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Itisappropriatethatwiththis,ourfinallecture,wehavereachedapeculiar'turningpoint'inthetextapointatwhichthetextbeginsareturntotheentireanalysisapoint,ifyouwill,inwhichthetextbeginsanew.Inasense,Being&Timebeginsagainandinsuchaway,indeed,astoshowseveralsensesof'beginning.'Andsothislastlecturewillbeginatthisbeginningandattempttoarriveatsomeunderstandingofthesenseofrepetition(Wiedenholung)thatisatworkhere.

Overview:

(I)Adiscussionofmethod

(II)TemporalityastheontologicalmeaningofCare

(III)ArepetitionoftheDaseinAnalyticfromtheperspectiveofTime

Theproblemofhistoryandtheappropriate'placing'oftheproblemofBeing.

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Section63

(I)Method

InthissectionHeideggerreturnstotheproblemofmethodandexplicitlybringstheresultsoftheDaseinAnalyticintocontactwiththemethodoftheDaseinanalyticsucha'dialectic'ofmethodanddiscovery,ofthatwhichsetsoutapathandthatwhichisfounduponthepath,exemplifiesthepeculiarityofHeidegger's'methodwhich'listensinto'itsowndiscoveriesandtriestomaintainanattunementto'thethingsthemselves.'

Webegan,inthe2ndintroduction,todescribethehermeneuticalcharacterofphenomenology.ThecharacterofphenomenologycanbeexpressedbythestructureoftheHermeneuticalCircle.

Thishermeneuticalcirclecanbeexpressedontwolevels:

(1)first,thattheverystructureoftheUnderstandinginvolvesaforestructurewhichconstantlyprojectsuponthatwhichisfound.Daseinisessentiallyinterpretive(onealwaysseesomething'as'something)

(2)baseduponthisisthewayDaseinmovesthroughoutitslife.

Iwanttodevelopmorecloselythislattersenseof'thecircle'.Heideggerstated,attheverybeginning,thatDaseinisonticallyclosesttoitselfyetontologicallyfurthestaway.ThemeaningofthismethodologicalstatementcannowbeseenthroughtheresultsoftheanalysisofCare.

(i)Putformally,thehermenueticalcircleisthe'relation'ofDasein'sontic,everydaylevel,andtheontologicallevelthatgroundsandmakespossibletheonticlevel.

GRAPH

(ii)Butwemustnote,asaresultoftheanalysis,thatDaseinmaintainsitselfinacertainkindtounderstanding,Daseincomportsitselfthroughacertainkindofvagueintelligibility(Daseinknowshow...tolive).Heideggercallthisunderstandingofwhatitmeanstobe"preontologicalunderstanding."

GRAPH

Inthissense,Daseinhasthecapabilityofdevelopingitspreontologicalunderstandingintoanontologicalunderstanding.Ithastheability,ifyouwill,tobecome'clearer'aboutitsexistencetogainanunderstandingoffundamentalstructuresofitsBeing,inotherwords.

(iii)ButtheanalysistocarehasalsodisclosedaninherentprobleminDasein'sattempttodevelopanunderstandingofitselfthisinherentproblemislocatedinthestructuralmomentofFallingwhichexpressesDasein'stendencytointerpretitselfintermsofthatwhichisnot.Thenatureoffallingisessentiallyakindofconcealingand,becauseofthis,anappropriateunderstandingoftheBeingofDaseininvolvesakindof'wrestingfromconcealment'("Existentialanalysishasthecharacterofdoingviolence"311/359).This'wrestingfromconcealment'isonereasonfortheneedofahermeneuticalanalysiswhichmustinterpretexperienceratherthanmerely'beholdit'.

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Furthermore,theverysenseofthehermeneuticalcirclearisesfromtheveryBeingofDaseinitself.Dasein'sBeing'is'circularandsuchacirclemustbekeptinviewifoneistounderstandDasein.ThefullunderstandingoftheHermeneuticalCircleisthefollowing:Daseinmaintainsanunderstandingofitself(apreontologicalunderstanding),anunderstandingwhich,proximatelyandforthemostpart,maintainsitselfineverydayness.

