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Seed Plants
Gymnosperm and Angiosperms
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EVOLUTION OF LAND PLANTS
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CLADOGRAM OF LAND PLANTS
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Gymnosperms
PhylumCommon
Name
Approx. # of
Species
Ginkgophyta Ginkgo 1
Cycadophyta Cycads 130
Gnetophyta Gnetae 75
Coniferophyta Conifers 600
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Characteristics of Gymnosperms
Vascular tissue present
Phloem and xylem
Naked seeds
No flowers
Dominant generation: Sporophyte
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Phylum Cycadophyta
The Cycads
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General features of Cycads sporophyte
Resemble a fern or a
young palm trees
Monopodial growth
Persistent leaf scars
Dioecious Crown of pinnate
leaves
Stem has little wood
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Cycads are dioecious
Female cycad with
megasporophylllsmale cycad with pollen cone
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Cycads exhibit leaf dimorphism
CataphyllFoliage leaves (crown)
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Cycas revo lutaOliba or sago palm
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Cy
c
a
da
c
e
a
e
Cycas revoluta
Cycas circinalis
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Cycas circ inal isPitogo
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Male Cycas circinalis
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Female Cycas circinalis
Megasporophyll with seeds
Megasporophyll with
ovules
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Zamia pumila
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Ginkgophyta
Ginkgoales
Ginkgo biloba Popular street tree
Highly branched woody
tree
Fan-shaped often 2-lobed
leaves w/ dichotomous
venation
Dioecious
Motile sperm
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Ginkgo bi loba produces long and short
shoot
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Leaves are fan -sh aped (bi lobed) w i thd ichotomous venat ion
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Ginkgo bi loba
Male inflorescence resembles a catkin - With cones but do not
bear structures that resemble sporophylls
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Ginkgo bi loba
Ovules occur in pairs, naked and without
ovuliferous scales
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Pharmaceutical importance of
Ginkgoes
Ginkgolides
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Coniferophyta- Conifers
Highly branched trees
or shrubs with simple
leaves
50 genera and 550species
Sperm non-motile
Evergreen leaves Needle-like, scale-
like, flat blades
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Leaves of conifers are simple
Abies bracteata with two
white bandsScale-like leaves of cedar
Needle-like leaves and scale
leaves of pine
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Leaves of conifers have transfusion tissues
Transfusion cells
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A closer look to a pine tree
Long shoot and short shoot (spur shoot)
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Sporophyte of pine tree
is dioecious.
Male cone (pollen cone) Produce microspores.
Microspores undergo meiosisand eventually produce pollen
grains.
Female cone (ovulate cone)
Produce megaspores.
Megaspores undergo meiosisand eventually produce thearchegonia.
Male plant (male cone)
Female plant (female cone)
Wood of pine trees contains tracheids only
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Wood of pine trees contains tracheids only.
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Germinating pine pollen consists of air bladder, generative
cell, tube cell and nucleus
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Seed cones (female) are compound cones
L-section of a female cone
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Ovuliferous scale has two ovules, each with
integuments and nucellus
L-section of an ovule
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Embryo of pine tree
Megagametophyte
Cotyledon
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle
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ConiferDiversity
A. Araucariaceae
B-G. Cupressaceae
H. Podocarpaceae
I-J. Taxaceae
K-L. Pinaceae
A i
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Araucariaceae
Evergreen and scale-like
leaves
Commonly called Norkfolk
Island pine or Bunya-bunya
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Cuppressaceae- the sipres
P d P d
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Podocarpaceae- Podocarpus
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Taxaceae - Taxus
Arillate cone (fleshy ) of Taxusconifer with flat blades
source of anti-cancer drug taxol
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Taxolis an anti-cancer drug
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Pinaceae
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Pinaceae: PinusFasc icle of need le-l ike leaves, male o r s tamin ate
con es in shor t branch es
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Pharmaceutical importance of Pinaceae
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Pharmaceutical importance of Pinaceae
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Gnetophyta - Gnetales
3 extant families
Thought to be sister group
Striate pollen
The only Gymnosperms with vessels
with pore-like plates
Gnetaceae Gnetum 28 spp
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GnetalesGnetaceae Gnetum 28 spp.
+ m onotyp ic Vinkiella
Gym nosperm with dicotyl- like leaves
Ovules o f Gnetum are no t bo rne in cones
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Ovules o f Gnetum are no t bo rne in cones
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Mi i t l k l ik
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Microsporangiate cones look l ike
stam inate imperfect inf lorescence
Th k d l f E h d l th t
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The naked ovu les of Ephedra reveal that
they are gymnosperm
E h d i i lk l id t t d f
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Ephedr ine is an alkaloid extracted from
Ephedra
W l it h i i b i l i i i ti
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Welwitsch ia m irabi l is is an enigmatic
desert dweller
W l it h i i b i l i h t t
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Welwitsch ia m irabi l is has two strap-
shaped blades with basal meristem
Corm-like stem
Mi i t t b i l i f W l i t h i
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Microsporangiate strobi l i o f Welwi tschia
i t t b i l i f W l i t h i
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megaspo rang iate strob i l i of Welwitsch ia
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Welwitschia
mirabi l is
Native to Namibia, SW AfricaWith persistent basal meristem
for the elongation of two strap-
shaped blades, underground
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