GravityVolume IV, 2013 SSNC
Physics SocietySwami Shraddhanand College
University of Delhi, Alipur, Delhi-110036
2GRAVITY 2013-14
Inaugural of ESST-2012 Renewable Energy Exhibition-
Lecture on God Particle Lecture on God Particle
Discussion Session of EESC- Valedictory Session of ESST-
Physics Activities 2013-14Physics Activities 2013-14Physics Activities 2013-14Physics Activities 2013-14Physics Activities 2013-14
Shri Krishna Sahitya Sadan
GRAVITY2013-14 3
MessageFrom the Desk of the Principal
I am glad to know that the Department of Physics of the college is planningto bring out the fifth issue of the magazine “Gravity” which will enable thestudents and teachers to express their views on the most recent happenings infield of Physics. As has been with the previous issue, the magazine shall includeother departmental activities and variety of information to stimulate academicdialogue.
I wish all the best for the success of the magazine and future activities ofthe department.
Dr. S.K. Kundra Dr. S.K. Kundra Dr. S.K. Kundra Dr. S.K. Kundra Dr. S.K. Kundra Principal,SSNC
Lokeh JºkuUn egkfo|ky;(fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;)] vyhiqj] fnYyh&110036
Swami Shraddhanand College(University of Delhi), Alipur, Delhi-110036
4GRAVITY 2013-14
MessageMessageMessageMessageMessage From teacher In-charge of the Physics From teacher In-charge of the Physics From teacher In-charge of the Physics From teacher In-charge of the Physics From teacher In-charge of the Physics
DepartmentDepartmentDepartmentDepartmentDepartmentSwami Shraddhanand CollegeSwami Shraddhanand CollegeSwami Shraddhanand CollegeSwami Shraddhanand CollegeSwami Shraddhanand College
It is the matter of great happiness and pride to announce the fifth issueof departmental magazine “GRAVITY”. The “Gravity” will enable thestudents and teachers to express their views on the most recent happenings infield of Physics.
As precurred with the previous issue the magazine shall include otherdepartmental activities and variety of information to stimulate academicdialogue.
Wish the magazine a great success.
Dr. Vinod PrasadDr. Vinod PrasadDr. Vinod PrasadDr. Vinod PrasadDr. Vinod Prasad
Teacher Incharge,
Department of Physics
Lokeh JºkuUn egkfo|ky;(fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;)] vyhiqj] fnYyh&110036
Swami Shraddhanand College(University of Delhi), Alipur, Delhi-110036
GRAVITY2013-14 5
Preface & Editorial
The Physics department of SSN College came out with fresh edition of itsannual publication “GRAVITY”.“GRAVITY”.“GRAVITY”.“GRAVITY”.“GRAVITY”. The main motto behind it was to bring thewandering minds into the wondering minds.
This edition of magazine contains a wide range of topics which lie in thearena of your interest and enhance your curiosity in knowing the nature ofscience. As always, we reached out to a distinguished panel of contributors andas usual we have run up a huge debt of gratitude.
This issue cleaves many hidden facts and figures also that could be accessibleto all. Knowledge is immeasurably vast but it should not dampen one frompursuing the quest for knowledge. Its single spark leads us to new horizon andspirituality. This ordinary magazine is an extraordinary step towards perennialspring of knowledge which can alone quench the thirst of soul. I hope morestudents will join the caravan on this path of knowledge in years to come andreaders will boost their morale and confidence in their own ways.
All of this would have been impossible without the constant efforts of ourteam, who expediently managed the subject of content and design to bringforth this issue in time.
I hope you enjoy this journey which aims to provide enough matter toarouse your interest but not enough to keep you from wanting more.
“Gravity is a translation of wonderful ideas of physics…”
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. Mukesh Rana Dr. Mukesh Rana Dr. Mukesh Rana Dr. Mukesh Rana Dr. Mukesh Rana . Bhartendu, Physics(H) 3rd year
Prashant, physics(H) 1st year
Lokeh JºkuUn egkfo|ky;(fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;)] vyhiqj] fnYyh&110036
Swami Shraddhanand College(University of Delhi), Alipur, Delhi-110036
6GRAVITY 2013-14
INDEX
Teacher CornerTeacher CornerTeacher CornerTeacher CornerTeacher Corner
1. Nature, Symmetry and Conservation Laws — Dr. Mukesh Kumar
2. Mysteries of Outer Space — Dr. Ruby Gupta
3. 10 Things that Happe to an exposed — Dr. Monica Gambhir
Humans in Space.
4. Overview of Rotational Dynamics, — Urvashi Arya
Orientation and Alignment of molecules
Almuni SectionAlmuni SectionAlmuni SectionAlmuni SectionAlmuni Section
5. nm-Scaled motion of charge carriers ————— Vedant Dhaka
6. Science & Spirituality — Swetank Bhartiprobed by microwaves
Student SectionStudent SectionStudent SectionStudent SectionStudent Section
7. Gravity light — Bhartendu Papnai
8. Light came second? — DigvijayShighTomar
9. Pros and cons of nuclear power. — SauravSarkar
10. Oh Physics! — Ashish Kumar
11. Einstein life and his achievements. — AnjuDeshwal
12. Newton’s Biography — Komal Chauhan
13. Power saver: Can it really help to reduce — VikasBeliwalour electricity bill.
14. nm-Scaled motion of charge carriers — Vedant Dhakaprobed by microwaves.
15. The Importance of Physics to — Kiranman and Society
16. Time travel — Prashant Joshi
17. Terraforming. — Prashant Tyagi
18. God Particle — Sanjeet Kumar
19. Vehicle’s Electric Charging System — Sagar Dahiya
GRAVITY2013-14 7
The nature is essential to beconsidered in the way of promotinghuman economic growth. Nearlyeveryone admits the importance ofscience in understanding naturalphenomena . We cannot alter the waynature works, but we can put its lawsto our use if we know what they are.The supremacy of nature, to definethe natural phenomena is alsodescribed in Hindu philosophy viz.
Bhµumiråpo analo vayu ̈kham mano Buddhireva ca
Aha≈kårak it∂yam me bhinna prakætirastadhå
(The laws of Natural sciences do not go beyond thedomain of these eight constituents of Nature - Earth,
Water, Fire, Air, Ether, Mind, Intellect and Ego)
[Ref. Srimad Bhagwad - Gita : chapter7, verse 4]
Physical world appears to operateaccording to certain fixed principlesas described. They may be written interms of words, equations or inequa-lities, but they are all summaries ofpatterns which have been discoveredin nature.
It was the great achievement ofSir Isaac Newton to find a single setof physical laws which would explainmost of the natural phenomena. AfterNewton one expected much morefrom a physical theory than that itshould fit a limited set of data. It is
the science of Mechanics which seeksto define the quantities that are vitalto the description of motion anddiscover the laws that govern themotion to establish phenomena.
The first complete formulation ofthe physical theory of dynamics wasbrought by Newton (1642 - 1729)in his famous book, { PhilosophiaerNatural’s Principia Mathematica},probably, the most important singlework ever published in the physicalscience. After Newton, a very widerange of physical theories weredeveloped and elaborated by G.W.Leibnitz (1646-1716),L.Euler (1707-1783), J.L.Lagrange (1736-1813),S.D.Poisson (1781-1840),C.G.J.Jacobi (1804-1851),W.R. Hamilton(1805-1865), M.Lie (1842-1899),A.E.Noether (1882-1935) and manyothers. Even now the Newtonianmechanics forms the basis for thedescription of motion of macroscopicparticles like planets.
Let us study few Natural factLet us study few Natural factLet us study few Natural factLet us study few Natural factLet us study few Natural fact
• An isolated system of particlescan be set into motion in manydifferent ways, no matter how westart the system moving, its
Dr. Mukesh KumarDr. Mukesh KumarDr. Mukesh KumarDr. Mukesh KumarDr. Mukesh KumarAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNC
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Nature, Symmetry and Conservation Laws
8GRAVITY 2013-14
energy that remain the same.That energy might characterizethe system itself, rather thanparticular state of motion wechoose. The particular from ofthe energy function containsdetailed information about howone configuration of the systemdeveloped into another such thatthe energy retains the initialvalue.
• Most of the physical pheno-mena around us are observed tobe regular. For example , the sunrises in east and sets in the west,the earth spins about its axis andrevolves around the sun etc.
• The laws of physics are not foundto change day by day. Forexample, energy used incompressing a spring today wouldbe exactly the same as that isrecovered by releasing the springtomorrow.
• We can express the laws ofnature in the form that look thesame to all inertial obser-vers, nomatter where they are or how theyare moving .
The physical laws that describe theabove given phenomena, show thatsuch laws exhibit invariance prin-ciples. The invariance is not just aconvention about how laws arewritten down, but a very powerfulrestriction on which laws are possible.The physicists have a special term forgeometric idea of invariance, called
symmetry. A similar idea of symmetryis also well known in ancient time,Viz.,
“Vyasti in Samasti” or “Samasti in Vyasti”
(All in one) (One in All)[Reference : Srimad Bhagwad - Gita :
chapter 3, verse 11]
The significance of symmetry wasrealized very early in the classic workof H. Weyl , in 1928 as :“Symmetry is one idea by which man throughthe ages has tried to comprehend and create
order ,beauty and perfection.”
The concept of symmetry arisesfrom Euclidean abstractions likeperfect cube, perfect spheres etc. Theidea of symmetry is that of lack ofperceptible difference once antransformation has been performed.
