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Greek Architecture
for B.arch students
by Bindu Agarwal
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Characterstics features Ordinary people lived in mud brick houses.
Early roofs are flat and covered with terracotta tiles.
Gypsum was used Cooking was done in copper vessles in big houses but
ordinary people used plain pottery- ware.
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EARLY GREEKS Paintings showed birds , animals, flowers, plants and people. They constructed temples, roads, bridges. Columns simple, tapering, disc- shaped
Unfluted circular shaft, square abacus at top circular echinus,small mouldings. Two periods Hellenic & hellenistic period The Hellenistic period emerged, approximately, 323-30BC.
Beginning after the conquests of Alexander the Great. In the Hellenic Age, the Greek society called themselves "Classic"
Greeks. The Greeks' way of thinking changed, many great artistsand philosophers emerged, and dramatic changes would takeplace.
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Hellenic period Column & trabeated style
Wooden hut of upright post ,supporting beam and
sloping rafters.Architraves- single block of stones or marbles
No internal col. In temples.
No arches,vaults, domes
First use timber than in marble
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MATERIAL Carpentry in marble.
Walls of crused rubble to fine ashlar no mortar.
Large sized stone. Marble stucco.
Sq. & rect. Doorways
No windows.
Slooping roofs were covered with terracotta or marbletiles.
Antifixae ornament curved sides of col.
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orders Three ordes
Doric order
Ionic order Corinthian order
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Doric order
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DORIC ORDERThe Doric order was one of the threeorders.It is known from the 7th century BC.
Doric columns stood directly on thestylobate or crepidoma of a templewithout a base; their vertical shafts were fluted withparallel concave grooves; flutes andarrises
they were topped by a smoothcapital that flared from the column tomeet a square abacus at theintersection the horizontal beam ("entablature")that they carried at the top.Main features of the Doric order arethe triglyphs and metopes.Early examples of the Doric orderinclude the temples at Paestum, insouthern Italy, a region called MagnaGraecia, which was settled by Greekcolonists and retained a strongly
Hellenic culture.
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GREEKS PARTHENON TEMPLE
3 steps 32m x71m
T=70cm R= 50cm
8 x 17 no. col.( count twice corn1.90 m dia only corners
1.88 m dia 10.4m ht.
NAOS
PARTHENON
opishodomos
pronaos
statue
10 x 5 col. 13m ht. statue
30x19m naos, facing east
ii
Built of almostexclusively of marble.
The Parthenon is themost important and
characteristicmonument of theancient Greekcivilization and stillremains itsinternational symbol.
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PARTHENON TEMPLE Entablature
Pediment (13-30)
Acroteria
(Floral decoration) Typanium
Sculpture metope bronze 14 no.at front & back 32 no. north &south
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IONIC ORDERThe Ionic style is thinner and more elegant.
Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (avolute). This style was found in eastern Greece.
The Ionic order originated in the mid-6th century BCin Ionia, the southwestern coastland and islands of
Asia Minor settled by Ionian Greeks.
Ionic columns normally stand on a base whichseparates the shaft of the column from the stylobateor platform. The capital of the Ionic column hascharacteristic paired scrolling volutes that are laid onthe molded cap ("echinus") of the column.
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The cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart.
Ionic columns are eight and nine column-
diameters tall.The major feature of the Ionic order are the
volutes of its capital.
Ionic columns are most often fluted.
The entablature resting on the columns has threeparts.
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Difference between doric & ionic
order EGG and tongue ornaments and honey suckle in
volutes
Fillets & 24 flutes & no arrisesVolutes from Rams horns capital
Intercolumination is 4D
Lion shape Rain water sprout
Bead and Real ornament at top
Leaf & Dart ornament
Diameters and sizes
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IONIC ORDER
THE TEMPLE OFATHENA NIKE theearliest Ionic building tobe built. The temple wascompleted during theunrest of thePeloponnesian war.
This was not the onlypiece of sculpture whichdepicts a sign theAthenians want toconclude the long battlewith Sparta, in the cellarof the temple is a statue
of Athena as Nike Apterus,the goddess withoutwings.
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CORITHIAN ORDER
The Corinthian order is also one of theClassical orders of Greek and Romanarchitecture.
A Corinthian capital may be seen as anenriched development of the Ionic capital.
Unlike the Doric and Ionic columncapitals, a Corinthian capital has no neckbeneath it, just a ring-like astragalmolding or a banding that forms the baseof the capital, recalling the base of the
legendary basket.The Corinthian column is almost alwaysfluted. Even the flutes of a Corinthiancolumn may be enriched, filleted, withrods nestled within the hollow flutes, orstop-fluted.
In its proportions, the Corinthiancolumn is similar to the Ionic column,
though it may be made more slender, but itstands apart by its distinctive carvedcapital. The abacus upon the capital hasconcave sides to conform to theoutscrolling corners of the capital.
The oldest known example of aCorinthian column is in the Temple ofApollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia.
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CORITHIAN ORDER
THE ERECHTHEIONwas completed in 406 BC.
The hall of the caryatidswas situated above thegrave of Cecrops, the firstking of Athens.
The old Archaic statueof the goddess was placedand lighted day and nightby a very ingenious lampwhich was invented byCallimachus who istraditionally credited forthe invention of theCorinthic capitel.
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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Early rome people called Etruscans.
Rich in material such as metal, copper, silver, tin
Woman have equal importance as men People loved sports
prefer grid iron system
Soil available for manufactureing bricks and tiles
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Early houses built with sun-dried bricks and woodenroof covered with terracotta tiles.
Excellent pottery.
Bronze utensils
Tombs & temples decorated with figures of lion andtigers.
Paintings show scnces of banquets, music,dance,sportsas well as hunting & fighting
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MATERIAL Roman architecture followed by Greeks columnar and
trabeated style and also adopted Etruscans arch andvault.
Material lime-concrete
Due to concrete use of vaults exceeds
In 19th cent. Steel makes the possible to construct
equal vaults. Lime plaster used outside the wall vaults and marble
stucco
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Marble was rarely used
White marble used avoided coloured marble.
Marble mosaics are used for geometrical patterns. Roman architecture is the capacity to span over large
spaces
The ribs were made of Roman bricks
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Temp. wooden frame work
Filling with lime conc. Till sufficient th. Is obtained
Greek bldg single stireyed and Roman bldg severalstoreyed
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Main featuresVaults
Barrel vault over rectangular base
Cross vault formed by intersection of two semicircularvaults of same span used over the same apartment
Cupola- used over circular structure
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ROMANDORIC
ORDER
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ROMAN IONIC ORDER
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ROMAN CORINTHIAN ORDER
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Roman architects invented Roman concrete and usedit in buildings where it could stand on its own andsupport a great deal of weight.
The first use of concrete by the Romans was in thetown ofCosa sometime after 273 BC.
Ancient Roman concrete was a mixture oflime mortar,sand with stone rubble, pozzolana, water, and stones,
and stronger than previously-used concrete. The ancient builders placed these ingredients in
wooden frames where it hardened and bonded to afacing of stones or (more frequently) bricks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_mortarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_mortarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete7/29/2019 Greek & Roman Arch
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When the framework was removed, the new wall wasvery strong with a rough surface of bricks or stones.This surface could be smoothed and faced with an
attractive stucco or thin panels of marble or othercoloured stones called revetment.
Concrete construction proved to be more flexible andless costly than building solid stone buildings.
The materials were readily available and not difficult totransport. The wooden frames could be used morethan once, allowing builders to work quickly andefficiently.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revetmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StuccoTop Related