Download - German history: 1914 to 1990 - bpb.de · The ingredients for the Coca Cola recipe are scarce during wartime. A German chemist develops Fanta, an orange-flavoured whey drink. Since

— Legende

Abbreviations:APO=Extra-ParliamentaryOppositionBHE=AssociationofDisplacedandDisenfranchisedGermansCDU=ChristianDemocraticUnionCSU=Christian-SocialUnionDDP=GermanDemocraticPartyDP=GermanPartyEEC=EuropeanEconomicCommunityFDP=Free-DemocraticPartyGDR=GermanDemocraticRepublicKPD=GermanCommunistPartyNATO=NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisationNSDAP=NationalSocialistGermanWorkers'PartyRAF=RedArmyFactionSBZ=SovietOccupationZoneSED=GermanSocialistUnityPartySPD=GermanSocialDemocraticPartySS=Schutzstaffel(paramilitaryunitsoftheNSDAP)US/USA=UnitedStatesofAmerica

Comments:Theseniorpartywithinacoalitiongovernmentisunderlinedinthetext.

* CDU/CSUheldpowerfrom1949until1963underChancellorAdenauer,eitherasauniongovernment(1960/1961)orwithjuniorpartners(FDP,DP,GB/BHE)inacoalitiongovernment.

** AlthoughtheGermanDemocraticRepublicwasfoundedinOctober1949,thepostofGeneralSecretaryoftheSEDCentralCommitteewasonlycreatedatthe3rdSEDPartyConferenceinJuly1950.From1953to1976thepositionwasrenamed“FirstSecretaryoftheSEDCentralCommittee”.

FurtherinformationaboutpowerpoliticsintheGDRisavailableat:www.hdg.de/lemo/html/DasGeteilteDeutschland/index.html,includingmaterial(relatingtoevents)post-October1989.

— Impressum

—Herausgeberin:BundeszentralefürpolitischeBildung/bpb,Adenauerallee86,53113Bonn,www.bpb.de

—Autor:RobbyGeyer,Heidelberg—Redaktion:IrisMöckel(verantwortlich),NinaSchillings(beidebpb);Mitarbeit:Dr.EckartThurich—EnglischeÜbersetzung:MartinEiermann,London;Lektorat:DavidThorne,Bornheim

—Gestaltung:Leitwerk.BürofürKommunikation,Köln,www.leitwerk.com—Illustrationen:KatharinaPlass,unterVerwendungvonIllustrationenvonIlkaHelmig,IvanaJovic,NadineMagner,CorneliaPistorius,FriederikeSchlenz,AnikaTakagi,CarolinZorn(alleLeitwerk)

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—Redaktionsschluss:Mai2012,Bestell-Nr.5.431,ISBN978-3-8389-7065-3

—HinweisederRedaktion:1.DieZeitleistezumHerunterladenfindenSiehier:www.bpb.de/falter(>Zeitgeschichte)

2.Kritik,Lob,Anregungenbittean:[email protected]

Falter Zeitgeschichte

German history: 1914 to 1990

11 March 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail GorbachevbecomesGeneralSecretaryof

theCommunistPartyintheSovietUnionand

launchestheGlasnost(transparency)andPerestroika

(remodelling)reforms.Heremainspresidentuntil

1991butcannotpreventtheimplosionofthe

EasternBloc.Gorbachevconductsdisarmament

negotiationswithUSPresident

Ronald Reagan.

3 August 1984 First email

TheUniversityofKarlsruhereceivesthefirstemailinGermany.ItwassentfromtheUnitedStatesaspartof

aprojectaimedatimprovingscientificcommunicationandexchange.Today,itishardtoimagineaworld

withoutemailandothernewcommunicationtechnologiesasmorethan50millionGermansusetheinternet.

3 October 1990

German Unification

Theaccessionoffivenewstatesto

theGermanconstitutionfinalises

theprocessofformalreunification

ofGermany.Thefirstnational

electioninunifiedGermanyisheld

on2 December.Thealliedpowers

consenttounificationinthe“Two

PlusFourAgreement”.Thepost-

wareraisofficiallyover.

9 November 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall

TheGDRregimeopensthebordertoWestBerlin“withoutfurtherdelay”.Inthe

followingdays,theremainingbordertoWestGermanyissuccessivelyopened.