A transformation is a rule of somekind whereby the appropriate imagecan be derived for every state ofsystem. A transformation acts on asystem no matter what state it is in.Analytic analogue of symmetry iscalled invariance. A function isinvariant when it does not change
GRAVITY2013-14 9
under a transformation; samegeometrical appearance of an objectfrom two or more differentperspectives is called symmetry.Conservation laws refer to a physicalquantity that remains constantthroughout the multitude of processeswhich occur in nature. Indeed,conservation laws of a system is oftenthe first step toward its solutions, moreconservation laws means moreprecisely the solution. An illustrationof the deep connection amongsymmetry, invariance and conser-vation laws is:
Symmetry Operation Conservation Laws
Translation in Space Linear Momentum
Rotation in Space Angular Momentum
Translation in Time EnergyReflection about a plane Parity
or point in Space
Lorentz Transformation Energy-Momentum Relation
Gauge Transformation of Electric Charge
electromagnetic Potentials
Permutations of identical Bose-Einstein or Fermi-
Particle Dirac Statistics
For example, a square is invariantunder rotation by 90 degree or 180
degree or 270 degree about an axisthrough its center and perpendicularto its plane, since its shape is such thatthe result of this rotation is indistin-guishable from the initial state forevery state. All the invariant states aresymmetric state. For example, If thetransformation along a particularCartesian axis provide the invarianceof Euclidean space, it has the symmetryalong that Cartesian axis , and thereexists a conserved quantity calledlinear momentum along that axis.
Symmetry which implies conser-vation laws, is a useful physicalconcept. It is the conservation lawsthat are responsible for the descriptionof the natural behavior. This is whythe conservation laws are so impor-tant.
Hence symmetry is a geometricidea, transformation is a geometricoperation, invariance is its algebraicor analytic idea and conservation lawis the useful physical output.
10GRAVITY 2013-14
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Since the beginning of life, man has
looked to the stars with a sense of
wonder. Between then and now,
many advances have been made in the
fields of astronomy, mathematics, and
physics in an attempt to explain the
things we see above, yet the more we
believe we understand, the less we
really seem to know. In something as
big as the universe, there are bound
to be unexplainable phenomena, and
things we truly can’t grasp. The
universe shows us how small we really
are, and in a place so big, is it really
plausible to believe that we are alone?
And is there any reason someone
might not want us to know? This is a
list of what I believe to be some of the
best mysteries and conspiracy theories
of outer space.
1. Dark Energy1. Dark Energy1. Dark Energy1. Dark Energy1. Dark Energy
Dark energy is the greatest mystery in
the universe today, because of the fact
that it is believed to be all around us,
and it explains why there seems to be
anomalies within the law of gravity.
By the law of gravity, large objects, like
galaxy clusters, should attract each
other, and their gravita-tional pull
should pull in other objects. This
however, is not the case, and the fact
is most galaxy clusters are moving
farther apart. This is due to the fact
that the universe is expanding at an
incredible rate. To answer the
question of why this is, scientists
developed the theory of Dark Energy,
which has the opposite effect as
gravity, pushing things apart.
Mathematical calculations have shown
that if it exists, it makes up 74% of
our universe, outweighing gravity, and
this is why the universe is stretching
out. However we still have no
conclusive proof, so it remains a
mystery to us.
2. Ruins on Moon2. Ruins on Moon2. Ruins on Moon2. Ruins on Moon2. Ruins on Moon
In this list we have discussed the
possibility of life on distant planets,
and in near planets. But could it
possibly at one time have been as close
as the moon? This conspiracy theory
states that there are indeed ancient
ruins and buildings on the moon, but
the government has been censoring
them from the public. This theory had
Mysteries of Outer Space
Dr. Ruby GuptaDr. Ruby GuptaDr. Ruby GuptaDr. Ruby GuptaDr. Ruby GuptaAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNC
GRAVITY2013-14 11
no backing until two recent
breakthroughs. A man who claims to
have worked for the government
censoring moon photos came forward
with several, explaining how the
censorship was done and that indeed
there were structures on the moon.
More recently, scientist announced
they believe they have discovered
water, possibly in ice or liquid form,
under the surface of the moon. For
conspiracy theorists, this was all the
proof they needed, while critics
dismiss it as “ridiculous speculation”.
3. “White” Holes3. “White” Holes3. “White” Holes3. “White” Holes3. “White” Holes
One of Albert Einstein’s greatest
accomplishments was the proving,
though mathematics, the existence of
black holes. From the advances in
technology, we now have been able
to find several black holes, and believe
one to be at the center of our very own
Milky Way galaxy. What is astonis-
hing, however, is what Einstein also
proved through his equations; white
holes also exist. The exact opposite of
black holes, white holes are believed
to “spit out” an incredible amount of
matter from seemingly nothing. Such
an object should be easy to find, yet
none have been. If one was found, it
may help us explain other unknown
mysteries, such as where the material
that made the galaxies came from.
4. UFO sight ings by NASA4. UFO sight ings by NASA4. UFO sight ings by NASA4. UFO sight ings by NASA4. UFO sight ings by NASA
AstronautsAstronautsAstronautsAstronautsAstronauts
NASA Astronauts are some of the
most highly trained and specialized
people in the world. Often they are
expert scientists that can explain
almost anything. So when they see
something they can’t explain, you can
bet it is going to raise eyebrows. One
of the most famous incidents occurred
on a live broadcast on NBC in 1963.
Major Gordon Cooper was at the end
of his 22 orbit solo journey around
the earth when he said that out of one
of his windows he could see a glowing
green object fast approaching. The
object then made a sharp turn and
shot away. He was sure he was not
seeing things, as the radar in his
spacecraft picked up the object as well.
Upon his return to earth interviewers
wanted to ask him about the object,
however NASA officials would not
allow it.
5. Mars/ Earth Connection5. Mars/ Earth Connection5. Mars/ Earth Connection5. Mars/ Earth Connection5. Mars/ Earth Connection
When talking about life on other
planets, some say we need go no
further than our own solar system.
Mars has always been thought to
harbor life by many conspiracy
theorists, saying that NASA is
covering it up. Many photos have also
called into question civilization on
Mars, such as the face on Mars,
Pyramids on Mars, and photo of what
appears to be an ape like figure sitting
12GRAVITY 2013-14
on a rock on Mars. While scientists
have come out to debunk these
photos, they have also admitted that
they believe liquid oceans once
covered the surface of Mars before its
magnetic field disappeared. Is it
possible that life did indeed once exist?
The current mission to Mars hopes to
answer this question.
6. 6. 6. 6. 6. Dark MatterDark MatterDark MatterDark MatterDark Matter
Albert Einstein’s equation E = MC2 is
perhaps the best known equation of
the century. However when applied
to space, an anomaly occurs. When
we use it to determine how much
matter the universe should have, we
realize that we have only found four
percent of the matter in the universe!
Where is the rest of it? Many believe
it is in the form of dark matter. Where
is this dark matter? It’s every-
where, wherever there is no visible
matter. Scientists have yet to show any
conclusive proof that dark matter does
in fact exist. The fact that you can’t
see it, touch it, and light and radio
waves pass right through it undeterred
makes it extremely hard to detect.
7. Are there Other Universes?7. Are there Other Universes?7. Are there Other Universes?7. Are there Other Universes?7. Are there Other Universes?
This is one of the more controversial
arguments out there. The theory is
that there are an infinite number of
universes, each of which is governed
by its own set of laws and physics.
Many scientists dismiss this argument
as nothing more than speculation, as
there is no evidence or mathematical
law that allows for the existence of
other universes. However, believers in
this theory have argued that there are
none that disprove it either. This is
one mystery which can only be solved
if we were able to travel there;
however, with the expansion of the
universe, it is unlikely humanity will
ever find the answer.
8. Other Earths8. Other Earths8. Other Earths8. Other Earths8. Other Earths
Our star, the sun, is just one of trillions
in the universe. When you look at the
fact that our star has eight planets, and
do the math, it tells you that it is
possible for there to be eight times as
many planets in the universe than
stars; an astounding figure. Is it not
possible that just one of those planets
might have life on it? It is a fact that,
since the year 2000, hundreds of extra
solar planets have been discovered
orbiting distant stars. Some of these
have found to be earth- like, such as
the planet Gliese 581d, a planet
believed to have liquid water on its
surface. Could it possibly contain life?
Hopefully with advances in
technology in the next decade, we will
soon know the answer. Till then, it
remains one of space’s greatest
mysteries.
9. Where did galaxies come from?9. Where did galaxies come from?9. Where did galaxies come from?9. Where did galaxies come from?9. Where did galaxies come from?
GRAVITY2013-14 13
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789011234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890112345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901
Science has only recently been able to
explain where the stars and planets
came from. Now, scientists have
turned their attention to a much
bigger mystery, where did galaxies
come from? What is known is that
galaxies are not scattered randomly
throughout space, rather they are
found in clusters, known as “super
clusters”. Scientists have two main
theories to attempt to explain galaxy
formation. First, the gas left over from
the big bang clustered together to
form galaxies, in which stars and
planets were born. Second is that gas
from the big bang created stars and
planets all over the universe, and they
migrated through gravity into galaxies.
Neither theory has been universally
accepted yet.
10. Simulacrum in Eagle Nebula10. Simulacrum in Eagle Nebula10. Simulacrum in Eagle Nebula10. Simulacrum in Eagle Nebula10. Simulacrum in Eagle Nebula
One of the strangest photos that have
ever been taken of space is that of the
Eagle Nebula. The photo itself is
supposed to show the birth of a star
from the gaseous clouds. However,
when the photo was shown on CNN,
hundreds of calls came in from people
reporting they could see a face in the
cloud. When the color of the photo
was adjusted, a large human form
seemed to appear within the cloud.
Scientists have not been able to
explain this phenomenon.