Now,thisunderstandinghasthepossibilityofinterpretingitselfandinsuchawayastouncoverthegroundsforthepossibilityofeverydayexistence.(Themoodofanxiety,forinstance,breaksthroughconcealmentandallowsanauthenticunderstanding).ThehermeneuticalanalysisispreciselythisselfdevelopingoftheunderstandingtowardstheexistentialstructuresthatunderlietheeverydayonticexistenceofDasein.

Thefullexpressionofthehermeneuticalsituationwouldthenbesomethinglikethefollowing:

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TheDaseinAnalyticbeganwithDasein'severydayBeingintheworldandinterpretedthisinsuchawayastouncovertheconditionsforthepossibilityofeverydayexistence:theconditionforthepossibilityofDasein'sonticcomportmentturnedouttobethestructureofCarewhichinturnexpressedforBeingofDasein.OurnexttaskwillbetoexhibittheunityoftheCarestructureandthiswillbe,byanticipation,Temporality.

(II)TemporalityastheontologicalmeaningofCare.

(A)Meaning(Sinn)

WearetospeakaboutthemeaningoftheBeingofDaseinintermsofTemporality.Temporalitywillconstitutethe'meaning'ofDasein.WhatismeantherebythisnotionofMeaning?WhatdoesHeidegger'mean'bymeaning?

ForHeidegger,themeaningofsomethingbecomesboundupwiththegroundforthepossibilityofsomethingandthis,inturn,signifiesthatmeaningisboundupwiththeBeingofsomething(Beingisa'transcendental').Thus,tosaythatXhasmeaningistosaythatXhasbecomeaccessibleinitsBeing(324/371)WearetogainaccesstotheBeingofDasein(andthisBeinghasbeenexhibitedasCare).Careitselfexhibitedthestructuralmomentsofexistentiality,facticityandfallenness.ButindescribingCareassuch,wehadnotfullyshownwhatmakesthesestructuralmomentsintoaunitywehadnotdisclosedthatwhichmakespossibletheunitynecessaryforthestructuralwholeofCare.

ThisisthemajortaskofDivisionsII(whichbeginswithsection65)itistouncoverthatwhich'makespossible'theunityoftheCarestructureand,assuch,themajortaskofDivisionIIistouncovertheontologicalmeaningoftheBeingofDasein.

(B)

(1)Heideggerbeginsbyunfoldingthetemporalstructuresofauthenticself(theanalysishere'stayswith'theauthenticmomentsoftheCarestructurewhileII4investigatesthe'temporalization'ofeverydayDasein).

(a)Whatmakesanticipatoryresolutenesspossible?

Thesenseof'anticipation'herecanbefoundintheGermanVorlaufen('torunahead').Vorlaufenisa'runningahead'towardsDeathasapossibility.Deathisnotamere'notyet'forDaseininanticipationitisbroughtbeforeDaseinasitsownmostpossibility:thisaspecthasthesenseofcomingtowardsitself(zukommen)NowwhatmakesthiskindofanticipationpossibleissimplythatDaseincan'cometowardsitself'inthismanner.Butthiscomingtoward(zukommen)is,forHeidegger,theprimordialphenomenonofthefuture(Zukenff)...[ckAnticipationismakepossibleforthefuture.]

(b)Authentic'beingguilty'manifeststhenegativityofDasein'sthrownness.Aresolute'takingup'ofthis'beingguilty'involvestakingoverone'sBeingasthrownie.,Daseindoesnotbringitselfintoits'there',butrather,Daseinhasalwaysalreadybeassignedtoa'world'Daseinalwaysalreadyhasbeenatakingoverofthisthrownnesswouldmeantobeasalwaysalreadyhavingbeen.

Thissenseofhavingbeen(Gewesenheit)isthesenseof'Past'itisexpresseddynamically(ie.,asreferencetothefuture)as"Iamashavingbeen"(Ichbingewesen).The'Past'isconstantly'takenup'byDasein'sfuturalprojectsitisneveramere'nolonger'.