AsfromMay 1989,manyEastGermancitizenshadfledtoGermanyviaHungary

andAustria.IntheWestGermanembassyinPrague,thousandsofpeoplefrom

theGDRseekrefugebeforebeingallowedtotraveltotheWest.

1 October 1982

Helmut Kohl

Helmut Kohl(CDU)iselectedchancellor

inaCDU/CSU/FDPcoalitiongovernment.

HispredecessorHelmut Schmidt(SPD)

hadbeenremovedfromofficethrough

aconstructivevoteofnoconfidence.

Kohlisthelongest-servingchancellorin

Germanhistory;heremainsinofficeuntil

1998.Hisachievementsduringthetime

ofreunificationhaveearnedKohl

thenickname“ChancellorofUnification”.

5 September 1977 “German Autumn” and the RAF

The“RedArmyFaction”(RAF)abductsHanns Martin Schleyer,presidentoftheGerman

Employers’Federation.On13 October,theRAFhighjackstheLufthansaairliner

“Landshut”inordertobargainthereleaseofimprisonedRAFmembers.Eliteforces

oftheGSG-9policeunitstormtheplane.SeveralRAFmemberscommit

suicide,andSchleyeriskilled.

15 August 1969 Woodstock

History’smostfamousmusicfestivallastsuntiltheearlyhours

of18 August.32bandsandartistsperformblues,folk,soul,

androckmusicinfrontofseveralhundredthousandfans.

Woodstockisregardedasahighlightofthehippiemovement

andasaniconicrepresentationofyouthcultureinthe1960s.

4 December 1971 First McDonald’s

Germany’sfirstMcDonald’sfranchiseopensinMunich.Today,morethan1,400McDonald’s

existinGermany,andotherfastfoodchainshaveopenedrestaurantsaswell.Fastfoodis

criticisedforbeingunhealthy,andharmfultotheenvironment.

21 December 1972

Basic Treaty

TheFederalRepublicandtheGDRsign

the“BasicTreaty”,whichemphasises

mutualrecognition,therenunciation

ofarmedattacks,andtheexchangeof

diplomaticrepresentatives.Further

treatieswithstatesfromtheEastern

Blocfollowandimproverelationswith

WestGermany.

13 August 1961

Construction of the Berlin Wall

TheGDRregimeclosestheborderbetweenEastandWest

BerlintopreventemigrationtotheWest.Muchoftheborder

betweenEastandWestGermanyhadalreadybeenclosed

andheavilyfortifiedsince1952.Around3.5millionpeople

stillmanagetoleavetheGDRbetween1945and1961.

Atleast136peoplediewhiletryingtocrosstheBerlinWall

between1961and1989.

9 November 1923

Beer Hall Putsch

Adolf HitlerandErich Ludendorffdeclarea

“nationalrevolution”inMunichandplanto

organiseamarchonBerlin.Localpolice

quicklysubduetheuprising.Hitlerislater

arrestedandsentencedtoprison,butis

releasedafterninemonthsfor“goodconduct”.

14 August 1919

Weimar Constitution

TheConstitutionalConvention

adoptsademocraticconstitution.

Itentersintoforceon14 August.

On11 February,Friedrich Ebert

iselectedpresidentinWeimar.

ThepoliticalpartiesSPD,DDP

andtheCentrePartyformthe

so-called“WeimarCoalition”.

26 April 1925

A new president

Paul von Hindenburgiselectedpresident

inarun-offelectionafterthedeathof

Friedrich Ebert.In1932,heisre-elected

againstAdolf Hitler.Hindenburgisa

monarchistwhocommandedtheGerman

forcesduringWorldWarI.Hebelievesin

the“stab-in-the-backlegend”,which

believesthatlackofpoliticalsupportat

homewasresponsibleforthedefeatof

Germanforces.

10 January 1927 Metropolis

Premiereofthesilentmovie“Metropolis”by

theGermandirectorFritz Lang.Thisscience

fictionmovieisnowregardedasoneofthe

mostimportantexpressionistworksinfilm

history.Criticsandaudiencesatthetime

didnotlikeitandpreferredtheincreasingly

popularmovieswithsound.Thefirstcinema

inBerlinopenedin1896.