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845 - 1923)
It was on 8th November 1895, that Rontgen detected aIt was on 8th November 1895, that Rontgen detected aIt was on 8th November 1895, that Rontgen detected aIt was on 8th November 1895, that Rontgen detected aIt was on 8th November 1895, that Rontgen detected aspecific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation now knownspecific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation now knownspecific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation now knownspecific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation now knownspecific wavelength of electromagnetic radiation now knownas X-rays. This discovery helped him bag the Nobel prize inas X-rays. This discovery helped him bag the Nobel prize inas X-rays. This discovery helped him bag the Nobel prize inas X-rays. This discovery helped him bag the Nobel prize inas X-rays. This discovery helped him bag the Nobel prize in1901.1901.1901.1901.1901.
Pierre Curie (1859 - 1906) and Marie Curie(1867 - 1934)
A pioneer of radioactivity, piezoelectricity and magnetism,A pioneer of radioactivity, piezoelectricity and magnetism,A pioneer of radioactivity, piezoelectricity and magnetism,A pioneer of radioactivity, piezoelectricity and magnetism,A pioneer of radioactivity, piezoelectricity and magnetism,he shared his Nobel prize, received in 1903, with his wifehe shared his Nobel prize, received in 1903, with his wifehe shared his Nobel prize, received in 1903, with his wifehe shared his Nobel prize, received in 1903, with his wifehe shared his Nobel prize, received in 1903, with his wifeMarie and Prof. Henri Becquerel, for their contribution toMarie and Prof. Henri Becquerel, for their contribution toMarie and Prof. Henri Becquerel, for their contribution toMarie and Prof. Henri Becquerel, for their contribution toMarie and Prof. Henri Becquerel, for their contribution tothe radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henrithe radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henrithe radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henrithe radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henrithe radiation phenomena discovered by Professor HenriBecquerel. He also put forth the Curie’s law, which showsBecquerel. He also put forth the Curie’s law, which showsBecquerel. He also put forth the Curie’s law, which showsBecquerel. He also put forth the Curie’s law, which showsBecquerel. He also put forth the Curie’s law, which showsthe effect of temperature on paramagnetism. The unit ofthe effect of temperature on paramagnetism. The unit ofthe effect of temperature on paramagnetism. The unit ofthe effect of temperature on paramagnetism. The unit ofthe effect of temperature on paramagnetism. The unit ofradioactivity, ‘Curie’, is also coined after their names.radioactivity, ‘Curie’, is also coined after their names.radioactivity, ‘Curie’, is also coined after their names.radioactivity, ‘Curie’, is also coined after their names.radioactivity, ‘Curie’, is also coined after their names.
14GRAVITY 2013-14
Physics is a branch of science that is
one of the oldest and also the most
basic type of academic discipline.
Physics is an unconfined subject, and
its boundaries cannot be rigidly
defined. If it were not for the genius
minds who dedicated their lives to the
study of physics and its manifesta-
tions, we wouldn’t have been enjoying
the fruits of their labor like the “oh-
so-essential” computer. The following
list of famous physicists will help you
learn about some of the well-known
physics scientists, who have increased
the acceleration and minimized the
friction in the technological advance-
ment of the world.
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845 -Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845 -Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845 -Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845 -Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845 -
1923)1923)1923)1923)1923)
It was on 8th November 1895, that
Rontgen detected a specific wave-length of electromagnetic radiationnow known as X-rays. This discovery
helped him bag the Nobel prize in1901.
Pierre Curie (1859 - 1906) andPierre Curie (1859 - 1906) andPierre Curie (1859 - 1906) andPierre Curie (1859 - 1906) andPierre Curie (1859 - 1906) and
Marie Curie (1867 - 1934)Marie Curie (1867 - 1934)Marie Curie (1867 - 1934)Marie Curie (1867 - 1934)Marie Curie (1867 - 1934)
A pioneer of radioactivity, piezoel-ectricity and magnetism, he shared hisNobel prize, received in 1903, withhis wife Marie and Prof. HenriBecquerel, for their contribution tothe radiation phenomena discoveredby Professor Henri Becquerel. He also
List of Famous Physicists
Dr. Monica GambhirDr. Monica GambhirDr. Monica GambhirDr. Monica GambhirDr. Monica Gambhir
Assistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNCAssistant Professor in Physics, SSNC○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)
An Italian genius, Galileo created the telescope. He discovered
the phases of Venus and, the four satellites of Jupiter: Io, Europa,
Callisto, and Ganymede., He also proved that the ocean tides
were caused due to the gravitational pull of the moon and not
due to the earthís rotation. Compass and thermometer were also
his inventions. He died after he had turned completely blind.
GRAVITY2013-14 15
put forth the Curie’s law, which showsthe effect of temperature onparamagnetism. The unit of radio-activity, ‘Curie’, is also coined aftertheir names.
Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852 -Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852 -Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852 -Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852 -Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852 -
1908)1908)1908)1908)1908)
Becquerel shared his Nobel withdoctoral student Marie Curie and herhusband Pierre Curie.
Lord Rayleigh (1842 - 1919)Lord Rayleigh (1842 - 1919)Lord Rayleigh (1842 - 1919)Lord Rayleigh (1842 - 1919)Lord Rayleigh (1842 - 1919)
He earned the Nobel prize for hisdiscovery of argon gas in 1904. Butthere was another phenomenon called‘Rayleigh scattering’ which wasdiscovered by him. ‘Rayleigh waves’,that travel on the solid surfaces, werealso discovered by him.
Johannes Diderik van der WaalsJohannes Diderik van der WaalsJohannes Diderik van der WaalsJohannes Diderik van der WaalsJohannes Diderik van der Waals
(1837 - 1923)(1837 - 1923)(1837 - 1923)(1837 - 1923)(1837 - 1923)
He established the equation of statefor liquids and gases that describes thebehavior of gases and their conden-
sation on the liquid phase. He receivedthe Nobel prize in 1910. Some moreterms like, ‘van der Waals forces’, ‘vander Waals molecules’ and ‘van derWaals radii’ are coined after his nameto honor his accomplishments.
Max Planck (1858 - 1947)Max Planck (1858 - 1947)Max Planck (1858 - 1947)Max Planck (1858 - 1947)Max Planck (1858 - 1947)
Planck established the Quantum
Theory, that earned him the Nobel
prize in 1918. It was one of the
fundamental theories on which
physics rests.
Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)
He needs no introduction, Einstein
put forth one of the pillars of modern
physics, ‘General theory of Relativity’.
E=mc2 has been dubbed as the ‘world’s
famous equation’, and it also earned
him a Nobel prize in 1921. In his
lifetime, he published nearly 300
scientific papers.
Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)
He put forth the theory of nuclear
James Watt (1736 - 1819)
While repairing a damaged
steam engine, Watt found out
that it was hopelessly inefficient
and tried to improve its design.
While the SI unit of power,
ëWattí, is named after him, the
concept of ëhorsepowerí was
also his brainchild.
Charles-Augustin deCoulomb (1736 - 1806)
Coulombís Law was one of his
greatest contribution to physics.
He invented a device called
ëtorsion balanceí. He also put
forth the fundamental Cou-
lombís Law of electromagne-
tism.
16GRAVITY 2013-14
reactions and nuclear fission. His
contributions in the field of quantum
mechanics earned this ardent football
player a Nobel prize in 1922.
Sir ChandrasekharaVenkata RamanSir ChandrasekharaVenkata RamanSir ChandrasekharaVenkata RamanSir ChandrasekharaVenkata RamanSir ChandrasekharaVenkata Raman
(1888 - 1970)(1888 - 1970)(1888 - 1970)(1888 - 1970)(1888 - 1970)
His research on scattering of light and
establishing the Raman effect got him
a Nobel prize in 1930. He was an
Indian physicist, who helped India
grow by his influential work. He was
the founder and editor of ‘The Indian
Journal of Physics’.
James Chadwick (1891 - 1974)James Chadwick (1891 - 1974)James Chadwick (1891 - 1974)James Chadwick (1891 - 1974)James Chadwick (1891 - 1974)
Discovery of neutron was his path-
breaking discovery that helped him
bag the coveted Nobel in 1935.
Carl David Anderson (1905 - 1991)Carl David Anderson (1905 - 1991)Carl David Anderson (1905 - 1991)Carl David Anderson (1905 - 1991)Carl David Anderson (1905 - 1991)
While studying the energy distri-
bution of cosmic-rays for his doctoral
thesis, he discovered positron (positive
electron) which bagged him the Nobel
prize in 1936.
Wolfgang Pauli (1900 - 1958)Wolfgang Pauli (1900 - 1958)Wolfgang Pauli (1900 - 1958)Wolfgang Pauli (1900 - 1958)Wolfgang Pauli (1900 - 1958)
Establishing the Pauli principle, which
is also called the exclusion principle,
Pauli received the Nobel prize in
1945.
Dennis Gabor (1900 - 1979)Dennis Gabor (1900 - 1979)Dennis Gabor (1900 - 1979)Dennis Gabor (1900 - 1979)Dennis Gabor (1900 - 1979)
He discovered holography in 1947,
for which he received the Nobel prize
in 1971. However, it became
commercially available only after
1964.
François EnglertFrançois EnglertFrançois EnglertFrançois EnglertFrançois Englert(6 November(6 November(6 November(6 November(6 November
1932)1932)1932)1932)1932)
Awarded the Nobel Prize for physics
in 2013 for the theoretical discovery
of a mechanism that contributes to
our understanding of the origin of
mass of subatomic particles, and
which recently was confirmed through
the discovery of the predicted
fundamental particle, by the ATLAS
and CMS experiments at CERN’s
Large Hadron Collider”
Peter W. Higgs Peter W. Higgs Peter W. Higgs Peter W. Higgs Peter W. Higgs (29 May 1929)(29 May 1929)(29 May 1929)(29 May 1929)(29 May 1929)
Won the Nobel Prize for physics in2013 for predicting the existence ofthe Higgs boson particle that explainshow elementary matter attained themass to form stars and planets.
