Nitroglycerin
High Explosives
O NO
OON
O
O
ONO
O
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
What happens when a high explosive detonates?
• There is not time for the gasses to move away from the center. But as they do so, the velocity is such that a vacuum is created at the center of the explosion.
• At the onset, a shock wave is created that travels through the material at 10,000 meters/sec (6.2 miles/sec).
• Presume that the material is a sphere with a diameter of 0.1 meter and that reaction starts in the center. The result is that the shock wave has passed through the material in 10 micro seconds.
• Within that time frame all of the explosive is converted to the elements which immediately combine to form gaseous products.
• In this short period, pressures can reach 500,000 times atmospheric with temperatures in excess of 5500 ˚C about the same as the surface of the sun.
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
High Explosives
O NO
OON
O
O
ONO
O
CO + CO2 + N2 + H2O + O2
3 C + 3 N + 5 H + 9 O
nitroglycerin
NitroglycerinO + metal metal oxide
O + C CO
O + 2H H2O
O + CO CO2
Remaining O H N O2, H2, N2
O NO
OON
O
O
ONO
O
nitroglycerin
3 C + 3 N + 5 H + 9 O
3 CO 3 N + 5 H + 6 O+
2.5 H2O 3 N + 3.5 O+
1.5 N2 + 1.75 O2
Nitroglycerin
Nitrocellulose TNT (trinitrotoluene) Acetone peroxide
Ammonium nitrate
NH4NO3
Nitroglycerin
The Grandcamp cargo of ammonium nitrate
catches fire
The captain forces steam into the cargo holds hoping to snuff the fire-melts the ammonium nitrate
and increases the temperature to the detonation temperature (850 ˚F). In addition fuel oil may have leaked from adjacent holds into the molten cargo.
Today, the most used explosive is a combination of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
Nitroglycerin
5 ton anchor thrown 1/2 mile inland
Nitroglycerin
HMX (High Melting eXplosive, Her Majesty's eXplosive,
High-velocity Military eXplosive, or High-Molecular-weight rdX)
RDX Research Department Explosive CL-20 (not yet commercial)
PETN
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Philip Eaton synthesis 1999
C8N8O16 8 CO2 + 4 N2
Nitroglycerin
Approx 5 g of nickel hydrazine perchlorate derivative, ground in a mortar and pestle
Nitroglycerin
Alfred Nobel, born 1833, died of stroke 1896
Five signs of a stroke: • sudden numbness; • slurred speech; • blurred vision; • dizziness; • severe headache.
You have at most 4 hours to clear blockage (with TPA)!and revive dying brain cells.
Nitroglycerin
TPA: Tissue plasminogen activator As an enzyme, it catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen!to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown.
Nitroglycerin
Alfred Nobel, born 1833, died of stroke 1896
Alfred Nobel’s brother Emil was killed in an explosion during production of nitroglycerin.
Nitroglycerin
After his brothers death, Nobel sought to tame nitroglycerin
Often, diluting an explosive will reduce its shock and temperature sensitivity
Nobel tried many mixtures but nitroglycerin + diatomaceous earth works best = dynamite
The skeleton of a diatom, composed of amorphous silica (SiO2.nH2O)
Nitroglycerin
Ammonium nitrateNH4NO3 2 H2O + N2 + 0.5 O2 O + metal metal oxide
O + C CO
O + 2H H2O
O + CO CO2
Remaining O H N O2, H2, N2
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
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