28 July 1914 World War I

– triggeredbytheassassinationinSarajevo(28 June)

– 28 July:Austria-HungarydeclareswaronSerbia

– 1 August:TheGermanReichdeclareswaronRussia

– 3 August:TheGermanReichdeclareswaronFrance

– 5 August:GreatBritaindeclareswaronGermanyafter

GermantroopsinvadeBelgium

25 October 1929

Black Friday

StockpricesattheNewYorkStock

Exchangeplummetforseveraldays,

triggeringaglobaleconomiccrisis.

Germanyishitespeciallyhardas

foreignloansarewithdrawn.Morethan

sixmillionpeoplelosetheirjobsby1932.

30 March 1930

Presidential cabinet

Heinrich Brüningiselectedpresidentand

formsapresidentialcabinet.Itdoesnot

haveaparliamentarymajoritybut

usesemergencydecreestoenactpolicies.

Twomorepresidentialcabinetsfollow,

underFranz von Papen(1932)

andKurt von Schleicher(1932/33).

1925 Bauhaus in Dessau

TheBauhausisfoundedin1919byWalter GropiusinWeimarasaneducationalinstitution

forarchitecture,art,anddesign.In1925,itmovestoDessau.

16 July 1927

Money for the unemployed

Unemploymentinsurancebecomesthe

fourthpillaroftheGermanwelfarestate.

Chancellorvon Bismarckintroduced

healthinsurance(1883),accidentinsurance

(1884)andpensions(1889).

1 December 1925

Treaty of Locarno

TheTreatyofLocarnomarksthefirststeps

towardsthenormalisationofrelationsbetween

GermanyandtheAllies.Allpartiesagreeto

respectnationalborders.In1926,Germanyis

admittedtotheLeagueofNations(whichwas

foundedin1920),aninternationalorganisation

thataimstomaintainworldpeace.

7 November 1917

October Revolution in Russia

MutinoustroopsoccupystrategiclocationsinSt.Petersburg

on25 October(accordingtotheRussiancalendar).

ThegovernmentisoverthrownandreplacedbyaCouncilof

People’sCommissarsunderLenin’sleadership.Abloody

civilwarragesuntiltheBolsheviksgainvictorywiththehelp

oftheirmilitia,theRedArmy.

9 November 1918 Declaration of the Republic in Germany

Onhisowninitiativethechancellor,Max von BadenannouncestheabdicationofKaiser

Wilhelm II.Philipp Scheidemann(SPD)declaresthe“DemocraticRepublic”at2p.m.froma

windowoftheReichstag.Shortlyafterwards,Karl Liebknecht(laterKPD)announcesthe

“SocialistRepublic”fromtheBerlinCityPalace.Wilhelm IIofficiallyabdicateson28 November.

10 January 1920 Treaty of Versailles

WorldWarIisofficiallyover,andtheTreatyofVersaillesentersintoforce.

TheGermanReichanditsalliesaremadesolelyresponsibleforthe

outbreakofthewar;Germanyisforcedtoconcedeterritoryandmake

reparationpayments.Topromoteworldpeace,thetreatystipulatesthe

foundingofaninternationalLeagueofNations.

1923 Hyperinflation

ThevalueoftheMarkfallsasthegovernmentcontinuestoprint

money.Pricesexplodeandsuppliesbecomescarce.

On1 November,oneloafofbreadcosts192,000,000,000Mark

inthecityofKassel.Theintroductionofthe“DebtSecurityMark”

on15 Novemberbreaksthecycleofinflation.

1 August 1936

Olympic Games

From1 Augustuntil16 August,Berlin

playshosttotheSummerOlympic

Games.TheNaziregimeusesthe

eventtopresentitselftotheworld

asanopenandpeacefulcountry.

TheAfrican-Americansprinter

Jesse Owensbecomesthemost

successfulathleteinBerlin.Laterthat

year,thefirstgermanWinterOlympics

areheldinGarmisch-Partenkirchen.

20 January 1942

Wannsee Conference

SScommanderHeydrichmeets

seniorgovernmentandparty

officialsinavillaontheWannsee

inBerlintopresentaplan,already

inimplementation,fortheexter-

minationofallEuropeanJews

inGerman-heldterritory.By1945

aroundsixmillionpeoplehad

perishedintheHolocaust.

19 April 1943 Ghetto uprising

Asfrommid-1940,500,000Jewsfrom

GermanyandPolandwereforcedintoa4km2

sectionofWarsaw.Theghettoservesasa

collectionpointforJewsduetobedeported

intothedeathcamps.InApril 1943,ghetto

inmatesstageanuprising(despitebeing

insufficientlyarmed).IttakestheSSuntil16 May

tosubduetherevolt.