James Prescott Joule (1818 - 1889)
The first law of thermodynamics was born out of
this relationship. To honor his work, the SI unit of
energy, ëJouleí, is named after him. He also put forth
the Jouleís law.
GRAVITY2013-14 17
Overview of Rotational Dynamics,
Orientation and Alignment of molecules
Urvashi AryaUrvashi AryaUrvashi AryaUrvashi AryaUrvashi Arya1,21,21,21,21,2
1. Department of Physics, Swami Shraddhanand College (University Of Delhi), Delhi-110036
2. Department of Physics& Astrophysics University of Delhi, Delhi-110007
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Rotational DynamicsRotational DynamicsRotational DynamicsRotational DynamicsRotational Dynamics
Rotational excitation of molecules isusually studied either under adiabaticor non-adiabatic conditions.Inadiabatic condition, the laser pulseperiod is quite high. According toroughestimate, if Tpulse >5h/B, whereh, is the Planck’s constant and B, isthe rotationalconstant of themolecule, the molecule behaves as ifthe field is static at any instant. Thestates thereby created are thestationary pendular states and in suchcases the rotationalexcitationdynamics follows the laser pulse shape,whereas, in general for smallerpulseduration (i.e. Tpulse< h/B) the timeevolution is said to be non-adiabaticandmolecule is supposed to end up ina rotational wave packet.
Why Molecular Alignment andWhy Molecular Alignment andWhy Molecular Alignment andWhy Molecular Alignment andWhy Molecular Alignment andOrientat ion i s an interest ingOrientat ion i s an interest ingOrientat ion i s an interest ingOrientat ion i s an interest ingOrientat ion i s an interest ingpropertypropertypropertypropertyproperty
F Molecular alignment andorientation allows control overmolecular properties.
AlignmentAlignmentAlignmentAlignmentAlignment
It refers to confinement of molecularaxis with respect toapplied externalfield.
OrientationOrientationOrientationOrientationOrientation
Arrange molecules in a “head versustail” order. The concept of orientationand alignment can be illustrated byconsidering diatomicmolecule AB;here A and B are two different atoms.Because space is isotropic, themole-cular axis are aligned along the spacefixed vertical axis. Alignment meansthatmolecular axis is tied to verticalaxis but the molecule is free to pointeither up anddown. In particular, thismeans that either atom A or B canpoint upwards. In otherwords,
18GRAVITY 2013-14
alignment behaves as a double headedarrow. Orientation is identified asallmolecules pointing in the samedirection, specifically this means thatwe distinguishbetween whether the Aor the B atom points upward.Whenmolecule is exposed to external,nonionizing electric field, it ispolarized anddipole moment isinduced. As the molecular structureis anisotropic, the moleculemaypolarize more readily in somedirection rather than the other andconsequently theinduced dipolemoment need not be along thedirection of the electric field, butmoregenerally related to the appliedelectric field through the polarizabilitytensor.
Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1.Figure 1. Figure: We distinguishbetween orientation andalignment. Fig 1.(a) Showsorientation ‹cosè› of polarmolecules where a directionalaxis, defined by the dipolemo-ment, is aligned with the laserpolarization vector (dashed line).
Fig 1.(b) Alignmentis process inwhich only the molecular axis isconfined, the dipolemoment ofthe polar-molecules can point inany direction and is randomlyoriented. Alignment dynamicsrequantified by the direction-lessparameter ‹cos2è › .
Along with the permanent dipole,the induced dipole interacts with theexternal field and causes the moleculeto rotate into the position thatminimizes the energy of the dipole inelectric field. Now, the electric fieldof the laser is oscillating onfemtosecond time scale, whereas it willtake picoseconds or more for themolecule to change its orientation.Therefore the interaction termsshould average over several laser cycles.This impliesthat the interaction offield with permanent dipole vanishes,as the electric field changessign everyhalf cycle. The polarizability, on theother hand, changes its sign alongthefield, and therefore the interactionterm containing the polarizability doesnot average out.As a result thealignment dynamics of the moleculesin the laser field are determinedbypolarizability.
Methods to orient or align theMethods to orient or align theMethods to orient or align theMethods to orient or align theMethods to orient or align themoleculemoleculemoleculemoleculemolecule
v A weak DC electric field witha pulsed laser field.
v Orienting dipolar molecules
GRAVITY2013-14 19
utilizes asymmetric electro-magnetic half-cycle pulses(HCPs).
v Field-free orientation andalignment can be enhanced byusing trains of laser pulses.
v Field-free orientation andalignment can be enhanced bypair of laser pulses.
v Excitation with laser fields offrequencies ù and 2ù .
v Orientation can also beobtained using intense half-cycle and few-cycle laser pulses.
ImportanceImportanceImportanceImportanceImportance
v It can play an important rolein chemical reaction dynamics.
v The steric effects in atom-molecule reactions stronglydepend on the orientation.
v By controlling the mutualorientation of the reagents onecan observe its influence on thereaction probability.
v Orientation of molecule isuseful in laser inducedisomerization, high-orderharmonic generation andcatalysis.
Max Planck (1858 - 1947)
Planck established the Quantum Theory, that earned him the Nobel
prize in 1918. It was one of the fundamental theories on which
physics rests.
Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)
He needs no introduction, Einstein put forth one of the pillars of
modern physics, ‘General theory of Relativity’. E=mc2 has been
dubbed as the ‘world’s famous equation’, and it also earned him a
Nobel prize in 1921. In his lifetime, he published nearly 300 scientific
papers.
Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962)
He put forth the theory of nuclear reactions and nuclear fission. His
contributions in the field of quantum mechanics earned this ardent
football player a Nobel prize in 1922.
20GRAVITY 2013-14
nm-Scaled Motion of Charge Carries
Probed by Microwaves
VedantDakaVedantDakaVedantDakaVedantDakaVedantDakaEx-Student , B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student , B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student , B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student , B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student , B.Sc.(Hons) Physics
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
The key to the successful future oforganic semiconductors is to realize amobility equivalent to that of Si-basedmaterials. Organic conjugated mole-cular crystals have been reported tooften exhibit higher values of mobility(>10 cm2V-1s-1) than amorphoussilicon (1~10 cm2V-1s-1) which isquite reasonable when considering thefar higher mobility values reported forcarbon-based graphenes, fullerenes,and carbon nanotubes. To date, themethodo-logies of time-of-flight(TOF), or field-effect transistor (FET)are often the choices for the deter-mination of the values of mobility inthe organic materials.
However under these methodo-logies, applied strong external electricfield leads long range translationalmotion of carriers in the direct-current(DC) mode, and hence the transportof carriers is often disturbed by thepresence of impurities, disorders ordefects in the materials. Recently thereare developed time-resolved micro-wave conductivity (TRMC) measure-ment for the determination of themobility in the materials. Unlikely to
the DC techniques of TOF and FETwhere the translational motion ofcharge carriers induced by the externalelectric field, an alternating-current(AC) method of TRMC is probingthe motion of charge carriers on con-jugated molecules and their assemblieswithout contacts (electrodeless).
This has been applied to elucidatethe intrinsic value of mobility freefrom the above mentioned “distur-bing” processes. The size of the area isdepending on the frequency of the ACelectric field and the mobility ofcharge carriers, and the “tuning” of thesize by the frequency can deduce notonly the value of mobility but also itsdependence on the “shape” of themolecules and the conjugated mole-cular orbitals. In the present times,comprehensively the mechanisms ofcharge carrier transports in thematerials in view of what the deter-minant processes of the charge carriertransport by combining a variety ofmeasurement techniques of chargecarrier mobility in organic conjugatedmaterials.
GRAVITY2013-14 21
The proper use of things variesaccording to time, place and person.One must be progressive in thepractical use of every object, every
idea. Through progressive scientificresearch we have to make increasinglygreater use of human potentials. In anera of advanced science, the use oftools and apparatus from a lessdeveloped era is by no means a sign ofprogress. The use of developed toolsand materials, evolved throughdynamic and progressive imagination,may create small or large obstacles inthe way of society; you will have toface them courageously. Throughfight and clash you have to march onto victory, to the path of vindicationof universalism, the cherished goal ofyour life.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Today some people claims that scienceis the root of all evils and that frequentnew scientific discoveries andinventions have been creating quarrelsand dimensions in human society,thereby pushing the whole humancivilization along the path ofdestruction. It is evident that thosewho criticize science, in reality wantto turn the onward current of lifebackward. This is wholly inimical toprogress. Such an endeavor isindicative of a negative mentality.
If science remains completely inthe hands of materialists, the con-sequence will be hopelessness anddespair. If con-flicts amongdifferent classesgo on unabated,people will even-tually realize thatonly sadviprascan be the leaderof society. Themajority of individual as well as socialproblems can be solved by sadviprasthrough the proper cultivation ofscience.
Science and Spirituality
Swetank BhartiSwetank BhartiSwetank BhartiSwetank BhartiSwetank Bharti
Ex-Student, B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student, B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student, B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student, B.Sc.(Hons) PhysicsEx-Student, B.Sc.(Hons) Physics
22GRAVITY 2013-14
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
The light powered by Gravity isdeveloped by two London-baseddesigners Martin Riddiford Martin Riddiford Martin Riddiford Martin Riddiford Martin Riddiford and JimJimJimJimJimReeves. It is Reeves. It is Reeves. It is Reeves. It is Reeves. It is a light source thatoperates on the stuff that surroundsus-earth rocks or sand –with thehelping hand of Gravity.