(c)Thepresentismadetocometopassinthesenseofa'makingpresent(Gegenwartegens).Itis'born'ofthedynamicinterplayoffutureandpast.Thusthepresent,inthisauthenticmode,arisesoutofothermoments.Itisneveranisolated,

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discreet"now".

(2)Inconsequenceofthis,thephenomenonoftheauthenticselfshowsitselfashavingtheunityofafuturewhichmakespresentintheprocessofhavingbeen.

ThisunitywhichmakespossibletheauthenticselfofCareiscalledbyHeideggerTemporality(Zeitlichkeit).Assuch,temporalityisthemeaning(ie.,thegroundfortheunityandpossibility)ofauthenticCare.TimeisthemeaningoftheBeingofDasein.AndthisisthefirstindicationofhowtheBeingofDaseinisgroundedinTime,ofhowBeingandTimearebroughttogetherintheDaseinAnalytic.

(3)This'connectedness'betweenDaseinandTemporalitycanbefurtherseenbynotinghoweachmomentistheCarestructureresolvesitselfintoatemporalmoment:

Existentiality:'aheadofitself'futural(as'comingtowards')

Facticity:'beingalreadyin''past'(as'havingbeen')

Falling:'beingalongside'present(as'makingpresent)

Itisimportanttonotethatthisisnotamatterof'merecorrespondence,'forwehaveindicatedthatthetemporalstructuremakespossibletheunityoftheexistentialsitcandothisonlybecausetemporalityitselfisessentiallyaunity.

(4)FurthercommentsonTemporality

(a)Theessentialunityoftemporalityliesinitsecstaticalcharacter.Eachofthetemporalmomentshasthesenseof'standingout'inacertaindirectioneachdirectionbeginan'ecstasis'ofTime.Andtheessenceoftemporalityconsistsinthetemporalizingunityoftheecstases.Timeisdynamicand'selfblending'throughandthroughitsprimordialsenseisnottobeconceivedofassomekindofcontainerinwhichthingsoccur'in'timewiththemovementofaseriesof'nows',eachoneofwhichoccurringbetweena'notyet'anda'nolonger'thisisaderivativesenseoftimewhichmissestheecstaticalunityofafuturewhichmakespresentintheprocessofhavingbeen.

(b)Onemustnotefurther,however,thatwithintheecstaticalunityoftimethereliesapriorityofthefuture.

(5)ItisfromthisrevaluationoftheCarestructureintermsofTemporalitythatHeideggerbeginsa'repetition'oftheDaseinAnalytic.ForiftemporalityhasindeedmanifesteditselfasthemeaningoftheBeingofDaseinthenitmustbeshowntounderlieDaseininbothitsauthenticandinauthenticmodesofexistenzandwiththistheverystructureofBeingintheworld.

Itispreciselyforthisreasonthatthetextbegins'anew'.

ThisisthetaskofII

IIIArepetitionoftheDaseinAnalyticfromtheperspectiveofTime.

(A)Therepetitionhasthefollowingorder:

(1)Thetemporalityofdisclosednessingeneral

(a)TemporalityofUnderstanding

(b)TemporalityofBefindlichkeit

(c)TemporalityofFalling

(d)Temporalityofdiscourse

Theanalysisthengoesontoshowhowthesestructures(asthebasicstructureswhichconstitutetheBeingofthe'Da'ofDasein)inturntemporalizeBeingintheworld.

(2)ThetemporalityofBeingintheworld

(a)circumspectiveconcern

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(b)themodificationofreadinesstohandintopresenceathand

(c)theworldhoodoftheworldandDasein'sspatiality

(d)Dasein'severydayness

(Note:itisfromthisfinalanalysisofDasein'severydaynessthatHeideggerdevelopstheproblemofHistoryII5andtheeverydayunderstandingoftimeII6).