9 November 1938

“Night of Broken Glass”

TheNazisinciteattackson

Jewishsynagogues,houses

andshopsthroughoutGermany.

Jewishshopswereboycotted

asfrom1933,andJewishcivil

servantswerefiredfromtheir

jobs.In1935,theNazispassed

the“Nurembergracelaws”.

1940 Fanta is invented

TheingredientsfortheCocaColarecipearescarce

duringwartime.AGermanchemistdevelopsFanta,

anorange-flavouredwheydrink.Sincethe1950s,

Fantahasbeenproducedinothercountriesaswell,

albeitwithadifferentrecipe.

1948 First

Mustang jeans

TheL.Hermann

clothingfactoryin

Künzelsau,Germany,

(laterrenamed

“MustangJeans”)producesthe

firstpairofEuropeanjeans.

Theywereallegedlyinvented

bytheGermanemigree

Löb Strauß(laterLevi Strauss),

whomanufacturedthefirst

Americanpairofjeansin1873.

Inthe1950s,jeansturn

fromaworking-classiteminto

ayouthsymbolforfreedom

andrebellion.

10 December 1948

Human rights

ThemembersoftheUnited

Nations(UN)announcethe

UniversalDeclarationofHuman

Rights.TheUNhadbeen

foundedin1945andtoday

includes193membersstates.

EastandWestGermanywere

acceptedintotheUNin1973.

Themaintasksofthe

UNaretheprotection

ofglobalpeaceand

humanrights.

8 May 1945 German surrender

TheGermanWehrmachtunconditionally

surrenderstothealliedforces.WorldWarII

inEuropeisover.Japansurrenderson

2 September,aftertheexplosionsoftwo

atomicbombsinHiroshima(6 August)and

Nagasaki(9 August).WorldWarIIresulted

inanestimateddeathtollof50to70million

worldwide.

4 July 1954 The Miracle of Bern

TheWestGermanfootballteamwinstheworld

championshipsafterbeatingthefavourites,

Hungary,3:2inthefinalinSwitzerland.Further

WorldCupvictoriesin1974(inGermany,and

afterlosing0:1totheGDRintheopeninground)

and1990(inItaly).

23 May 1949 German Constitution

The“Grundgesetz”,theGermanconstitution,comesintoforce.

ItwasdraftedbytheParliamentaryCouncil(65electoralmembers,

includingfourwomen)withthebackingofthethreeWestern

allies.Theodor HeussisswornintoofficeasGermanpresidenton

12 September.Threedayslater,Konrad Adenauerbecomesthe

firstGermanchancellor.

20 June 1948

Currency reform

TheDeutschmarkisintro-

ducedinWestGermany.

ItisreplacedbytheEuro

in2002.EveryGerman

receivesfortyMark

“bounty”.Thecurrency

reformintheWestern

zonesresultsintheSoviet

blockadeofBerlin,which

theWesternAlliescounter

withtheBerlinairlift.

7 October 1949

The GDR is founded

TheSovietOccupationZone(SBZ)evolvesintothe

GermanDemocraticRepublic(GDR).Wilhelm Pieck

becomesthefirstpresidentandOtto Grotewohl

becomesprimeminister.Politicalpowerlieswiththe

SED,apartythatresultedfromtheforcedunification

oftheSocialDemocraticPartyand

theCommunistPartyin1946.

6 May 1955

NATO membership

TheFederalRepublicofGermany

becomesamemberofNATO.

Themilitaryanddefencealliance

wasfoundedin1949andtoday

includes28membersinNorth

AmericaandEurope.TheEastern

counterpartwastheWarsawPact,

whichwasestablishedin1955

andincludedtheGDR.

25 March 1957 Treaty of Rome

France,Italy,theBeneluxcountriesandGermanyform

theEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)withthe

goalofexpandingeconomiccooperation.TheEECis

thepredecessoroftheEuropeanUnion,whichincludes

27member-stateswith502millioninhabitants.

1 September 1939

Attack on Poland

TheguarantorstatesFranceand

BritainrespondtotheGerman

invasionofPolandwithadecla-

rationofwar,whichmarksthe

beginningofWorldWarll.On

22 June 1941,Hitlerattacksthe

SovietUnion.TheGermandefeat

inStalingradin1943marks

adecisiveturning-point

inthewar.