The Gravity light is simplycharged by a bag that is filled witharound 9 Kg of material and hungfrom a cord below the light. As thebag descends, a series of gears insidethe device translates this weight intoenergy, providing 30 minutes oflight.The light strength can beadjusted from strong task lightning toa longer-lasting low-level glow andtwo terminals on the front allow it tobe used as a generator so it canrecharge other devices including radio& batteries.The total three-secondpull on this rope can peep the LEDbulb running up to 30 minutes.
Ø Why it is required?Why it is required?Why it is required?Why it is required?Why it is required?
The problem of lighting the remoteparts of the developing world in pasthas been tackled with everything fromsolar-powered lamps to rechargeablebatteries but all of them require
relatively expensive kit or physicaleffort by the user. Statically Statically Statically Statically Statically the WorldBank estimates that 780 millionwomen and children around the worldinhale a volume of smoke equivalentto smoking two packets of cigarettesa day-leading to the statistic that 60%of female lung-cancer victims indeveloping nations are non-smokers.The fumes also cause eye infections& cataracts, while 2.5 million peopleper year suffer severe burns fromkerosene lamps in India alone.It alsocomes with a huge financial burden:the cost of kerosene for lighting alonecan account for 20% of householdincome.
Ø BenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefits
• No running cost.
• Long lasting
• Can be used over &over again,anytime.
• Such applications are viable forcountries that do not have stable& reliable electricity access.
• Freeing billions of poor peoplewho current rely on biomass fuelslike kerosene.
Gravity Light (Bulb Power by Gravity
Bhartendu PapnaiB.Sc. Physics (Hons.), 5th sem
GRAVITY2013-14 23
When you are not paying attentionin your Physics Class and you open anews website on your mobile andsuddenly read this news:
“An internatiional team ofscientists said on Thursday thatthey had recorded sub- atomicparticles travelling faster thanLight- a finding that couldoverturn Einstein’s long acceptedfundamental laws of universe”
How would you react? I guessyour first reaction would be “theexperiment ought to be wrong!”. ButI was more happy than amazed. Whatif it was indeed true that particlescould travel faster than light?. It wouldbe a breakthrough for the physicistsacross the world. It would mean thatwe are back in the 16th century andthat modern physics is no moremodern. It requires some changes, orat least we need to find ways to fix it.
This is all because of thesubatomic particles, NEUTRINOS.Neutrinos are tiny elementaryparticles having negligible mass andthey were always known to be able totravel almost at the speed of light.Millions of neutrinos arriving fromspace, mainly the sun, strike our body
and pass through it. The mostcommon type is the electron neutrinoand they are produced by beta decayinside the nuclei of atoms.
The Opera Neutrino Experiment,recently conducted by CERN , madeneutrinos popular. In this experiment,which was conducted on muonneutrinos, they calculated the time theneutrinos take to travel from theirpoint of origin at CERN in Geneva,to the Grand Sasso Lab in Italy. Thetravel distance is 730 kms at theneutrinos appear to be able to coverthis at a speed faster than that of alight. (Light would have covered thesame distance in around 2.4thousandths of a second, but theneutrinos took – 60 billionths of asecond less than light beams wouldhave taken).
Einstein, In his Special Theory ofRelativity, asserted that nothing cantravel faster than light. Laws ofNature, as we know it today, forbidanything from going faster. Why didhe choose only Light? It is not lightthat is so significant that it holds thespeed record. But the way space andtime themselves are interwined in ouruniverse implies that there is a
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Light Came Second ?
Digvijay Sing TomarDigvijay Sing TomarDigvijay Sing TomarDigvijay Sing TomarDigvijay Sing Tomar
B.Sc (Hons.) PHYSICS 3B.Sc (Hons.) PHYSICS 3B.Sc (Hons.) PHYSICS 3B.Sc (Hons.) PHYSICS 3B.Sc (Hons.) PHYSICS 3RDRDRDRDRD YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR
24GRAVITY 2013-14
maximum speed limit beyond whichthe laws of Physics break down. Thisspeed happens to be 299792458 m/sin our universe. Light, because it hasno mass, is able to travel at this speed.
Now imagine a moving vehiclewith a velocity spiraling to the speedof light and that we are hauling moreand more energy in and trying to getit faster. But it’s still bumping againstthe speed of light. So where does allthis energy go? It goes into the massof an object. The vehicle actually getsheavier. The most importantconsequence of the equations of
special relativity is how energy andmass are related. In his miracle year1905, Einstein showed that mass canbe converted into energy and vice-versa .Mass and Energy are relatedthrough E=mc2. This equation is oneof the world’s famous, simple andpowerful equations. It gives a uniquedefinition of ‘matter’. MichioKakudefines matter as nothing but thecondensation of vast amounts ofenergy. But could Einstein have beenwrong? And if he is wrong, then whatabout the experiments which hadproven Relativity Theory correct. If
the Opera experiment is flawless, thenwhy didn’t any of the other neutrinoexperiments show such a result? Thesefew questions are in the minds of everyphysicist and they are carefullyexamining everything not leaving aniota of detail unchecked. Some ofthem have already come out with theirtheories, with some in favour andothers against. And yet, till today,there has been no unanimousconsensus.
Nobel Prize winner SheldonGlashow has predicted that such fasterthan light particles would have to beradiating electrons and their anti-particle positron all along theirjourney from Geneva to Italy via aprocess called Vacuum CerenkovRadiation and hence lose energy.Some physicists, with the help ofString Theory, have predicted thatneutrinos, while travelling, traversesan alternate dimension, i.e. they takea shortcut covering a distance lesserthan the actual length hence the timetaken by them is less as compared tothat of a light beam ,because lightparticles are not theoretically expectedto exhibit any such phenomenon. Butfor now, it’s all predictions andtheories. The experiment is still beingrepeated and is under scrutiny and thestudy is going on. Einstein’s ideas havebeen carefully examined for years andit will be very sad if one experimentdestroys it all!
GRAVITY2013-14 25
Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power
Saurav SarkarSaurav SarkarSaurav SarkarSaurav SarkarSaurav SarkarB.Sc.(Hons.) Physics, 5B.Sc.(Hons.) Physics, 5B.Sc.(Hons.) Physics, 5B.Sc.(Hons.) Physics, 5B.Sc.(Hons.) Physics, 5thththththsemsemsemsemsem
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
The only clean, safe energy source
capable of ensuring the continuation
of our Industrial civilization while
protecting the environment…
BenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefitsBenefits
Ø Nuclear energy is a clean, safe,
reliable and competitive energy
source.
Ø Source of energy that can replace
a significant part of the fossil fuels
(coal, oil and gas) which massively
pollute the atmosphere and
contribute to the greenhouse
effect.
Ø Nuclear medicine:Allow doctors
to make a quick, accurate
diagnosis Radiotherapy can be
used to treat some medical
conditions, especially cancer.
Ø Radioisotope thermal generators
(RTGs) are used in space
missions. The Voyager space
probes, the Cassini mission to
Saturn, the Galileo mission to
Jupiter and the new horizons
mission to Pluto all are powered
by RTG.
Nuclear Power: Risking a Comeback?Nuclear Power: Risking a Comeback?Nuclear Power: Risking a Comeback?Nuclear Power: Risking a Comeback?Nuclear Power: Risking a Comeback?
As per an article given in TIME: In
1980s, climate scientists in Russia and
the U.S theorized that all-out Nuclear
war between the superpowers would
results in a “Nuclear winter”, as smoke
from the atomic explosions blackened
the sky and sent summer temperatures
plummeting below freezing …
Is Nuclear power: Safe ?Is Nuclear power: Safe ?Is Nuclear power: Safe ?Is Nuclear power: Safe ?Is Nuclear power: Safe ?
Serious Nuclear Power plant accident
includes:
• The recent Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear disaster (2011), where
release of significant quantities of
radioactive material within an
installation with a high
probability of significant public
exposure…
• Chernobyl disaster in 1986 (in
the Soviet Union, now in
Ukraine)…
26GRAVITY 2013-14
• Three Mile Island accident in
1979 (in Pennsylvania, US).
Facts fileFacts fileFacts fileFacts fileFacts file
Outlaw labs once wrote about the
Manhattan project where the first
working bomb was created. At
5:29:45 (mountain war time) on July
16th, 1945, in a white blaze that
stretched from the basin of the Jemez
mountains in northern New Mexico
to the still-dark skies, the Gadget
(code-named as such during its
development) ushered in the atomic
age. The characteristics mushroom
cloud of radioactive vapor due to the
blasts materialized at 30,000 feet.
Beneath the cloud, all the remained
of the soil at the blast site were
fragments of jade green radioactive
glass… all of this caused by the heat of
the reaction.
WarfareWarfareWarfareWarfareWarfare
Ø Hiroshima: A Uranium bomb
nicknamed “Little BoyLittle BoyLittle BoyLittle BoyLittle Boy” was
dropped on Aug 6th, 1945.In a
flash of instant, 66,000 people
were killed and 69,00 people were
injured by a 10 kiloton atomic
explosion.
Ø Nagasaki: A Plutonium bombnicknamed “Fat ManFat ManFat ManFat ManFat Man” wasdropped on Aug 9 th, 1945.39,000 were killed, over 25,000were injured.
TO CONCLUDE:TO CONCLUDE:TO CONCLUDE:TO CONCLUDE:TO CONCLUDE:
Ø Well designed, well constructed,
well operated and well
maintained nuclear energy is not
only clean, but it is also safe,
reliable, durable and competitive.
Willebrord Snellius
(1580 - 1626)
His Law of Refraction was
published 70 years after he
died. This Law of Refraction is
called the Snell’s law.