TogainanappreciationoftheseanalysesIwanttolookbrieflyatHeidegger'sanalysisofthetemporalityofVerstehen(section68a)

(B)TheTemporalityofVerstechen

Wemustnote,inanticipation,thatanytemporalmomentbecauseof(i)itsecstaticalstructureand(ii)itsgroundingofDasein'sExistenzandwiththisthemodesofauthenticityandinauthenticity,willspiraloutintoamultiplicityofstructures.

Letusseehowthisoccurs:

(1)Asaprojectionuponone'spotentialityofbeingtheunderstandingas'aheadofitself'hasbeenappropriatelycharacterizedasprimarilyfutural.Butwehaveseenthattheunderstandingcandevelopitselfindifferent'direction'(towardsthatwhichitis'not',towardthatwhichitis).

Accordingly,therewillbetwomodesofitsdevelopment:

(a)itsauthenticmodeisexpressedbyanticipationinwhichDasein'letsitselfcometowarditselfasisownmostpotentialityforBeing.'

(b)'inauthentic'understanding,ontheotherhand,projectsitselfuponitsconcernsie.,itseverydaybusinessandthisisexpressedbyawaiting.Daseinrelatesitselfthroughpossibilitiesbutitdoessothroughthemeditationofthings(ofbeingswithintheworld).Daseincomestowardsitself(isfutural)butintermsofthethingsofits'concern'Dasein's'future'isthisconcernedwiththesethingsandwhethertheywill'comeabout'or'fallapart'.

Note:Thoughtheunderstandingisprimarilyfutural,thefutureisanecstasisofTimeandassuchitmusttemporalizeitselfinunitywiththeotherecstases.

Accordingly,thetemporalityofunderstandingwillinvolvethemomentsofpresenceandhavingbeen.

(2)The'Present'

(a)Totheanticipationwhichgoeswithresoluteness,therebelongsa'present'inwhichDasein'ssituation(itsexistentialdoublenullity)isdisclosed.Heideggercallsthismomentofawarenesstheauthenticpresentwhichheterms,withreferencetoKierkegaard,derAugenblick.

(b)Theinauthenticpresentisa'makingpresent'whichfindsitsexpressionintheturblanceofDasein'sFalling(theexpression"WhatshouldIdonow?"andthenafterthat"etc.givesthesenseofthis'present':itisDasein'sconstantlyleapingafter'new'possibilities)

(3)The'Past'

(a)Dasein'sauthentic'comingtowardsoneself'inanticipatoryresolutenessisatthesametimeacomingbacktoone'sownmostself:itisa'takingover'ofwhatone'alreadyis',atakingholdofone'sselfagain.DaseincantakeoverthatBeingwhichitalreadyisand,whena'homecoming'hasoccurred,onecanspeakofacertainkindofrepetition(Wiederholen)

(b)TheinauthentichavingbeeninvolvesthemannerinwhichDaseincanloseitselfinitseverydayconcerns.Nowsuchalosingofoneselfcaninvolvethecharacterofacertainkindofforgetfulness(vergessenheit)

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NotethetermsthatwereusedwithreferencetoDasein'sunderstandingitselfinreferencetoits'Past'.Inanticipating,Dasein

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bringsitselfagainforthintoitsBeing.Sucha'bringingforthagain'Heideggercharacterizedbyrepetition.Inauthentichavingbeenhasthepossibilityofconcealingone'sBeingthroughakindofforgetfulnessofBeing.

WiththiswehavearrivedatthestructuralmomentinDaseinitself(viz.,themodalityof'Past'intheunderstanding)whichallowsthespecifictaskofSeinandZeittotakeitsinitialpointofdeparture.Forthis'relation'betweenrepetitionandforgetfulnesswasinfactthevery'play'whichprovokedtheverybeginningof"BeingandTime."WhathadoccurredtothequestionofBeingwasthatithadfallenintoakindofforgetfulnessandwhatwasneededwasarepetitionofthequestionofBeing(section1).ThetreatisehasthuscircledbacktoadeeperunderstandingofitsownBeginning.

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Copyright:RobertCavalierDepartmentofPhilosophy/CarnegieMellonUniversity