19 July 1937

“Degenerate art”

AnartexhibitioninMunich

displays650artworksthat

areclassifiedas“degenerate

art”byNazipropagandists.

Theyincludemanyexpres-

sionist,impressionistand

surrealistpaintingsthatdo

notconformtotheaesthetic

tasteoftheNazis.

17 July 1945 Potsdam Conference

The“BigThree”,theUSA,RussiaandBritain,agreeto

transfer25%ofGermansovereignterritorytoPolandand

theSovietUnionandtodividetheremainderinto4zones

ofoccupation,whicharetobedemilitarized,denazified,

democratizedanddecentralized.Inadditionsomefactories

aretobedismantled.

October 1946

Flight and displacement

TheAlliedControlCouncil

estimatesthatthe

numberofdisplaced

personshasreached

9.6million.

7 December 1941 Pearl Harbor

TheJapaneseattackontheUSbasePearlHarborin

HawaiiprecipitatestheentryoftheUnitedStatesinto

WorldWarII.Morethan2,600Americansdieduringthe

attack.GermanydeclareswarontheUnitedStateson

11 December 1941.ThesituationfortheAlliesimproves

significantlyaftertheAmericanentryintothewar.

18 February 1943 White Rose

SophieandHans Scholl,bothmembersof

theMunich-basedresistancegroup“White

Rose”,arearrestedwhilehandingoutleaflets

andarelaterexecuted.(On8 November 1939,

Georg ElsertriedtoassassinateHitler.On

20 July 1944,Claus Schenk Graf

von Stauffenbergorchestrates

anotherassassinationattempt.

6 June 1944 D-Day

AlliedforceslandinNormandyandopenasecondfrontagainstNaziGermany.

Around150,000soldiersbreakthroughtheGermandefencesalongtheFrenchAtlantic

coast.Bymid-June,theAllieshavemorethanonemillionsoldiersonFrenchsoil.

2 June 1967

Death of a student and APO

ThestudentBenno Ohnesorgisshotdead

byapolicemanduringademonstration

againstthePersianShah’svisittoBerlin.

Protestseruptthroughoutthecountry.

Sincethemid-1960s,studentshadformed

theExtra-ParliamentaryOpposition(APO)

tocallforfar-reachingsocietalchanges.

3 May 1971

Erich Honecker

Erich HoneckerbecomesFirst

Secretary(andlaterSecretary-

General)oftheCentralCom-

mitteeoftheSED.In1976,

healsoassumesthechairman-

shipoftheStateCouncilin

theGDR.Heremainsinoffice

untilOctober 1989andis

succeededbyEgon Krenz.

Honeckerfallsillandisnever

heldresponsibleforthecrimes

andfailuresintheGDR.He

diesinChilein1994.

12 April 1961 First man in space

Yuri GagarinfromtheSovietUnionbecomesthefirstmaninspace.

Hiscapsuleorbitsearthfor106minutes.Thefirstsatellite(Sputnik)

hadbeensuccessfullylaunchedin1957.In1969,American

Neil Armstrongbecomesthefirstmantosetfootonthemoon

duringtheApollo11mission.

1 August 1975

The Helsinki Accords

InHelsinki,the“Conference on

Security and Cooperation in

Europe”(CSCE)producesits

finaldeclaration.Itemphasises

economiccooperationandthe

protectionofhumanrights.

TheHelsinkiAccordslater

becomeareferencepointfor

manydissidentsfromEastern

Europe.In1995,theCSCE

evolvesintothe“Organisation

for Security and Cooperation in

Europe”(OSCE).

25 November 1973

Car-free Sundays

TheWestGermangovernmentrespondsto

the1973oilcrisisbyprohibitingtheuseof

privatecarsonfourSundaysinNovember

andDecember 1973.Aspeedlimitof

100km/hisinstitutedforpublichighways.

Thegoalistocurboilconsumptionafter

shortageshaddrivenoilpricesupinthe

aftermathoftheYom-Kippurwar.

26 August 1978 A German in space

Sigmund JähnfromtheGDRbecomesthefirstGerman

toflyintospaceontheSoviet“Soyuz31”mission.