Satyendra Nath Bose (1894 - 1974)
Bose hailed from India. While giving a lecture to his students, he realized
that there is a discrepancy in the theory of radiation. Thus, he wrote a
letter to Albert Einstein, stating the discrepancy. Einstein agreed and
extensively worked upon his idea, which led to the development of Bose-
Einstein condensate. After that, many related concepts like bosons,
Bose-Einstein statistics came into existence.
GRAVITY2013-14 27
Alpha,beta,theta,gammaThis all is not a drama ,
This is physics
Differentiation and integration
,Acceleration or uniform motion
This is physics
Reflection, refraction and
Which all means a great confusion
Gravitational or planck’s constant,
Easy to forget difficult to understand
That, for sure, is physics
Various laws and several theorems
And many more numerical
Which put us in great troubles
This is physics
Force,work,strain and stress
Which all make us restless
This all make us confess
That this physics is a stress
Oh! Physics
Ashish KumarAshish KumarAshish KumarAshish KumarAshish Kumar
B.Sc. physical science 3rd yrB.Sc. physical science 3rd yrB.Sc. physical science 3rd yrB.Sc. physical science 3rd yrB.Sc. physical science 3rd yr
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Georg Ohm (1776 - 1856)
Ohm became a household name today for his most important
contribution, the Ohm’s Law.
28GRAVITY 2013-14
Albert Einstein was born on 14 March1879 at Ulm in Württemberg,Germany. He began his s s s s schooling atLuitpold Gymnasium. Rather thanjust memorizing facts and dates, hepreferred to ponder questions. Hefound regular teaching schooling to
Einstein Life and his Achievements
Anju DeshwalAnju DeshwalAnju DeshwalAnju DeshwalAnju Deshwal
B.Sc. Physical Science, 5B.Sc. Physical Science, 5B.Sc. Physical Science, 5B.Sc. Physical Science, 5B.Sc. Physical Science, 5thththththsemsemsemsemsem○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837 - 1923)
He established the equation of state for liquids and gases that
describes the behavior of gases and their condensation on the liquid
phase. He received the Nobel prize in 1910. Some more terms like,
‘van der Waals forces’, ‘van der Waals molecules’ and ‘van der Waals
radii’ are coined after his name to honor his accomplishments.
be strict and boredom. Later on, hecontinued his education at Aarau,Switzerland. In 1901, he gained hisdiploma in Swiss Federal PolytechnicSchool in Physics and Mathematics.In 1905, he obtained his doctor’sdegree, but was unable to find ateaching post. He joined As aTechnical Assistant in Swiss PatentOffice.
In 1905, while working at thePatent office, Einstein wrote fivescientific papers. In one paper,Einstein theorized that light must notjust travel in waves but existed asparticles which explain Photoelectriceffect. For this theory Einstein alsowon Noble Prize in Physics in 1921.In another paper, Einstein describedBrownian motion. By declaring thatpollen was being moved by water
GRAVITY2013-14 29
molecules, he solved the scientificmystery as well as proved the existenceof molecules.
In his third paper, he described“Special Theory Of Relativity” inwhich Einstein revealed that Spaceand Time are not absolutes. The speedof light, rest of Space and Time, allare based on the position of observer.Four years after, his theories were firstpublished, he was finally offered ateaching position at University ofZurich. In 1916, He published hispaper on general theory of relativity.
As Einstein’s fame with scientificcommunities grew, offers for newbetter positions began to pour in. Heworked at German University,University Of Zurich. Instantlyfamous, Einstein was given honorary
Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703)
Hooke’s Law of Elasticity puts forth the relationship between the force
applied to an object and the level of deformation it undergoes. Also,
Hooke was the first person to observe the plants and fossils under a
microscope, and coin the term ‘Cell’.
Lord Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937)
He is also known as the father of nuclear physics. He
differentiated the emitted radiations and named them as
alpha and beta. He had also put forth the famous Rutherford
model of atom in 1911.
degree and had been awarded NobelPrize in Physics.
In July 1939,Enistein write a letterto the President Franklin d. Rooseveltto warn him about the potentiallymassive weapon ,Atomic bomb andin response of it, Mahatten Project wasestablished, which was collection ofUS scientists urged to beat Germanyto the construction of a workingatomic bomb. From 1922, until hisend of life, He worked on findings“Unified Field Theory” that couldcombine all the fundamental forces ofPhysics between elementary particles,he never found it. In 1952, Einsteinwas offered the Presidency of Israel butEinstein declining the honourrealizing he was not good at politics.
On 18 April 1955, Einstein died.He was 76 years old then.
30GRAVITY 2013-14
Isaac Newton was born on 25December 1642 in Woolsthrope inLincolnshire. His father died beforehe was born and in 1645, his mothermarries a clergyman and went to livewith him while Isaac Newton livedwith his Grandmother. When Isaac’sstepfather died in 1665, her motherreturned to Woolsthrope and IsaacNewton went to live with her again.Isaac went to Grantham GrammarSchool. IN 1659, Isaac had to leave,to help his mother in family farm buthe had no interest in running familyfarm, so in 1660, he went to theGraham School again. In 1661, Hewent to Trinity College, Cambridge.
Newton’s Biography
Komal ChauhanKomal ChauhanKomal ChauhanKomal ChauhanKomal ChauhanB.Sc. Physical Science, 3B.Sc. Physical Science, 3B.Sc. Physical Science, 3B.Sc. Physical Science, 3B.Sc. Physical Science, 3rdrdrdrdrd year year year year year
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
He obtains a BA in 1665 but wasforced to flee Cambridge because ofan outbreak of the Plague and hereturned temporarily to Woolsthrope.
A falling apple in the Orchard atWoolsthrope had supposedly ledNewton to consider whether the forcethat caused the apple to fall on theEarth was the same force thatgoverned the motion of the Moonaround Earth and of the Planetsaround Sun. In 1667, he returned touniversity and was elected a fellow ofTrinity College and also a member ofRoyal Society. In 1668, he invented areflecting telescope. Isaac Newtonbecame Lucas Ian Professor ofMathematics in 1669. In 1689-1690,Isaac Newton was MP for CambridgeUniversity.
Isaac Newton published hismaster piece PhilosophiaeNaturalisPrincipia Mathematica in 1687. It setout his Theory of Gravity and Lawsof Motion. In 1701, Isaac resigned hisfellowship and professorship atCambridge. He became President ofRoyal Society in 1703 and in 1704,he published another great work aboutlight . Isaac Newton died on 20 March1727.
GRAVITY2013-14 31
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Many companies have found marketfor their small handheld products thatclaim to save 30-40 per cent electricalpower, thereby reducing electricitybill. But can you really save electricityby plugging in a small device?
What is a power saver?What is a power saver?What is a power saver?What is a power saver?What is a power saver?
A power saver (PS) device resembles amosquito-repellent plug-in gadget(like All-out or Goodnight) and ismeant to save power in houses, shopsand small offices. It is plugged into asocket to work in parallel with otherappliances connected to the electricalcircuit of an establishment.
Benefits of using it.Benefits of using it.Benefits of using it.Benefits of using it.Benefits of using it.
Power savers primarily save electricalpower, so it will help us in reducingour electricity bill. However, thesealso improve the quality of inputelectrical signal, and thus enhancethe life-span of householdappliances.Thus, it is beneficial forthe utility company providingelectrical supply. It is absolutelylegal. Using a power saver does notmean fiddling with the electricitymeter. A power saver is connected
Power Saver : Can it Really Help toReduce our Electricity Bill
Vikas BeliwalVikas BeliwalVikas BeliwalVikas BeliwalVikas BeliwalB.Sc. Phy (Hons.) 1B.Sc. Phy (Hons.) 1B.Sc. Phy (Hons.) 1B.Sc. Phy (Hons.) 1B.Sc. Phy (Hons.) 1stststststyearyearyearyearyear
to the electrical circuit after the meter,which means it does not hamper ormanipulate meter functioning.
What is inside a power saver?What is inside a power saver?What is inside a power saver?What is inside a power saver?What is inside a power saver?
The device has a big PFC capacitorand a current harmonic filter circuit.Some devices also have metal-oxidevaristors (MOVs) that act as transientsuppressors, protecting the circuitfrom voltage spikes. A series connectedthermal fuse is used with MOVs toprovide protection in the event ofshort circuit. Power savers come withintegrated voltage stabilization circuittoo. A light-emit- ting diode (LED)is used to indicate power-on condi-tion.
32GRAVITY 2013-14
WorkingWorkingWorkingWorkingWorking
Most of the household appliancessuch as refrigerator, air-conditioner,fan, fluorescent tube light and mixergrinder are inductive in nature.Inductive loads create a phasedifference between the AC currentand voltage. The wires and thetransformers are also inductive innature. Inductive loads requirereactive power to work, whichincreases the current that the sourceprovides. This can be explained veryclearlyfrom the Mac’s dragginganalogy shown in Fig. The true poweror the actual power to drag the load iskW in forward direction .Power factoris the cosine of the phase differencebetween the current and the voltage.When the voltage and the current arein phase with each other in an ACcircuit, the electrical energy drawnfrom the source is fully converted intoanother form of energy in the load,and the power factor is unity. Whenthe current lagsthe voltage, the energyis wasted in reactive power andthepower factor isless than unity, makingthe system less efficient. Power factorcorrection is a method in which a
reactive load is introduced in theopposite direction to cancel out thereactance of the inductive load byusing a power-factor-correctioncapacitor. In India, the power factoris usually in the range of 0.7-0.8depending on the house and load. Thecapacitors used forPFC are a specialtype of low-voltage capacitors.
Under what conditions is the powerUnder what conditions is the powerUnder what conditions is the powerUnder what conditions is the powerUnder what conditions is the powersaver really effective?saver really effective?saver really effective?saver really effective?saver really effective?
