sicily. The Maltese Islands had a local

government, the ________________, made up of the government officials who

carried on the day to day administration, and the Consiglio Popolare, or local

Council, which although it could deliberate local affairs had no legislative

power.

(6 marks)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/fief

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/feudal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gonsalvo_Monroy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/florins


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14. Piracy in Malta

During the Middle Ages, the Maltese Islands suffered frequent attacks by

pirates. These pirates would carry out surprise attacks on Maltese villages,

killing innocent people and carrying off Maltese men, women and children

into slavery.

Corsairing was a legalized form

of piracy, undertaken with the

official sanction of the authorities

in return for a share of the spoils.

At the same time, it was also an

important aspect of naval

warfare in the Mediterranean,

and the Aragonese rulers were

particularly skilled in the use of

the guerra di corso to promote

their political interests.

To guard the coast against enemy ships, the Maltese set up a standing army

of Maltese men. This local militia was called the Dejma. All able-bodied

farmers between the ages of 18 and 65 were obliged to form part of these

regiments. Each regiment was commanded by a knight.

A number of soldiers of the Dejma formed the cavalry and fought on

horseback. Wealthy families were obliged to keep horses to be used by the

cavalrymen of the Dejma, or, if they were wealthy enough to pay for the

upkeep of a sailing ship and crew to attack the pirates at sea before they

could land on Maltese shores. As soon as any pirate ships were sighted sailing

towards these islands, the Dejma soldiers on guard along the shores would

light a bonfire to give the signal that pirates were approaching. One of the


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Dejma soldiers in each group on watch duty would be on horseback and he

would ride as fast as his horse could carry him to the nearest villages to warn

the villagers of the imminent pirate attack.

Please refer to activity workbook ‘Walk the Plant’.

15. Life of the Maltese under the Arabs and the change to Christian rule in

Medieval Malta

In 60A.D, Christianity was brought to Malta by St.Paul and lasted until the

Arabs conquered the islands in 870 A.D. The 220 years of Arab rule has left a

lasting effect on the country's way of life. In this period of Malta's history the

islands, known under three names: Malitah - the island's Roman name -

Ghawdex and Chemmuna, enjoyed an unparalleled age of economic

affluence, becoming a veritable land of plenty.

Highly skilled in farming, the Arabs introduced new crops, including cotton

and citrus fruits, and innovative agricultural systems, such as irrigation, to

Malta.

Moreover, the distinctive landscape of terraced fields is the result of ancient

Arab methods. Many delicacies of today's Maltese cooking, like that of its

neighbour Sicily, owe their origins to Arabic imports - figs, almond, sweet

pastries and spices.

During their occupation, the Arabs tolerated the Christian beliefs of the

Islanders. Under the Muslims, known to the Europeans at that time as Moors,

the Maltese had their own assembly called gemgha (Arabic jam’iya - an

association) composed of both Christians and Muslims under an

Arab hakim or governor.


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The Arabs ruled Malta until 1090 when the Normans defeated them. For over

a hundred years after the Norman Conquest Arabic remained a dominant

factor in Maltese society. Under these Germanic conquerors the Christian and

Muslims, at first, lived in harmony. However, later, between 1224 and 1250 the

Muslims were totally expelled from the country.

The only Arab testimonials are to be found in the walls of Fort St. Angelo in the

Grand Harbour and in the walls of the city of Mdina (Arabic madina or city) -

re-named from Melita, the capital of Malta during Roman times.

Crowning all the visible remains is the beautiful Majmuna tombstone found

while excavating a cemetery at the gates to the town of Rabat. A large

marble stone inscribed with Arabic-Kufic-style letters it carries a sad lament of

a grieving Muslim father for the death of his 12 year-old daughter.

However, Arab influenced architectural styles, to be found in all parts of the

islands, are the most important of the perceivable Arab-Muslim legacy. The

entire interior of St. John's Co-Cathedral of Mdina is decorated with

Arabesque motifs and village churches are usually built in the shape of cubes

- an echo of the Kaaba.

The Arabs also left their imprint on

the Maltese language and in the

names of many towns and villages in

Malta and Gozo, such as Marsa,

Mdina, Mġarr, Mqabba,

Għajnsielem, Rabat, Xagħra, Żejtun

and Żurrieq.

http://www.visitmalta.com/en/language

http://www.visitmalta.com/en/towns-and-villages


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Find pictures or draw and colour 3 pictures that represent the 3 underlined

sentences above, which show the influence of the Arabs in Malta.

1.

2.

3.

(6 marks)


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Notes:

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