In1983,Ulf Mehrboldbecomesthefirstnon-American

toflyaboardtheSpaceShuttle,andthefirstWest

GermaninSpace.Mehrboldservesonadditionalspace-

flightsin1992and1994. 21 October 1969

Willy Brandt

Willy BrandtbecomesthefirstSocial

Democraticchancellor(inaSPD/

FDPcoalitiongovernment).In1974,

Helmut Schmidt(SPD)succeeds

him.Brandtchoosesthemotto

“Takeachanceondemocracy”for

hisyearsinoffice.In1971,he

receivestheNobelPeacePrizefor

his"NewEasternPolicy".

23 March 1933 Enabling Act

TheReichstagvotesforafar-reachingexpansionof

governmentpowers(whichonlytheSPDopposes).

Hitlercannowpasslawswithoutconsultingparliament.

Amonthearlier,theso-called“FireDecree”restricted

civilandhumanrights.TheGermanReichceasesto

beademocraticconstitutionalstate.

22 March 1933 Concentration camps

ThefirstSSconcentrationcampissetupatDachau.Eventually,theconcentrationcamp

systemencompasses24maincampsandover1,000subsidiarycamps.Prisoners(including

Jews,communists,homosexuals)areinternedforpoliticalor"racial"reasons.

30 January 1933 Nazis assume power

Adolf HitlerisappointedchancellorbyPresidentHindenburg.

Atdusk,NationalSocialistscelebratebymarchingthroughthe

BrandenburgGateinatorchlightparade.TheNSDAPbecame

thestrongestparliamentarypartyin1932.WhenHindenburg

diesin1934,Hitlerassumesthepresidencyaswell.

1950–1971:WalterUlbricht(Secretary-General/FirstSecretary)**

1871–1918:GermanEmpire WeimarRepublic

Post-warera DividedGermany

1949–1963:KonradAdenauer(CDU/CSU+FDP,DPandGB/BHE)*

DividedGermany

1963–1966:LudwigErhard(CDU/CSU+FDP) 1966–1969:KurtG.Kiesinger(CDU/CSU+SPD) 1969–1974:WillyBrandt(SPD+FDP)

1971–1989:ErichHonecker(FirstSecretary/Secretary-General)**

1989:EgonKrenz(Secretary-General)**

DividedGermany

1982–1998:HelmutKohl(CDU/CSU+FDP)

1974–1982:HelmutSchmidt(SPD+FDP)

NaziRegime

WorldWarII

WorldWarI




11 February,Friedrich Ebert







on15 Novemberbreaksthecycleofinflation.15 Novemberbreaksthecycleofinflation.15 November

WeimarRepublic

1934,Hitlerassumesthepresidencyaswell.Hitlerassumesthepresidencyaswell.Hitler

1871–1918:GermanEmpire

WorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarIWorldWarI

1935193419331932193119301929192819271926192519241923192219211920191919181917191619151914

19901989198819871986198519841983198219811980

1957195619551954195319521951195019491948194719461945194419431942194119401939193819371936

1979197819771976197519741973197219711970196919681967196619651964196319621961196019591958

10 January 1927 1 December 1925


.Thisscience






12 December 1979

NATO double-track decision

NATOdecidesonadouble-trackstrategy:

WarsawPactnationsareoffereddisarmament

negotiationswhileNATOpursuesrearmament

andmodernisationinWesternEurope.

Thousandsofprotestersmarchagainst

NATO’sstrategy.

26 August 1972

Olympic Games

TheXX.OlympicGamesbegin

inMunich.Theylastuntil

11 September.122teams

withmorethan7,000athletes

setanewparticipationrecord.

Thecelebratorymoodis

dampenedwhenPalestinian

terroristsattacktheIsraeliteam

andtakehostages.Seventeen

peopleultimatelydie.

25 August 1967 Colour TV

TheannualbroadcastingexhibitioninBerlin

marksthebeginningoftheeraofcolourTV

inWestGermany.TheGDRintroduces

colourTVin1969.Oneofthefirstmajor

eventsbroadcastincolourarethe1972

OlympicGames.Oneofthefirstgerman

moviesfilmedincolouris“Münchhausen”

withHans Albers,producedin1943.

22 October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

TheUnitedStatesunequivocallydemandthedismantlingofSovietmedium-range

missile,whichweresetupsecretly,andimposeanavalblockade.Theworld

standsonthebrinkofanatomicwarbetweenthetwosuperpowers.TheRussians

backdownon28 October.