You can save only on those deviceswhich contribute to the inductiveload, such as refrigerators, washingmachines, motors and air-conditioners. Again, the percentagesaving depends on many otherparameters also. Power savers save onlythe power that is wasted or is notuseful. In old houses, wear and tear incopper wires may result in currentleakage, thus adding to the power loss.In such houses, power savers mayfacilitate better savings. However, inhouses with new wiring, thepercentage saving from power saversis relatively less. . Areas with highvoltage fluctuations like shops andrestaurants can gain additional savingsfrom power savers.
Amedeo Avogadro (1776 - 1856)
Contribution of Avogadro was the Avogadro’s law. As a tribute to
his work, a constant Avogadro’s constant or number was named
after him.
GRAVITY2013-14 33
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Physics - the study of matter, energyand their interactions – is aninternational enterprise, which playsa key role in the future progress ofhumankind. The support of physicseducation and research in all countriesis important because: physics is andexciting intellectual adventure thatinspires young people and expands thefrontiers of our knowledge aboutnature.
Physics is a creative subject, theconcepts of physics don’t come easily.Someone has to come up with a theoryto begin with. This is just as much acreative process as composing music.But where physics, and science ingeneral, differ from the Arts is that noone will accept your theory unless youhave some way of testing its validity.Experimental physicists sometimeshave to be enormously creative incoming up with methods of testingtheories and measuring things in theworld around them. For example, howdo you tell that there is a planetorbiting a star that is so far away thatit appears as nothing more than a spec
of light in even the most powerfultelescopes? Few importances ofphysics to man and the society are -
Physics Improves HealthPhysics Improves HealthPhysics Improves HealthPhysics Improves HealthPhysics Improves Health
In medical technology, positronemission tomography (PET) Letsneurologists see how energy flowsinside the brain to see where problemscould be occurring.
Physics Connects the WorldPhysics Connects the WorldPhysics Connects the WorldPhysics Connects the WorldPhysics Connects the World
The telecommunications industry,including the development of theinternet, has benefited from physicsresearch in telecommunications fromradio waves to fiber optic cable.
Physics Improves Technology;Physics Improves Technology;Physics Improves Technology;Physics Improves Technology;Physics Improves Technology;
The computing industry depends onphysics research in semiconductorsand magnetism in order to buildprocessors and disk ever smaller anddenser.
Physics Drives ProgressPhysics Drives ProgressPhysics Drives ProgressPhysics Drives ProgressPhysics Drives Progress
Physics research benefits thetransportation industry in everything
The Importance of Physics to Man and
the Society
KiranKiranKiranKiranKiranB.Sc. Physics (Hons.) First YearB.Sc. Physics (Hons.) First YearB.Sc. Physics (Hons.) First YearB.Sc. Physics (Hons.) First YearB.Sc. Physics (Hons.) First Year
34GRAVITY 2013-14
from what materials to build cars ofto how to build efficient engines tonavigating using the globalpositioning system.
Physics Clears the AirPhysics Clears the AirPhysics Clears the AirPhysics Clears the AirPhysics Clears the Air
Physics is used in environmentalscience to both detect problems andto build systems that are better for theenvironment with technologies suchas solar power and plasma physics.
Physics Fills the HomePhysics Fills the HomePhysics Fills the HomePhysics Fills the HomePhysics Fills the Home
Many consumer goods developedfrom physics research. CDs arepossible because of refinements in lasertechnology. Many household gadgetshave microprocessors such asmicrowaves & phones.
Physics Designs the FuturePhysics Designs the FuturePhysics Designs the FuturePhysics Designs the FuturePhysics Designs the Future
Research in materials physics has ledto many innovations in the substancesfrom which products are made. Onenow-common material is Teflon®.Other substances are now used tomake many items from sportsequipment to earthquake-resistantbuildings.
Physics Lunches New BusinessPhysics Lunches New BusinessPhysics Lunches New BusinessPhysics Lunches New BusinessPhysics Lunches New Business
The defense department started theGlobal Positioning System (GPS),which uses 24 satellites. GPS waspossible because of the atomic clock.Now GPS technology has many usesfrom being in road maps in cars to
perceiving shifts in the tectonic plates.
Physics is the most Fundamenal ofPhysics is the most Fundamenal ofPhysics is the most Fundamenal ofPhysics is the most Fundamenal ofPhysics is the most Fundamenal of
the Sciencesthe Sciencesthe Sciencesthe Sciencesthe Sciences
It is concerned with the most basicbuilding blocks of all things - fromants to antennas, from quarks toquasars. The study of physics meanstrying to find out what the universe ismade of, and how these things moveand interact with each other. So in onesense, all the other sciences are builton the knowledge gained through thestudy of physics.
Physics is BeautifulPhysics is BeautifulPhysics is BeautifulPhysics is BeautifulPhysics is Beautiful
Physicists love simplicity. They areconstantly striving to find the mostfundamental ideas that can be used todescribe even the most complex ofphenomena. For example Newtonfound that only a very small numberof concepts could be used to describejust about all of the mechanical world- from steam engines to the motionof the planets. Not only is thisbeautiful, it’s downright amazing!
Physics Teaches you to ThinkPhysics Teaches you to ThinkPhysics Teaches you to ThinkPhysics Teaches you to ThinkPhysics Teaches you to Think
This might seem like a strangestatement. The study of all subjectsteach you to think. But becausephysics deals with the most basicconcepts, the application of suchtechniques as “Separation ofVariables” and “The ScientificMethod” are never more clear than
GRAVITY2013-14 35
they are in the study of physics. Oncemastered you will find that thesemethods can be applied to all subjects,including the business world and justcoping with everyday life.
Physics g ives you a newPhysics g ives you a newPhysics g ives you a newPhysics g ives you a newPhysics g ives you a newAppreciation of the World aroundAppreciation of the World aroundAppreciation of the World aroundAppreciation of the World aroundAppreciation of the World around
youyouyouyouyou
You can look a rainbow and say“Wow, pretty colors!”, or you canmarvel at the amazing interactionsbetween photons and electrons thatcome together in that particular waywhen light from the sun strikesspherical water droplets in the sky, andthat you perceive as a multicolored arcsuspended in the air. Now that’s awe!
Physics is FunPhysics is FunPhysics is FunPhysics is FunPhysics is Fun
Lastly, studying physics gives you theopportunity of playing with a lot ofreally cool toys!
In addictionIn addictionIn addictionIn addictionIn addiction
Many pioneers in molecular biologywere trained as physicists e.g. Francis
Crick, one of the two discoverers ofDNA.
• A large number of astronomerswere also trained as physicist.
• Without physics, cars wouldn’thave being developed to take usto our various destinations.
• TV’s, Light will not have beeninvented.
• We would not have known aboutspace,
• Computer Games,• How water boils,• Model financial Market,• Shape futuristic buildings and
structures.
Summary & ConclusionSummary & ConclusionSummary & ConclusionSummary & ConclusionSummary & Conclusion
In summary, for all these reasons,physics is an essential part of theeducational system and of an advancedsociety. We therefore urge allgovernments to seek advice fromphysicists and other scientists onmatters of science policy, and to besupportive of the science of Physics.
Lord William Thomson Kelvin (1824 - 1907)
He formulated the first and second Law of Thermodynamics and
improved the reliability of the mariner’s compass. He was knighted
by Queen Victoria, after which he became Sir William Thomson. He
was the one who put forth the correct value of absolute zero as -
273.15 celsius. Also, in his honor, unit of absolute temperature is
known as ‘Kelvin’.
36GRAVITY 2013-14
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Time Travel
Prashant JoshiPrashant JoshiPrashant JoshiPrashant JoshiPrashant JoshiB.Sc( Hons) Physics 2nd year
for you. If you take a walk around ablock of 100m of each side you willbe 3 femto seconds younger than yourfriend who stayed home. But maybeyou want to time travel more than fewfemto seconds then get ready to yourhead start spinning. I mean theuniverse, general relativity predicts
that if our universe start spinning atvery high speed then it will producetime loops over all places and in thosetime loop it will appear that you aremoving forward in time but actuallyyou will fall into an infinite time loop.It’s a little like to start travellingaround earth and get back to the sameplace after some time due to curvatureof earth but unfortunately ouruniverse does not spin or that’s whatour current physics tells us about ouruniverse.
Time travel sounds like a 70’s sci-fimovie but is it so? Now we are goingto look in the heart of modern physicstoo see whether we will be able totravel in time or not. The best way totravel in time is to do nothing ......because we actually travelling in time,we always travel in future or you can
say that the future is inevitable but it’sa boring way to travel in time.
When we talk about time travelwe think travelling in time withsomeone or something relative to it.If you really want to travel in time thenstart running and you will travel intime relative to someone standing still.It is well known over a single centurythat time and space are twocomponents of single space time andfaster you move the slower time pass
GRAVITY2013-14 37
Don’t get disappointed I’m notdone yet I bet everyone of you guysheard about worm holes in sci-fi booksor in Hollywood movies that how avillain tries to kill our hero by goingback in past by creating a worm hole.For starters who doesn’t know whatworm holes are they are hypotheticalbut not physically impossible bridgesthrough space time but the problemis that no one knows how to build oneor ones you built it how to stop it fromcollapsing as many physicists believesthat keeping worm hole open requiresnegative energy but nobody knowshow to create negative energy
although they occasionally slaps thename exotic matter on the conceptand pretend it might exist, well that’stoo bad .Or much better why don’twe create our own black hole I meanGeneral and special relativity tells thatthe more the gravity the slower thetime will pass by doing some of itsbusiness with space time but againcreating a black hole doesn’t seems tobe good idea because they are toomuch violent in nature I mean howcan you control something fromwhich even light can’t escape and Idon’t really think that physicists arein some serious mood to create a blackhole.