1 February 1917 Submarine warfare

Asfrom1915,theGermanReichrepeatedlyresponds

totheBritishblockadeoftheAtlanticwithsubmarine

attacksonenemyships.TheUSAprotestwhena

GermansubmarinesinksaBritishpassengership

killing139Americanpassengers.Followingatemporary

lull,theGermanReichresumesunrestrictedsubmarine

warfarein1917,whichleadstotheentryoftheUnited

Statesintothewar.

17 June 1953 Popular uprising in the GDR

On17 June,protestsagainsttheSEDgovernmenteruptin

440differentlocalitiesthroughouttheGDR.Theimmediate

causesarerisingproductivitytargetsandalackofconsumer

goods.Protesterslaterdemandfreeelections,German

reunificationandthedismissalofWalter Ulbricht.Theuprising

issuppressedwithhelpfromSoviettroops.

1871–1918:GermanEmpire


19181917

— Legende






— Impressum



















Ronald Reagan.





3 October 1990

German Unification
















1 October 1982

Helmut Kohl



























21 December 1972

Basic Treaty








WestGermany.

13 August 1961








between1961and1989.

9 November 1923

Beer Hall Putsch







14 August 1919

Weimar Constitution









26 April 1925

A new president










Germanforces.

















25 October 1929

Black Friday







30 March 1930












16 July 1927







1 December 1925

Treaty of Locarno








7 November 1917



















1923 Hyperinflation






1 August 1936

Olympic Games











20 January 1942

Wannsee Conference


















tosubduetherevolt.

9 November 1938
















1948 First

Mustang jeans

TheL.Hermann

clothingfactoryin

Künzelsau,Germany,

(laterrenamed




bytheGermanemigree







andrebellion.

10 December 1948

Human rights




Rights.TheUNhadbeen





Themaintasksofthe

UNaretheprotection

ofglobalpeaceand

humanrights.









worldwide.







and1990(inItaly).








20 June 1948

Currency reform


ducedinWestGermany.


in2002.EveryGerman

receivesfortyMark


reformintheWestern





7 October 1949

The GDR is founded








6 May 1955

NATO membership









andincludedtheGDR.







1 September 1939

Attack on Poland










inthewar.

19 July 1937










tasteoftheNazis.







aretobedismantled.

October 1946



estimatesthatthe

numberofdisplaced

personshasreached

9.6million.

















6 June 1944 D-Day




2 June 1967









3 May 1971

Erich Honecker













diesinChilein1994.







1 August 1975














Europe”(OSCE).

25 November 1973

Car-free Sundays
















Willy Brandt































DividedGermany




DividedGermany



NaziRegime

WorldWarII

WorldWarI

1948

Mustang jeans

TheL.Hermann

clothingfactoryin

Künzelsau,Germany,

(laterrenamed




bytheGermanemigree

1948

Mustang jeans

TheL.Hermann

clothingfactoryin

Künzelsau,Germany,

(laterrenamed




bytheGermanemigree

October 1946



estimatesthatthe

numberofdisplaced

personshasreached



1946.

10 December 1948

Human rights




Rights.TheUNhadbeen





Themaintasksofthe

UNaretheprotection

ofglobalpeaceand

humanrights.

First

Mustang jeans

TheL.Hermann

clothingfactoryin

Künzelsau,Germany,

Georg ElsertriedtoassassinateGeorg ElsertriedtoassassinateGeorg Elser Hitler.On




6 June 1944








WorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarIIWorldWarII






the“Nurembergracelaws”. SovietUnion.TheGermandefeat



inthewar.

NaziRegime

Olympic Games














anorange-flavouredwheydrink.Sincethe

19 July 1937







NaziRegime

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19901989198819871986198519841983198219811980

1957195619551954195319521951195019491948194719461945194419431942194119401939193819371936

1979197819771976197519741973197219711970196919681967196619651964196319621961196019591958

12 December 1979







NATO’sstrategy.

26 August 1972

Olympic Games

































Statesintothewar.








— Legende






— Impressum



















Ronald Reagan.





3 October 1990

German Unification
















1 October 1982

Helmut Kohl



























21 December 1972

Basic Treaty








WestGermany.

13 August 1961








between1961and1989.

9 November 1923

Beer Hall Putsch







14 August 1919

Weimar Constitution









26 April 1925

A new president










Germanforces.

















25 October 1929

Black Friday







30 March 1930












16 July 1927







1 December 1925

Treaty of Locarno








7 November 1917



















1923 Hyperinflation






1 August 1936

Olympic Games











20 January 1942

Wannsee Conference


















tosubduetherevolt.

9 November 1938
















1948 First

Mustang jeans

TheL.Hermann

clothingfactoryin

Künzelsau,Germany,

(laterrenamed




bytheGermanemigree







andrebellion.

10 December 1948

Human rights




Rights.TheUNhadbeen





Themaintasksofthe

UNaretheprotection

ofglobalpeaceand

humanrights.









worldwide.







and1990(inItaly).








20 June 1948

Currency reform


ducedinWestGermany.


in2002.EveryGerman

receivesfortyMark


reformintheWestern





7 October 1949

The GDR is founded








6 May 1955

NATO membership









andincludedtheGDR.







1 September 1939

Attack on Poland










inthewar.

19 July 1937










tasteoftheNazis.







aretobedismantled.

October 1946



estimatesthatthe

numberofdisplaced

personshasreached

9.6million.

















6 June 1944 D-Day




2 June 1967









3 May 1971

Erich Honecker













diesinChilein1994.







1 August 1975














Europe”(OSCE).

25 November 1973

Car-free Sundays
















Willy Brandt































DividedGermany




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NaziRegime

WorldWarII

WorldWarI

,presidentoftheGerman

,theRAFhighjackstheLufthansaairliner





1935193419331932193119301929192819271926192519241923192219211920191919181917191619151914

19901989198819871986198519841983198219811980

1957195619551954195319521951195019491948194719461945194419431942194119401939193819371936

1979197819771976197519741973197219711970196919681967196619651964196319621961196019591958

1963–1966:LudwigErhard(CDU/CSU+FDP)1963–1966:LudwigErhard(CDU/CSU+FDP)1963–1966:LudwigErhard(CDU/CSU+FDP)

19661965196419631962

21 December 1972

Basic Treaty




25 November 1973

Car-free Sundays









1969–1974:WillyBrandt(SPD+FDP)

197419731972



19791978197719671966

12 December 1979







NATO’sstrategy.

26 August 1972

Olympic Games

































Statesintothewar.











— Legende






— Impressum



















Ronald Reagan.





3 October 1990

German Unification
















1 October 1982

Helmut Kohl



























21 December 1972

Basic Treaty








WestGermany.

13 August 1961








between1961and1989.

9 November 1923

Beer Hall Putsch







14 August 1919

Weimar Constitution









26 April 1925

A new president










Germanforces.

















25 October 1929

Black Friday







30 March 1930












16 July 1927







1 December 1925

Treaty of Locarno








7 November 1917



















1923 Hyperinflation






1 August 1936

Olympic Games











20 January 1942

Wannsee Conference


















tosubduetherevolt.

9 November 1938
















1948 First

Mustang jeans

TheL.Hermann

clothingfactoryin

Künzelsau,Germany,

(laterrenamed




bytheGermanemigree







andrebellion.

10 December 1948

Human rights




Rights.TheUNhadbeen





Themaintasksofthe

UNaretheprotection

ofglobalpeaceand

humanrights.









worldwide.







and1990(inItaly).








20 June 1948

Currency reform


ducedinWestGermany.


in2002.EveryGerman

receivesfortyMark


reformintheWestern





7 October 1949

The GDR is founded








6 May 1955

NATO membership









andincludedtheGDR.







1 September 1939

Attack on Poland










inthewar.

19 July 1937










tasteoftheNazis.







aretobedismantled.

October 1946



estimatesthatthe

numberofdisplaced

personshasreached

9.6million.

















6 June 1944 D-Day




2 June 1967









3 May 1971

Erich Honecker













diesinChilein1994.







1 August 1975














Europe”(OSCE).

25 November 1973

Car-free Sundays
















Willy Brandt































DividedGermany




DividedGermany



NaziRegime

WorldWarII

WorldWarI

1 October 1982

Helmut Kohl

Helmut Kohl(CDU)iselectedchancellorHelmut Kohl(CDU)iselectedchancellorHelmut Kohl


HispredecessorHelmut Schmidt



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19901989198819871986198519841983198219811980

1957195619551954195319521951195019491948194719461945194419431942194119401939193819371936

1979197819771976197519741973197219711970196919681967196619651964196319621961196019591958


DividedGermany

12 December 1979







NATO’sstrategy.

26 August 1972

Olympic Games

































Statesintothewar.








1990198919881987