James Chadwick (1891 - 1974)
Discovery of neutron was his path-breaking discovery that helped
him bag the coveted Nobel in 1935.
Carl David Anderson (1905 - 1991)
While studying the energy distribution of cosmic-rays for his
doctoral thesis, he discovered positron (positive electron) which
bagged him the Nobel prize in 1936.
Wolfgang Pauli (1900 - 1958)
Establishing the Pauli principle, which is also called the exclusion
principle, Pauli received the Nobel prize in 1945.
Dennis Gabor (1900 - 1979)
He discovered holography in 1947, for which he received the
Nobel prize in 1971. However, it became commercially available
only after 1964.
38GRAVITY 2013-14
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Terrafoming
Prashant TyagiPrashant TyagiPrashant TyagiPrashant TyagiPrashant Tyagi
B.Sc. (HONS) Physics1B.Sc. (HONS) Physics1B.Sc. (HONS) Physics1B.Sc. (HONS) Physics1B.Sc. (HONS) Physics1ststststst year year year year year
Looking for a new house or a newplanet ?it all boils down to location ,location , location. Here are the bestoptions for future colonies.
MarsMarsMarsMarsMars
The red planet is central to theterraformer’s dreams. It needswarming up though. The key may bethe green house gas CO2. Mars air istoo thin, but dry ice at the poles couldbe melted with orbiting mirrors.There is much more water on themoon: frozen at the poles, and insurface layers and deeper aquifers.Again, solar power could melt it. Itwould take a long time, but may beone day humans will be able to breathefrosty martian air.
VenusVenusVenusVenusVenus
CO2 atmosphere is so thick it exerts
a pressure equivalent to a kilometerunder earth’s oceans. Venus has lostall of its – a key barrier to colonization.To terraformvenus, most of that CO
2
would have to be removed. But venusrotates very slowly; the sun would riseonly once every 117 days. Earth’s sister
world will be orders of magnitudeharder to terraform than mars.
1. Living Quarters
2. Greenhouses
3. Pressurized Habitats
4. Power Plant
5. Water Tank
The ice moonsThe ice moonsThe ice moonsThe ice moonsThe ice moons
Apart from Jupiter’s volcanic moonlo, the larger moons of the outerplanets have tremendous stores ofwater and other volatiles in the formof ice crusts and mantles. On some ofthem, like Europa, there may be liquidoceans beneath the ice. These couldprovide an intriguing environment forcolonists, and they are promisinghabitats for native life. To melt theice, sunlight might have to beconcentrated with vast mirrors.
GRAVITY2013-14 39
Comets and asteroidsComets and asteroidsComets and asteroidsComets and asteroidsComets and asteroids
The asteroids, relics of the solarsystem’s formation, are mostly foundbetween mars and Jupiter. But weknow of more than 200 near – earthasteroids (NEAs) that periodicallyapproach us. Some of these representopportunities, some containingprecious metals, water and organiccompounds we have already reachedsome NEAs with unmannedspacecraft. They may be the first targetfor prospectors, with comets to follow.
Pluto-and beyondPluto-and beyondPluto-and beyondPluto-and beyondPluto-and beyond
Follow the water’ will always be themotto of colonists and teraformers.And there is plenty out there. In theasteroids and outer- system moon’sthere is probably several 100 times asmuch water as in earth’s oceans. Plutois one with icy worldlets and massivecomets that may mass as much as 10times all the planets combined. I thedistant future, the possibilities areendless: taking apart massive worldslike Jupiter, or even tinkering with theSun’s workings.
Nikola Tesla (1857 - 1943)
He holds a patent for alternating current induction motor. It is
believed that Tesla is the first person in North America who
accidentally captured an X-ray image.
John Dalton (1766 - 1844)
Dalton is the pioneer of modern atomic theory. Dalton’s law of
partial pressure was put forth in 1801, and has now become very
valuable in the chemistry lab.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686 - 1736)
The everyday household mercury thermometer was developed by
him. He also determined the temperature scale called Fahrenheit,
which was named after him.
Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662)
His inventions include the first calculation machine know as the
Pascal’s calculator. His other inventions were hydraulic press,
followed by a syringe.
40GRAVITY 2013-14
Higgs TheoryHiggs TheoryHiggs TheoryHiggs TheoryHiggs Theory
On July4, 2012, Scientist at CouncilEuropean Pour La Recherché Nucleaire(CERN) announced that they had founda particle that behaved the way they expectthe Higgs Boson to behave the standardmodel (Cosmos Works).
This model comes by way of particlePhysicists, a first scientists discovered theatoms, then protons neutrons and electrons and finally quarks and leptons.But, the universe does not contain only matter; it also contains forces that allabout that matter. This standard models was developed in the early 1970, outentire universe is made up of 12 different matter particles and four forces amongthose 12 particles-6 quarks and 6 leptons. Quarks make up protons andneutrons, while leptons include electron and electron neutrino, its neutrallycharged counterparts.
Scientist thinks that leptons and quark are indivisible. Standard model alsoacknowledges four forces i.e. gravity, electromagnetic, strong and weak. Physicisthas predicted the existence of certain particles years before they were variedempirical. This model had missing term the Higgs boson.
What is God Particle?What is God Particle?What is God Particle?What is God Particle?What is God Particle?
The God Particle is the nick name of Higgs Boson, asubatomic particle. Some particle like proton and neutronshave mass but photons do not. God particle (Higgs Boson)gives mass to the matter. Each of the sub-atomic particlescontributes to the forces that cause interactions. Science isnot entirely sure why some particles seem mass less and other
GOD PARTICLE
Sanjeet KumarSanjeet KumarSanjeet KumarSanjeet KumarSanjeet Kumar
B.Sc. (HONS.) Physics 3 B.Sc. (HONS.) Physics 3 B.Sc. (HONS.) Physics 3 B.Sc. (HONS.) Physics 3 B.Sc. (HONS.) Physics 3rdrdrdrdrd yr yr yr yr yr○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
GRAVITY2013-14 41
are massive. The standard model predicts that the higgs-boson particle producethe effect of mass.
Its name arose when the book the God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer,what is the Question? By Leon-Lederman was published. The Higgs BosonThe Higgs BosonThe Higgs BosonThe Higgs BosonThe Higgs Bosonor Higgs particle is an elementary particle initially theorized in 1964 andor Higgs particle is an elementary particle initially theorized in 1964 andor Higgs particle is an elementary particle initially theorized in 1964 andor Higgs particle is an elementary particle initially theorized in 1964 andor Higgs particle is an elementary particle initially theorized in 1964 andtentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March 2013tentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March 2013tentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March 2013tentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March 2013tentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March 2013. The discovery has beencalled ‘monumental’ because it appears to confirm the existence of the higgsfield, which is pivotal to the standard model and other theories within particlephysics. It would explain why some fundamental particles have mass when thesymmetries’ controlling their interactions should require them to be mass less,and linked to this why the weak force has a much shorter range theelectromagnetic force. The large hadrons colliders able to circle higgs bosonand other particles for observation and study.
On 04 July 2012, it was announced that a previously unknown particlewith a mass between 125 and (134.2 and 136.2 emu) had been detected. It wasalso confirmed it have positive parity and zero spin. This is first unknownscalar particle discovered in nature. One of the most important discoveries inparticle physics of the last 25 years has possibly just been made by experimentalistat CERN, the giant laboratory just outside of Geneva on the border ofSwitzerland and France
If the properties of higgs are confirmed the picture of the fundamentalparticle forces will have been completed. That picture is known as the standardmodel. The standard model of Particle Physics provides a description ofmicroscopic matter and their fundamental interactions.
All matter is comprised of quarks and leptons. Three quarks bind to form
the proton and neutron. The neutron and protons stick together to form nuclear.Leptons appears in nature in two types-(i) Electrically charged and(ii) electricallyneutral. Neutral leptons are called neutron and hardly interacts with matter atall.
There three charge leptons-electrons (lightest) (it is negatively charged, areattracted to nuclei). Since atoms make up everything in the world quarks andleptons are the fundamental building blocks of nature.
42GRAVITY 2013-14
Every car have many electrical systems, in your car. These are ignition system,the charging system, battery and some that you do not ever think about. All ofthese will require a constant and safe electric current supply with perfect timing.
1. Battery1. Battery1. Battery1. Battery1. Battery
An electrical reservoir which is used to storeelectrical energy until it is needed by the vehicle’sstarting system to crank the engine and alsosupplements the electric during periods of highdemand. Even if your car’s engine is off, thebattery provides the required power to the restof the system
2. Charging System2. Charging System2. Charging System2. Charging System2. Charging System
This is the main part of the electrical system which consists of three maincomponents: the belt-driven alternator, various electrical circuits, and a voltageregulator. The alternator supplies power to the electrical system and rechargesthe battery after your car has started.
3. Starting System3. Starting System3. Starting System3. Starting System3. Starting System
This is main electrical power consumes more than any other system in yourcar. It consists of three components which work in tandem: the ignition switch,the starter relay and the starter motor. The ignition switch controls the startersolenoid, which activates the starter motor. The starter motor then turns theengine until your car starts.
A simple spark, when delivered at precisely the right moment, can meanthe difference between a smooth running and powerful engine that operatescleanly and an engine that runs rough, lacks power and produces unnecessaryemissions. Your car needs attention if :• Car is hard to start, or take too long time before starting• Car misfires, Your fuel mileage is not what it used to be• Car has lost power or it is sluggish
Vehicle’s Electric Charging System
Sagar DahiyaSagar DahiyaSagar DahiyaSagar DahiyaSagar DahiyaB.sc(Hons.) PhysicsB.sc(Hons.) PhysicsB.sc(Hons.) PhysicsB.sc(Hons.) PhysicsB.sc(Hons.) Physics
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Top Related